Site records of softshell turtles ( Chelonia : Trionychidae ) from Barak Valley , Assam , northeastern India

1722 Eight species of turtles belonging to the family Trionychidae (Reptilia: Chelonia) are known to occur in India and include Nilssonia gangetica, N. hurum, N. leithii, N. nigricans, Chitra indica, Amyda cartilaginea, Pelochelys cantorii and Lissemys punctata (two subspecies punctata and andersonii). All the species barring N. leithii and P. cantorii have been reported from parts of Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram in northeastern India (Das 1990, 1996; Bhupathy et al. 1992; Frazier & Das 1994; Choudhury 1995; Datta 1998; Sengupta et al. 1998; Pawar & Choudhury 2000; Praschag & Gemel 2002). However, most of the records are from the Brahmaputra plains of Assam and adjoining areas in lower eastern Himalaya, parts of Meghalaya and Mizoram. There is only a market survey record of trionychid species (Das & Gupta 2004) and diversity and ecology of chelonians (Das 2008) from the Barak Valley region in the southern part

Eight species of turtles belonging to the family Trionychidae (Reptilia: Chelonia) are known to occur in India and include Nilssonia gangetica, N. hurum, N. leithii, N. nigricans, Chitra indica, Amyda cartilaginea, Pelochelys cantorii and Lissemys punctata (two subspecies -punctata and andersonii).All the species barring N. leithii and P. cantorii have been reported from parts of Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram in northeastern India (Das 1990(Das , 1996;;Bhupathy et al. 1992;Frazier & Das 1994;Choudhury 1995;Datta 1998;Sengupta et al. 1998;Pawar & Choudhury 2000;Praschag & Gemel 2002).However, most of the records are from the Brahmaputra plains of Assam and adjoining areas in lower eastern Himalaya, parts of Meghalaya and Mizoram.There is only a market survey record of trionychid species (Das & Gupta 2004) and diversity and ecology of chelonians (Das 2008)  Records of turtles were made through direct sightings and by questioning the people in different areas, especially the turtle hunters.Live specimens were collected from the turtle hunters and fishermen as well as from the village markets and released after taking photographs and making morphometric measurements.Carapaces and/or plastrons were collected from the villages near the study sites.Identification was done using standard keys (Smith 1931;Das 1991).As all the trionychid species reported here are endangered and protected, photographs of live specimens and some carapace samples are deposited in the Animal Biodiversity Museum of the Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, India.
Nilssonia hurum (Gray, 1831) is Vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ATTWG 2000), was earlier recorded from Tinsukia, Bokakhat, north Cachar Hills, Kaziranga National Park, Guwahati, Dhubri and Kamrup districts (Bhupathy et al. 1992;Frazier & Das 1994;Barman 1996;Dutta 1997;Sengupta et al. 2000).Ahmed et al. (2009) recorded the distribution of this species throughout Assam.The present study reports its occurrence in 14 sites (live specimens from 10 and carapace from four sites) in all three Barak Valley districts from rivers, streams, ox-bows and floodplain lakes.The SCL and weight of the specimens ranged from 8-33 cm and 0.1-3.5 kg, respectively.
Chitra indica (Gray, 1831) is Endangered (ATTWG 2000), the rarest Trionychid in this area, having been recorded from six sites in Cachar and Karimganj districts.Live specimens were recorded from Fulertal upstream of Barak River, downstream at the forking of Barak into Surma and Kusiyara near the India-Bangladesh border, and from a large ox-bow still having connections with Barak River at Baskandi.
The SCL and weight ranged from 26-75 cm and 1.6-40 kg, respectively.Fishermen in Sylhet district of Bangladesh call Chitra indica "Dhush Kassim", referring to its tendency to "hit blows with its head" (Frazier & Das 1994).The Bengali fishermen and turtle hunters of Barak Valley, who speak the same dialect of Bengali, also call this turtle "Dhush Kasim" or "Gutasol", the latter word also referring to its tendency to thrust its head in aggression.Similarly, Lissemys punctata andersonii (Webb, 1980) is also called "Til Kasim" because of its blotched appearance.L. punctata andersonii has been recorded from 23 sites in the Valley, including live records from 12 sites, the SCL and weight ranging from 6.5-25 cm and 0.1-2.8kg, respectively.Previous records in Assam are from Kaziranga National Park (Das 1990;Bhupathy et al. 1992), and Kamrup (Sengupta et al. 2000), and from Ranikor in West Khasi Hills, Meghalaya (Das 1990).Das (1990) assigned all the specimens from Assam seen by him to the subspecies andersonii because of their yellow-blotched heads and carapaces.A similar colour pattern is seen in all the specimens from Barak Valley examined by us.Interestingly, Talukdar (1979) recorded the subspecies punctata from Brahmaputra Valley (Talukdar followed Smith's concept for the 2 subspecies.Webb 1980 felt that the yellow-spotted form should bear the name andersonii).L. punctata andersonii is a fairly common species in Barak Valley, and frequents lentic systems such as floodplain lakes and ox-bows, besides rivers.
Thus the present records, especially those of live specimens, from Barak River, its various tributaries, as well as the floodplain lakes and ox-bows, indicate that the softshell turtles are distributed much further upstream in the Meghna River system of Bangladesh of which Barak forms a part.N. gangetica is known to be able to survive in artificial lentic water bodies like 'jheels' that completely dry up in the lean season (Frazier & Das 1994).The numerous floodplain lakes and ox-bows that are associated with the meandering courses of Barak River and its tributaries, and maintain links with the river in the monsoon, are also found to serve as important turtle refuges, especially for species like N. gangetica and L. punctata andersonii, several records of these two species having been made in the floodplain lakes and ox-bows.N. hurum, although less frequently encountered than N. gangetica, appears to be distributed more upstream into the foothill stretches of rivers.It is likely that this species also occurs in the upper reaches of Rukni River inside Mizoram, as reported by the Dimasa turtle hunters who make annual forays into the upstream areas of this river.However, the carapace records should be treated as possible sites where these turtles may be found and not as definitive site records as had also been pointed out by Frazier & Das (1994).The villagers in this area hang turtle shells in their cow sheds and homes as they ascribe some magico-religious properties to them (Gupta 2002) and might, therefore, import them from distant places and not necessarily procure them from a nearby river or lake.
from the Barak Valley region in the southern part of Assam, which is geographically distinct from the Brahmaputra Valley, being separated from the latter by the Borail range of mountains and the Meghalaya Plateau, and is a part of the Surma Valley of Sylhet District of Bangladesh, which in turn is a part of the Meghna Drainage.The present study, conducted during July 2002 to June 2007, reports for the first time the occurrence of four species of trionychid turtles, Nilssonia gangetica, N. hurum, Chitra indica, and Lissemys punctata andersonii from 57 sites in the three Barak Valley districts of Cachar, Hailakandi and Karimganj in Assam, northeastern India, based on both live specimens and carapace records.Materials and Methods: The survey was conducted during July 2002 to June 2007, in the Barak Valley region of Assam that comprises the three districts of Cachar, Hailakandi and Karimganj (24 0 12'-25 0 8'N & 92 0 12'-93 0 15'E).