Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18237–18246
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7144.13.5.18237-18246
#7144 | Received 24 January 2021 | Final
received 13 March 2021 | Finally accepted 22 March 2021
Diversity of freshwater molluscs from the upper Brahmaputra Basin, Assam,
India
Jyotish Sonowal
1, Munmi Puzari
2 & Devid
Kardong 3
1,2,3 Department of Life
Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India.
1 jyotish194@gmail.com,
2 munmi.du@gmail.com (corresponding author), 3 kardongdevid@dibru.ac.in
Editor: N.A. Aravind Madhyastha, ATREE, Bengaluru, India. Date of publication: 26 April 2021
(online & print)
Citation: Sonowal,
J., M. Puzari & D. Kardong
(2021). Diversity of freshwater molluscs from the upper
Brahmaputra Basin, Assam, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(5): 18237–18246. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7144.13.5.18237-18246
Copyright: © Sonowal et al. 2021. Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: a) DST (SERB), b) DST
INSPIRE Programme, c) DST FIST sponsored
Department of Life Sciences.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Jyotish Sonowal worked as DST INSPIRE
fellow in the Department of Life Sciences under the guidance of Devid Kardong. At present he is
working as an assistant professor in the Centre for Studies in Biotechnology
and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University. His area of interest is biochemistry,
molecular taxonomy and mollusc biology. Munmi Puzari worked as the project fellow in the DST(SERB)
project on freshwater mollusc in the upper
Brahmaputra Basin of Assam under the guidance of Devid
Kardong. At present she is working as an assistant
professor in N N Saikia
College, Titabar, Assam. Her area of specialisation is biochemistry, molecular taxonomy and mollusc biology. Devid Kardong is
working as an associate professor in the department of Life Sciences Dibrugarh
University. He has more than 20 years of teaching and research experience. His
area of specialisation is biochemistry and
hydrobiology. He was the principal investigator of the DST(SERB) project on
freshwater mollusc in the upper Brahmaputra Basin of
Assam.
Author contribution: All the authors have
equal contributions in the present work.
Acknowledgements: The authors are
thankful to DST-SERB and DST INSPIRE Programme for financial support, the ZSI,
Kolkata for technical support and also DST-FIST sponsored Department of Life
Sciences, Dibrugarh University for providing the necessary facilities for
carrying out this study.
Abstract: A field survey was
conducted for three consecutive years, 2015–17 to assess the diversity of
freshwater molluscs (Gastropoda and Bivalvia) of the
upper Brahmaputra Basin in Assam, India.
Altogether, 18 gastropods and 27 bivalve species representing nine
families were recorded from 17 sampling stations comprising small to large
tributaries and wetlands in the flood-plains covering a total geographical area
of approximately 3,500km2. A
large fraction (15.55%) of the collected mollusc species are new records from
the upper Brahmaputra Basin of Assam.
Rarity in the occurrence of freshwater mollusc was confirmed with
singleton and doubleton species accounting for 6.66% and unique species
accounting for 35.55% of the total species recorded. It was observed that most of the mollusc
species of the upper Brahmaputra Basin are either in the ‘Least Concern’ or
‘Data Deficient’ category of the IUCN Red List; except for Lymnaea
ovalior (Annandale & Prashad,
1921) and Sphaerium austeni
Prashad, 1921 assessed as ‘Vulnerable’ and ‘Near
Threatened’, respectively. A significant
trend in the diversity in terms of species richness and composition was
observed across the sampling stations of the northern basin and southern basin
of the river Brahmaputra.
Keywords: Burhi-Dihing,
Data Deficient, habitat heterogeneity, species richness, unique.
INTRODUCTION
Freshwater
molluscs are one of the most widely distributed groups of aquatic macroinvertebrates,
considered an emerging wealth of the freshwater bodies (Elder & Collins
1991; Maltchik et al. 2010), and play a pivotal role
in the health of the aquatic ecosystems (Fenchel
& Kofoed 1976; Bertness
1984; Peterson & Black 1987; Kay 1995; Stewart et al. 1998; Strayer et al.
1999; Gutierrez et al. 2003; Vaughan et al. 2004; Lydeard
et al. 2004; Budha et al. 2010). Freshwater molluscs (Gastropoda
and Bivalvia) are distributed in the freshwater bodies throughout the globe
except Antarctica (Schiaparelli et al. 2014).
Apart from their role in the ecosystem, people across the globe exploit
several species of freshwater molluscs as food, medicine, ornament, and in the
craft industry (Wood & Wells 1995; Sonowal & Kardong 2020).
Freshwater molluscs are also used as bio-monitoring agents in the
aquatic ecosystem and in integrated fish farming (Sicuro
2015). Most of the information on the
status and distribution of Indo-tropical freshwater molluscs is based on the
studies in the eastern Himalaya (Budha et al. 2010);
the Western Ghats (Aravind et al. 2011), and the Indo-Burma region (Köhler et
al. 2012) especially in the Mekong River basin covering the nations comprising
Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, and China. In India, pioneering work on the diversity,
distribution and taxonomy of freshwater molluscs were carried out by Benson
(1836, 1850, 1865), Blanford (1863, 1870, 1880), Blanford & Godwin-Austen (1908), Preston (1915),
Annandale (1918), Prashad (1920, 1928), and later
reviewed by Rao (1989) and Ramakrishna & Dey
(2007). Research on molluscs in India is
basically limited to the Western Ghats in southern India and some parts of the
eastern Himalayan region. Reports on
richness and diversity of freshwater molluscs from various parts of mainland
India and Indo-Burma region are available (Rao 1989; Ramakrishna & Dey 2007; Budha et al. 2010;
Köhler et al. 2012). A good number of
research studies are going on in the southwestern parts of the Indian peninsula
(Aravind et al. 2010; Ramesha et al. 2013). Ironically, no significant studies on the
status and distribution of freshwater molluscs have been carried out in the
Brahmaputra River basin of Assam. As a
result, studies on the distribution, taxonomy and biology of mollusc population
of the region remains obscure and also that of several reported species seem to
be doubtful (Budha et al. 2010). Therefore, the present study is aimed to
assess the diversity of the freshwater mollusc community across the upper
Brahmaputra Basin (UBB), their distribution pattern and also for identification
of important sites for future conservation planning of freshwater molluscs in
the region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study
area
The
Upper Brahmaputra basin (UBB) is a part of the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot and
lies between the hill ranges of the eastern and northeastern
Himalayan ranges. The river Brahmaputra
enters Assam through the easternmost corner of Arunachal Pradesh and divides
the eastern valley of Assam into two banks across the river—the northern bank
and southern bank—with prominent physiographic differences. The present study area covers a total
geographical area of approximately 3,500km2 between 27.273–27.809 0N
and 94.591–95.378 0E (Image 1).
The area was selected because of the large-scale habitat loss during the
last few decades due to recurring floods which is reported to have begun after
the devastating earthquake of the 1950s and anthropogenic activities like the
discharge of chemicals from oil fields and tea gardens (CPCB 2005; Baruah 2007)
and urbanization.
Sampling
The
survey was conducted in 17 sampling stations (Table 1) using the random
sampling method for a period of three consecutive years (2015–2017) from
December to February. Among the selected
survey sites there were nine small and large tributaries of the Brahmaputra
(site B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, N, P) and four wetlands (site A, M, O,
Q). Geocordinates
of the sampling sites were recorded using GARMIN GPS (Model No. GPSMAP
60CSx). Ten random sampling points were
selected in each sampling station and samples were collected using quadrat of
1m2 size. The large specimens were handpicked and the
smaller ones were collected from the bottom substrata by using a metal sieve of
mesh size 2mm2. Specimens
were then washed, sorted into morpho-species, and representatives were brought
to the laboratory for reference.
Identification of the specimens was done according to Rao (1989),
Ramakrishnan & Dey (2007), and by comparing with
authentic voucher specimens deposited at the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI),
Kolkata.
Data
analysis
Abundance
(N), species richness (S), the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) (in log10),
Simpson index (1-D), evenness index (E H/S), and equitability index
(EH=H/Hmax; Hmax
= lnS) of all the sites were calculated using PAST
(Paleontological Statistics, Version 3.08) programme to evaluate the state of
diversity in the studied area.
Sample-based rarefaction (interpolation-extrapolation) curves for all
the stations sampled were compared based on incidence data using the method
proposed by Colwell et al. (2012). The
non-overlap of 95% confidence intervals was used as the indication of
statistical difference (Colwell et al. 2012; Gotelli
& Ellison 2013). Rarefaction and
extrapolation analyses were conducted using the PAST and EstimateS
programme.
RESULTS
Species
Abundance and Composition
From
the survey conducted in the 17 sampling stations during the three years, 7,881
(all live) specimens belonging to 45 species of nine freshwater mollusc
families from two classes, Gastropoda and Bivalvia,
were recorded (Table 2). These comprised
Viviparidae (N= 526, six species), Ampullaridae (N= 16, one species), Thiaridae
(N= 1,928, five species), Pachychilidae (N= 539, one
species), Lymnaeidae (N= 154, two species), and Planorbidae (N= 136, three species) from the class Gastropoda. The
class Bivalvia was represented by three families, viz., Unionidae
(N= 3,516, 22 species), Cyrenidae (N= 938, two
species), and Sphaeriidae (N= 128, three
species). Indonaia
under the family Unionidae was recorded as the
dominant genus comprising nine (20% of the total species richness)
species. Among the total population
recorded, Parreysia favidens
(Benson, 1862) and Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) emerged as the most abundant
species. Three (6.66% of the total)
species were recorded as rare species, i.e., singleton species (with only one
individual throughout the survey), viz., Lymnaea
ovalior (Annandale & Prashad,
1921) (station G) & Trapezidens exolescens (Gould, 1843) (Station B) and doubleton
species (with only two individuals throughout the survey), Filopaludina micron (Annandale, 1921) (Station A) from
the study area. Further, 16 (35.55% of
the total) species were observed to be unique, i.e., they were confined to a particular/
single sampling station and seven (15.55%) species were recorded as new reports
from UBB (Table 3).
Species
richness and diversity assessment
The
species richness and diversity indices are listed in Table 4. As for the species richness and abundance,
sampling station A with 27 (60% of the total recorded) species emerged as the
richest sampling station in the study area, whereas sampling station Q
corresponds to only 17.77% of the total richness (Table 4). The Simpson index (1-D) and Shannon diversity
index (H) showed a general constancy across the sampling stations (Table
4), with values 0.86±0.03 and 2.28±0.24, respectively. Evenness (EH/S) index showed
variations across the sampling stations, with values ranging between 0.47 and
0.86 (Table 4). It was observed that the
southern basin (stations A–F) of UBB showed an uneven species distribution
pattern (EH/S= 0.47–0.71) than the rest of the sampling stations of
the northern basin.
Species
richness was evaluated through sample-based and individual-based rarefaction
curves which are presented in Figures 2, 3, 4(a), and 4(b). Differences in species richness and
composition were observed in both the northern and southern basins of UBB
(Figure 2). On the northern basin of the
river, the cluster formation of curves between sampling stations was noted due
to a large overlapping (at 95% unconditional confidence intervals) at sampling
stations G, H, I, J, K, L, M, and N (Figure 3(a)). In contrast to this observation, the sampling
stations of the southern basin showed remarkably different values and patterns
in which the sampling stations C, D, and F showed clusters of non-overlapping
curves at 95% unconditional confidence intervals (Figure 3(b)).
Differences
in species composition were also observed among the mollusc populations in
tributaries and wetlands. Species like Filopaludina bengalensis
(Lamarck, 1822), M. tuberculata, Tarebia granifera (Lamarck,
1822), T. lineata (Gray, 1828), Brotia costula (Rafinesque, 1833), Lamellidens
corrianus (Lea, 1834); L. marginalis (Lamarck, 1819), P. corbis (Benson, 1856), P. corrugata (Müller, 1774), and P. favidens are common to both tributaries and
wetlands; while species like Thiara aspera
(Lesson, 1831), L. ovalior, Scabies crispata (Gould, 1843), Balwantia
soleniformis (Benson, 1836), Indonaia olivaria (Lea,
1831), I. nuttaliana (Lea,
1856), I. shurtleffiana (Lea,
1856), I. theobaldi (Preston,
1912), and T. exolescens are confined
to the tributaries only. Unique species
like Mekongia crassa
(Benson, 1836), Idiopoma dissimilis
(Müller, 1774), F. micron, Angulyagra
microchaetophora (Annandale, 1921), Pila olea (Reeve, 1856), Gyraulus
convexiusculus (Hutton, 1849), Sphaerium austeni Prashad, 1921, and Musculium
indicum (Deshayes,
1854) were recorded only from the wetlands.
DISCUSSION
Approximately,
186 species of freshwater molluscs have been estimated to inhabit freshwater
rivers, streams, and lakes in the eastern Himalayan region (Budha
et al. 2010) which is approximately 3% of the total global estimate (Vinarski et al. 2020).
During the present survey, we recorded 45 species of freshwater molluscs
from the UBB. This figure accounts for
24.19% of total freshwater mollusc species from the eastern Himalaya (Table
2). As regards the species richness,
there is the possibility of encountering even more native species from the
region as is indicated by the sample-based rarefaction curve (Figure 1).
Biogeographically,
most families of freshwater molluscs from the eastern Himalayan and Indo-Burma
hotspot region are cosmopolitan in nature (Budha et
al. 2010; Köhler et al. 2012). The Unionidae and Cyrenidae, for
instance, are globally distributed. The
scenario at the species level, however, is quite different as observed in the
present investigation. We recorded 16 (35.55%
of the total recorded species) unique species (Table 3) which were found
confined to particular sampling station indicating the role of certain abiotic
and biotic factors that might influence the habitat specificity for their
survival. There are some ubiquitous
species like L. corrianus, L. marginalis, Corbicula assamensis,
C. striatella, B. costula, F. bengalensis,
T. lineata, and some species of the genera
Parreysia and Indonaia
found in almost all sampling stations.
In contrast, the presence of more than one-third unique species reflects
many aspects like changes in habitat conditions across the sampling stations or
narrow range of habitat adaptability of species which might have been
eliminated from other sampling stations due to the factors related to habitat
parameters. A more detailed study,
however, will be needed to explain the issue.
The species B. soleniformis is
exclusively recorded from a short stretch of about 300m along the river Burhi-Dihing (Sampling station F). Likewise, T. exolescens
and S. crispata were found only from
the sampling station B and E, respectively (Image 2). Similarly, most of the unique gastropod
species were exclusively found from the sampling station A (Table 2), which may
be indicative of habitat heterogeneity in the region (Figure 3(b)). Further study, however, is needed to explain
the causes of an allopatric pattern of distribution of these species. Reports suggest that the abundance of the
malacofauna is linked to the cumulative effect of abiotic and biotic components
such as alkaline nature of water, chlorine content (Ndifon
& Ukoli 1989; Giovanelli et al. 2005), calcium
content (Hussein et al. 2011), the presence of macrophytic
vegetation, water flow (Appleton 1978), water depth and sediment (Lacoursière et al. 1975; Vincent et al. 1982), recurring
flood (Thomaz et al. 2007), and so on.
Large
differences in species richness and abundance were observed in different
sampling stations on the southern basin and northern basin of river Brahmaputra
(Figure 2). For instance, sampling
stations C, D, and F showed markedly different values, with non-overlapping
cluster of curves at 95% unconditional confidence intervals (Figure 3(b)),
though species collected were from the same river (Burhi-Dihing,
a tributary of river Brahmaputra), but from different localities. For instance, the species abundance and
composition of sampling stations O, P, and Q is markedly different from that of
sampling station A (Table 2) though these sites are geographically close to
each other (Image 1). The most plausible
explanation for this unparalleled distribution pattern may be due to
differential local driving forces in river floodplain systems (RFS). According to available literature, the
floodplain aquatic habitats are isolated from each other and subject to local
driving forces during low water periods (Camargo & Esteves 1995; Tockner et al. 1999; Lewis et al. 2000; Thomaz
et al. 2007). The influence of local
driving forces induces heterogeneity leading to localized physical and chemical
characteristics (that are basin-specific) like induced sediment resuspension,
which affects water bodies in their morphometry and ecology. These local forces act with different
intensities in the floodplain landscape, thus creating habitats with different
characteristics (Thomaz et al. 2007). Thus, our
present observation has corroborated the findings of previous workers.
The
homogeneous distribution of species observed in various sampling stations
(G, H, I, J, K, L, M, and N) along the northern basin of the river Brahmaputra
(Figure 3(a)) may largely be attributed to the ‘homogenization effect of
flood’. It may be noted that the
northern bank of the river Brahmaputra is largely affected by recurring floods
every year and this has influenced not only the distribution but also the
overall diversity of aquatic fauna (Furch & Junk
1985; Hamilton & Lewis Jr. 1990; Bozelli 1992; Thomaz et al. 2007).
According to some other reports, however, the limnological
characteristics, the composition of phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, and
macrophytes of rivers & wetlands are similar in the RFS (Thomaz et al. 2007).
The
study on freshwater molluscs of the eastern Himalayan region recorded 32.3%
species which falls under Data Deficient (DD) category of the IUCN Red List (Budha et al. 2010).
On the other hand, the study conducted in the Indo-Burma region assessed
49.76% and 32.55% of the total recorded species under the category of Least
Concern (LC) and DD, respectively (Köhler et al. 2012). Ironically, most of these DD species are
known only from descriptions of the 19th or 20th
century. It is noteworthy that the
majority of the mollusc species recorded during the present study belonged to
the LC category (39 species) and four species belonged to the DD category of
the IUCN Red List, except L. ovalior
and Sphaerium austeni
which are assessed as Vulnerable (VU) and Near Threatened (NT) category of Red
List (IUCN 2010). The presence of DD
species is mainly due to lack of information on the distribution, population
trends and threats (IUCN 2010) from this region.
During
the present investigation, we recorded seven freshwater mollusc species which
were not reported in earlier literature from this region indicating the scope
for a thorough field survey in the region covering a much larger area (Table
3). For example, L. phenchooganjensis Preston, 1912 which was previously
reported only from Phenchooganj (Bangladesh) and from
Mizoram (Ramakrishna & Dey 2007) have no earlier
reports from this area. There is certain information for freshwater mollusc
species of eastern Himalaya, Indo-Burma as well as for the Western Ghats,
however, such information is not enough to describe all the aspects of species
in the present scenario. So, it may be
suggested to give enough emphasis on the review of many taxonomic issues
persisting in the available literature and resolve them in the light of
regional context through further work (Budha et al.
2010). The inconsistencies in available
data clearly indicate that determination of taxonomic status is still a major
problem in establishing a local checklist and implementation of species
conservation plans in the region.
CONCLUSION
The
present work is based on firsthand information on the
diversity, distribution, and status of freshwater mollusc population of this
region. The UBB is found to be rich in
freshwater mollusc diversity with 45 species from Gastropoda
and Bivalvia. Records of a few unique
species and new reports highlight the scope and possibility of encountering
newer species from the region. More
crucial aspects like the effect of environmental and ecological conditions,
habitat heterogeneity, and its impact trends, however, need to be addressed
with further studies. The presence of
unique and rare species indicates the significance of the region as a suitable
habitat for the malacofaunal population.
Table 1. Name,
assigned code and the co-ordinate of the sampling stations.
Name |
Code |
Latitude (0N) |
Longitude (0E) |
Maguri beel (Wetland) |
A |
27.571 |
95.378 |
Diharang river (Tributary) |
B |
27.381 |
95.101 |
Kulagora, Burhi-Dihing River (Tributary) |
C |
27.333 |
95.153 |
Hareghat, Burhi-Dihing river (Tributary) |
D |
27.356 |
94.983 |
Sesa river (Tributary) |
E |
27.325 |
94.839 |
Janzi, Burhi-Dihing River (Tributary) |
F |
27.273 |
94.802 |
Aamguri River (Tributary) |
G |
27.432 |
94.632 |
Laipulia river (Tributary)
(Dusutimukh) |
H |
27.435 |
94.616 |
Kopahtoli (Tributary) (Bhomura guri) |
I |
27.415 |
94.591 |
Sisi River (Tributary) |
J |
27.350 |
94.621 |
Gelua river (Tributary) |
K |
27.524 |
94.688 |
Mesu River (Tributary) |
L |
27.538 |
94.693 |
Tongani Beel (Wetland) (Tongani majgaon) |
M |
27.515 |
94.745 |
Tongani River (Tributary) |
N |
27.490 |
94.722 |
Nahor Village (Wetland)
(Bahir Jonai) |
O |
27.785 |
95.255 |
Sile river (bahir chilai) (Tributary) |
P |
27.809 |
95.282 |
Aagrung beel (Wetland) |
Q |
27.784 |
95.280 |
Table 2. List of
freshwater molluscs recorded across the sampling stations of upper Brahmaputra
Basin of Assam.
Species |
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
M |
N |
O |
P |
Q |
Angulyagra microchaetophora |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Angulyagra oxytropis |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Balwantia soleniformis |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Brotia costula |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Corbicula assamensis |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
Corbicula striatella |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
Filopaludina bengalensis |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Filopaludina micron |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Gyraulus convexiusculus |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Helicorbis cantori |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Idiopoma dissimilis |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Indonaia andersoniana |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
Indonaia caerulea |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Indonaia lima |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
Indonaia nuttalliana |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Indonaia occata |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Indonaia olivaria |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Indonaia pachysoma |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Indonaia shurtleffiana |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Indonaia theobaldi |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Indoplanorbis exustus |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lamellidens phenchooganjensis |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
Lamellidens corrianus |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Lamellidens jenkinsianus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lamellidens marginalis |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Lymnaea ovalior |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Mekongia crassa |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Melanoides tuberculata |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
Mieniplotia scabra |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
Musculium indicum |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Parreysia corbis |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
Parreysia corrugata |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Parreysia favidens |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
Parreysia gowhattensis |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
|
+ |
- |
Parreysia sikkimensis |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Parreysia smaragdites |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
Pila olea |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Pisidium sp. |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Radix rufescens |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
Scabies crispata |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Sphaerium austeni |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Tarebia granifera |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
Tarebia lineata |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
|
+ |
- |
Thiara aspera |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Trapezidens exolescens |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total |
27 |
19 |
15 |
10 |
17 |
11 |
20 |
11 |
10 |
11 |
17 |
15 |
14 |
10 |
11 |
16 |
8 |
+—species present |
-—species absent
Table 3. Status of
recorded freshwater molllusc of upper Brahmaputra
Basin of Assam.
Unique species |
Rare species |
New reports |
Idiopoma dissimilis |
Filopaludina micron |
Filopaludina micron |
Filopaludina micron |
Lymnaea ovalior |
Angulyagra oxytropis |
Angulyagra microchaetophora |
Trapezidens exolescens |
Lymnaea ovalior |
Pila olea |
|
Lamellidens phenchooganjensis |
Thiara aspera |
|
Indonaia shurtleffiana |
Lymnaea ovalior |
|
Pisidium sp. |
Gyraulus convexiusculus |
|
Sphaerium austeni |
Helicorbis cantori |
|
|
Scabies crispata |
|
|
Balwantia soleniformis |
|
|
Indonaia pachysoma |
|
|
Indonaia shurtleffiana |
|
|
Trapezidens exolescens |
|
|
Pisidium sp. |
|
|
Sphaerium austeni |
|
|
Musculium indicum |
|
|
Table 4. Richness,
abundance, and diversity indices of different sampling stations along the upper
Brahmaputra Basin of Assam.
Sampling stations |
Richness S |
N |
Simpson 1- D |
Shannon H |
Evenness EH/S |
Equitability EH |
A |
27 |
1131 |
0.89 |
2.55 |
0.47 |
0.77 |
B |
19 |
776 |
0.88 |
2.36 |
0.56 |
0.80 |
C |
15 |
617 |
0.89 |
2.34 |
0.69 |
0.86 |
D |
10 |
153 |
0.85 |
2.06 |
0.71 |
0.89 |
E |
17 |
367 |
0.86 |
2.28 |
0.58 |
0.81 |
F |
11 |
851 |
0.75 |
1.85 |
0.58 |
0.77 |
G |
20 |
799 |
0.92 |
2.76 |
0.75 |
0.90 |
H |
11 |
208 |
0.87 |
2.25 |
0.86 |
0.94 |
I |
10 |
239 |
0.86 |
2.10 |
0.81 |
0.91 |
J |
11 |
304 |
0.85 |
2.18 |
0.80 |
0.91 |
K |
17 |
437 |
0.90 |
2.52 |
0.73 |
0.89 |
L |
15 |
485 |
0.87 |
2.35 |
0.70 |
0.87 |
M |
14 |
223 |
0.87 |
2.34 |
0.74 |
0.88 |
N |
10 |
527 |
0.87 |
2.13 |
0.84 |
0.92 |
O |
11 |
203 |
0.86 |
2.17 |
0.80 |
0.90 |
P |
16 |
266 |
0.92 |
2.64 |
0.88 |
0.95 |
Q |
8 |
295 |
0.83 |
1.92 |
0.85 |
0.92 |
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