Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2021 | 13(2): 17731–17740
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6875.13.2.17731-17740
#6875 | Received 07 November 2020 | Finally
accepted 02 January 2021
New additions to the larval food
plants of Sri Lankan butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)
Himesh Dilruwan Jayasinghe 1,
Sarath Sanjeewa Rajapakshe 2 &
Tharindu Ranasinghe 3
1,2,3 Butterfly Conservation Society of
Sri Lanka, 762/A, Yatihena, Malwana, Sri Lanka.
1 Plant Taxonomy and Conservation
Lab, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
1 himesh.jayasinghe@gmail.com, 2 sarathsanjeewa@gmail.com,
3 tharindu2010ac@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: Anonymity
requested. Date of
publication: 26 February 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Jayasinghe, H.D., S.S.
Rajapakshe & T. Ranasinghe (2021). New additions
to the larval food plants of Sri Lankan butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera:
Papilionoidea). Journal of
Threatened Taxa 13(2): 17731–17740. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6875.13.2.17731-17740
Copyright: © Jayasinghe et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Self-funded.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Himesh Dilruwan
Jayasinghe is the
founder president of the Butterfly Conservation Society of Sri Lanka and
currently following his masters in philosophy at the University of Colombo. Sarath
Sanjeewa Rajapakshe is one of a founding members of Butterfly
Conservation Society of Sri Lanka and mainly interested in butterfly ecology.
He works as a science teacher. Tharindu Ranasinghe is a former vice
president and field visit organizer of Butterfly Conservation Society of Sri
Lanka and work as a field biologist. His research mainly focused on Sri Lankan
insects, arachnids as well as freshwater fishes.
Author contribution: All authors contributed equally.
Acknowledgements: We thank the Department of
Wildlife Conservation and Forest Department for providing us necessary
permission to carry out the research and to Dr. George van der Poorten, the
principal investigator of the research.
We also thank Chathura Udayanga,
Gehan Rajiv, Kalana Wijesundara, Lasantha Aberathna, Narmadha Dangampola, Nuwan
Chathuranga and Sujeewa Gunasena for providing necessary information to compile
this manuscript and Hiranya Sudasinghe for critical comments that helped to
improve the manuscript.
Abstract: Larval food plants (LFPs) of Sri
Lankan butterflies have been well documented recently with the aid of studies
done by numerous researchers. In this
paper, we present further records, 118 LFPs used by 83 butterflies and 145
plant-butterfly combinations. LFPs of Lethe
dynsate and Potanthus pseudomaesa pseudomaesa are reported for the
first time in Sri Lanka. Important
observations, possible LFPs and LFP preferences of rare and threatened
butterfly species, are discussed. This
information on plant-butterfly interactions will play an important role in
conservation management of both plant and butterfly species.
Keywords: Caprona alida lanka, plant-butterfly
interactions, Potanthus pseudomaesa pseudomaesa, Rinorea decora, threatened
species.
Introduction
The knowledge on the natural history of Sri Lankan
butterflies has been increasing rapidly over the past two decades, mainly due
to the increase in the numerous field studies carried out by various
researchers on butterflies, including their early stages, that had been
published as research papers, detailed books, field guide books, leaflets and
as other social media material (Gamage 2007; Jayasinghe 2014; Jayasinghe et el.
2015, 2020; van der Poorten & van der Poorten 2016, 2018). The availability of information has led many
amateur naturalists to get interested and actively involved in the study of
butterflies and now even contribute to the development of knowledge database on
butterflies of Sri Lanka.
Early stages of Sri Lankan butterflies have been
described in detail in several recently published research papers (van der
Poorten & van der Poorten 2011a,b, 2012a,b,c, 2013a,b, 2014; Gunawardana et
al. 2015; Priyadarshana et al. 2015; Herath et al. 2020), which provide information
on their larval food plants (LFPs) as well.
A research article focused on LFPs on Sri Lankan butterflies (Jayasinghe
et el. 2014) provided 480 species of LFPs for 207 species of butterflies out of
the 245 species known in the country during that time. Further, it documented 785 plant – butterfly
combinations. Since then three more
butterfly species have been added to the Sri Lankan inventory (van der Poorten
& van der Poorten 2016, 2018), and a few more LFPs had been recorded.
Further studies carried out during the last few years
revealed some more undocumented LFPs of Sri Lankan butterflies, which are
presented in this paper. Some plant
species which were not identified up to the species level in previous publication
(Jayasinghe et al. 2014) are identified here as well. Recent nomenclatural and systematic changes
in LFPs which were already documented in aforementioned publications are also
addressed.
Materials and Methods
The data presented in this paper is primarily based on
studies carried out during 2014–2019 by the authors. Field studies were conducted throughout the
country in various habitats, including the northern and eastern regions of the
country, which were not studied for decades due to their inaccessibility. Materials and methods adopted for field
observations, field notes, data collection, photography, lab works, and
identification of butterfly species and plant species follow Jayasinghe et al.
(2014). The lab rearing studies were
carried out in Soragune (6.747N & 80.893E) Badulla District, Malwana
(6.968N & 80.006E) Gampaha District and Kandumulla (7.075N & 80.071E)
Gampaha District. Rearing of hill
country species was restricted to Soragune, since the temperature and other
climatic conditions are suited best out of all the three locations and due to
relatively easy accessibility to collect fresh food material regularly from the
field. Low country species, both from
the wet zone and dry zone were reared at all the three locations, but rearing
of northern species were mainly restricted to Malwana. Apart from identification from guide books,
some plant species had to be confirmed by studying herbarium sheets at the
National Herbarium at Peradeniya and online available herbarium sheets at K, BM,
E, and L (Thiers 2020).
All the species of plants presented in this paper are
confirmed LFPs in Sri Lanka. Here we
consider a species as a confirmed LFP, when the butterfly larvae reared on it
until maturity, or the early stages and egg laying behaviors observed regularly
in the field on a given plant species.
Even the larvae found on certain plants, if they were unable to complete
the larval stage on those plants are not considered as confirmed LFPs. We observed that certain butterfly species
(i.e., Acraea terpsicore) are trying to test new species of LFPs, but
are not always successful. Certain
butterfly larvae were found on non LFPs in the field, probably while they are
moving from one plant to another or accidentally fell off. Species such as Delias eucharis and Papilio
clytia lankeswara were observed shifting their LFPs for pupation. The data
presented here, other than the studies carried out by the authors were included
only if they were verified by detailed photographs and the plant species especially were identified
by the authors based on information provided by those individuals.
Nomenclature of the butterflies follows van der
Poorten & van der Poorten (2016). Classification and nomenclature of
angiosperms, which had been subjected to dramatic changes due to recent
molecular phylogenetic studies are based on (POWO 2019), and (WCSP 2020)
Results & Discussion
A total of 118 species of angiosperms, belongs to 44
families are newly added to the Sri Lankan butterfly LFPs check list. These plants include 23 endemic, 67
indigenous, and 27 exotic species. These
plant species are used by 63 species of
butterflies. LFPs for Lethe
dynsate (Hewitson, 1863) & Potanthus pseudomaesa pseudomaesa
(Moore, [1881]) are reported for the first time in Sri Lanka. This represents 145 plant-butterfly
interactions and the detailed list is given in Annexure 1.
Names of plants mentioned in previous publications
(Jayasinghe et al. 2014; van der Poorten & van der Poorten 2016, 2018)
should read as follows.
Acanthaceae: Dipteracanthus prostratus - Ruellia prostrata Poir., Dyschoriste
erecta – D. madurensis (Brum.f.) Kuntze, Dyschoriste litoralis
– D. nagchana (Nees) Bennet, Justicia procumbens - Rostellularia
procumbens (L.) Nees, Phaulopsis imbricata – P. dorsiflora
(Retz.) Santapau, Stenosiphonium cordifolium - Strobilanthes
cordifolia (Vahl) J.R.I.Wood, Strobilanthes diandra – S. diandra
var. diandra (Nees) Alston
Annonaceae: Polyalthia cerasoides - Huberantha
cerasoides (Roxb.) Chaowasku, Polyalthia korinti - Huberantha
korinti (Dunal) Chaowasku, Polyalthia longifolia - Monoon
longifolium (Sonn.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders
Apocynaceae: Anodendron paniculatum – A. parviflorum (Roxb.) I.M.Turner, Ceropegia
candelabrum – C. candelabrum var. candelabrum L., Dregea
volubilis - Wattakaka volubilis (L.f.) Stapf, Gymnema lactiferum
- Marsdenia lactifera (L.) I.M.Turner, Holostemma ada-kodien - Cynanchum
annularium (Roxb.) Liede & Khanum, Pergularia daemia – P.
daemia subsp. daemia (Forssk.) Chiov, Tylophora cordifolia
- Vincetoxicum cordifolium (Thwaites) Kuntze, Tylophora flexuosa
- Vincetoxicum flexuosum var. tenuis (Blume) Schneidt, Meve & Liede, Tylophora
indica - Vincetoxicum indicum (Burm.f.) Mabb., Tylophora
multiflora - Vincetoxicum iphisia Meve & Liede, Tylophora
pauciflora - Vincetoxicum bracteatum (Thunb.) Meve & Liede
Cleomaceae: Cleome rutidosperma - C. rutidosperma var. burmanni
(Wight & Arn.) Siddiqui & S.N.Dixit, Crateva adansonii – C.
adansonii subsp. odora (Buch.-Ham.) Jacobs.
Costaceae: Costus speciosus - Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta
Euphorbiaceae: Dimorphocalyx glabellus – D. glabellus var. glabellus
Thwaites
Fabaceae: Abrus pulchellus – A. melanospermus Hassk., Acacia
caesia - Senegalia caesia (L.) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger, Acacia
eburnea - Vachellia eburnea (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb., Acacia
leucophloea - Vachellia leucophloea (Roxb.) Maslin, Seigler &
Ebinger, Acacia nilotica - Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter
& Mabb., Acacia pennata - Senegalia pennata (L.) Maslin, Acacia
planifrons - Vachellia planifrons (Wight & Arn.) Ragup.,
Seigler, Ebinger & Maslin, Bauhinia racemosa - Piliostigma
racemosum (Lam.) Benth., Calliandra calothyrsus – C. houstoniana
(Mill.) Standl., Caesalpinia bonduc - Guilandina bonduc L., Caesalpinia
hymenocarpa - Mezoneuron hymenocarpum Wight & Arn. ex Prain, Caesalpinia
sappan - Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod., Chamaecrista auricoma – C.
leschenaultiana (DC.) O.Deg., Chamaecrista nictitans – C. nictitans
var. glabrata (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Dalbergia
pseudo-sissoo – D. rostrata Hassk., Desmodium heterocarpon
- Grona heterocarpa var. heterocarpa (L.) H.Ohashi &
K.Ohashi, Desmodium heterophyllum - Grona heterophylla (Willd.)
H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi, Desmodium triflorum - Grona triflora
(L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi, Falcataria moluccana – F. falcata
(L.) Greuter & R.Rankin, Pueraria phaseoloides - Neustanthus
phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth., Sesbania bispinosa – S. aculeata
(Schreb.) Pers.
Icacinaceae: Nothapodytes nimmoniana - Mappia nimmoniana
(J.Graham) Byng & Stull
Lauraceae: Neolitsea cassia – N. cassia
var. cassia (L.) Kosterm.
Linderniaceae: Lindernia anagallis - Vandellia anagallis (Burm.f.) T.Yamaz., Lindernia
antipoda - Bonnaya antipoda (L.) Druce, Lindernia crustacea -
Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl., Lindernia pusilla - Vandellia
diffusa L.
Malvaceae: Grewia daminae – G. tiliifolia
Vahl
Molluginaceae: Mollugo cerviana - Hypertelis cerviana
(L.) Thulin
Moraceae: Ficus
nervosa – F. nervosa subsp. minor (King) C.C.Berg, Ochrosia
oppositifolia - Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trécul
Ochnaceae: Gomphia serrata - Campylospermum serratum
(Gaertn.) Bittrich & M.C.E.Amaral
Orchidaceae: Malaxis versicolor - Crepidium versicolor
(Lindl.) Sushil K.Singh, Agrawala & Jalal
Phyllanthaceae: Sauropus bacciformis - Synostemon
bacciformis (L.) G.L.Webster
Poaceae: Eragrostis amabilis – E. viscosa (Retz.) Trin., Panicum
maximum - Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R.D.Webster, Sinarundinaria
debilis - Kuruna debilis (Thwaites) Attigala, Kaththr. &
L.G.Clark
Primulaceae: Embelia ribes – E. ribes var. ribes Burm.f.
Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus napeca – Z. linnaei
M.A.Lawson
Rutaceae: Euodia suaveolens – E. hortensis J.R.Forst. &
G.Forst., Micromelum minutum – M. minutum var. ceylanicum
B.C.Stone, Paramignya monophylla – P. monophylla var. monophylla
Wight
Sabiaceae: Meliosma pinnata – M. arnottiana (Wight) Walp., Meliosma
simplicifolia – M. simplicifolia subsp. simplicifolia
(Roxb.) Walp.
Salvadoraceae: Salvadora persica - Salvadora persica var. wightiana
(Planch. ex Thwaites) Verdc.
Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa – D. viscosa subsp. viscosa
Jacq., Lepisanthes tetraphylla – L. tetraphylla var. tetraphylla
(Vahl) Radlk.
Symplocaceae: Symplocos cochinchinensis – S. acuminata
(Blume) Miq.
Thymelaceae: Gnidia glauca - Lasiosiphon glaucus
Fresen.
Violaceae: Hybanthus enneaspermus - Afrohybanthus
enneaspermus (L.) Flicker, Viola betonicifolia – V. betonicifolia
subsp. betonicifolia Sm.
Zingiberaceae: Amomum fulviceps - Meistera fulviceps (Thwaites) Skornick.
& M.F.Newman, Amomum trichostachyum - Meistera trichostachya
(Alston) Skornick. & M.F.Newman
Grewia carpinifolia Juss. is considered as an African species in (POWO
2019) and the valid identity of the plant described under this name in
(Dassanayake & Fosberg 1991) is doubtful.
Pericopsis mooniana Thwaites for Curetis thetis (Drury,
1773) in Jayasinghe et al. (2014) was a mis-identification of recently
discovered Curetis siva Evans, 1954.
Entada rheedei Spreng. for Nacaduba pactolus ceylonica
Fruhstorfer, 1916 in Priyadarshana et al. (2015) was probably a mis-identification
of Entada zeylanica Kosterm., since E. rheedei is not
growing in both the localities given in the publication (Kostermans 1980).
Following plants that were not identified up to the
species level in Jayasinghe et al. (2014) are identified here.
Eurema hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) - Sesbania procumbens Wight
& Arn.; Tirumala septentrionis musikanos (Fruhstorfer, 1910) - Cosmostigma
cordatum (Poir.) M.R.Almeida; Hypolycaena nilgirica Moore, [1884] - Luisia
zeylanica Lindl.; Celaenorrhinus spilothyrus (R. Felder, 1868) - Strobilanthes
viscosa var. digitalis (Nees) C.B.Clarke; Coladenia tissa
Moore, [1881] - Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg.
Sesbania procumbens is newly reported in Sri Lanka (de Vlas 2019) in this
study, which was considered to be an endemic species to India (Rao et al.
2019), from water logging habitats of the downstream areas of Yodha Wewa at
Murunkan (8.8611 N & 80.0145 E).
All the summarized published data, including the data
in this publication, reveals LFPs of 223 butterfly species. The butterfly fauna of Sri Lanka consists of
a single carnivorous species Spalgis epeus epeus (Westwood, 1851) (van
der Poorten & van der Poorten 2016) and another possible carnivorous
species Spindasis greeni Heron, 1896 (van der Poorten & van der
Poorten 2012c). Early stages of the
remaining 23 species are yet to be discovered in Sri Lanka, though some of
these indigenous species have been reared in other countries (Nitin et al.
2018). Seven species and five subspecies
out of these 23 are endemic to Sri Lanka. Even though the LFPs of these species
are not yet confirmed, clues for some species were observed during the field
studies. Mycalesis rama (Moore,
1892) was most frequently observed among Ochlandra stridula in lowland
rainforests and very rarely go beyond these bushes while mating pairs were
observed in Yagirala forest reserve (6.376 N & 80.169 E) among these
bushes. Arhopala ormistoni Riley, 1920 is a very rare butterfly species
which was originally described from Nakiyadeniya in southern wet zone
(Woodhouse 1949) and not known for decades until its appearance in a disjunct
population at the eastern intermediate zone (van der Poorten & van der
Poorten 2016). One of its closely allied
species Arhopala bazaloides lanka (Evans, 1957) is using a
Dipterocarpaceae species as its sole LFP, initially, which was described as
early stages of A. ormistoni by an mis-identification (van der
Poorten & van der Poorten 2013a). An
unusual population of more than 50 individuals of A. ormistoni
was found recently in the catchment area of Namal Oya reservoir (7.321N &
81.521E). The only plant species
belonging to the family Dipterocarpaceae in this micro-habitat is confirmed
during this study as Vatica obscura, the species that was tentatively
identified previously as an egg-laying plant of this butterfly (van der Poorten
& van der Poorten 2016). Though the
adult individuals of endemic Udara singalensis (R. Felder, 1868) and Thoressa
decorata (Moore, 1881) are quite regularly seen, there are no any clues
about their LFPs. Mostly, males of these
species are seen in the field, but we never had a chance to follow females who
are searching for LFPs. The remaining
endemic species Tajuria arida Riley, 1923, Nacaduba ollyetti
Corbet, 1947, and Spindasis nubilus (Moore, [1887]) are very rare and
only a few adult individuals have been observed in the recent past (Jayasinghe
et el. 2015; van der Poorten & van der Poorten 2016).
Together with the new information provided in this
paper, a total of 582 plants identified up to the species level, belonging to
75 families has been confirmed as LFPs of Sri Lankan butterflies. This list comprises 70 endemic, 351
indigenous and 161 exotic species. There
are further 15 confirmed LFPs, which are, however, not identified up to the
species level. Most of these unidentified plants belong to the family
Poaceae. The total butterfly-plant
interactions are summed up to 1091, with the details given in this paper.
According to the documented information available up
to now, there are only two endemic species of butterflies that use a single endemic plant as their sole
LFP. That is the interactions between Halpe
egena (R. Felder, 1868) - Davidsea attenuata (van der Poorten &
van der Poorten 2016) and Lethe dynsate (Hewitson, 1863) - Ochlandra
stridula. It is, however, possible
that these butterflies are using other bamboo species as well since many of the
related butterfly species feed on several Poaceae species. The only LFP identified of the endemic Lethe
daretis (Hewitson, 1863) is the endemic Kuruna debilis (van der
Poorten & van der Poorten 2012b), but this butterfly was observed by us
laying eggs on an unidentified grass species at the lawn of Hakgala botanic
garden (6.923N & 80.821E) and successfully reared them on the same grass
until the emergence of the adult butterflies. Appias galene (C. & R.
Felder, 1865) has been reported to feed on endemic Drypetes gardneri
(Jayasinghe et al. 2014) at Pitawala (7.542N & 80.750E), but its preferred
LFP is Drypetes sepiaria. Endemic
Baoris penicillata Moore, [1881] prefers to feed on the endemic Ochlandra
stridula (Jayasinghe et al. 2014; van der Poorten & van der Poorten
2016), but it can adapt to other exotic bamboo species as well. Coladenia tissa Moore, [1881] is
reported here, to feed on endemic Pityranthe verrucosa, but it has many
other non-endemic LFPs (Jayasinghe et al. 2014). Elymnias singhala Moore, [1875] has
been reported to feed on two endemic species, namely Calamus ovoideus (Jayasinghe
et al. 2014) and Loxococcus rupicola (van der Poorten & van der
Poorten 2016), but also feed on other palm species as well. The two distantly related endemics, namely Kallima
philarchus (Westwood, 1848) and Celaenorrhinus spilothyrus (R.
Felder, 1868) depend on various endemic Strobilanthes species as their
LFPs (Jayasinghe et al. 2014; van der Poorten & van der Poorten 2016).
Ca. 20% of the indigenous and endemic LFP species are
categorized under threatened categories in the National Red Data List (MOE
2012). Some of the LFPs considered as
‘extinct’ and ‘possibly extinct’ were recently rediscovered during this LFP
identification research (Jayasinghe 2015; de Vlas & de Vlas 2014; de Vlas
2019). The rediscovered, endemic species
Rinorea decora is found in three locations, including a recent new
locality at Sulugune (7.469N & 80.900E) in the Dumbara mountain range. This is the sole LFP of the Critically
Endangered butterfly Phalanta alcippe ceylonica (Manders, 1903), which
is also restricted to the same area. We
were able to find this very rare, micro-habitat specific plant by tracing the
butterflies who are looking for suitable plants for egg laying and we observed
early stages at all the three locations.
This incident reveals the importance of conserving the LFPs for the
conservation of butterflies. The
preferred LFP of the Critically Endangered butterfly Catochrysops panormus
panormus (C. Felder, 1860), Flemingia macrophylla, was considered to
be possibly extinct until it was rediscovered during this research. Fortunately, this species is now being
introduced as a hedge plant for low country tea estates by the Tea Research
Institute (Rajika Gamage pers. comm. 17.iv.2018), but whether these plants are
exactly from the native population or a cultivar and whether the butterfly
larvae are feeding on them, is yet to be discovered.
Out of the known details of 223 butterfly species, 47
of them are reported having a single LFP
each. This includes nine endemic species
and 20 endemic subspecies. Most of them
appear to have a sole LFP, but there is a possibility to find more LFPs for
some of these species. At the other
extreme, Neptis hylas varmona Moore, 1872 is the most polygamous species
in Sri Lanka. It uses 46 species of LFPs
belongs to six families. Euploea core
asela Moore, 1877 ranked for the second place by using 30 LFPs, but those
plants belong only to two families. Zesius
chrysomallus Hübner, 1821 seems to feed on any plant, where the Red Weaver
Ants Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius, 1775 are colonized. Butterflies that use the highest number of LFPs are listed in
table 1. The exotic plant Axonopus
compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. has been reported to be used by 14 species of
butterflies. It is interesting that many
Poaceae species are shared by a high number of butterfly species (Table
2). Three-hundred-and-forty-four plant
species from the whole LFPs list are not shared by two or more butterfly
species. Most of the reported LFPs
belong to the family Fabaceae (Table 3).
This information on LFPs of Sri Lankan butterflies can
be used for habitat conservation-oriented management strategies, which will
enhance the conservation of other flora and fauna as well. Further studies on the life history of targeted
species are required for the unknown 23 species of butterflies which consist of
very rare and / or endemic species.
These studies should be aimed at revealing the reasons for their
scarcity, which are required to ensure their future survival.
Table 1. Butterfly species that are using highest
number of LFP species.
|
Butterfly species |
No. of LFPs |
No. of plant families |
|
Neptis hylas varmona Moore, 1872 |
46 |
6 |
|
Euploea core asela Moore, 1877 |
30 |
2 |
|
Jamides bochus bochus (Stoll, [1782]) |
23 |
1 |
|
Eurema hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) |
22 |
1 |
|
Graphium agamemnon menides (Fruhstorfer, 1904) |
22 |
3 |
|
Prosotas nora ardates (Moore, [1875]) |
17 |
5 |
|
Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) |
16 |
1 |
|
Eurema blanda citrina (Moore, 1881) |
15 |
1 |
|
Zesius chrysomallus Hübner, 1821 |
15 |
8 |
|
Papilio polytes romulus Cramer, [1775] |
14 |
1 |
|
Jamides alecto meilichius (Fruhstorfer, 1916) |
14 |
1 |
Table 2. LFPs used by highest number of butterfly
species.
|
LFP |
Family |
No. of butterflies using the plant |
|
Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. |
Poaceae |
14 |
|
Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R.D.Webster Jacq. |
Poaceae |
10 |
|
Ischaemum timorense Kunth |
Poaceae |
10 |
|
Oryza sativa L. |
Poaceae |
9 |
|
Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ethingsh. |
Loranthaceae |
8 |
|
Dalbergia rostrata Hassk. |
Fabaceae |
7 |
|
Lepisanthes tetraphylla var. tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. |
Sapindaceae |
7 |
|
Ochlandra stridula Thwaites |
Poaceae |
7 |
Table 3. Number of LFP species in highest ranked
families.
|
Family |
No. of LFPs |
|
Fabaceae |
135 |
|
Apocynaceae |
40 |
|
Poaceae |
38 |
|
Acanthaceae |
36 |
|
Rutaceae |
26 |
|
Annonaceae |
20 |
|
Arecaceae |
20 |
|
Malvaceae |
20 |
|
Zingiberaceae |
20 |
References
Dassanayake, M.D. & F.R.
Fosberg (1991). A Revised
Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. Vol. 7. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi, 439pp.
de Vlas, J. (2019). Illustrated Field Guide to the
Flowers of Sri Lanka - Volume 3. J. de Vlas, Netherlands, 320pp.
de Vlas, J. & J. de Vlas (2014). Illustrated Field Guide to the
Flowers of Sri Lanka - Volume 2. J & J de Vlas, Netherlands, 320pp.
Gamage, R. (2007). An Illustrated Guide to the
Butterflies of Sri Lanka. Rajika Gamage, 254pp.
Gunawardana, B.R., G.V.I.H.
Wijewardana, H.M.B.E. Herath & T.M.T.S. Priyadarshana (2015). Erionota torus Evans, 1941: A
new record for Sri Lanka with notes on its biology (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). WildLanka
3(3): 163–68.
Herath, C.U., P.B. Gamage, I.
Rupasinghe & M.H.K. Arachchi (2020).
A first record of oviposition of Common Onyx Horaga onyx Moore, 1857
(Insecta: Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Sri Lanka and its importance in
conserving a highly threatened butterfly. Journal of Threatened Taxa
12(1): 15201–15204. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5443.12.1.15201-15204
Jayasinghe, H.D. (2014). Common Butterflies of Sri Lanka.
Ceylon Tea Services PLC, Colombo, 176pp.
Jayasinghe, H.D. (2015). Notes on observations of some
threatened flowering plants of Sri Lanka including two “Extinct” species. NeBIO
6(2): 1–8.
Jayasinghe, H.D., S.S. Rajapaksha
& C. de Alwis (2014).
A compilation and analysis of food plants utilization of Sri Lankan butterfly
larvae (Papilionoidea). Taprobanica 6(2): 110–131. https://doi.org/10.4038/tapro.v6i2.7193
Jayasinghe, H.D., S.S. Rajapakshe
& C. de Alwis (2015).
A Pocket Guide to the Butterflies of Sri Lanka, Second Edition.
Butterfly Conservation Society of Sri Lanka, Malwana, 185pp.
Jayasinghe, H.D., S.S. Rajapakshe
& C. de Alwis (2020).
The story of Sri Lankan Butterflies, v. 2.0. Butterfly Conservation Society of
Sri Lanka. http://www.slbutterflies.lk/ accessed 06 April 2020.
Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (1980). Notes on Ceylonese Plants I. Miscellaneous
Papers Landbouwhogeschool (Wageningen) 19: 205–230.
MOE (2012). The National Red List 2012 of Sri
Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Biodiversity
Secretariat/Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka, viii+476pp.
Nitin, R., V.C. Balakrishnan, P.V.
Churi, S. Kalesh, S. Prakash & K. Kunte (2018). Larval host plants of the butterflies
of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(4):
11495–11550. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3104.10.4.11495-11550
POWO (2019). Plants of the World Online.
http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ accessed 30 December 2019.
Priyadarshana, T.S., I.H.
Wijewardhane, S. Sarang & N. Wijayathilaka (2015). Immature stages and the larval food
plant of Nacaduba pactolus ceylonica Fruhstorfer, 1916 (Lepidoptera:
Lycaenidae) in Sri Lanka. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7(12): 7945–49. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o4359.7945-9
Rao, K.S., R.K. Swamy, D. Kumar,
R.A. Singh & K.G. Bhat (2019).
Flora of peninsular India.
http://peninsula.ces.iisc.ac.in/plants.php?name=Sesbania%20procumbens/.
Accessed on 30 December 2019.
Thiers, B. (2020). Index Herbariorum. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/.
Accessed on 30 January 2020.
van der Poorten, G. & N. van
der Poorten (2011a). New and revised
descriptions of the immature stages of some butterflies in Sri Lanka and their
larval food plants (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part 1: Sub-Family Danainae. The
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 44: 1–16.
van der Poorten, G. & N. van
der Poorten (2011b). New and revised
descriptions of the immature stages of some butterflies in Sri Lanka and their
larval food plants (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Journal of Research on the
Lepidoptera 44: 111–127.
van der Poorten, G. & N. van
der Poorten (2012a). Catopsilia
Scylla (Linnaeus, 1763): a new record for Sri Lanka with notes on its
biology, life history and distribution (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). The Journal
of Research on the Lepidoptera 45: 17–23.
van der Poorten, G. & N. van
der Poorten (2012b). New and revised
descriptions of the immature stages of some butterflies in Sri Lanka and their
larval food plants (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part 2: Subfamily Satyrinae. Tropical
Lepidoptera Research 22(2): 80–92.
van der Poorten, G. & N. van
der Poorten (2012c). The bionomics of Spindasis
greeni Heron, 1896 and a review of the early stages of the genus Spindasis
in Sri Lanka (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). The Journal of Research on the
Lepidoptera 45: 119–33.
van der Poorten, G. & N. van
der Poorten (2013a). New and revised
descriptions of the immature stages of some butterflies in Sri Lanka and their
larval food plants (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Part 1: Polyommatinae and
Theclinae, in Part. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 46:
25–49.
van der Poorten, G. & N. van
der Poorten (2013b). New and revised
descriptions of the immature stages of some butterflies in Sri Lanka and their
larval food plants (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Part 1: Subfamilies Pierini (in
Part) and Coliadinae. Tropical Lepidoptera Research 23(1): 22–31.
van der Poorten, G. & N. van
der Poorten (2014). New and revised
descriptions of the immature stages of some butterflies in Sri Lanka and their
larval food plants (Lepidoptera: Pieridae).
Part 2: Subfamily Pierinae (in Part). Tijdschrift Voor Entomologie
157: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-00002036
van der Poorten, G.M. & N.E
van der Poorten (2016). The Butterfly
Fauna of Sri Lanka. Lepodon Books, Toronto, 418pp.
van der Poorten, G.M. & N.E
van der Poorten (2018). Field Guide to
the Butterflies of Sri Lanka. Lepdon Books, Toronto, 250pp.
WCSP (2020). World Checklist of Selected Plant
Families. https://wcsp.science.kew.org accessed 30 January 2020.
Woodhouse, L.G.O. (1949). The Butterfly Fauna of Ceylon,
second complete edition. The Colombo Apothecaries’ Co. Ltd., Colombo,
121pp.
Annexure 1. Newly recorded LFPs of Sri Lankan
butterflies.
DS—Distribution status | Ex—Exotic | En—Endemic |
In—Indigenous | l—leaves | il—immature leaves | ml—mature leaves | fl—flower |
flb—flower buds | fr—fruit | st—stem, se—seeds | br—bracts | PC—personal
communication | LA—Lasantha Aberathna | NC—Nuwan Chathuranga | KW—Kalana
Wijesundara | ND—Narmadha Dangampola | SG—Sujeewa Gunasena | CU—Chathura
Udayanga | GR—Gehan Rajiv.
|
Butterfly species |
Plant species |
DS |
Plant Family / consumed parts of the plant |
Remarks |
|
Papilio demoleus demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Ruta chalepensis L. |
Ex |
Rutaceae
/ l |
PC:
LA |
|
Graphium sarpedon teredon (C. & R. Felder, 1865) |
Actinodaphne glauca var. glauca Nees |
En |
Lauraceae
/ l |
|
|
Persea americana Mill. |
Ex |
|
||
|
Graphium agamemnon menides (Fruhstorfer, 1904) |
Goniothalamus gardneri Hook.f. & Thomson |
En |
Annonaceae
/ l |
|
|
Uvaria zeylanica L. |
In |
|
||
|
Leptosia nina nina Fabricius, 1793 |
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. |
Ex |
Brassicaceae
/ l |
PC:
SG |
|
Brassica oleracea L. |
Ex |
PC:
ND |
||
|
Belenois aurota taprobana (Moore, 1872) |
Capparis brevispina DC. |
In |
Capparaceae
/ l |
|
|
Cepora nerissa phryne (Fabricius, 1775) |
Capparis tenera Dalzell |
In |
Capparaceae
/ l |
|
|
Appias libythea libythea (Fabricius, 1775) |
Cleome aspera J.Koenig ex DC. |
In |
Cleomaceae
/ l |
|
|
Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. |
In |
Fabaceae
/ l |
|
|
Catopsilia scylla (Linnaeus, 1763) |
Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. |
In |
Fabaceae
/ l |
|
|
Eurema hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Chamaecrista absus (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby |
In |
Fabaceae
/ l |
|
|
Mimosa diplotricha C.Wright |
Ex |
|
||
|
Eurema blanda citrina (Moore, 1881) |
Archidendron clypearia subsp. subcoriaceum (Thwaites) I.C.Nielsen |
In |
Fabaceae
/ il |
|
|
Entada zeylanica Kosterm. |
En |
|
||
|
Ideopsis similis exprompta Butler, 1874 |
Vincetoxicum flexuosum var. tenuis
(Blume) Schneidt, Meve & Liede |
In |
Apocynaceae
/ l |
|
|
Parantica aglea aglea (Stoll, 1782) |
Ceropegia candelabrum var. biflora (L.) Ansari |
In |
Apocynaceae
/ l |
|
|
Euploea core asela Moore, 1877 |
Secamone emetica (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. |
In |
Apocynaceae
/ l |
|
|
Euploea klugii sinhala Moore, 1877 |
Streblus zeylanicus (Thwaites) Kurz |
In |
Moraceae
/ l |
|
|
Cupha erymanthis placida Moore, [1881] |
Flacourtia inermis Roxb. |
Ex |
Salicaceae
/ l |
PC:
CU |
|
Vindula erota asela (Moore, 1872) |
Passiflora subpeltata Ortega |
Ex |
Passifloraceae
/ l |
PC:
NC |
|
Cirrochroa thais lanka Moore, 1872 |
Hydnocarpus octandrus Thwaites |
En |
Achariaceae
/ l |
|
|
Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Anaphalis sulphurea (Trimen) Grierson |
En |
Asteraceae
/ l, st |
|
|
|
Artemisia indica Willd. |
In |
Asteraceae
/ l |
|
|
Junonia orithya patenas (Fruhstorfer, 1912) |
Rungia repens (L.) Nees |
In |
Acanthaceae
/ l |
|
|
Junonia hierta (Linnaeus, 1798) |
Ruellia prostrata Poir. |
In |
Acanthaceae
/ l |
only
in the lab |
|
|
Dyschoriste madurensis (Brum.f.) Kuntze |
In |
||
|
Junonia atlites atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) |
Vandellia pusilla (Willd.) Merr. |
In |
Linderniaceae
/ l |
|
|
Limnophila repens (Benth.) Benth. |
In |
Plantaginaceae
/ l |
|
|
|
Junonia almana almana (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Vandellia pusilla (Willd.) Merr. |
In |
Linderniaceae
/ l |
|
|
Doleschallia bisaltide ceylonica Fruhstorfer, 1903 |
Pseuderanthemum carruthersii (Seem.) Guillaumin |
Ex |
Acanthaceae
/ l |
only
in the lab |
|
Kallima philarchus (Westwood, 1848) |
Strobilanthes exserta C.B.Clarke |
En |
Acanthaceae
/ l |
|
|
Pantoporia hordonia sinuata (Moore, 1879) |
Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. |
In |
Fabaceae
/ l |
|
|
Neptis hylas varmona Moore, 1872 |
Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. |
Ex |
Fabaceae
/ l |
|
|
Grona heterocarpa var. heterocarpa (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi |
In |
|
||
|
|
Grona heterophylla (Willd.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi |
In |
PC:
CU |
|
|
|
Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC. |
Ex |
|
|
|
|
Glycine max (L.) Merr. |
Ex |
|
|
|
|
Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv. |
In |
|
|
|
|
Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi |
In |
|
|
|
|
Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek |
Ex |
|
|
|
|
Pityranthe verrucosa Thwaites |
En |
Malvaceae
/ l |
|
|
|
Helicteres isora L. |
In |
|
|
|
|
Sterculia zeylanica Kosterm. |
En |
|
|
|
|
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. |
In |
Rubiaceae
/ l |
PC:
KW |
|
Neptis jumbah nalanda Fruhstorfer, 1908 |
Bhesa nitidissima Kosterm. |
En |
Centroplacaceae
/ l |
|
|
Pterospermum suberifolium (L.) Willd. |
In |
Malvaceae
/ l |
|
|
|
|
Campylospermum serratum (Gaertn.) Bittrich & M.C.E.Amaral |
In |
Ochnaceae
/ l |
|
|
|
Prunus walkeri (Wight) Kalkman |
En |
Rosaceae
/ l |
|
|
Moduza procris calidasa (Moore, 1858) |
Mitragyna tubulosa (Arn.) Kuntze |
In |
Rubiaceae
/ l |
|
|
Mussaenda samana Jayaw. |
En |
|
||
|
Charaxes athamas athamas (Drury, [1773]) |
Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. |
In |
Fabaceae
/ l |
|
|
Calliandra surinamensis Benth. |
Ex |
|
||
|
Charaxes psaphon psaphon Westwood, 1847 |
Entada zeylanica Kosterm. |
En |
Fabaceae
/ l |
|
|
Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Arundo donax L. |
Ex |
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. |
In |
|
||
|
Melanitis phedima tambra Moore, 1880 |
Arundo donax L. |
Ex |
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
Cyrtococcum trigonum (Retz.) A.Camus |
In |
PC:KW |
||
|
Lethe daretis (Hewitson, 1863) |
Unidentified 5 (Galways) |
|
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
Lethe dynsate (Hewitson, 1863) |
Ochlandra stridula Thwaites |
En |
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
Mycalesis patnia patnia Moore, 1857 |
Ischaemum timorense Kunth |
In |
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
Curetis thetis (Drury, 1773) |
Derris parviflora Benth. |
En |
Fabaceae
/ il |
|
|
Arhopala amantes amantes (Hewitson, 1862) |
Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston |
In |
Myrtaceae
/ l |
|
|
Zesius chrysomallus Hübner, 1821 |
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. |
In |
Combretaceae
/ l |
PC:
CU |
|
Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. |
In |
Phyllanthaceae
/ l |
|
|
|
|
Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston |
In |
Rubiaceae
/ l |
|
|
|
Symplocos acuminata (Blume) Miq. |
In |
Symplocaceae
/ l |
|
|
Amblypodia anita naradoides Moore, 1879 |
Olax imbricata Roxb. |
In |
Olacaceae
/ l |
|
|
Catapaecilma major myosotina Fruhstorfer, 1912 |
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. |
In |
Anacardiaceae
/ l |
|
|
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. |
In |
Fabaceae
/ l |
|
|
|
|
Vitex altissima L.f. |
In |
Lamiaceae
/ l |
|
|
|
Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ethingsh. |
In |
Loranthaceae
/ l |
|
|
Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775) |
Mangifera indica L. |
Ex |
Anacardiaceae
/ il |
PC:
NC |
|
Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz |
In |
Rhamnaceae
/ il |
|
|
|
|
Dimocarpus longan Lour. |
In |
Sapindaceae
/ il |
|
|
Cheritra freja pseudojafra Moore, [1881] |
Entada zeylanica Kosterm. |
En |
Fabaceae
/ il |
|
|
Meliosma simplicifolia subsp. simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. |
In |
Sabiaceae
/ il |
|
|
|
Spindasis lohita lazularia (Moore, 1881) |
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. |
In |
Fabaceae
/ l |
|
|
Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. |
In |
PC:
NC |
||
|
Pratapa deva deva (Moore, [1858]) |
Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ethingsh. |
In |
Loranthaceae
/ il |
|
|
Dendrophthoe neelgherrensis (Wight & Arn.) Tiegh. |
In |
|
||
|
|
Scurrula parasitica L. |
In |
|
|
|
|
Taxillus incanus (Trimen) Wiens |
En |
|
|
|
Hypolycaena nilgirica Moore, [1884] |
Thrixspermum pulchellum (Thwaites) Schltr. |
In |
Orchidaceae
/ fl |
PC:
GR |
|
Bindahara phocides moorei Fruhstorfer, 1904 |
Euonymus walkeri Wight |
En |
Celastraceae
/ fr |
|
|
Rapala manea schistacea (Moore, 1879) |
Allophylus cobbe (L.) Forsyth f. |
In |
Sapindaceae
/ fl |
|
|
Anthene lycaenina lycaenina (R. Felder, 1868) |
Senegalia caesia (L.) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger |
In |
Fabaceae
/ fl, flb |
|
|
Nacaduba hermus sidoma Fruhstorfer, 1916 |
Connarus monocarpus L. |
In |
Connaraceae
/ il |
|
|
Nacaduba berenice ormistoni Toxopeus, 1927 |
Celtis philippensis Blanco |
In |
Cannabaceae
/ fl, flb |
|
|
Prosotas nora ardates (Moore, [1875]) |
Archidendron clypearia subsp. subcoriaceum (Thwaites) I.C.Nielsen |
In |
Fabaceae
/ fl, flb |
|
|
Dalbergia rostrata Hassk. |
In |
|
||
|
Prosotas dubiosa indica (Evans, [1925]) |
Senegalia caesia (L.) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger |
In |
Fabaceae
/ fl, flb |
|
|
Dalbergia rostrata Hassk. |
In |
|
||
|
|
Mimosa diplotricha C.Wright |
Ex |
PC:
KW |
|
|
|
Mimosa pudica L. |
Ex |
PC:
CU |
|
|
Jamides bochus bochus (Stoll, [1782]) |
Centrosema plumieri (Turpin ex Pers.) Benth. |
Ex |
Fabaceae
/ fl, flb |
|
|
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link |
Ex |
|
||
|
Jamides alecto meilichius (Fruhstorfer, 1916) |
Meistera benthamiana (Trim.) Skornick. & M.F.Newman |
En |
Zingiberaceae
/ fl, se |
|
|
Zingiber officinale Roscoe |
Ex |
PC:
KW |
||
|
Jamides celeno tissama (Fruhstorfer, 1916) |
Centrosema plumieri (Turpin ex Pers.) Benth. |
Ex |
Fabaceae
/ fl, flb |
|
|
Entada zeylanica Kosterm. |
En |
Fabaceae
/ il |
|
|
|
Catochrysops strabo strabo (Fabricius, 1793) |
Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth |
Ex |
Fabaceae
/ flb |
|
|
Flemingia lineata (L.) Roxb. ex W.T.Aiton |
In |
|
||
|
Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Crotalaria albida B.Heyne ex Roth |
In |
Fabaceae
/ fl, flb |
|
|
Crotalaria beddomeana Thoth. & A.A.Ansari |
Ex |
|
||
|
Leptotes plinius plinius (Fabricius, 1793) |
Ormocarpum sennoides subsp. hispidum (Willd.) Brenan &
Leonard. |
In |
Fabaceae
/ flb |
|
|
Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) |
Amaranthus blitum L. |
Ex |
Amaranthaceae
/ il |
|
|
Zizina otis indica (Murray, 1874) |
Alysicarpus scariosus (Rottler ex Spreng.) Graham |
In |
Fabaceae
/ flb |
|
|
Aphyllodium biarticulatum (L.) Gagnep. |
In |
|
||
|
Zizula hylax hylax (Fabricius, 1775) |
Hygrophila heinei Sreem |
In |
Acanthaceae
/ flb |
|
|
Phaulopsis dorsiflora (Retz.) Santapau |
In |
Acanthaceae
/ flb, br |
|
|
|
Everes lacturnus
lacturnus (Godart,
1824) |
Grona heterophylla (Willd.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi |
In |
Fabaceae
/ se |
PC:
CU |
|
Azanus ubaldus (Stoll, [1782]) |
Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin |
In |
Fabaceae
/ flb |
|
|
Megisba malaya thwaitesi Moore, 1881 |
Mallotus rhamnifolius (Willd.) Müll.Arg. |
In |
Euphorbiaceae
/ flb |
|
|
Abisara echerius prunosa Moore, 1879 |
Ardisia gardneri C.B.Clarke |
En |
Primulaceae
/ il |
|
|
Choaspes benjaminii benjaminii (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) |
Meliosma simplicifolia subsp. simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. |
In |
Sabiaceae
/ l |
|
|
Celaenorrhinus spilothyrus (R. Felder, 1868) |
Barleria arnottiana Nees |
In |
Acanthaceae
/ l |
|
|
Barleria involucrata Nees |
In |
|
||
|
|
Strobilanthes adenophora Nees |
En |
|
|
|
|
Strobilanthes viscosa var. viscosa (Arn. ex Nees) T.Anderson |
En |
|
|
|
Sarangesa dasahara albicilia Moore, [1881] |
Lepidagathis ceylanica Nees |
En |
Acanthaceae
/ l |
|
|
Coladenia tissa Moore, [1881] |
Pityranthe verrucosa Thwaites |
En |
Malvaceae
/ l |
|
|
|
Grewia carpinifolia Juss. |
In |
|
|
|
|
Helicteres isora L. |
In |
|
|
|
Tagiades japetus obscurus Mabille, 1876 |
Dioscorea trimenii Prain & Bukill |
En |
Dioscoreaceae
/ l |
|
|
Suastus gremius subgrisea (Moore, 1878) |
Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) A.Henry |
Ex |
Arecaceae
/ l |
|
|
Suastus minuta minuta (Moore, 1877) |
Calamus digitatus Becc. |
En |
Arecaceae
/ l |
|
|
Calamus metzianus Schltdl. |
In |
|
||
|
|
Calamus thwaitesii Becc. |
In |
|
|
|
Notocrypta curvifascia curvifascia (C. & R. Felder, 1862) |
Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta |
In |
Costaceae
/ l |
|
|
Meistera trichostachya (Alston) Skornick. & M.F.Newman |
En |
Zingiberaceae
/ l |
|
|
|
|
Zingiber officinale Roscoe |
Ex |
PC:
KW |
|
|
Matapa aria (Moore, [1866]) |
Schizostachyum brachycladum (Kurz ex Munro) Kurz |
Ex |
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
Oriens goloides (Moore, [1881]) |
Cyrtococcum trigonum (Retz.) A.Camus |
In |
Poaceae
/ l |
PC:
KW |
|
|
Ischaemum timorense Kunth |
In |
|
|
|
Potanthus pseudomaesa pseudomaesa (Moore, [1881]) |
Arundo donax L. |
Ex |
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
Telicota bambusae lanka Evans, 1932 |
Schizostachyum brachycladum (Kurz ex Munro) Kurz |
Ex |
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
Borbo cinnara Wallace, 1866 |
Arundo donax L. |
Ex |
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
Pelopidas agna agna (Moore, [1866]) |
Arundo donax L. |
Ex |
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
Pelopidas conjuncta narooa Moore, 1878 |
Ischaemum timorense Kunth |
In |
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
Baoris penicillata Moore, [1881] |
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C.Wendl. |
Ex |
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
|
Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro |
Ex |
|
|
|
Caltoris philippina seriata (Moore, 1878) |
Bambusa tuldoides Munro |
Ex |
Poaceae
/ l |
|
|
Schizostachyum brachycladum (Kurz ex Munro) Kurz |
Ex |
|