Journal
of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2022 | 14(1):
20323–20345
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN
0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7208.14.1.20323-20345
#7208 | Received 22 February
2021 | Final received 25 October 2021 | Finally accepted 12 January 2022
A floristic survey across three
coniferous forests of Kashmir Himalaya, India – a checklist
Ashaq Ahmad Dar 1 ,
Akhtar Hussain Malik 2 &
Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy 3
1,3 Department of Ecology and
Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University,
Puducherry 605014, India
2 Centre for Biodiversity and
Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir
190006, India
1 bscashaq@gmail.com, 2 ecoakhtar@gmail.com,
3 nparthasarathypu@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: Anonymity
requested. Date of
publication: 26 January 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Dar, A.A.,
A.H. Malik & N. Parthasarathy (2022). A floristic survey across three coniferous forests of
Kashmir Himalaya, India – a checklist. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(1): 20323–20345. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7208.14.1.20323-20345
Copyright: © Dar et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: University Grant Commission (UGC) by
means of Junior Research Fellowship (UGC-JRF) UGC-Ref. No.: 3796/(NET-JULY
2018).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Ashaq Ahmad Dar is a research scholar/junior
research fellow. His areas of interest are forest ecology and plant taxonomy. Dr. Akhtar Hussain Malik, junior
scientist, works in the field of plant taxonomy, biodiversity, and ethnobotany.
N. Parthasarathy, professor, has
expertise in forest ecology, biodiversity conservation, and plant taxonomy.
Author contributions: AAD carried out the fieldwork,
gathered, processed & stored the specimens, and prepared the manuscript.
AHM identified the plant specimens. NP directed the work and examined the
manuscript.
Acknowledgements: Authors are indebted to the
Jammu & Kashmir Forest Department for kindly providing permission to carry
out research fieldwork. We express gratitude to the Centre for Biodiversity and
Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir for their paid assistance
in identifying plant specimens. Field excursions would not have been
conceivable without the enthusiastic assistance of Mudasir Ahmad Wani, Bilal
Ahmad Dar, Basharat Ahmad Wani, Mushtaq Ahmad Dar, and many others especially
guard officer Tariq Ahmad. Special thanks to Ayushi Kurian, Institut Français
de Pondichéry, for GIS (map) related assistance.
Abstract: This study presents a checklist
of the flora of three coniferous forests of the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot
in Kashmir: low-level blue pine (BP), mixed coniferous (MC) and subalpine (SA)
forests. The list includes altitudinal distribution and conservation status of
272 vascular plant species representing 196 genera and 64 families. Excluding
neophytes (70 taxa, 62 genera, and 27 families), Magnoliophyta comprised 190
taxa, 139 genera, and 50 families; Pinophyta seven taxa, six genera, and three
families; and Pteridophyta three taxa, three genera, and two families. Most
speciose families from Magnoliophyta include Compositae, Apiaceae, and
Rosaceae. Genera such as Artemisia, Potentilla, Viola, and
Saussurea contributed the maximum number of species. In case of
Pinophyta, the principal families are Pinaceae with four taxa followed by
Cupressaceae (2 taxa), whereas genus Juniperus comprised two species. In
Pteridophyta, Pteridaceae (2 taxa) formed the most speciose family. The herbs
contributed 177 taxa, followed by tress (15 taxa), shrubs (8) and subshrubs
(2). The maximum number of taxa belongs to SA (136 taxa) followed by MC (134
taxa) and BP (83 taxa) forests. The species distribution reveals 20, 30, and 46
taxa are exclusive to BP, MC, and SA forests. More than 16% of taxa are
categorized in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red
List, and 24 taxa are endemic to the Himalayan landscape. The checklist
provides a roadmap for research, protection and conservation of plant
diversity, especially the threatened taxa.
Keywords: Compositae,
coniferous forest, conservation, elevation, floristic survey, hotspot, Kashmir
Himalaya, mountains, threatened taxa.
Abbreviations:
Afg.—Afghanistan | Ah—Annual herb | APG—Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |
Bh—Biennial herb | BP—Low-level blue pine forest | C—Central | CBD—Convention on Biological
Diversity | CR—Critically Endangered |
DD—Data Deficient | DS—Deciduous
shrub | DT—Deciduous tree | E—Eastern | EC— Eastern-central | EN—Endangered
| ES—Evergreen shrub | ET—Evergreen tree
| IHR—Indian Himalayan Region |
IUCN—International Union for Conservation of Nature | LC—Least Concern |
MC—Mixed coniferous forest | Medit.—Mediterranean | Mya.—Myanmar | N—Northern |
NA—Not assessed | NC—North-central | NE—North-eastern | NW—North-western |
OER—Observed elevation range | Pak.—Pakistan | Ph—Perennial herb |
Phip.—Philippines | S = Southern | S—Shrub | SA—Subalpine forest |
SC—South-central | SE—South-eastern | SS—Subshrub | SW—South-western |
Temp.—Temperate | Thail.—Thailand | TPL—The Plant List | VU—Vulnerable |
W—Western.
INTRODUCTION
Research on biodiversity became
an essential aspect of biological research immediately after the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD), with the goal of determining the implications of
rapid depletion, management and climate change on species composition and
diversity. Biodiversity-related data provide a foundation for species
conservation and habitat protection (Cadotte 2006). With only 2.2% of global
land area, India houses over 18,000 plant species, including 5,000 endemic
flora, and is recognized among the 17 global mega-biodiverse countries (Nayar
1996; Singh et al. 2015). About half of the biodiversity hotspots representing
25% of the known biota are reported from mountain ecosystems (Wester et al.
2019). However, until recently, mountains acquired the attention of
researchers, policy-makers, and conservationists.
Currently, diverse habitats
supporting distinct flora are experiencing the threat of destruction due to
fragmentation, rapid human population growth and climate change (Janssen et al.
2016; IUCN 2017). Consistent reductions in plant diversity call for continuous
exploration of the population status of flora using systematic (IUCN) criteria,
as this is acknowledged as the most rigorous strategy/technique for evaluating
the global status of biodiversity and categorizing plants based on their
projected risk of extinction (Maes et al. 2015; Orsenigo et al. 2018; Nowak et
al. 2020).
The Himalaya, extending from
Afghanistan to Myanmar, is one of 36 biodiversity hotspots harbouring a diverse
range of flora and fauna, resulting from the phytogeographical complexity of
the region (Zachos & Habel 2011). About half of the known biodiversity in
India, particularly endemics, is contributed by the 13% land area of the Indian
Himalayan Region (IHR). The phytogeographical complexity in the present Jammu
& Kashmir, located on the northwestern side of the Himalaya, contributes
significantly to various life forms. On account of its floristic status, the
Kashmir Himalaya is a part of Himalayan biodiversity hotspot, and it is also
considered to be vulnerable to climate change and thus species extinction
(Rashid et al. 2015).
Several scholars over the course
of time have made significant contributions to floristic knowledge of the
Himalayan region: Hooker (1872–1897); Lambert (1933); Javeid (1966, 1978,
1979); Hajra (1983); Polunin & Stainton (1984); Kachroo (1993); Singh &
Kachroo (1994); and Malik et al. (2010). However, critical taxonomic knowledge
about the Kashmir Himalaya is still poor. In addition, a detailed study on the
altitudinal distribution of taxa across the forest types is lacking.
Consequently, the present study was undertaken to document the floristic
diversity of the area, and to highlight its conservation significance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The study area spans over five
districts of the Kashmir valley (33.513–34.659 0N &
74.497–75.019 0E) in the present Jammu & Kashmir, India (Figure
1; Image1). Kashmir valley exhibits a warm summer and humid continental climate
(Dfa; Peel et al. 2007) with four distinctive seasons, i.e., spring, summer,
autumn, and winter. Climate data from the last 38 years revealed that Kashmir
valley experiences an annual mean minimum and maximum temperature of 5.4 ± 0.4
°C and 17.6 ± 0.8 °C (Dad et al. 2021). Furthermore, the mean annual rainfall
is 1005.5 ± 197.6 mm (Dad et al. 2021). About 46% of precipitation occurs
during pre-monsoon, followed by south-west monsoon (27%), winter monsoon (25%),
and post-monsoon (8%). Disturbances posed by the Mediterranean Sea during
winter lead to frequent rain and snowfall in the valley. The period of snowfall
extends from October–March. Geologically, the study area consists of rocks
chiefly composed of slates, phyllites and quartzites (Krishnan 1982). The
predominant soil orders are entisols, inceptisols, alfisols, and mollisols
(Mahapatra et al. 2000; Sidhu & Surya 2014).
Low-level blue pine (BP) forest
ranges from 1,500–2,400 m on gentle to moderate slopes. Even-aged stands of the
blue-pine, Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jacks intermixed with deodar, Cedrus
deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don and the spruce, Picea smithiana (Wall.)
Boiss., occur depending upon the aspect. Since the ground surface is
covered with litter, understorey herb vegetation is less comprising of Poa
alpina L., Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Lacaita, Viola
canescens Wall. in summer season (Shaheen et al. 2012). Dominant shrub
species include Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC., Berberis
lycium Royle, Indigofera heterantha Brandis depending upon aspect
and canopy cover. Anthropogenic disturbances include land encroachment (for
cultivating Zea mays L. and Solanum tuberosum L.), non-timber
forest product extraction (fruits of Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC.,
medicinally important herbs, honey, nutritious and medicinally important fungus
– Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. etc.), lopping, firewood collection,
grazing, and fire.
Mixed coniferous (MC) forest,
commonly referred to as fir forest, occupies the central and western Himalaya
from an elevation of about 2,400–3,000 m. Tree species such as evergreen
coniferous (Abies pindrow (Royle ex D.Don) Royle, Picea smithiana and
Pinus wallichiana) and deciduous broad-leaved tree species (Acer
caesium Wall. ex Brandis, and Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle)
Steud.,) predominate. The regeneration of tree species is low or absent, as
indicated by the presence of few saplings and seedlings. Understorey vegetation
blossoms after the snowmelt during the spring season and is quite dense and
diverse. The dominant shrub and herb species include Viburnum grandiflorum
and Stipa sibirica (L.) Lam., (Dar & Sundarapandian 2016). Epiphytic
moss and lichen cover the trunk and lower branches of emergent tree species.
Activities such as grazing, extraction of plants and plant materials of
economic and medicinal value, firewood collection, illegal logging, etc.,
contribute to forest degradation.
The subalpine forest (SA) forms a
transition between MC forest and alpine scrub or grassland from 2,900–3,500 m. Abies
pindrow is a characteristic and dominant species intermixed with Betula
utilis D.Don. Rhododendron spp. occur as undergrowth or form
individual stands. The species of Primulaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Compositae
constitute the main understory herbaceous vegetation. The subalpine forest is
equally subjected to anthropogenic disturbances like the other forest types
besides heavy winter snowfall as a natural disturbance (Gairola et al. 2009).
Sampling, herbarium preparation,
and data analysis
A reconnaissance floristic survey
was undertaken in the landscape between the elevation gradient of 1,500 m and
3,800 m to understand the forest types and composition. Three coniferous
forests of Kashmir Himalaya: BP, MC, and SA (Champion & Seth 1968) were
identitifed in the region. Botanical explorations were undertaken during 2019
(March–July) and 2020 (May–August) by employing a random sampling approach
considering the accessability and forest types. During the survey, plants such
as trees, shrubs and herbs were documented and voucher specimens were
collected. Specimens were processed (pressing, drying, chemical treatment, and
mounting) following recommended standard techniques (Rao & Sharma 1990),
and examined and identified at the Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy,
University of Kashmir. The voucher specimens were deposited at the Department
of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Herbarium, Pondicherry University. The
Plant List (TPL; http://www.theplantlist.org/) was referred for updated
binomial nomenclature and the author names. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (APG
III) Classification (2009) and Chase & Reveal (2009) for angiosperms and
Gymnosperms were followed for categorizing families. Khuroo et al. (2007) was
referred for the origin and alien status of flora. Various information sources
were explored to acquire Himalayan and global records of inventoried taxa,
including Himalayan flora literature (Hooker 1872–1897; Polunin & Stainton
1984), Tropicos (http://www.tropicos.org/), India Biodiversity Portal (https://indiabiodiversity.org/),
Flowers of India (http://www.flowersofindia.net/) and Plants of the World
online (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/).
RESULTS
Species composition and
distribution
A total of 272 taxa belonging to
196 genera and 64 families were recorded across the three Kashmir Himalayan
coniferous forests (Table 1). Of the total vascular plants, neophytes (aliens)
represent 70 (25.73%) taxa within 27 and 62 families and genera (Table 2). This
includes invasive aliens (IA; 51.42%), naturalised aliens (NZ; 38.57%),
casual/naturalised aliens (C/NA; 8.57%) and cultivated unescaped aliens (CU;
1.43%). Among the aliens, woody flora accounted five (7.14%) species (Robinia
pseudoacacia L., Syringa emodi Wall. ex Royle, Crataegus songarica K.
Koch, Rosa brunonii Lindl., Aesculus indica (Wall.
ex Cambess.) Hook.). All the neophytes are excluded hereafter from further
analysis.
Most of the native taxa belong to
Magnoliophyta (192 taxa, 139 genera, and 50 families), whereas Pinophyta (seven
taxa, six genera, and three families) and Pteridophyta (three taxa, three
genera, and two families) are less represented (Table 2). Within Magnoliophyta,
177 taxa (92%) belong to Magnoliopsida and 15 (7.8%) to Liliopsida. Among
these, there are 177 herb taxa (174 Magnoliophyta and three Pteridophyta),
eight shrub taxa (Magnoliophyta only), 15 tree taxa (eight Magnoliophyta and
seven Pinophyta) and two subshrubs (Magnoliophyta only). Herbs are dominated by
perennials (150 taxa, 85%), followed by annuals (17 taxa, 9.6%), biennials (two
taxa, 1.1%) and evergreen (one taxon, 0.56%). Moreover, seven (3.9%) herbaceous
taxa are either perennials, annuals or biennials (Table 2). Of the 15 reported
tree taxa, most of them are deciduous (8, 59%), followed by evergreen conifers
(seven, 41%). Similarly, among the shrubs, seven (88%) are deciduous (including
one climber), and one (12.5%) is evergreen. The images of selected plant taxa
are provided (Images 2–7).
Three families in Magnoliophyta
with greater contribution to species richness include Compositae (28 taxa,
13.86%) and Apiaceae and Rosaceae (13, 6.44% each). Families with ten or more
species (besides above three) include Lamiaceae, Leguminosae, Poaceae (11,
5.45% each), and Ranunculaceae (10, 4.95%) (Figure 2). Species-rich genera,
i.e., Artemisia, Potentilla, Viola, and Saussurea contributed
16 (7.92%) taxa. Majority of families (26, 47.27%) and genera (108, 72.97%) are
monotypic with a single taxon. Among Pinophyta, Pinaceae (four taxa) and
Cupressaceae (two taxa) are predominant families, whereas Juniperus is
the principal genus contributing two taxa. Pteridophyta is represented by
Pteridaceae (two taxa) and Equisetaceae (one taxon), and all the three genera (Adiantum,
Equisetum, and Pteris) contributed equally, i.e., one species. In
contrast to tree and understory herb vegetation, all shrub families and genera
contributed one species each.
The number of taxa varied among
the forest types and corresponding elevation due to the uneven distribution of
taxa (Table 1). The SA and MC forests represent greater number of taxa, i.e.,
136 and 134, followed by BP forest (83 taxa). The species distribution revealed
that 20 taxa are exclusive to BP forest, whereas 30 and 46 taxa are limited to
MC and SA forests. However, 22.77% of taxa with a wide distributional range are
shared among forest types. Furthermore, BP & MC, BP & SA, and MC &
SA forests shared 16, two, and 43 taxa, respectively. The SA forest harbours
greater number of species of Compositae (16.18%) and Caryophyllaceae (5.15%)
than to landscape-scale flora (13.86% and 4.46%) in top 10 families. Similarly,
Poaceae, and Rosaceae in BP (10.84% & 7.23%) and MC forests (8.21% &
7.46%) contributed greater number of taxa than to the overall landscape (5.45%
& 6.44%).
Determination of phytogeographic
distribution and taxa status
The distribution of most of the
recorded taxa is confined to the northern temperate regions. However, 24 taxa
restricted their distribution to the Himalayan landscape (Table 2). Despite the
considerable research on plant conservation in Kashmir Himalaya, the analysis
of the conservation status of the flora revealed that 169 taxa are not assessed
(NA), and the remaining 33 (16.37%) taxa are included under IUCN Red List
category (Table 2). Among them, two species Saussurea costus (Falc.)
Lipsch. and Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes are Critically
Endangered (CR); four species Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don, Aconitum
heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, Taxus wallichiana Zucc. and Atropa
acuminata Royle ex Lindl. are Endangered (EN); one species Cypripedium
cordigerum D.Don is Vulnerable (VU), two species Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham.
ex D.Don and Corylus jacquemontii Decne. fall under Data Deficient (DD)
category and 24 species are Least Concern (LC). With regard to the forest type
and vertical distribution, the maximum number of threatened taxa (VU+EN+CR)
occur in SA forest at high altitudinal zones.
DISCUSSION
The floristic survey revealed 272
taxa from 196 genera and 64 families categorized in three life-forms, i.e.,
trees and understorey shrubs and herbs (Table 1 & 2). The number of taxa
reported in the present study was greater than most of the floristic studies in
temperate Kashmir Himalaya (Shaheen et al. 2012; Mir et al. 2019; Malik et al.
2021) and other Himalayan studies (Ahmad et al. 2020; Asif et al. 2020; Tiwari
et al. 2020) and also elsewhere (Bai et al. 2011). Compositae and Apiaceae
constituted species-rich families in this survey. These families were also well
represented in other studies of the Kashmir Himalaya: Asif et al. (2020) Betula
forests in northwestern Kashmir Himalaya; Dar & Sundarapandian (2016)
forests of western Himalaya, and elsewhere Devi et al. (2014) northwestern
Himalaya. Variation in species distribution among the forest types/altitudinal
zones could be due to micro-climatic heterogeneity resulting from a change in
elevation, slope, and other ecological gradients (Körner 2007), besides
evolutionary effects (Qian et al. 2015). The variation in microclimate would
have enabled the taxa to adjust to a wide range of niches along elevation and a
variety of pre-adapted lineages to colonize in the mountain ranges. Therefore,
it can be considered that climatic factors differentiate taxa as indicated by
resilience developed over their evolutionary past, with these phylogenetic
variations, in turn, deciding species heterogeneity (Wiens & Donoghue 2004;
Rana et al. 2019).
One of the prerequisites for
biodiversity conservation is to determine the areas of particular importance in
the context of taxa vulnerability and characteristic habitats and critically
evaluate the same, thus enabling them to prioritize these areas for further
consideration (Spehn 2011). In the present study, the situation for seven
(2.57%) taxa categorized under threatened, i.e., Saussurea costus & Aconitum
chasmanthum (CR), Trillium govanianum, Aconitum heterophyllum,
Taxus wallichiana, & Atropa acuminata (EN), and Cypripedium
cordigerum (VU) were found occasionally in the present study and requires
immediate conservational priorities across the landscape. Besides climate
change and over-grazing, the species in high demand for traditional medicinal
and pharmaceutics has led to their extensive collection and illegal trading,
thus pushing them closer to extinction (Devi et al. 2014; Nowak et al. 2020).
The sustainability of such flora is imperative across the landscape. Ecological
rehabilitation, site-specific in particular should be accomplished by
re-vegetating degraded sites with natural vegetation. Existing management
regulations must be examined in order to adopt strict guidelines to enhance
efficiency in decision-making and avoid fraud. Extensive quantitative plant
diversity inventories and biogeographical explorations ought to be directed on
the threatened flora to identify its abundance and frequency. Additionally, ex
situ management methods must be in place in addition to the in situ
conservation programmes. Overall, from our study we infer that all three types
of coniferous forests are rich in flora, demonstrating their importance for
conservation. We hope that our results will serve as a benchmark for potential
future studies on plant ecology of the area. With notable plant diversity,
Kashmir Himalaya is probably a suitable site for further investigations.
Moreover, because Kashmir Himalayan forests face threats due to various
anthropogenic activities, qualitative data of documented flora will help local
and regional authorities to propose management and conservation priorities.
Table 1. Distribution of taxa
among various taxonomic groups in three coniferous forests viz., low-level blue
pine forest (BP), mixed coniferous forest (MC), subalpine forest (SA) of
Kashmir Himalaya, India.
|
Phylum |
Taxon |
Genera |
Family |
Trees |
Shrubs |
Subshrub |
Herbs |
|
Magnoliophyta |
262 |
187 |
59 |
10 |
10 |
3 |
239 |
|
Pinophyta |
7 |
6 |
3 |
7 |
– |
– |
– |
|
Pteridophyta |
3 |
3 |
2 |
– |
– |
– |
3 |
|
Total |
272 |
196 |
64 |
17 |
10 |
3 |
242 |
Table 2. List of plant species in
three temperate coniferous forests, viz., low-level blue pine forest (BP),
mixed coniferous forest (MC), subalpine forest (SA) of Kashmir Himalaya, India.
|
Family/Taxon |
Life-form |
Forest type |
OER |
Voucher no. |
Phytogeographic distribution |
|
Acanthaceae |
|||||
|
Pteracanthus alatus (Nees)
Bremek.1 |
Erect S |
BP |
2200–2300 |
PU/EES/KH-1210 |
E. Afg. to S. China, N.
Indo-China & Taiwan |
|
Adoxaceae |
|||||
|
Sambucus wightiana Wall. ex
Wight & Arn.1* |
Erect Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3310 |
PU/EES/KH-15201 |
India, Pak., W. Himalayas |
|
Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC.1 |
DS |
BP/MC/SA |
1890–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-1206 |
Himalayas from Kashmir to SE
Tibet |
|
Amaranthaceae |
|||||
|
Achyranthes aspera L.1* |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2600–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15001 |
Tropical & Subtropical Old
World; throughout India |
|
Chenopodium album L.1* |
Ah |
MC/SA |
2650–2990 |
PU/EES/KH-15065 |
Temp. Eurasia to Indian
Subcontinent |
|
Chenopodium foliosum Asch.1* |
Ah or Ph |
SA |
2910–3160 |
PU/EES/KH-15066 |
C. & S. Europe to Nepal; W.
Himalayas in India |
|
Amaryllidaceae |
|||||
|
Allium humile Kunth1 |
Bulbous Ph |
MC/SA |
2700–3015 |
PU/EES/KH-15013 |
N. Pak. to C. Himalayas &
China |
|
Apiaceae |
|||||
|
Aegopodium alpestre Ledeb.1 |
Ph |
MC |
2500–2600 |
PU/EES/KH-15008 |
Temp. Asia; W. Himalayas in
India |
|
Bunium cylindricum (Boiss. &
Hohen.) Drude1 |
Ph |
SA |
3100–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15045 |
Turkey to C. Asia & Pak. to
W. Himalayas |
|
Bupleurum falcatum L.1 |
Ph |
BP |
2200–2300 |
PU/EES/KH-15046 |
Europe to Himalayas |
|
Bupleurum longicaule Wall. ex DC.1 |
Ph |
SA |
3750–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15047 |
Himalayas from Pak. to Bhutan |
|
Carum carvi L.1 |
Ph |
BP |
2350–2400 |
PU/EES/KH-15054 |
Palearctic region; throughout
India |
|
Chaerophyllum reflexum Aitch.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC |
1927–2450 |
PU/EES/KH-15063 |
Himalayas from Pak. to SW China |
|
Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2050–2920 |
PU/EES/KH-15064 |
N. Pak. to China; Himalayas in
India |
|
Eryngium billardieri Delile1* |
Ph |
BP |
2120–2130 |
PU/EES/KH-15103 |
EC Turkey to Lebanon
& W. Pak.; W. Himalayas in India |
|
Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC.1 |
Climbing Ph |
MC/SA |
2400–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15119 |
Himalayas from Pak. to SW China |
|
Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.) C.B.
Clarke1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3120 |
PU/EES/KH-15170 |
N. Pak. to China; Himalayas in
India |
|
Pimpinella diversifolia DC.1 |
Ph |
MC |
2460–2770 |
PU/EES/KH-15171 |
E. Afg. to China &
Indo-China; Himalayas in India |
|
Prangos pabularia Lindl.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2720–3140 |
PU/EES/KH-15189 |
Turkey to C. Asia & W.
Himalayas |
|
Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don1 |
Ph |
SA |
2910–2930 |
PU/EES/KH-15202 |
SE Asia from Pak. to W. China
& S. Japan to SE Africa |
|
Scandix pecten-veneris L.1* |
Tall robust Ph |
SA |
3300–3310 |
PU/EES/KH-15207 |
Europe to NW India |
|
Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke1 |
Ph |
SA |
3790–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15211 |
NE Pak. to W. Himalayas |
|
Seseli libanotis (L.)
W.D.J.Koch1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2740–2920 |
PU/EES/KH-15214 |
Europe, Turkey, Iran, W. Pak.
& India |
|
Apocynaceae |
|||||
|
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.1 |
Prostrate erect or climbing Ah |
BP/MC |
1980–2760 |
PU/EES/KH-15244 |
Europe to W. Siberia & N.
Turkey, NW Africa, Himalayas |
|
Araceae |
|||||
|
Arisaema jacquemontii Blume2 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2250–2950 |
PU/EES/KH-15028 |
Afg. to Mya. |
|
Arisaema propinquum Schott1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2450–2950 |
PU/EES/KH-15029 |
Pak. to Himalayas & Tibet |
|
Araliaceae |
|||||
|
Hedera nepalensis K.Koch1 |
Ph |
BP/MC |
1980–2610 |
PU/EES/KH-15118 |
Afg. to Thail.; Himalayas in
India |
|
Asparagaceae |
|||||
|
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don4 |
Erect or twining Ph |
BP |
1800–1900 |
PU/EES/KH-15036 |
Himalayas to C. China |
|
Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.1 |
Tufted Ah |
BP/MC |
2270–2440 |
PU/EES/KH-15181 |
Eurasia; W. Himalayas in India |
|
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1980–3120 |
PU/EES/KH-15183 |
Europe to China; Himalayas in
India |
|
Balsaminaceae |
|||||
|
Impatiens brachycentra Kar. &
Kir.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2120–3310 |
PU/EES/KH-15122 |
Afg. to C. Asia & W.
Himalayas |
|
Berberidaceae |
|||||
|
Berberis lycium Royle1 |
Semi-DS |
BP |
2100–2150 |
PU/EES/KH-1203 |
W. Himalayas from Pak. to Nepal |
|
Epimedium elatum C.Morren
& Decne.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
MC/SA |
2520–3120 |
PU/EES/KH-15095 |
N. Pak. to W. Himalayas |
|
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2370–3310 |
PU/EES/KH-15176 |
NE Afg. to C. China; Himalayas
in India |
|
Betulaceae |
|||||
|
Betula utilis D.Don2 |
DT |
SA |
2910–3300 |
PU/EES/KH-1004 |
Afg. to N. & C. China;
Himalayas in India |
|
Corylus jacquemontii Decne.4 |
DT |
MC |
2560–2790 |
PU/EES/KH-1006 |
Europe, Himalayas from Afg. to
W. Nepal |
|
Boraginaceae |
|||||
|
Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G.
Don) I.M. Johnst.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
SA |
3800–3900 |
PU/EES/KH-15024 |
NE Pakistan to W. & C.
Himalaya |
|
Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall. ex
Benth.1 |
Bh |
BP/MC/SA |
2120–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15084 |
Afg. through Kashmir to Sikkim
& W. China |
|
Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk.1* |
Bh or Ph |
BP/SA |
2230–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15085 |
Tropical & S. Africa to
Tropical & Subtropical Asia; throughout India |
|
Hackelia uncinata (Benth.)
C.E.C.Fisch1 |
Ph |
SA |
2910–3120 |
PU/EES/KH-15117 |
Himalayas from Pak. to SW China |
|
Myosotis alpestris F.W. Schmidt1 |
Ph |
SA |
3150–3310 |
PU/EES/KH-15148 |
Europe, Himalayas from Pak. to
Bhutan |
|
Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex
Hoffm.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2260–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15149 |
Temp. Eurasia; W. Himalayas in
India |
|
Brassicaceae |
|||||
|
Arabis amplexicaulis Edgew.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC |
2200–2410 |
PU/EES/KH-15021 |
Afg. to Mongolia &
Himalayas |
|
Arabis pterosperma Edgew.1 |
Ph |
MC |
2700–2800 |
PU/EES/KH-15023 |
Kashmir to China |
|
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.1* |
Erect Ah or Bh |
MC/SA |
2420–2950 |
PU/EES/KH-15053 |
Temp. Eurasia, N. Africa;
throughout India |
|
Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC.1 |
Ah |
MC |
2750–2770 |
PU/EES/KH-15067 |
SE & E. Europe to China; W.
Himalayas in India |
|
Lepidium apetalum Willd.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP |
2120–2130 |
PU/EES/KH-15134 |
E. Europe to temp. Asia;
Himalayas in India |
|
Turritis glabra L.1* |
Ah or Bh |
BP/MC |
2300–2650 |
PU/EES/KH-15022 |
Temp. N. Hemisphere; W.
Himalayas in India |
|
Campanulaceae |
|||||
|
Campanula cashmeriana Royle1 |
Ph |
SA |
3150–3200 |
PU/EES/KH-15050 |
Afg. to W. Himalayas to Nepal |
|
Campanula latifolia L.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2525–2920 |
PU/EES/KH-15051 |
SW Siberia, W. Asia to C.
Himalayas |
|
Codonopsis ovata Benth.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2720–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15076 |
C. Asia, Himalayas from Pak. to
Kashmir |
|
Codonopsis rotundifolia Benth.1 |
Twining Ph |
BP |
2200–2340 |
PU/EES/KH-15077 |
Pak. to Himalayas & S.
Tibet |
|
Cannabaceae |
|||||
|
Cannabis sativa L.1* |
Ah |
BP/MC |
1920–2650 |
PU/EES/KH-15052 |
Native to C. Asia now
cosmopolitan |
|
Caprifoliaceae |
|||||
|
Dipsacus inermis Wall.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2700–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15092 |
Himalayas from Afg. to SW China
& Mya. |
|
Lonicera quinquelocularis Hard.1 |
ES |
MC |
2500–2700 |
PU/EES/KH-1209 |
E. Afg. to Himalayas |
|
Morina longifolia Wall.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2700–2920 |
PU/EES/KH-15147 |
N. Pakistan to Himalaya &
S. Tibet |
|
Scabiosa speciosa Royle1 |
Ah |
MC |
2720–2730 |
PU/EES/KH-15208 |
Himalayas from Pak. to
Uttarakhand |
|
Valeriana hardwickii Wall.1 |
Dioecious Ph |
MC/SA |
2570–3140 |
PU/EES/KH-15238 |
N. Pak. to S. China & W.
Malesia, Himalayas in India |
|
Valeriana jatamansi Jones1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2700–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15239 |
Himalayas from Afg. to SW China |
|
Caryophyllaceae |
|||||
|
Arenaria orbiculata Royle ex
Edgew. & Hook.f.1 |
Ah |
MC |
2500–2600 |
PU/EES/KH-15026 |
Afg. to China; Himalayas in
India |
|
Cerastium cerastoides (L.) Britton1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1920–3160 |
PU/EES/KH-15060 |
Temp. Eurasia, E. Canada to
Greenland; W. Himalayas in India |
|
Cerastium dahuricum Fisch.1 |
Scrambling Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2520–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15061 |
European Russia to Mongolia
& W. Himalayas |
|
Cucubalus baccifer L.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2400–2950 |
PU/EES/KH-15082 |
Temp. Eurasia & Himalayas |
|
Lepyrodiclis holosteoides (C.A. Mey.)
Fenzl ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.1 |
Ah or Bh |
MC/SA |
2630–3120 |
PU/EES/KH-15135 |
Turkey to Mongolia &
Himalayas |
|
Lychnis coronaria Desr.1* |
Ph |
BP/MC |
2070–2780 |
PU/EES/KH-15141 |
EC & SE Europe to N. Iran
& C. Asia to W. Himalayas |
|
Silene himalayensis (Rohrb.)
Majumdar1 |
Ah |
SA |
2810–2820 |
PU/EES/KH-15218 |
NE Afg. to C. China; Himalayas
in India |
|
Silene vulgaris (Moench)
Garcke2 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–2920 |
PU/EES/KH-15219 |
Palearctic; W. Himalayas in
India |
|
Spergularia diandra (Guss.)
Heldr.1 |
Ph |
MC |
2700–2710 |
PU/EES/KH-15221 |
Canary Islands, Medit. to SW
Siberia & N. China; W. Himalayas in India |
|
Stellaria decumbens Edgew.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15225 |
E. & NE Afg. to China;
Himalayas in India |
|
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.1* |
Densely or laxly caespitose Ph |
BP/MC |
2250–2780 |
PU/EES/KH-15226 |
Temp. Eurasia, N. & NE
Tropical Africa; throughout India |
|
Compositae |
|||||
|
Achillea millefolium L.2* |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15002 |
Subarctic & temp. N.
Hemisphere to Guatemala; W. Himalayas in India |
|
Anaphalis contorta (D.Don)
Hook.f.1 |
Rhizomatous under-S |
BP/MC/SA |
1900–3300 |
PU/EES/KH-15014 |
Himalayas from Afg. to SW China
& Mya. |
|
Anaphalis staintonii Georgiadou1 |
Ph |
MC |
2700–2800 |
PU/EES/KH-15015 |
N. Pak. to W. Himalayas |
|
Anaphalis virgata Thomson1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3200 |
PU/EES/KH-15016 |
Afg. to Xinjiang &
Himalayas |
|
Arctium lappa L.1* |
Bh |
BP/SA |
2300–2950 |
PU/EES/KH-15025 |
Temp. Eurasia; Himalayas in
India |
|
Artemisia absinthium L.1* |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2750–2920 |
PU/EES/KH-15030 |
Europe to Siberia & W.
Himalayas |
|
Artemisia brevifolia Wall. ex DC.1 |
SS |
MC |
2450–2720 |
PU/EES/KH-15031 |
Afg. to W. Tibet & W.
Himalayas |
|
Artemisia dubia Wall.1 |
SS |
BP |
2300–2400 |
PU/EES/KH-15032 |
Himalayas from Pak. to C. Nepal
& China |
|
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. &
Kitam.1 |
Bh or Ph |
MC/SA |
2450–3300 |
PU/EES/KH-15033 |
Palearctic region; throughout
India |
|
Artemisia vestita Wall. ex
Besser1* |
SS |
SA |
3200–3400 |
PU/EES/KH-15034 |
Pak. to Mongolia & China,
W. Himalayas in India |
|
Artemisia vulgaris L.1 |
Ph |
SA |
2830–2916 |
PU/EES/KH-15035 |
Temp. Eurasia to Indo-China
& N. Africa |
|
Carduus edelbergii Rech.f.1* |
Ph |
BP/MC |
2010–2550 |
PU/EES/KH-15056 |
Afg. to Nepal |
|
Carpesium abrotanoides L.1* |
Ph |
BP/MC |
2200–2570 |
PU/EES/KH-15057 |
S. & C. Europe to Japan
& Himalayas |
|
Carpesium cernuum L.1 |
Ah |
MC/SA |
2750–2930 |
PU/EES/KH-15055 |
Eurasia; W. Himalayas in India |
|
Centaurea iberica Trevir.1* |
Ph |
BP |
2250–2300 |
PU/EES/KH-15059 |
SE & E. Europe to Xinjiang
& W. Himalayas |
|
Cichorium intybus L.1* |
Ph |
BP/MC |
2050–2490 |
PU/EES/KH-15068 |
N. Africa, C & SW Asia
& Europe |
|
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.1* |
Dioecious Ph |
BP |
2200–2210 |
PU/EES/KH-15070 |
Temp. Eurasia, NW Africa;
Himalayas in India |
|
Cirsium falconeri (Hook.f.)
Petr.1 |
Ph |
SA |
2840–2990 |
PU/EES/KH-15071 |
N. Pak. to S. Tibet & N.
Mya. |
|
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.1 |
Bh |
SA |
2940–2950 |
PU/EES/KH-15072 |
Europe to Siberia & Arabian
Peninsula; W. Himalayas in India |
|
Cirsium wallichii DC.1* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1920–3210 |
PU/EES/KH-15073 |
Afg. to Indian Subcontinent |
|
Conyza canadensis (L.)
Cronquist1* |
Ah |
BP |
2010–2210 |
PU/EES/KH-15079 |
Native to Neotropic &
Nearctic regions |
|
Crepis sancta (L.) Bornm.1* |
Ah |
SA |
2910–2920 |
PU/EES/KH-15081 |
E. Europe, W. Asia eastwards in
Himalayas up to Nepal |
|
Doronicum roylei DC.1 |
Ph |
SA |
3800–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15093 |
NE Pak. to Himalayas & S.
Tibet |
|
Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl. ex
DC.) Benth. ex C. B. Clarke1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
MC/SA |
2530–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15101 |
Afg. to China |
|
Lactuca macrorhiza (Royle) Hook. f.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
MC/SA |
2570–3130 |
PU/EES/KH-15125 |
Afg. to Himalayas |
|
Lactuca dolichophylla Kitam.1 |
Ph |
MC |
2530–2540 |
PU/EES/KH-15126 |
Himalayas from Afg. to SW China |
|
Lapsana communis L.1 |
Ah |
BP/MC |
2315–2710 |
PU/EES/KH-15129 |
Europe to Siberia & Iran;
W. Himalayas in India |
|
Ligularia amplexicaulis DC.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2790–2930 |
PU/EES/KH-15137 |
Himalayas to S. Tibet |
|
Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2570–3540 |
PU/EES/KH-15138 |
NE Pak. to S. Siberia &
Japan; Himalayas in India |
|
Myriactis nepalensis Less.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1980–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15150 |
Himalayas from Afg. to SW
China, & SE Asia |
|
Picris hieracioides Sibth. &
Sm.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2430–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15169 |
Temp. Eurasia; Himalayas in
India |
|
Saussurea albescens Hook. f &
Thomson1 |
Ph |
SA |
3010–3020 |
PU/EES/KH-15203 |
NE Afg. to Nepal |
|
Saussurea costus (Falc.)
Lipsch.3 |
Ph |
SA |
3050–3060 |
PU/EES/KH-15206 |
W. Himalayas |
|
Saussurea roylei C.B. Clarke1 |
Ph |
SA |
3130–3140 |
PU/EES/KH-15204 |
NW Himalayas |
|
Saussurea taraxacifolia (Lindl.)
Wall. ex DC.1 |
Ph |
SA |
3800–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15205 |
Himalayas from Kashmir to
Bhutan, Xizang |
|
Senecio chrysanthemoides DC.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2420–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15212 |
Afg. to SC China &
Indo-China |
|
Serratula pallida DC.1 |
Ph |
MC |
2430–2440 |
PU/EES/KH-15213 |
N. Pak. to Nepal |
|
Sigesbeckia orientalis L.1* |
Tufted Ph |
BP |
2200–2210 |
PU/EES/KH-15217 |
E. Europe to Asia &
Australia |
|
Solidago virga-aurea L.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2670–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15220 |
W. Europe to C. Siberia &
Phip.; Himalayas in India |
|
Tanacetum multicaule Sch.Bip.1 |
Ph |
SA |
3010–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15229 |
Kashmir to SW China |
|
Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex
F.H.Wigg.1* |
Semi-prostrate Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1920–3410 |
PU/EES/KH-15230 |
Cosmopolitan |
|
Tussilago farfara L.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2670–3130 |
PU/EES/KH-15236 |
Palearctic region; Himalayas in
India |
|
Xanthium spinosum L.1* |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP |
2230–2240 |
PU/EES/KH-15128 |
C. & E. Canada to Mexico,
Peru to S. South America |
|
Convolvulaceae |
|||||
|
Convolvulus arvensis L.1* |
Climbing & prostrate Ah or
Ph |
MC |
2440–2460 |
PU/EES/KH-15078 |
Eurasia; throughout India |
|
Crassulaceae |
|||||
|
Sedum ewersii Ledeb.1* |
Ph |
SA |
3790–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15210 |
Siberia to Afg. & N. China;
W. Himalayas in India |
|
Cupressaceae |
|||||
|
Juniperus semiglobosa Regel2 |
Monoecious ET |
MC |
2450–2500 |
PU/EES/KH-1008 |
SE Iran to C. Asia, Himalayas
from Pak. to Uttarakhand |
|
Juniperus squamata Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don2 |
Monoecious bushy,
semi-prostrate S/ET |
SA |
3150–3440 |
PU/EES/KH-1015 |
N. Afg. to China |
|
Cyperaceae |
|||||
|
Carex stenophylla Wahlenb.2 |
Rhizomatous creeping Ph |
SA |
2800–2920 |
PU/EES/KH-15058 |
From Caucasus & Iran to
Pak., Kashmir & Mongolia |
|
Dioscoreaceae |
|||||
|
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex
Griseb.1 |
Climbing Ph |
BP/SA |
1880–2810 |
PU/EES/KH-15091 |
Himalayas to SC China &
Indo-China |
|
Elaeagnaceae |
|||||
|
Hippophae rhamnoides L.1 |
Dioecious DT |
MC |
2400–2500 |
PU/EES/KH-1204 |
Palearctic region; W. Himalayas
in India |
|
Equisetaceae |
|||||
|
Equisetum arvense L.2 |
Erect or prostrate rhizomatous
Ph |
BP/SA |
2320–3060 |
PU/EES/KH-15100 |
Subarctic & temp. N.
Hemisphere |
|
Euphorbiaceae |
|||||
|
Euphorbia esula L.1 |
Erect Ph |
MC |
2600–2760 |
PU/EES/KH-15104 |
Palearctic; W. Himalayas in
India |
|
Euphorbia pilosa L.1 |
Ph |
SA |
2920–2930 |
PU/EES/KH-15105 |
C. Asia, N. Pak. to Himalayas |
|
Euphorbia wallichii Hook.f.1 |
Ph |
SA |
3140–3540 |
PU/EES/KH-15106 |
Himalayas from Afg. to W.
Himalayas to Sikkim |
|
Gentianaceae |
|||||
|
Gentiana carinata (D.Don)
Griseb.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2570–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15111 |
Himalayas from Pak. to
Uttarakhand |
|
Gentiana moorcroftiana Wall. ex
G.Don1 |
Aromatic, dwarf, creeping mat
forming herb |
SA |
3790–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15251 |
Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal |
|
Gentiana tianschanica Rupr. ex
Kusn.1 |
Ah |
SA |
3790–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15112 |
Himalayas & China |
|
Lomatogonium caeruleum (Royle) Harry
Sm. ex B.L. Burtt1 |
Tufted Ph |
SA |
3790–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15140 |
Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal |
|
Swertia speciosa D.Don1 |
Ah |
SA |
2810–2820 |
PU/EES/KH-15146 |
Himalayas from Pak. to Bhutan |
|
Swertia petiolata D. Don1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2310–3210 |
PU/EES/KH-15228 |
E. Afg. to W. & C.
Himalayas |
|
Geraniaceae |
|||||
|
Geranium pusillum L.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1920–2920 |
PU/EES/KH-15113 |
Europe to W. Himalayas |
|
Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex
Sweet2 |
Ah |
BP/MC/SA |
1920–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15114 |
E. Afg. to Himalayas &
Tibet |
|
Hamamelidaceae |
|||||
|
Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne.)
Rehder1 |
DS/small DT |
BP |
2100–2300 |
PU/EES/KH-1201 |
E. Afg. to W. Himalayas |
|
Hypericaceae |
|||||
|
Hypericum perforatum L.1* |
Ah or Bh |
BP/MC/SA |
1980–3540 |
PU/EES/KH-15121 |
Europe to China, NW Africa, SW
Sudan; W. Himalayas in India |
|
Iridaceae |
|||||
|
Iris hookeriana Foster1 |
Ah |
MC/SA |
2560–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15123 |
Afg. to W. Himalayas |
|
Juglandaceae |
|||||
|
Juglans regia L.2 |
DT |
BP |
2000–2390 |
PU/EES/KH-1007 |
West Asia, W. China &
Himalayas |
|
Lamiaceae |
|||||
|
Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.)
Kuntze1* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15074 |
Caucasus to N. Mya.; W.
Himalayas in India |
|
Clinopodium vulgare L.1* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1920–3280 |
PU/EES/KH-15075 |
Medit., Europe to Siberia &
W. Himalayas |
|
Lamium album L.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2560–2930 |
PU/EES/KH-15127 |
Palearctic region; W. Himalayas
in India |
|
Nepeta erecta (Royle ex
Benth.) Benth.1 |
Ph |
MC |
2700–2770 |
PU/EES/KH-15151 |
E. Afg. to W. Himalayas |
|
Nepeta laevigata (D.Don)
Hand.-Mazz.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC |
2200–2410 |
PU/EES/KH-15152 |
Himalayas from Afg. to SW China |
|
Nepeta linearis Royle ex
Benth.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2720–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15153 |
E. Afg. to W. Himalayas |
|
Origanum vulgare L.1* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2310–3210 |
PU/EES/KH-15155 |
Eurasia; Himalayas in India |
|
Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex
Benth.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
SA |
2920–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15166 |
E. Afg. to Himalayas |
|
Phlomis cashmeriana Royle ex
Benth.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2310–2910 |
PU/EES/KH-15167 |
Afg. to W. Himalayas |
|
Prunella vulgaris L.2* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1920–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15191 |
Europe, N. Africa, N. America
& Asia |
|
Salvia hians Royle ex
Benth.1 |
Erect Ph |
MC |
2590–2600 |
PU/EES/KH-15198 |
Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal |
|
Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex
Benth.1 |
Aromatic Ph |
MC |
2720–2730 |
PU/EES/KH-15199 |
Himalayas from Pak. to W. Nepal |
|
Salvia nubicola Wall. ex
Sweet1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2700–2920 |
PU/EES/KH-15200 |
E. Afg. to Himalayas |
|
Stachys floccosa Benth.1 |
Erect Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2390–2710 |
PU/EES/KH-15223 |
Himalayas from Afg., Pak. to
Kashmir |
|
Stachys sericea Wall. ex Benth.1 |
Ph |
SA |
2920–2930 |
PU/EES/KH-15224 |
Kashmir to SE Tibet |
|
Thymus linearis Benth.1* |
Ah |
MC/SA |
2500–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15250 |
N. Iran to Xinjiang &
Himalayas |
|
Leguminosae |
|||||
|
Argyrolobium flaccidum (Royle) Jaub.
& Spach1 |
Prostrate Ph |
MC |
2400–2550 |
PU/EES/KH-15027 |
India, Nepal & Pak. |
|
Lathyrus humilis (Ser.)
Spreng.1 |
Ah or Ph |
SA |
3110–3120 |
PU/EES/KH-15130 |
E. Europe to temp. Asia &
W. Himalayas |
|
Lathyrus laevigatus (Waldst.
& Kit.) Gren.1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2670–3060 |
PU/EES/KH-15131 |
Europe, Himalayas from Pak. to
W. Nepal |
|
Lathyrus pratensis L.2 |
Ph |
SA |
2830–2840 |
PU/EES/KH-15132 |
Europe to Mongolia &
Himalayas, Morocco, Ethiopia & Yemen |
|
Leonurus cardiaca L.1 |
Scrambling Ph |
SA |
2920–2930 |
PU/EES/KH-15133 |
Europe, Himalayas from Pak. to
Nepal |
|
Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.Cours.)
G.Don2 |
Ah |
BP |
1980–1990 |
PU/EES/KH-15136 |
Afg. to Japan & tropical
Asia, E. & SE Australia |
|
Medicago sativa Linn.1 |
Prostrate or decumbent Ph |
BP |
1920–1930 |
PU/EES/KH-15143 |
Europe to Mongolia & Indian
Subcontinent |
|
Medicago lupulina L.1* |
Erect or procumbent Ph |
BP/MC |
1880–2720 |
PU/EES/KH-15144 |
Asia, Africa & Europe |
|
Medicago minima (L.) L.1 |
Ah or Ph |
MC |
2770–2780 |
PU/EES/KH-15145 |
Temp. Eurasia to India,
tropical Africa to SW. Arabian Peninsula |
|
Oxytropis cachemiriana Cambess.2 |
Creeping annual or short-lived
Ph |
SA |
3790–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15160 |
N. Pak. to W. Himalayas |
|
Oxytropis mollis Benth.1 |
Ph |
SA |
3790–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15162 |
India, Pakistan & Xizang |
|
Robinia pseudoacacia L.2* |
DT |
MC |
2330–2340 |
PU/EES/KH-1012 |
Native to N. America |
|
Trifolium pratense L.2* |
Ph |
BP/MC |
1980–2710 |
PU/EES/KH-15234 |
Europe & N. Asia, Himalayas
in India |
|
Trifolium repens L.1* |
Erect to decumbent Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1920–3540 |
PU/EES/KH-15235 |
Macaronesia, NW Africa, Egypt
to Zimbabwe, Europe to Mongolia & Himalayas |
|
Trigonella emodi Benth.1 |
Ph |
SA |
3800–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15232 |
Afg. to Himalayas |
|
Vicia sativa L.2* |
Bh |
MC/SA |
2780–3120 |
PU/EES/KH-15243 |
Kashmir to Eurasia |
|
Liliaceae |
|||||
|
Fritillaria roylei Hook.1 |
Ph |
SA |
3800–3900 |
PU/EES/KH-15252 |
Pak. to C. China |
|
Malvaceae |
|||||
|
Malva neglecta Wallr.1* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2310–2940 |
PU/EES/KH-15142 |
Canary Islands, Morocco, Europe
to C. Asia & W. Himalayas |
|
Melanthiaceae |
|||||
|
Trillium govanianum Wall. ex
D.Don5 |
Erect or spreading Ph |
SA |
3050–3310 |
PU/EES/KH-15233 |
E. Afg. to Himalayas |
|
Oleaceae |
|||||
|
Syringa emodi Wall. ex
Royle1 |
DT |
MC |
2450–2500 |
PU/EES/KH-1205 |
Pak. to Nepal & Tibet |
|
Onagraceae |
|||||
|
Circaea alpina L.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2380–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15069 |
Temp. N. Hemisphere |
|
Epilobium hirsutum L.2* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15097 |
Temp. Eurasia to Africa; W.
Himalayas in India |
|
Epilobium laxum Royle1 |
Ph |
SA |
2980–2990 |
PU/EES/KH-15098 |
C. Asia to W. Himalayas |
|
Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex
Aiton1* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2230–2930 |
PU/EES/KH-15154 |
Native to C. & S. America |
|
Orchidaceae |
|||||
|
Cypripedium cordigerum D.Don6 |
Ph |
SA |
2950–2960 |
PU/EES/KH-15087 |
N. Pak. to Himalayas & S.
Tibet |
|
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2330–2960 |
PU/EES/KH-15096 |
NW Africa, Europe to China;
Himalayas in India |
|
Epipactis royleana Lindl.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
MC/SA |
2700–2920 |
PU/EES/KH-15099 |
E. Afg. to C. Asia &
Himalayas |
|
Orobanchaceae |
|||||
|
Orobanche alba Stephan1 |
Rhizomatous aromatic Ph |
MC/SA |
2770–3160 |
PU/EES/KH-15156 |
Europe, Afg., Pak., W.
Himalayas & Tibet |
|
Pedicularis pectinata Wall. ex
Benn.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2310–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15163 |
W. Himalayas from Pak. to W.
Nepal |
|
Oxalidaceae |
|||||
|
Oxalis acetosella L.1 |
Tufted Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1880–3120 |
PU/EES/KH-15158 |
Europe to Japan; W. Himalayas
in India |
|
Oxalis corniculata L.1* |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1880–2950 |
PU/EES/KH-15159 |
Cosmopolitan |
|
Papaveraceae |
|||||
|
Corydalis stewartii Fedde1 |
Rhizomatous Ah or Bh |
BP |
2200–2210 |
PU/EES/KH-15080 |
Afg. to Nepal |
|
Phytolaccaceae |
|||||
|
Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC |
2270–2500 |
PU/EES/KH-15168 |
Kashmir to SW China |
|
Pinaceae |
|||||
|
Abies pindrow (Royle ex
D.Don) Royle2 |
Coniferous ET |
BP/MC/SA |
2220–3300 |
PU/EES/KH-1001 |
N. Afghanistan to Nepal |
|
Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex
D.Don) G.Don2 |
Coniferous ET |
BP |
1810–2200 |
PU/EES/KH-1005 |
NE Afg. to W. Nepal & NW
India |
|
Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss.2 |
Coniferous ET |
BP/MC/SA |
2000–2960 |
PU/EES/KH-1009 |
NE Afg. to C. Himalayas |
|
Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jacks.2 |
Coniferous ET |
BP/MC/SA |
1800–3140 |
PU/EES/KH-1010 |
Himalayas from Afg. to Tibet |
|
Plantaginaceae |
|||||
|
Plantago lanceolata L.1* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1920–2930 |
PU/EES/KH-15172 |
Palearctic & Nearctic
regions; Himalayas in India |
|
Plantago major L.2* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3160 |
PU/EES/KH-15173 |
Europe, N. & C. Asia,
introduced all over the world |
|
Veronica laxa Benth.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2120–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15240 |
N. Pak. to Nepal, C. & S.
China & Japan; W. Himalayas in India |
|
Veronica persica Poir.1* |
Ph |
SA |
2950–2960 |
PU/EES/KH-15241 |
Native to Iran, now a worldwide
weed; Himalayas in India |
|
Poaceae |
|||||
|
Agrostis gigantea Roth1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2250–2850 |
PU/EES/KH-15010 |
Palearctic region, introduced
in Nearctic; Himalayas in India |
|
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.)
P.Beauv.1 |
Tufted Ph |
BP/MC |
2250–2510 |
PU/EES/KH-15040 |
Eurasia; throughout India |
|
Bromus inermis Leyss.1* |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC |
2050–2760 |
PU/EES/KH-15041 |
Palearctic & Nearctic
regions; W. Himalayas in India |
|
Bromus japonicus Thunb.1* |
Ah |
BP/MC/SA |
2250–2950 |
PU/EES/KH-15042 |
Medit. to temp. Eurasia; W.
Himalayas in India |
|
Bromus pectinatus Thunb.1 |
Ah |
BP/MC/SA |
2250–2300 |
PU/EES/KH-15043 |
Europe, Iran & Afg.
eastwards through India to China, Pak., Sudan through Ethiopia to Egypt,
Sinai & Arabia |
|
Bromus tomentosus Trin.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC |
2250–2800 |
PU/EES/KH-15044 |
Medit. to Xinjiang & Pak.;
W. Himalayas in India |
|
Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller)
Koeler2 |
Creeping rhizomatous tufted Ph |
MC/SA |
2450–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15049 |
Europe to Japan & Himalaya;
Himalayas in India |
|
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.1 |
Stoloniferous Ph with
rhizomes |
BP/MC/SA |
1920–2930 |
PU/EES/KH-15083 |
Temp. & Subtropical Old
World to Australia; throughout India |
|
Elymus dahuricus Griseb.1 |
Tufted Ph |
MC |
2430–2780 |
PU/EES/KH-15094 |
Temp. Asia; Himalayas in India |
|
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.)
Schult.1* |
Rhizomatous Ph |
MC/SA |
2460–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15124 |
Temp. N. Hemisphere to Mexico;
Himalayas in India |
|
Lolium perenne L.1* |
Ph |
MC |
2420–2430 |
PU/EES/KH-15139 |
N. Africa, Europe to Siberia
& Himalayas |
|
Oryzopsis gracilis (Mez) Pilg.1 |
Ah or Ph |
BP/MC |
1920–2630 |
PU/EES/KH-15157 |
Iran to China |
|
Phleum alpinum L.2 |
Trailing or creeping Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2250–3140 |
PU/EES/KH-15165 |
Palearctic & Nearctic
regions; Himalayas in India |
|
Poa alpina L.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1980–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15174 |
Temp. N. Hemisphere to Mexico;
W. Himalayas in India |
|
Poa pratensis L.2* |
Tufted Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2070–2990 |
PU/EES/KH-15175 |
Palearctic & Nearctic
region; Himalayas in India |
|
Polypogon fugax Nees ex
Steud.1* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2310–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15180 |
Iraq to Mya. mainly in
Himalayas & C. Asia |
|
Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv.1* |
Bh or Ph |
BP |
2360–2370 |
PU/EES/KH-15215 |
Palearctic; Himalayas in India |
|
Stipa sibirica (L.) Lam.1 |
Caespitose or tufted Ah |
BP/MC |
1920–2770 |
PU/EES/KH-15227 |
Temp. Asia to Himalayas |
|
Vulpia myuros (L.)
C.C.Gmel.1* |
Prostrate Ph |
BP/MC |
2260–2450 |
PU/EES/KH-15249 |
Europe to Taiwan & Sri
Lanka., Arabian Peninsula & Kenya; throughout India |
|
Polemoniaceae |
|||||
|
Polemonium caeruleum L.1 |
Ah |
MC/SA |
2590–2960 |
PU/EES/KH-15178 |
Europe to C. Siberia &
Caucasus, Himalayas from Pak. to W. Nepal |
|
Polygonaceae |
|||||
|
Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur1 |
Ph |
BP |
2300–2400 |
PU/EES/KH-15003 |
Palearctic; W. Himalayas in
India |
|
Bistorta amplexicaulis (D.Don)
Greene1 |
Erect Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2300–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15039 |
E. Afg. to C. China; Himalayas
in India |
|
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill1 |
Ph |
SA |
2830–3160 |
PU/EES/KH-15161 |
Palearctic & Nearctic
regions; Himalayas in India |
|
Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham.
ex D.Don) H.Gross1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15164 |
Indian Subcontinent to S. China
& Indo-China |
|
Polygonum aviculare L.1* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2210–2950 |
PU/EES/KH-15177 |
Palearctic & Nearctic
regions; Himalayas in India |
|
Polygonum filiforme Thunb.1 |
Ph |
BP |
1920–1930 |
PU/EES/KH-15179 |
Japan, Korea, India, Mya.,
Phip. & Vietnam |
|
Rheum webbianum Royle1 |
Ph |
SA |
3790–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15196 |
Himalayas from Pak. to Nepal |
|
Rumex nepalensis Spreng.1* |
Erect Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1920–3410 |
PU/EES/KH-15197 |
Afg., India, Pak., Persia, SW
China, Turkey, N. Africa & Italy |
|
Primulaceae |
|||||
|
Androsace rotundifolia Sm.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
MC |
2600–2750 |
PU/EES/KH-15017 |
Afg., Tibet & W. Himalayas |
|
Androsace sarmentosa Wall.1 |
Ph |
MC |
2700–2800 |
PU/EES/KH-15018 |
Indian Himalayas, Nepal &
Tibet |
|
Primula macrophylla D. Don1 |
Erect Ph |
MC/SA |
2720–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15190 |
Himalayas from Afg. to SE Tibet |
|
Pteridaceae |
|||||
|
Adiantum capillus-veneris L.2 |
Epilithic perennial fern |
BP/MC/SA |
1950–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15007 |
Nearctic, Neotropical,
Afrotropical, Australasian, Indomalayan & Palearctic regions; throughout
India |
|
Pteris cretica L.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP |
2370–2380 |
PU/EES/KH-15192 |
S. Africa, Europe to E. Asia; throughout
India |
|
Ranunculaceae |
|||||
|
Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex
Holmes3 |
Ph |
SA |
3200–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15004 |
Himalayas from Pak. to Nepal
& Mongolia |
|
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex
Royle5 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
MC/SA |
2700–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15005 |
Himalayas from Pak. to C. Nepal |
|
Actaea spicata L.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
MC/SA |
2500–2931 |
PU/EES/KH-15006 |
E. Afg. to Himalaya |
|
Anemone obtusiloba Lindl.1 |
Ph |
SA |
3200–3300 |
PU/EES/KH-15019 |
Himalayas, Mongolia, NC China
& Kazakhstan |
|
Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex
Royle1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2500–3200 |
PU/EES/KH-15020 |
Afg., Pak., & W. Himalayas |
|
Caltha palustris L.2 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2800–2950 |
PU/EES/KH-15048 |
Palearctic & Nearctic
regions; Himalayas in India |
|
Delphinium roylei Munz1 |
Ph |
BP |
2200–2210 |
PU/EES/KH-15088 |
Pak. & Kashmir |
|
Delphinium vestitum Wall. ex
Royle1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2520–3120 |
PU/EES/KH-15089 |
Himalayas from Pak. to E. Nepal |
|
Ranunculus hirtellus Royle1 |
Rhizomatous Eh |
BP/MC |
2250–2780 |
PU/EES/KH-15193 |
Himalayas from Kashmir to
Sikkim, Tibet & W. China |
|
Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex
Hook. f. & J.W. Thomson1* |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–2990 |
PU/EES/KH-15194 |
Himalayas from Afg. to SW China |
|
Ranunculus palmatifidus Riedl1 |
Erect Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2310–2930 |
PU/EES/KH-15195 |
W. Himalayas |
|
Thalictrum minus L.1* |
Ph |
BP |
2310–2340 |
PU/EES/KH-15231 |
Himalayas from Pak. to Nepal
& temp. Eurasia |
|
Rosaceae |
|||||
|
Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb.1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC |
2200–2600 |
PU/EES/KH-15011 |
N. & EC Europe to Japan
& N. Indo-China |
|
Alchemilla trollii Rothm1 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2750–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15012 |
W. Himalayas & Pak. |
|
Crataegus songarica K. Koch2* |
DS/small DT |
BP |
2100–2200 |
PU/EES/KH-1202 |
Iran to NW China & W.
Himalayas |
|
Filipendula vestita (Wall. ex G.
Don) Maxim.1 |
Ph |
MC |
2420–2780 |
PU/EES/KH-15107 |
Afg., Pak., Nepal & W.
Himalayas |
|
Fragaria nubicola (Hook. f.)
Lindl. ex Lacaita1* |
Stoloniferous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1880–3540 |
PU/EES/KH-15108 |
Himalayas from Afg. to Mya. |
|
Geum elatum Wall. ex G.
Don1 |
Rhizomatous Ph |
MC/SA |
2720–3800 |
PU/EES/KH-15115 |
Himalayas from Pak. to SE Tibet
& SC China |
|
Geum roylei Wall. ex F.Bolle1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3120 |
PU/EES/KH-15116 |
Himalayas from Afg. to C. Nepal |
|
Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th.Wolf1 |
Ph |
BP/MC |
2120–2790 |
PU/EES/KH-15187 |
Indomalayan, E. Asia, Indian
Himalayas |
|
Potentilla anserina L.2 |
Ph |
MC/SA |
2790–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15184 |
Palearctic & Nearctic
regions; Indian Himalayas |
|
Potentilla eriocarpa Wall. ex
Lehm.1 |
Ph |
SA |
2930–2940 |
PU/EES/KH-15186 |
Pak. to SW China |
|
Potentilla nepalensis Hook.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC |
2260–2790 |
PU/EES/KH-15188 |
NE Pak. to W. & C.
Himalayas |
|
Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex
Royle) Steud.1 |
DT |
MC |
2700–2800 |
PU/EES/KH-1017 |
Himalayas from Afg. to Mya.
& SW China |
|
Rosa brunonii Lindl.1* |
Climbing S |
MC |
2580–2600 |
PU/EES/KH-1208 |
NE Afg. to China & Mya.,
Himalayas in India |
|
Rosa webbiana Wall. ex
Royle1 |
DS |
BP |
2310–2400 |
PU/EES/KH-1207 |
C. Asia to W. Himalayas, Tibet
& Afg. |
|
Sibbaldia cuneata Schouw ex
Kunze1 |
Ah |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3810 |
PU/EES/KH-15216 |
Afg. to SW China; Himalayas in
India |
|
Sorbus lanata (D.Don)
S.Schauer1 |
DT |
SA |
3040–3050 |
PU/EES/KH-1016 |
Afg. to W. Himalayas to Nepal |
|
Rubiaceae |
|||||
|
Galium aparine L.1* |
Bulbous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1920–3130 |
PU/EES/KH-15109 |
Europe, N. Africa, Asia minor,
Siberia, Iran, Afg., Pak. & Himalayas |
|
Galium boreale L.1* |
Climbing Ah |
BP/MC/SA |
2330–3310 |
PU/EES/KH-15110 |
Subarctic & temp. N.
Hemisphere; throughout India |
|
Salicaceae |
|||||
|
Populus alba L.2 |
Dioecious DT |
MC |
2430–2440 |
PU/EES/KH-1014 |
C. & S. Europe to Xinjiang
& W. Himalayas |
|
Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle4 |
Dioecious DT |
BP |
2240–2250 |
PU/EES/KH-1011 |
N. Pak. to China & Mya.;
Himalayas in India |
|
Sapindaceae |
|||||
|
Acer caesium Wall. ex
Brandis2 |
Andromonoecious DT |
MC/SA |
2420–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-1002 |
E. Afg. to N. & EC China;
W. Himalayas in India |
|
Aesculus indica (Wall. ex
Cambess.) Hook.2* |
DT |
MC |
2750–2800 |
PU/EES/KH-1003 |
Afg., Nepal, Pak., E. & W.
Himalayas |
|
Saxifragaceae |
|||||
|
Bergenia ligulata Engl.1 |
Ph |
MC |
2750–2800 |
PU/EES/KH-15038 |
E. Afghanistan to China;
Himalayas in India |
|
Scrophulariaceae |
|||||
|
Scrophularia decomposita Royle ex
Benth.1 |
Ph |
SA |
2920–3280 |
PU/EES/KH-15209 |
C. Asia; W. Himalayas from Afg.
to Kumaon |
|
Verbascum thapsus L.1* |
Prostrate Ah |
MC/SA |
2620–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15242 |
Naturalized throughout the N.
Hemisphere; Indian Himalayas |
|
Solanaceae |
|||||
|
Atropa acuminata Royle ex
Lindl.5 |
Ph |
MC |
2700–2800 |
PU/EES/KH-15037 |
Afg., Iran, Pak. & W.
Himalayas |
|
Hyoscyamus niger L.1* |
Bh or Ph |
SA |
3140–3150 |
PU/EES/KH-15120 |
Palearctic region; Himalayas in
India |
|
Taxaceae |
|||||
|
Taxus wallichiana Zucc.5 |
Dioecious conical ET |
MC |
2560–2760 |
PU/EES/KH-1013 |
Himalayas from Afg. to SW China
& Mya. |
|
Urticaceae |
|||||
|
Urtica dioica L.2* |
Rhizomatous creeping Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3000 |
PU/EES/KH-15237 |
Palearctic, introduced in
Neotropic & Nearctic regions; throughout India |
|
Violaceae |
|||||
|
Viola biflora L.1 |
Erect rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2200–3120 |
PU/EES/KH-15245 |
Palearctic, Mya.; Indian
Himalayas |
|
Viola canescens Wall.1 |
Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
2250–2960 |
PU/EES/KH-15246 |
Bhutan, Nepal, India &
Pak.; Temp. Himalayas & W. Ghats |
|
Viola odorata L.1 |
Prostrate rhizomatous Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1980–2960 |
PU/EES/KH-15247 |
Iran, Iraq, introduced in India
& Pak. & Medit. region & Caucasia |
|
Viola pilosa Blume1 |
Rhizomatous prostrate Ah or Ph |
BP/MC/SA |
1880–2940 |
PU/EES/KH-15248 |
Afg., Pak., Indomalayan;
throughout India |
|
Xanthorrhoeaceae |
|||||
|
Eremurus himalaicus Baker1 |
Ph |
SA |
3530–3550 |
PU/EES/KH-15102 |
Afg., Pak. W. Himalayas &
Tajikistan |
OER—Observed elevation range |
1—Not assessed (NA) | 2—Least Concern (LC) | 3—Critically Endangered (CR) |
4—Data Deficient (DD) | 5—Endangered (EN) | 6—Vulnerable (VU) | S—Shrub | Ph—Perennial
herb | Ah—Annual herb | DS—Deciduous shrub | ES—Evergreen shrub | SS—Subshrub |
DT—Deciduous tree | ET—Evergreen tree | Bh—Biennial herb | *—Alien species |
E—Eastern | S—Southern | N—Northern | W—Western | C—Central | W—Western |
SW—Southwestern | SE—Southeastern | NW—North-western | NE—Northeastern |
SC—Southcentral | EC—Eastcentral | NC—Northcentral | Afg—Afghanistan |
Pak—Pakistan | Thail—Thailand | Phip—Philippines | Temp—Temperate | Mya—Myanmar
| Medit—Mediterranean | Species in bold are endemic to Himalaya.
For
figures & images - - click here
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