Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2021 | 13(12): 19878–19883
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN
0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7034.13.12.19878-19883
#7034 | Received 29 December 2019
| Final received 07 March 2021 | Finally accepted 11 October 2021
Notes on the extended distribution of Impatiens megamalayana, a recently described balsam in Western
Ghats, India
Anoop P. Balan 1 &
A.J. Robi 2
1,2 Bishop Abraham Memorial College, Thuruthicad, Pathanamthitta,
Kerala 689597, India.
1 anooppb01@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 ajrobin80@gmail.com
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of
publication: 26 October 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Balan, A.P. & A.J. Robi (2021). Notes on the extended distribution of Impatiens megamalayana,
a recently described balsam in Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(12): 19878–19883. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7034.13.12.19878-19883
Copyright: © Balan & Robi 2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declares
no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The authors are
grateful to the Principal, Bishop Abraham Memorial College, Thuruthicad,
Pathanamthitta, Kerala for the facilities and
support.
The balsam family Balsaminaceae includes two
genera and more than 1,000 species of fleshy herbs. Hydrocera
Blume ex Wight & Arn. is a monotypic genus with a
single species H. triflora (L.) Wight & Arn., and is distributed from Sri Lanka, India to Java,
southern Borneo, and Sulawesi (Grey-Wilson 1980). Impatiens L., the
other genus of the family is highly diversified and is known to have five
distinct diversity hotspots, viz., tropical Africa, Madagascar, Southern India,
Sri Lanka, the eastern Himalaya, and southeastern
Asia (Yuan et al. 2004). In India, the
genus is represented by more than 210 species, mainly distributed in the
eastern Himalaya, the northeastern states, and the
Western Ghats (Bhaskar 2012). The Western Ghats is one of the major centres of
diversification of Impatiens. Nayar et al.
(2014) enumerated 106 taxa of Impatiens from the Western Ghats of which
97 are exclusive endemics. More than 30 species have been discovered from
various parts of the Western Ghats during the last 10 years (Kumar et al. 2011;
Dessai & Janarthanam
2011; Narayanan et al. 2011, 2012a,b, 2013; Hareesh
et al. 2015a; Prabhukumar et al. 2015a,b, 2016, 2017;
Ramasubbu et al. 2015a,b, 2017, 2020a,b; Chhabra et
al. 2016; Bhaskar & Sringeswar 2017; Manudev et al. 2017; Mani & Thomas 2017; Mani et al.
2018, 2020; Arigela et al. 2019; Salish et al. 2019;
Subbiah & Vellingiri 2019; Vishnu et al. 2020
& 2021; Arya et al. 2021). Impatiens species are usually seen in
open, wet grasslands and rocky hill slopes at higher elevations and are highly
sensitive to micro-climatic conditions. Major populations of Impatiens in the
Western Ghats are outside protected forest areas and are facing severe threat
due to habitat loss and changes in climatic conditions.
Kerala, one of the smallest states in India is rich in its balsam
diversity. Sasidharan (2011) enlisted 80 species from
Kerala, of which 17 are endemic to the state. Since then, 24 species have been
added to the balsam flora of the state including a new distributional record
(Anil Kumar et al. 2011; Narayanan et al. 2011, 2012a,b, 2013; Hareesh et al. 2015a,b; Prabhukumar
et al. 2015a,b; Ramasubbu 2015b; Prabhukumar
et al. 2016, 2017; Manudev et al. 2017; Mani &
Thomas 2017; Mani et al. 2018, 2020; Salish et al. 2019; Vishnu et al. 2020
& 2021; Arya et al. 2021). Joe et al. 2017 elevated Impatiens rufescens var. agastyamalayensis
to species level, i.e., I. agastyamalayensis (Bhaskar)
Joe, Bhaskar & Sabu. Thus, the total number of Impatiens in
Kerala state reached 107. While exploring the Urumbikkara
hills of Idukki district in central Kerala, the authors came across a small,
delicate Impatiens with pale red flowers. Upon critical examination it
was identified as I. megamalayana Ramas., a recently described balsam from the Megamalai hills of Tamil Nadu. This is the first report of
occurrence of this narrow endemic species outside its type locality. Detailed
description, images, distribution map and notes on habitat, ecology and conservation
status are provided for easy identification and a better understanding of the
species. An updated checklist of the balsams of Kerala state is also furnished
for future reference.
Taxonomic Treatment
Impatiens megamalayana
Ramas., Phytotaxa
302(2): 193. 2018.
(Image 1)
Annual, succulent, erect, herbs, 25–40 cm tall; stem purplish,
cylindrical with 3–5 ridges, often branched, glabrous,
nodes slightly swollen, internodes 4–6 cm long. Leaves opposite, decussate;
petiole 0.3–0.4 mm long, glabrous, with 1–2 pairs of
extra-petiolar glands; lamina linear-ensiform, 2.6–5.0 × 0.5–0.8 cm,
acute-shortly acuminate at apex, truncate or slightly cordate at base, sparsely
hairy above along the midrib, smooth and sometimes purplish below, margins
distinctly serrate, midrib distinct, lateral veins obscure. Inflorescence 1–2
per axil. Flowers about 5 mm across, pale purple or yellow with reddish spot;
pedicellate; pedicel 1.5–1.8 cm long, hairy along one side. Sepals: lateral
sepals linear, up curved, 2.0–2.5 mm long, acuminate at apex, 1–2 nerved,
purplish, densely hairy; lower sepal boat-shaped, 3.5–4.2 × 1.0–1.6 mm, with
4–7 wrinkles, tip curved towards outside, densely hairy, purple, spur absent.
Petals pale red with deep reddish- spot: dorsal petal ovate-orbicular, 2–2.2 ×
3.5–3.8 mm, dorsally keeled, keel
densely covered with unicellular hairs; lateral petals united, oblong, deeply
clawed, 2-lobed, 3.2–3.6 × 2.8–3.0 mm, basal lobe small, distal lobe round at
apex, dorsal auricle prominent. Stamens 5, cohering above pistil; filaments
free up to ⅔rd their length, connate at apex; anthers
pale yellow. Ovary ellipsoidal, 2.0–2.2 mm long, glabrous;
style rudimentary; stigma minute. Capsule ovoid, turgid, 11–12 × 4–5 mm, acute,
beaked, glabrous 5–9-seeded. Seeds 6–9, round with
prominent caruncle, 1.0–1.2 × 0.3–0.4 mm, compressed, glossy-black.
Flowering and fruiting: September to December.
Habitat & Ecology: Impatiens megamalayana
is usually found in wet rocky hill slopes and open grasslands at 1,000–1,200 m
elevation. The plant usually grows in association with Andrographis
neesiana Wight, Drosera
indica L., Impatiens stolonifera Robi & Manudev, Impatiens viscosa Bedd., Justicia procumbens
L., and Smithia bigemina
Dalzell.
Distribution: Endemic to the Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu)
(Image 2).
Conservation status: Ramasubbu et al. (2017)
assigned Critically Endangered status to I. megamalayana
on the assumption that the taxon is strictly confined to the Megamalai hills of Tamil Nadu. However, the present report
of this species from Urumbikkara hills of Kerala
state necessitates a detailed field survey to assign a more appropriate IUCN
status.
Notes: Urumbikkara hills and adjacent Vagamon hills are emerging tourist destinations in central
Kerala. These popular hill stations are endowed with species rich evergreen
forest patches, pseudo-sholas and grasslands, and are the last shelter of
several Western Ghats endemic species including rare orchids and balsams. The
majority of the forest patches are located outside protected forest areas, in
ecologically fragile lands, and are facing severe environmental destruction due
to tourism related developmental activities, illegal constructions, and
encroachments. The richness of the flora of these hill stations are well
evident from the recent botanical discoveries. A number of species have been
described or rediscovered from these verdant hills during the last 10–12 years
(Sibichen & Nampy 2007;
Robi et al. 2013; Janeesha
& Nampy 2015; Mathew et al. 2016; Manudev et al. 2017; Balan et al. 2019; Krishna et al.
2019; Balan & Robi 2020; Balan et al. 2020). It
is important to plan eco-friendly and responsible tourism projects for Urumbikkara and Vagamon to ensure
the conservation of the remaining biodiversity and greenery of these beautifull hills.
Specimens examined: Kerala, Idukki District, Urumbikkara
Hills, 29.viii.2020, Anoop P. Balan & A.J. Robi
18200; 24.x.2020, Anoop P. Balan & A.J. Robi
18202 (BAM, MBGH, MH) (Image 3).
An updated checklist of Impatiens in Kerala state and district
wise distribution is provided in Table 1. Among the districts Idukki stands
first with 72 out of the 107 taxa reported from Kerala of which about 22
species are strictly endemic to the district.
Table 1. An updated checklist of Impatiens in Kerala state and
their district-wise distribution.
|
|
Name of
taxa |
Distribution
in Kerala |
|
1 |
Impatiens
acaulis Arn. |
IDK, KNR, MPM, PKD,
WND |
|
2 |
I. achudanandanii V.S.A.Kumar, M.G.Govind &
Sindhu Arya |
TVM (Endemic) |
|
3 |
I. agastyamalayensis (Bhaskar)
A.Joe, V.Bhaskar & M.Sabu |
TVM (Endemic) |
|
4 |
I. aliciae C.E.C. Fisch. |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
5 |
I. anaimudica C.E.C. Fisch. |
IDK |
|
6 |
I. auriculata Wight |
KTM, TVM |
|
7 |
I. balsamina L. |
All districts |
|
8 |
I. brittoi B.Mani
& Sinj. Thomas |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
9 |
I. campanulata Wight |
IDK |
|
10 |
I. chandrasekharanii Chandrab. |
IDK |
|
11 |
I. chinensis L. |
IDK, KLM, KNR, PAT,
PKD, TSR, TVM, WND |
|
12 |
I. clavicornu Turcz. |
IDK |
|
13 |
I. cochinica Hook. f. |
EKM (Endemic) |
|
14 |
I. coelotropis C.E.C. Fisch. |
IDK, PKD (Endemic) |
|
15 |
I. concinna Hook. f. |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
16 |
I. cordata Wight |
IDK, KKD, KLM, TVM,
WND |
|
17 |
I. cuspidata Wight & Arn. |
IDK |
|
18 |
I. danii Sindhu Arya, V.Suresh & V.S.A.Kumar |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
19 |
I. dasysperma Wight |
IDK, KKD, KNR, MPM,
PKD, WND |
|
20 |
I. denisonii Bedd. |
IDK, PKD, WND,
(Endemic) |
|
21 |
I. disotis Hook.f. |
IDK, KSD |
|
22 |
I. diversifolia Wall.
ex Wight & Arn. |
ALP, KLM, KNR, TSR,
TVM, WND |
|
23 |
I. elegans Bedd. |
IDK |
|
24 |
I. eravikulamensis Hareesh & Salish |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
25 |
I. flaccida Arn. |
IDK, KKD, KLM, KNR,
MPM, PAT, PKD, TSR |
|
26 |
I.
floribunda Wight |
KLM, KSD, PKD, TVM |
|
27 |
I. fruticosa Lesch. ex
DC. |
IDK, KLM |
|
28 |
I. gardneriana Wight |
KKD, KNR, KTM, MPM,
PKD, WND |
|
29 |
I.
glabrata K.M.P.Kumar, Hareesh & Bhaskar |
PKD (Endemic) |
|
30 |
I. goughii Wight |
IDK, KNR, PAT, PKD,
TSR |
|
31 |
I. grandis B.Heyne
|
IDK |
|
32 |
I. grandispora Nampy & M.Vishnu |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
33 |
I. hensloviana Arn. |
IDK, KNR, PKD, TSR,
TVM |
|
34 |
I. herbicola Hook. f. |
IDK, KNR, KTM, PAT,
PKD, WND |
|
35 |
I. inconspicua Benth. ex
Wight & Arn. |
IDK, KLM, KNR, PAT,
PKD, TVM, WND |
|
36 |
I. jerdoniae Wight |
IDK, KNR, PKD, WND |
|
37 |
I. johnii E.Barnes |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
38 |
I. johnsiana Ratheesh, Sunil
& Anil |
WND (Endemic) |
|
39 |
I. josephia Sinj.Thomas, B.Mani &
Britto |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
40 |
I. kulamavuensis Pandur. &
V.J. Nair |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
41 |
I. laticornis C.E.C. Fisch. |
IDK |
|
42 |
I. latifolia L. |
IDK, TVM |
|
43 |
I. lawsonii Hook. f. |
KNR, WND |
|
44 |
I. leptura Hook. f. |
IDK, KLM |
|
45 |
I.
leschenaultia (DC.) Wall. |
MPM, PKD |
|
46 |
I. levingei Gamble ex Hook. f. |
IDK, TVM |
|
47 |
I. ligulata Bedd. |
PKD, TSR |
|
48 |
I. macrocarpa Hook.f. |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
49 |
I. maculata Wight |
IDK, KLM, PKD |
|
50 |
I. mankulamensis K.M.P.Kumar, R.Jagad. &
Nagaraj |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
51 |
I. matthewiana Ramas. & Pandur. |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
52 |
I. megamalayana Ramas. |
IDK |
|
53 |
I. minae Ratheesh, Anil Kumar & Sivad. |
WND (Endemic) |
|
54 |
I.
minor (DC.) Bennet |
All districts
except ALP, EKM, TVM, |
|
55 |
I. modesta Wight |
IDK, PKD, TVM |
|
56 |
I. mohana Ratheesh, Sujana
& Anil Kumar |
WND (Endemic) |
|
57 |
I. munnarensis E.Barnes |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
58 |
I. munronii Wight |
PKD |
|
59 |
I. neo-barnesii C.E.C. Fisch. |
PKD |
|
60 |
I. neo-modesta Hareesh,
K.M.P.Kumar & V.B.Sreek. |
PKD (Endemic) |
|
61 |
I. nidholapathra M.Vishnu & Nampy |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
62 |
I. nilgirica C.E.C. Fisch. |
IDK |
|
63 |
I. oppositifolia L. |
IDK, PKD, TSR, WND |
|
64 |
I. orchioides Bedd. |
IDK |
|
65 |
I. pallidiflora Hook.f. |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
66 |
I. pandata E.Barnes |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
67 |
I. panduranganii K.M.P.Kumar, R.Jagad. & G.Prasad |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
68 |
I. parasitica Bedd. |
IDK, KNR, PKD, WND |
|
69 |
I. parvifolia Bedd. |
IDK, WND |
|
70 |
I.
pendula B.Heyne ex Wight & Arn. |
IDK |
|
71 |
I. periyarensis B.Mani, Sinj.Thomas &
Britto |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
72 |
I. phoenicea Bedd. |
IDK |
|
73 |
I. platyadena C.E.C. Fisch. |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
74 |
I. pseudoacaulis
Bhaskar |
PKD |
|
75 |
I. pulcherrima Dalz. |
IDK, PKD |
|
76 |
I. raktakesara Vishnu & Nampy |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
77 |
I. repens Moon ex
Wight |
All districts |
|
78 |
I. rufescens Benth. ex
Wight & Arn. |
TVM |
|
79 |
I. saulierea B.Mani, Sinj.Thomas &
Britto |
KKD (Endemic) |
|
80 |
I. sahyadrica V.B. Sreek., Hareesh, Dantas & Sujanapal |
PKD (Endemic) |
|
81 |
I. sasidharanii K.M.P. Kumar, Omalsree, Hareesh & V.B.Sreek. |
PKD (Endemic) |
|
82 |
I. sasidharanii var. hirsuta
K.M.P.Kumar, Omalsree, Hareesh & V.B.Sreek. |
PKD (Endemic) |
|
83 |
I. scabriuscula B.Heyne ex Roxb. |
KNR, PKD, WND |
|
84 |
I. scapiflora B.Heyne ex Roxb. |
All districts
except ALP, EKM, KLM, KTM |
|
85 |
I. shailajae Sindhu Arya & V.S.A.Kumar |
TVM (Endemic) |
|
86 |
I. sholayarensis M.Kumar & Sequiera |
TSR (Endemic) |
|
87 |
I. sivarajanii M.Kumar & Sequiera |
PKD (Endemic) |
|
88 |
I. stocksii Hook. f. &
Thomson |
IDK, KNR, WND |
|
89 |
I.
stolonifera Robi & Manudev |
IDK, KTM (Endemic) |
|
90 |
I. tangachee Bedd. |
IDK |
|
91 |
I. tenella B.Heyne
ex Hook.f. |
PKD |
|
92 |
I. theuerkaufiana
Ratheesh & Sivad. |
WND |
|
93 |
I. tilo (DC.) Suresh |
KKD (Endemic) |
|
94 |
I. tomentosa B.Heyne ex
Wight & Arn. |
IDK, PAT, TVM |
|
95 |
I. travancorica Bedd. |
TVM |
|
96 |
I. trichocarpa Hook. f. |
IDK |
|
97 |
I. umbellata B.Heyne |
TVM |
|
98 |
I. uncinata Wight |
IDK, TVM |
|
99 |
I. veerapazhasii Ratheesh,
Sujanapal & Meera |
KNR, WND (Endemic) |
|
100 |
I. verecunda Hook. f. |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
101 |
I. verticillata Wight |
IDK, PAT, TSR, TVM |
|
102 |
I. violacea M.Kumar & Sequiera |
IDK (Endemic) |
|
103 |
I. viridiflora Wight |
IDK, PKD |
|
104 |
I. viscida Wight |
TVM |
|
105 |
I. viscosa Bedd. |
IDK, KTM, PAT, PKD,
WND |
|
106 |
I. walleriana Hook.f. |
All districts |
|
107 |
I. wightiana Bedd. |
IDK,PKD, TSR
(Endemic) |
ALP—Alappuzha | EKM—Eranakulam | IDK—Idukki |
KKD—Kozhikode | KLM—Kollam | KNR—Kannur | KSD—Kasargod
| KTM—Kottayam | MPM—Malappuram | PAT—Pathanamthitta
| PKD—Palakkad | TSR—Thrissur | TVM—Thiruvananthapuram | WND—Wayanad.
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