Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2022 | 14(3): 20758–20772

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6754.14.3.20758-20772

#6754 | Received 30 September 2020 | Final received 09 December 2021 | Finally accepted 02 March 2022

A checklist of blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) from Punjab, India

Yadvinder Singh ^1* , Gurdarshan Singh ², D.P. Singh ³ & J.I.S. Khattar ^4*

^1,2 Department of Botany and Environmental Science, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab 140406, India.

^3,4 Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India.

¹ yadbotany@gmail.com, ² gurdarshanrangra@gmail.com, ³ dp.khokhar@rediffmail.com, ⁴ jisk_pbi@rediffmail.com

* (corresponding authors)

Editor: K. Priyadarshani, Y.C. Institute of Science, Satara, India. Date of publication: 26 March 2022 (online & print)

Citation: Singh, Y., G. Singh, D.P. Singh & J.I.S. Khattar (2022). A checklist of blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) from Punjab, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(3): 20758–20772. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6754.14.3.20758-20772

Copyright: © Singh et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: Early career research grant (No. ECR/2017/001103) from SERB-DST, New Delhi to Yadvinder Singh (YS).

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Dr. Yadvinder Singh is working as Assistant Professor (Botany) in Department of Botany and Environmental Science of Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University. He has published extensively on various aspects of extremophilic cyanobacteria, fresh water limnology and ecology, bioremediation potential of cyanobacteria, cyanobacterial systematics and phylogenetics. Mr. Gurdarshan Singh currently doing his PhD at Department of Botany and Environmental Science, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University. He is doing his research work on the water quality and diversity of blue green algae (cyanobacteria) from the wetlands of Punjab, India. Prof. D.P. Singh is working as Professor (Botany) and Head in Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala. He is the member of various professional bodies and organizations. He has published a number of research papers in journals of international repute and several book chapters, having more than 674 citations with 15 h-index and 22 i10-index. Prof. J.I.S. Khattar is working as Professor (Botany), Department of Botany, Punjabi University. He has published 65 research papers in reputed International Journals on various aspects of algae including the physiology & biochemistry of cyanobacteria, environmental microbiology, and cyanobacterial biotechnology. He was completed 07 research projects sponsored by various funding agencies. He has guided 27 Ph.D. and M.Phil. students in their research projects.

Author contributions: Conceptualization (YS, JISK & DPS), investigation (GS & YS), writing (GS), original draft (YS & GS), writing - review & editing (GS, YS, JISK & DPS).

Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to the vice-chancellor, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India for providing laboratory facilities and SERB-DST, New Delhi for financial assistance in the form research project (ECR/2017/001103).

Abstract: A checklist of Cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) has been made by reviewing available literature in order to contribute to the knowledge of biodiversity of algae in the Punjab state of India. The list records 317 taxa of the phylum Cyanobacteria distributed among 74 genera, 32 families, and six orders. The order Oscillatoriales has 115 taxa, followed by Nostocales (84), Synechococcales (60), Chroococcales (49), Spirulinales (8), and Pleurocapsales (1). The family Nostocaceae has the maximum number of genera followed by Microcoleaceae, Chroococcaceae, Oscillatoriaceae and other reported families. The genera with the highest number of species were Phormidium (39 species), Lyngbya (15 species), Oscillatoria (14 species), and Leptolyngbya & Scytonema (13 species each). The checklist revealed a high degree of species richness within phylum Cyanobacteria found in Punjab. This checklist can provide a baseline for future floristic studies with taxonomically updated/accepted name of genera/species of cyanobacteria.

Keywords: Algae, biogeography, cyanophyceae, diversity, documentation, inventory, taxonomy.

INTRODUCTION

Cyanobacteria, also known as Blue-green algae, are oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes belonging to the class Cyanophyceae. It has been estimated that these organisms originated nearly 3.5–3.8 billion years ago at the beginning of Archean era (Schopf 2002; Blank & Sanchez-Baracaldo 2010; Sleep 2010). Cyanobacteria occur in diverse range of aquatic and terrestrial habitats including extreme environments (Whitton & Potts 2000; Singh et al. 2014, 2018; Kimambo et al. 2019). They show high degree of phenotypic variation when compared to other prokaryotic organisms (Dvořák et al. 2017). Traditionally these organisms have been identified and categorized mainly using morphological features such as dimension, shape of vegetative and perennation stage, colour & characteristics of sheath, branching pattern, and cell contents (Komárek & Anagnostidis 1998, 2005; Komárek 2013). Presently, the advancement and use of modern taxonomic tools including ultrastructural studies, 16S rRNA gene, 16S-23S rRNA ITS region and cpcB-cpcA IGS region of phycocyanin locus has lead to the changes in taxonomic position of various cyanobacterial genera/species (Komárek 2014). The ability of cyanobacteria to release exopolysaccharides and fix atmospheric nitrogen is pertinent in maintaining a healthy condition of the soil; addidtionally, this ability can further assist with the reclamation of barren land (Singh et al. 2016). In recent years, cyanobacterial research has gained greater academic interest as many species in this phylum have been identified to be a potential source of various value-added products such as biofertilizers, biofuels, and bioactive compounds. Cyanobacteria is also an attractive laboratory model that is used for genetic studies to understand their adaptation to extreme conditions and climatic changes. (Abed et al. 2008; Al-Haj 2016; Singh et al. 2017; Kumar et al. 2019).

Cyanobacteria have been reported from various habitats in Punjab including wetlands, paddy fields and polluted water etc. (Vasishta 1960a, 1961, 1962a,b, 1963; Pandhol 1974; Grover & Pandhol 1975; Mehta 1975; Sarma et al. 1979; Dhingra 2006; Singh et al. 2009; Khattar et al. 2015). Despite an increase in research effort, knowledge regarding the diversity and distribution of cyanobacteria in Punjab is still inconsistent. Thus there is need for an updated species checklist in order to contribute to the current knowledge of cyanobacterial diversity of the state. Although, in Gupta (2012) published a checklist of cyanobacteria from India in which 218 cyanobacterial taxa were reported from Punjab, the present study adds 99 taxa to this list, hence increasing the total to 317 taxa. Since cyanobacteria are an important component of the aquatic ecosystem, cyanobacterial wealth of the state should be known so that these can be collected and cultured for future studies.

The objective of this work was to revise and organize all available exist-ing taxonomic data for cyanobacteria of recent taxonomic revisions in the state of Punjab. The checklist could serve as a baseline for future diversity, limnological, environmental impact assessment, bio-geographic distribution and speciation studies. Creation of a checklist is the most basic taxonomic work on a group of organisms arranged in systematic or alphabetical order. The checklist prepared during present work is done in a systematic order by reviewing the available literature up to September 2020. This is the first complete checklist of cyanobacteria from Punjab covering all currently accepted species names and their synonyms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This checklist has been prepared by consulting available literature including research papers and dissertations (PhD/ M.Phil/ MSc.). Data were compiled by reviewing diversity, taxonomy and ecological studies containing lists of cyanobacteria identified up to species level. Geographically, Punjab is situated in the north of the country between 29.30–32.32 °N and 73.55–76.50 °E (Figure 1). The climate of Punjab is continental, semiarid to sub-humid, it experiences both extreme summer and winter with annual rainfall of 58–96 cm (Gosal 2004; Krishan et al. 2015). The texture of soil in Punjab varies from coarse to fine sand, silt, and loam (Dhingra 2006). Cyanobacterial species recorded in this checklist were identified by various workers from the year 1936 to 2020. In this checklist species were arranged taxonomically by following the classification system recommended by Komárek (2014). Additionally, the taxonomic position, authorities and the currently accepted name was verified from AlgaeBase website (Guiry & Guiry 2020).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This compiled checklist revealed that cyanobacterial diversity within Punjab is represented by 317 taxa (297 species, 13 varieties, and 7 forms) belonging to 74 genera and five orders (i.e., Chroococcales, Synechococcales, Spirulinales, Oscillatoriales, and Nostocales) of Class Cyanophyceae (Table 1). On the basis of number of species, order Oscillatoriales (36%) is found to be the most diverse followed by Nostocales (27%), Synechococcales (19%), Chroococcales (15%), and Spirulinales (3%) (Figure 2). Among the genera, genus Phormidium had the maximum number of species, i.e., 39 followed by Lyngbya with 15 species, Oscillatoria with 14 species, Leptolyngbya and Scytonema with 13 species each. The families with the highest number of taxa were Oscillatoriaceae (72), Nostocaceae (51), Microcoleaceae (30), Microcystaceae (22) and Merismopediaceae (16). Vasishta (1960d, 1961, 1963b) reported 117 cyanobacterial taxa from Hoshiarpur district of Punjab. Grover and Pandhol (1974) reported 62 cyanobacterial species from paddy fields of Punjab. Sarma et al. (1979) identified 67 cyanobacterial species from varied localities in Patiala district of Punjab. Extensive floristic work performed by Dhingra (2006) on blue-green algae reported 158 species from moist soils, wetlands, ponds, roadside puddles, bricked and cemented surfaces from various localities of Punjab. Singh et al. (2009) studied cyanobacterial diversity from the rice fields of Patiala district and reported 25 cyanobacterial species from the study area.

The taxonomic identity of 87 cyanobacterial taxa previously reported from Punjab on their morphology has been revised with the help of modern taxonomic tools (marked with ‘*’ in Table 1). Current accepted names of such taxa were updated following Algaebase. Taxonomic revision is continuous leading to the revision of taxonomic status as well as the nomenclature of the organism. Application of modern ecological, ultra-structural and molecular methods, aided by the cultivation of numerous cyanobacterial morphotypes, has substantially changed our knowledge of these organisms (Komárek 2006). Modern taxonomic tools have also enabled major advances in cyanobacterial taxonomy and aided with the criteria used for their phylogenetic classification (Komárek 2006, 2014).

Cyanobacteria recorded from Punjab inhabit varied habitats from planktonic to terrestrial and epilithic to epiphytic. Observations made from the present checklist note that the number of cyanobacterial species growing on terrestrial habitats (110) were greater than planktonic (84), epilithic (26), and epiphytic (15) (Table 1). However, 78 cyanobacterial species were reported from more than one habitat (Table 1, Figure 3). They colonize large portions of the available terrestrial habitats due to its ability of ‘anhydrobiosis’ (Billi & Potts 2002; Alpert 2005). Moreover, they have a wide distribution range due to their unimaginable adaptive capacities (Gaysina 2019).

In conclusion, as a first complete and updated checklist of cyanobacteria from Punjab this will provide a baseline data for future floristic study. The explored and poorly explored regions of Punjab in terms of number of cyanobacterial taxa are highlighted in Figure 1. We can also assume that future studies of cyanobacterial diversity from poorly explored regions will increase the number of species by exploring more unexplored habitats of Punjab.

Table 1. Checklist of cyanobacteria recorded for the state of Punjab, India.

	Taxonomic Assignment	Planktonic	Terrestrial	Epilithic	Epiphytic/ Endophytic	References
	Class: Cyanophyceae
	Subclass: Synechococcophycidae
	Order: Synechococcales
	Family: Synechococcaceae
1	Anathece clathrata (West & G.S.West) Komárek, Kastovsky & Jezberová *Aphanothece clathrata West & G.S.West	+	-	-	-	16
2	Rhabdogloea minuta B. Hickel	+	-	-	-	16
3	Synechococcus elongatus (Nägeli) Nägeli	+	+	-	-	16, 20
	Family Merismopediaceae
4	Aphanocapsa biformis A.Braun	+	-	-	-	7
5	Aphanocapsa delicatissima West & G.S.West	-	+	-	-	12
6	Aphanocapsa elachista West & G.S.West	-	+	-	-	12
7	Aphanocapsa grevillei (Berkeley) Rabenhorst	+	-	-	-	16
8	Aphanocapsa koordersi K.M.Strøm	+	-	-	-	16
9	Aphanocapsa muscicola (Meneghini) Wille *Aphanocapsa montana Cramer	+	+	+	-	1, 7, 12
10	Aphanocapsa roseana De Bary	-	+	-	-	12
11	Aphanocapsa stagnalis (Lemmermann) R.N.Beljakova *Microcystis stagnalis (Lemmermann) Lemmermann	+	-	-	-	12, 16
12	Limnococcus limneticus (Lemmermann) Komárková, Jezberová, O.Komárek & Zapomelová *Chroococcus limneticus Lemmermann	+	-	-	-	10
13	Merismopedia elegans A. Braun ex Kützing	+	-	-	-	16, 25
14	Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenberg) Kützing *Merismopedia aeruginea Brébisson	+	+	-	-	7, 10, 16
15	Merismopedia sparsa Komárek & G.Cronberg	+	-	-	-	30
16	Merismopedia tranquilla (Ehrenberg) Trevisan *Merismopedia punctata Meyen	+	+	-	-	2, 12, 16
17	Merismopedia warmingiana (Lagerheim) Forti	+	+	+	-	16
18	Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau	+	+	-	-	10, 11, 16
19	Synechocystis pevalekii Ercegovic	+	+	+	-	11, 19, 21
	Family Coelosphaeriaceae
20	Coelosphaerium aerugineum Lemmermann	+	-	-	-	16
21	Coelosphaerium dubium Grunow	+	-	-	-	16
22	Snowella lacustris (Chodat) Komárek & Hindák	+	-	-	-	16
	Family Pseudanabaenaceae
23	Limnothrix redekei (Goor) Meffert	-	+	-	-	21
24	Pseudanabaena amphigranulata (Goor) Anagnostidis *Oscillatoria amphigranulata Goor	+	-	-	-	10
25	Pseudanabaena catenata Lauterborn	+	+	-	-	16
26	Pseudanabaena galeata Böcher	+	-	-	-	16
27	Pseudanabaena limnetica (Lemmermann) Komárek	+	-	-	-	16
28	Pseudanabaena minima (G.S.An) Anagnostidis	+	+	-	-	16
29	Pseudanabaena mucicola (Naumann & Huber-Pestalozzi) Schwabe *Phormidium mucicola Nauman & Huber-Pestalozzi	-	+	+	-	16, 20
	Family Leptolyngbyaceae
30	Leibleinia gracilis (Rabenhorst ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Lyngbya gracilis (Menegh) Rabenhorst ex Gomont	+	+	-	-	11
31	Leptolyngbya africana (Lemmermann) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Phormidium africanum Lemmermann	-	+	-	-	12, 20
32	Leptolyngbya amplivaginata (Goor) Anagnostidis & Komárek	+	-	-	-	16
33	Leptolyngbya boryana (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Plectonema boryanum Gomont	-	+	-	-	31
34	Leptolyngbya foveolarum (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Phormidium foveolarum Gomont	-	+	-	-	12, 20, 27
35	Leptolyngbya fragilis (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Phormidium fragile Gomont	-	+	+	-	10, 12
36	Leptolyngbya mucosa (N.L.Gardner) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Phormidium mucosum N.L.Gardner	-	+	+	-	10, 20
37	Leptolyngbya nostocorum (Bornet ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Plectonema nostocorum Bornet ex Gomont	-	+	-	-	20
38	Leptolyngbya perelegans (Lemmermann) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Lyngbya perelegans Lemmermann	+	+	-	-	6
39	Leptolyngbya polysiphoniae (Frémy) Anagnostidis *Lyngbya polysiphoniae Frémy	-	-	+	-	2
40	Leptolyngbya purpurascens (Gomont ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Phormidium purpurascens Gomont ex Gomont	-	-	+	-	7
41	Leptolyngbya scottii (F.E.Fritsch) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Lyngbya scottii Fritsch	-	+	-	-	20
42	Leptolyngbya truncata (Lemmermann) Anagnostidis & Komarek	+	-	-	-	16
43	Leptolyngbya valderiana (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Phormidium valderianum Gomont	-	+	-	-	7, 18, 20
44	Phormidesmis molle (Gomont) Turicchia, Ventura, Komárková & Komárek *Phormidium molle Gomont	+	+	-	-	12, 20, 22
	Family Trichocoleusaceae
45	Trichocoleus delicatulus (West & G.S.West) Anagnostidis	+	+	-	-	16
46	Trichocoleus hospitus Hansgirg	-	-	+	-	16
47	Trichocoleus sociatus (West & G.S.West) Anagnostidis *Microcoleus sociatus West & G.S.West	+	+	-	-	10, 11
	Family Oculatellaceae
48	Drouetiella lurida (Gomont) Mai, J.R.Johansen & Pietrasiak *Phormidium luridum Gomont	-	-	+	-	7
	Family Synechococcales familia incertae sedis
49	Dasygloea amorpha Berkeley ex Gomont	+	-	-	-	16
50	Heteroleibleinia gardneri (Geitler) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Lyngbya gardneri Geitler	+	+	-	-	6
51	Heteroleibleinia kuetzingii (Schmidle) Compère *Lyngbya kuetzingii Schmidle	+	-	-	-	10
52	Heteroleibleinia lachneri (W.Zimmermann) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Lyngbya lachneri (W.Zimmermann) Geitler	-	-	+	+	10, 12
53	Heteroleibleinia mesotricha (Skuja) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Lyngbya mesotricha Skuja	-	+	-	-	20
54	Jaaginema angustissimum (West & G.S.West) Anagnostidis & Komárek	-	+	-	-	16
55	Jaaginema borodinii (Woronichin) Anagnostidis & Komárek	-	+	-	-	16
56	Jaaginema subtilissimum (Kützing ex Forti) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Oscillatoria subtilissima Kützing ex Forti	+	+	-	-	11, 16
57	Schizothrix arenaria Gomont	-	+	-	-	16
58	Schizothrix heufleri Grunow ex Gomont	-	+	-	-	16
59	Schizothrix lateritia Gomont	-	-	+	-	7
60	Schizothrix mexicana Gomont	+	-	-	-	1
	Subclass Oscillatoriophycidae
	Order Spirulinales
	Family Spirulinaceae
61	Spirulina labyrinthiformis Gomont	-	+	-	-	12, 16
62	Spirulina major Kützing ex Gomont	+	-	-	-	16
63	Spirulina meneghiniana Zanardini ex Gomont	+	-	-	-	16
64	Spirulina platensis var. tenuis C.B.Rao *Arthrospira platensis tenuis (C.B.Rao) Desikachary	+	-	-	-	11
65	Spirulina princeps West & G.S.West	+	+	-	-	7, 12, 20
66	Spirulina subsalsa Oersted ex Gomont	+	+	-	-	11, 16
67	Spirulina subtilissima Kützing ex Gomont	-	+	-	-	11
68	Spirulina tenerrima Kützing ex Gomont	-	+	-	-	16
	Order Chroococcales
	Family Microcystaceae
69	Gloeocapsa aeruginosa Kützing	-	+	+	-	7, 12
70	Gloeocapsa calcarea Tilden	-	-	+	-	16
71	Gloeocapsa cordae Guiry *Gloeocapsa violacea (Corda) Rabenhorst	-	-	+	-	11
72	Gloeocapsa decorticans (A.Braun) P.Richter	-	+	-	-	16
73	Gloeocapsa kuetzingiana Nägeli ex Kützing	-	-	+	-	10
74	Gloeocapsa livida (Carmichael) Kützing	+	+	-	-	16
75	Gloeocapsa nigrescens Nägeli	+	-	-	-	11
76	Gloeocapsa pleurocapsoides Novácek	-	-	+	-	7
77	Gloeocapsa punctata Nägeli	-	+	-	-	16
78	Gloeocapsa quaternata Kützing	-	-	-	+	10
79	Gloeocapsa sanguinea (C.Agardh) Kützing	-	-	-	+	10
80	Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing	+	+	-	-	6, 11, 12, 16, 30
81	Microcystis elongata Desikachary	+	-	-	-	12
82	Microcystis flosaquae (Wittrock) Kirchner	+	-	-	-	7, 11, 16
83	Microcystis marginata (Meneghini) Kützing	+	-	-	-	12
84	Microcystis protocystis W.B. Crow	+	-	-	-	12
85	Microcystis pulvera (H.C.Wood) Forti	+	-	-	-	12, 16
86	Microcystis pulverea f. irregularis (J.B.Petersen) Elenkin *Aphanocapsa lachista var. irregularis J.B.Petersen	+	-	-	-	16
87	Microcystis scripta (P.Richter) Lemmermann	+	-	-	-	16
88	Microcystis smithii Komárek & Anagnostidis *Aphanocapsa pulchra (Kützing) Rabenhorst	+	+	-	-	11, 12
89	Microcystis viridis (A.Braun) Lemmermann	+	-	-	-	16
90	Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek ex Komárek	+	-	-	-	16
	Family Aphanothecaceae
91	Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli	+	+	-	-	6, 12, 16
92	Aphanothece naegelii Wartmann	-	+	-	-	11, 16
93	Aphanothece nidulans P.Richter	+	-	-	-	16
94	Aphanothece pallida (Kützing) Rabenhorst	+	+	-	-	11
95	Aphanothece saxicola Nägeli	+	+	-	-	16
96	Aphanothece stagnina (Sprengel) A.Braun	-	+	-	+	7, 11
97	Gloeothece membranacea (Rabenhorst) Bornet	-	+	-	-	12
98	Gloeothece rupestris (Lyngbye) Bornet	-	+	-	-	6, 12
99	Gloeothece samoensis Wille	-	+	-	-	7
	Family Cyanobacteriaceae
100	Cyanobacterium cedrorum (Sauvageau) Komárek, J. Kopecký & Cepák *Synechococcus cedrorum Sauvageau	+	+	-	-	10, 12
	Family Cyanothrichaceae
101	Johannesbaptistia pellucida (Dickie) W.R.Taylor & Drouet	+	-	-	-	16
	Family Gomphosphaeriaceae
102	Gomphosphaeria natans Komárek & Hindák	+	-	-	-	16
	Family Chroococcaceae
103	Asterocapsa nidulans (N.L.Gardner) Komárek & Komárková-Legnerová *Anacystis nidulans N.L.Gardner	+	-	-	-	15
104	Chroococcus indicus Zeller	-	+	-	-	20
105	Chroococcus minimus (Keissler) Lemmermann	+	-	-	-	7
106	Chroococcus minor  (Kützing) Nägeli	+	+	+	-	10, 11, 12, 16
107	Chroococcus minutus (Kützing) Nägeli	+	+	+	-	7, 11, 16
108	Chroococcus pallidus Nägeli	-	+	-	-	11
109	Chroococcus subnudus (Hansgirg) G.Cronberg & J.Komárek	+	-	-	-	16
110	Chroococcus turgidus (Kützing) Nägeli	-	+	-	-	12
111	Chroococcus varius A.Braun	+	-	-	-	16
112	Cyanosarcina burmensis (Skuja) Kovácik	-	-	+	-	16
113	Cyanosarcina spectabilis (Geitler) Kovácik *Myxosarcina spectabilis Geitler	-	-	-	+	10
114	Gloeocapsopsis cyanea (Krieger) Komárek & Anagnostidis	-	+	-	-	16
115	Pseudocapsa dubia Ercegovic	+	+	-	-	16
116	Dactylococcopsis rhaphidioides Hansgirg	+	-	-	-	7
	Family Entophysalidaceae
117	Chlorogloea microcystoides Geitler	-	-	+	-	16
	Order Pleurocapsales
	Family Dermocarpellaceae
118	Stanieria sphaerica (Setchell & N.L.Gardner) Anagnostidis & Pantazidou *Dermocarpa sphaerica Setchell & N.L.Gardner	+	-	-	-	7
	Order Oscillatoriales
	Family Coleofasciculaceae
119	Anagnostidinema acutissimum (Kufferath) Strunecký, Bohunická, J.R.Johansen & J.Komárek *Geitlerinema acutissimum (Kufferath) Anagnostidis	-	+	-	-	31
120	Anagnostidinema exile (Skuja) Strunecky *Geitlerinema exile (Skuja) Anagnostidis	-	+	-	-	16
121	Anagnostidinema ionicum (Skuja) Strunecky *Geitlerinema ionicum (Skuja) Anagnostidis	+	-	-	-	16
122	Anagnostidinema lemmermannii (Woloszynska) Strunecky *Geitlerinema lemmermanni (Woloszynska) Anagnostidis	+	-	-	-	16
123	Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes (Thuret ex Gomont) M.Siegesmund, J.R.Johansen & T.Friedl in Siegesmund *Microcoleus chthonoplastes Thuret ex Gomont	-	+	-	-	2, 7, 16
124	Geitlerinema bigranulatum (C.B.Rao) Anagnostidis *Oscillatoria claricentrosa f. bigranulata C.B.Rao	-	-	+	-	6
125	Geitlerinema crassum (Woronichin) Anagnostidis *Oscillatoria deflexa crassa (Woronichin) Elenkin & Poljansky	+	+	-	-	2, 11
	Family Microcoleaceae
126	Arthrospira gigantea (Schmidle) Anagnostidis *Spirulina gigantean Schmidle	+	+	-	-	10, 11
127	Arthrospira jenneri Stizenberger ex Gomont	+	+	-	-	11
128	Arthrospira khannae Drouet & Strickland	+	-	-	-	7
129	Arthrospira massartii var. indica Desikachary	+	-	-	-	16
130	Arthrospira platensis Gomont	+	-	-	-	12
131	Arthrospira platensis non-constricta (Banerji) Desikachary	+	-	-	-	12, 16
132	Kamptonema animale (C.Agardh ex Gomont) Strunecký, Komárek & J.Smarda *Oscillatoria animalis C.Agardh ex Gomont *Phormidium animale (C.Agardh ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek	+	+	+	-	10, 16
133	Kamptonema chlorinum (Kützing ex Gomont) Strunecký, Komárek & J.Smarda *Oscillatoria chlorina Kützing ex Gomont *Phormidium chlorinum (Kützing ex Gomont)	+	+	-	-	6, 11, 12, 16, 22
134	Kamptonema cortianum (Meneghini ex Gomont) Strunecký, Komárek & J.Smarda *Phormidium cortianum (Meneghini ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek	-	+	-	-	16
135	Kamptonema formosum (Bory ex Gomont) Strunecký, Komárek & J.Smarda *Phormidium formosum (Bory ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Oscillatoria formosa Bory ex Gomont	+	+	+	-	10, 16, 20
136	Kamptonema gebhardtianum (Claus) Strunecký, Komárek & J.Smarda *Phormidium gebhardtianum (Claus) Anagnostidis & Komárek	-	+	-	-	16
137	Kamptonema jasorvense (Vouk) Strunecký, Komárek & J.Smarda *Oscillatoria jasorvensis Vouk	-	+	-	-	11
138	Kamptonema laetevirens (H.M.Crouan & P.L.Crouan ex Gomont) Strunecký, Komárek & J. Smarda *Phormidium laetevirens (P.Crouan & H.Crouan ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Oscillatoria latevirens P.Crouan & H.Crouan ex Gomont	-	+	-	-	16, 20
139	Kamptonema okenii (C.Agardh ex Gomont) Strunecký, Komárek & J.Smarda *Oscillatoria okenii C.Agardh ex Gomont *Phormidium okenii (C.Agardh ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek	+	+	+	-	11, 12, 16
140	Kamptonema proteus (Skuja) Strunecký, Komárek & J.Smarda *Oscillatoria proteus Skuja	+	+	-	-	7, 12
141	Microcoleus amoenus (Gomont) Strunecky, Komárek & J.R.Johansen Strunecky *Phormidium amoenum Kützing ex Anagnostidis & Komárek	-	+	-	-	16
142	Microcoleus autumnalis (Gomont) Strunecky, Komárek & J.R. Johansen *Phormidium autumnale Gomont	-	+	+	-	16
143	Microcoleus lacustris Desikachary	-	+	-	-	16
144	Microcoleus lacustris f. intermedius Vasishta	-	+	-	-	7
145	Microcoleus paludosus Gomont	+	+	-	-	7, 11, 16
146	Microcoleus subtorulosus Gomont ex Gomont	+	-	-	-	11
147	Microcoleus vaginatus Gomont ex Gomont	-	+	-	-	11
148	Oxynema acuminatum (Gomont) Chatchawan, Komárek, Strunecky, Smarda & Peerapornpisal *Oscillatoria acuminata Gomont	-	+	-	-	20
149	Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Oscillatoria agardhii Gomont	+	+	-	-	2, 7, 17
150	Planktothrix compressa (Utermöhl) Anagnostidis & Komárek	+	-	-	-	16
151	Planktothrix isothrix (Skuja) Komárek & Komárková	+	-	-	-	16
152	Planktothrix rubescens (De Candolle ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Oscillatoria mougeotii Kützing ex Forti	+	-	-	-	10, 16
153	Porphyrosiphon kashyapii (Ghose) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Lyngbya kashaypii Ghose	-	+	-	-	11
154	Porphyrosiphon notarisii Kützing ex Gomont	-	-	+	-	16
155	Porphyrosiphon shackletonii (West & G.S.West) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Lyngbya shackletoni W.& G.S. West	-	+	-	-	12
	Family Homoeotrichaceae
156	Homoeothrix desikacharyensis Vasishta	-	+	-	-	9
157	Homoeothrix juliana (Bornet & Flahault ex Gomont) Kirchner	-	-	+	-	7
158	Homoeothrix moniliformis Vasishta	-	+	-	-	9
	Family Oscillatoriaceae
159	Limnoraphis birgei (G.M.Smith) J.Komárek, E. Zapomelová, J.Smarda, J.Kopecký, E.Rejmánková, J.Woodhouse, B.A.Neilan & J.Komárková *Lyngbya birgei G.M.Smith	-	+	-	-	11
160	Limnoraphis cryptovaginata (Schkorbatov) J.Komárek, E.Zapomelová, J.Smarda, J.Kopecký, E.Rejmámková, J.Woodhouse, B.A.Neilan & J.Komárková *Lyngbya cryptovaginata Schkorbatov	+	+	-	-	10, 11, 12, 20
161	Limnoraphis hieronymusii (Lemmermann) J.Komárek, E.Zapomelová, J.Smarda, J.Kopecký, E.Rejmánková, J.Woodhouse, B.A.Neilan & J.Komárková *Lyngbya hieronymusii Lemmermann	+	+	-	-	7, 11, 12
162	Limnospira fusiformis (Voronichin) Nowicka-Krawczyk, Mühlsteinová & Hauer *Arthrospira fusiformis (Voronichin) Komárek & J.W.G.Lund	+	-	-	-	16
163	Lyngbya aerugineocoerulea Gomont	-	+	-	-	11, 12
164	Lyngbya aestuarii Liebman ex Gomont	+	-	-	-	7
165	Lyngbya aestuarii var. arbustiva Brühl & Biswas	-	+	-	-	7
166	Lyngbya anomala (C.B.Rao) Umezaki & Watanabe *Phormidium anomalum C.B.Rao	-	+	-	+	12, 16
167	Lyngbya laxespiralis Skuja	-	+	-	-	12
168	Lyngbya laxespiralis var. major Vasishta	-	+	-	-	10
169	Lyngbya martensiana Meneghini ex Gomont	+	+	+	-	2, 6, 12, 16
170	Lyngbya major Meneghini ex Gomont	+	-	-	-	7
171	Lyngbya palmarum Brühl & Biswas	-	-	-	+	6
172	Lyngbya putalis Montagne ex Gomont	+	-	-	-	7
173	Lyngbya semiplena J.Agardh ex Gomont	-	-	+	-	16
174	Lyngbya spiralis Geitler	+	+	-	-	6, 20, 22
175	Lyngbya spirulioides Gomont	-	+	-	-	12
176	Lyngbya spirulinoides var. minor Vasishta	+	-	-	-	10
177	Lyngbya trunicola Ghose	-	-	-	+	16
178	Oscillatoria anguina Bory ex Gomont	+	+	-	-	16
179	Oscillatoria annae Goor	+	+	-	-	12, 16
180	Oscillatoria curviceps C.Agardh ex Gomont	+	+	-	-	11, 12, 16
181	Oscillatoria indica P.C.Silva *Oscillatoria salina Biswas	+	-	-	-	7
182	Oscillatoria limosa C.Agardh ex Gomont	+	+	-	-	7, 12, 16
183	Oscillatoria mehrai Vasishta	-	+	-	-	9
184	Oscillatoria obscura Brühl & Biswas	-	+	-	-	11
185	Oscillatoria perornata Skuja	+	-	-	-	16
186	Oscillatoria princeps Vaucher ex Gomont	+	+	-	-	1, 11
187	Oscillatoria sancta Kützing ex Gomont	+	+	+	-	7, 11, 12, 16
188	Oscillatoria simplicissima Gomont	+	+	-	-	12
189	Oscillatoria subbrevis Schmidle	+	+	+	-	2, 6, 11, 12, 25
190	Oscillatoria tenuis C.Agardh ex Gomont	+	-	-	-	16
191	Oscillatoria variabilis C.B.Rao *Oscillatoria raoi G. De Toni	+	-	-	-	11, 12
192	Phormidium abronema Skuja	-	+	-	-	12
193	Phormidium allorgei (Frémy) Anagnostidis & Komárek	-	+	-	-	6
194	Phormidium ambiguum Gomont	-	+	-	-	10, 16
195	Phormidium articulatum (N.L.Gardner) Anagnostidis & Komárek	+	-	-	-	16
196	Phormidium boryanum (Bory ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Oscillatoria boryana Bory de Saint-Vincent ex Gomont	+	+	-	-	11, 12
197	Phormidium breve (Kützing ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek	-	+	-	-	16
198	Phormidium bulgaricum (Komárek) Anagnostidis & Komárek	+	-	-	-	16
199	Phormidium calcareum Kützing ex Gomont	-	-	+	-	16
200	Phormidium corbierei (Frémy) Anagnostidis	-	-	+	-	16
201	Phormidium corium Gomont ex Gomont	-	-	+	-	10
202	Phormidium dimorphum Lemmermann	-	+	-	-	12
203	Phormidium favosum Gomont	+	-	+	-	16
204	Phormidium foreaui (Frémy) Umezaki & Watanabe *Oscillatoria foreaui Frémy	+	+	-	-	10, 11, 12
205	Phormidium granulatum (N.L.Gardner) Anagnostidis	-	+	-	-	16
206	Phormidium hieronymusii Lemmermann	-	+	-	-	10
207	Phormidium interruptum Kützing ex Forti	-	-	+	-	16
208	Phormidium inundatum Kützing ex Gomont	-	+	-	-	20
209	Phormidium jadinianum Gomont	-	+	-	-	12
210	Phormidium janthiphorum (Gomont) Elenkin	-	+	-	-	16
211	Phormidium jenkelianum G.Schmid	+	+	-	-	12, 16, 20
212	Phormidium karakalpakense (Muzafarov) Anagnostidis & Komárek	-	+	-	-	16
213	Phormidium kuetzingianum (Kirchner ex Hansgirg) Anagnostidis & Komárek	-	+	-	-	16
214	Phormidium molle var. tenuior West & G.S.West ex Geitler *Phormidium molle f. tenuior West & G.S.West	-	-	+	-	10
215	Phormidium nigrum (Vaucher ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek	+	-	-	-	16
216	Phormidium papyraceum Gomont ex Gomont	-	+	-	-	12
217	Phormidium rubriterricola N.L.Gardner	-	+	-	-	10
218	Phormidium schultzii (Lemmermann) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Oscillatoria schultzii Lemmermann	-	+	-	-	11
219	Phormidium stagninum Anagnostidis *Lyngbya stagnina Kützing	+	-	+	-	16, 24
220	Phormidium stagninum var. minus Vasishta	-	-	+	-	10
221	Phormidium subfuscum Kützing ex Gomont	-	+	-	-	16
222	Phormidium subincrustatum Fritsch & M.F.Rich	-	+	-	-	12
223	Phormidium takyricum (Novichkova) O.N.Vinogradova *Phormidium paulsenianum f. takyricum Novickova	-	+	-	-	16
224	Phormidium terebriforme (C.Agardh ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Oscillatoria terebriformis C.Agardh ex Gomont	+	+	-	-	2, 11
225	Phormidium tergestinum (Rabenhorst ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek	-	+	-	-	16
226	Phormidium thwaitesii I.Umezaki & M.Watanabe *Oscillatoria subuliformis Kützing ex Gomont	-	-	-	+	10
227	Phormidium tortuosum (N.L.Gardner) Anagnostidis & Komárek	-	+	-	-	16
228	Phormidium uncinatum Gomont ex Gomont	-	-	+	-	16
229	Phormidium usteri  Schmidle	-	+	-	-	12
230	Phormidium willei (N.L.Gardner) Anagnostidis & Komárek *Oscillatoria willei N.L.Gardner	-	+	-	-	11
	Family Phormidiaceae
	Sub Family Phormidioideae
231	Potamolinea aerugineocaerulea (Gomont) M.D.Martins & L.H.Z.Branco *Lyngbya aerugineocaerulea Gomont *Phormidium aerugineo-caeruleum (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek	+	+	+	-	7, 16
	Family Gomontiellaceae
232	Komvophoron breve (N.Carter) Anagnostidis	-	+	-	-	16
233	Komvophoron groenlandicum Anagnostidis et Komarek	+	-	-	-	16
	Subclass Nostocophycidae
	Order Nostocales
	Family Scytonemataceae
234	Scytonema burmanicum Skuja	-	-	+	-	16
235	Scytonema hofmanii C.Agardh ex Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	10, 16
236	Scytonema iyengarii Bharadwaja	-	-	+	-	2
237	Scytonema julianum Meneghini ex B.A.Whitton	-	-	+	-	16
238	Scytonema leptobasis S.L.Ghose	-	-	+	-	16
239	Scytonema millei Bornet ex Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	10
240	Scytonema ocellatum Lyngbye ex Bornet & Flahaul	-	+	+	-	10, 16
241	Scytonema pseudohofmanni Bharadwaja	-	+	+	-	16
242	Scytonema saleyeriense Weber-van Bosse	+	-	+	-	16
243	Scytonema simplex Bharadwaja	+	-	-	-	16
244	Scytonema simplex f. majus Vasishta	+	-	-	-	7
245	Scytonema tolypothrichoides Kützing ex Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	16
246	Scytonema varium Kützing ex Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	17
	Family Rivulariaceae
247	Microchaete tenera var. major Möbius	-	-	-	+	10
248	Rivularia joshii Vasishta	+	-	-	-	8, 11
249	Rivularia mehrai Vasishta	-	+	-	-	5
	Family Tolypothrichaceae
250	Tolypothrix crassa West & G.S.West	-	-	-	+	7
251	Tolypothrix campylonemoides S.L.Ghose	-	-	-	+	7
	Family Chlorogloeopsidaceae
252	Chlorogleopsis fritschii (A.K.Mitra) A.K.Mitra & D.C.Pandey	-	+	-	-	16
	Family Hapalosiphonaceae
253	Hapalosiphon welwitschii West & G.S.West	-	+	-	-	16
254	Mastigocladus laminosus Cohn ex Kirchner	-	+	-	-	7, 16
255	Westiellopsis prolifica Janet	-	+	-	-	17
	Family Gloeotrichiaceae
256	Gloeotrichia ghosei R.N.Singh	-	+	-	-	11
257	Gloeotrichia natans Rabenhorst ex Bornet & Flahault *Rivularia natans (Hedwig) S.F.Gray	+	-	-	-	1
258	Gloeotrichia raciborskii var. kashiensis C.B.Rao	-	-	-	+	7
	Family Calothricaceae
259	Calothrix braunii Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	7, 11
260	Calothrix castellii var. somastipurense C.S.Rao	+	-	-	-	16
261	Calothrix clavata G.S.West	-	+	-	-	16
262	Calothrix desikacharyensis Vasishta	-	-	-	+	9
263	Calothrix fusca Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	2
264	Calothrix parietina Thuret ex Bornet & Flahault	-	-	+	-	7
	Family Aphanizomenonaceae
265	Anabaenopsis arnoldii Aptekar	+	-	-	-	16
266	Anabaenopsis circularis (G.S.West) Woloszynska & V.V.Miller	+	-	-	-	16
267	Dolichospermum nathii (Vasishta) Wacklin, L.Hoffmann & Komárek *Anabaena nathii Vasishta	+	-	-	-	3
268	Nodularia spumigena Mertens ex Bornet & Flahault	+	-	-	-	1, 6, 7
	Family Nostocaceae
269	Anabaena ambigua C.B.Rao	-	+	-	-	11
270	Anabaena anomala F.E.Fritsch	-	+	-	-	11
271	Anabaena iyengarii Bharadwaja	+	+	-	-	10, 14, 16
272	Anabaena iyengarii var. tenuis C.B.Rao	+	+	-	-	6, 16
273	Anabaena mehrai Vasishta	+	-	-	-	6
274	Anabaena oryzae F.E.Fritsch	-	+	-	-	11
275	Anabaena oscillarioides Bory ex Bornet & Flahault	+	-	-	-	7
276	Anabaena oscillarioides var. crassa Vasishta	+	-	-	-	6
277	Anabaena sphaerica Bornet & Flahault	+	+	-	-	11, 14
278	Anabaena sphaerica var. attenuata Bharadwaja	+	-	-	-	16
279	Anabaena sphaerica f. major Kiselev	+	-	-	-	7
280	Anabaena torulosa Lagerheim ex Bornet & Flahault	+	+	-	-	11, 12, 20, 22, 23
281	Aulosira aenigmatica Frémy	-	+	-	-	12
282	Aulosira fertilissima S.L.Ghose	+	+	-	-	1, 7, 11
283	Aulosira fertilissima var. tenuis C.B.Rao	+	-	-	-	16
284	Aulosira laxa O. Kirchner ex Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	12
285	Aulosira prolifica Bharadwaja	+	+	-	-	6, 11, 12
286	Aulosira pseudoramosa Bharadwaja	-	+	-	-	16
287	Camptylonemopsis iyengarii Desikachary	-	-	-	+	16
288	Cylindrospermum alatosporum F.E.Fritsch	-	+	-	-	6
289	Cylindrospermum doryphorum Brühl & Biswas	-	+	-	-	16
290	Cylindrospermum licheniforme Kützing ex Bornet & Flahault	+	-	-	-	10
291	Cylindrospermum majus Kützing ex Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	11, 16
292	Cylindrospermum michailovskoense Elenkin	-	+	-	-	16
293	Cylindrospermum muscicola Kützing ex Bornet & Flahault	+	+	-	-	2, 6
294	Cylindrospermum muscicola var. kashmiriensis Bharadwaja	-	+	-	-	16
295	Cylindrospermum muscicola f. hoshiarpurense Vasishta	-	+	-	-	7
296	Cylindrospermum stagnale Bornet & Flahault	+	+	-	-	1, 16
297	Desmonostoc muscorum (C.Agardh ex Bornet & Flahault) Hrouzek & Ventura in Hrouzek *Nostoc muscorum C.Agardh ex Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	7, 13, 16, 29
298	Nostoc carneum C.Agardh ex Bornet & Flahault *Nostoc spongiaeformae C.Agardh ex Bornet & Flahault	+	+	-	-	10, 12, 16, 20
299	Nostoc commune C.Agardh ex Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	16
300	Nostoc corneum Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	12
301	Nostoc ellipsosporum Rabenhorst ex Bornet & Flahault	+	+	-	-	6, 17
302	Nostoc hatei S.C.Dixit	+	-	-	-	16
303	Nostoc linckia Bornet ex Bornet & Flahault, *Nostoc piscinale Kützing ex Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	6, 12, 16, 20
304	Nostoc maculiforme Bornet & Flahault	+	+	-	-	7, 11
305	Nostoc paludosum Kützing ex Bornet & Flahault *Nostoc entophytum Bornet & Flahault	-	+	-	-	12, 16
306	Nostoc parmeliodes Kutz. ex Born.e/ Flah.	-	+	-	-	16
307	Nostoc punctiforme Hariot	-	+	-	-	6, 12, 16
308	Nostoc spongiiforme var. tenue C.B.Rao	-	+	-	-	10
309	Nostoc verrucosum Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault	-	-	+	-	2, 6
310	Trichormus azollae (Strasburger) Komárek & Anagnostidis	-	-	-	+	16
311	Trichormus fertilissimus (C.B.Rao) Komárek & Anagnostidis *Anabaena fertilissima C.B.Rao	-	+	-	-	28
312	Trichormus hoshiarpurensis (Vasishta) Komárek & Anagnostidis *Anabaena hoshiarpurensis Vasishta	+	-	-	-	4
313	Trichormus indicus Komárek *Anabaena vaginicola f. fertilissima Prasad	+	-	-	-	10
314	Trichormus naviculoides (F.E.Fritsch) J.Komárek & K.Anagnostidis *Anabaena naviculoides F.E.Fritsch	-	+	-	-	20, 26
315	Trichormus variabilis (Kützing ex Bornet & Flahault) Komárek & Anagnostidis *Anabaena variabilis Kützing ex Bornet & Flahault	+	+	-	-	16, 20
316	Wollea bharadwajae R.N.Singh	-	-	-	+	7
317	Wollea vaginicola (F.E.Fritsch & Rich) R.N.Singh	-	-	-	+	6

Previously accepted name/synonym of taxa are marked with star ‘*’

1—Randhawa (1936) | 2—Singh (1941) | 3—Vasishta (1960a) | 4—Vasishta (1960b) | 5—Vasishta (1960c) | 6—Vasishta (1960d) | 7—Vasishta (1961) | 8—Vasishta (1962) | 9—Vasishta (1963a) | 10—Vasishta (1963b) | 11—Grover & Pandhol (1975) | 12—Sarma (1979) | 13—Surekha (1989) | 14—Reena (1992) | 15—Khattar et al. (1999) | 16—Dhingra (2006) | 17—Singh et al. (2007) | 18—Khattar & Jindal (2008) | 19—Khattar & Shailza (2009) | 20—Singh et al. (2009) | 21—Khattar et al. (2010) | 22—Shailza (2010) | 23—Singh et al. (2012) | 24—Jindal et al. (2013) | 25—Sharma et al. (2013) | 26—Singh et al. (2013) | 27—Singh et al. (2014) | 28—Khattar et al. (2015) | 29—Singh et al. (2015) | 30—Kaur et al. (2017) | 31—Manpreet (2017).

For figures - - click here

References

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Dhingra, R. (2006). Biodiversity assessment and conservation of blue green algae from Punjab. PhD thesis. Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 241 pp.

Dvořák, P., D.A. Casamatta, P. Hašler, E. Jahodářová, A.R. Norwich & A. Poulíčková (2017) Diversity of the Cyanobacteria. pp. 3–46. In: P.C. Hallenbeck (eds.) Modern topics in the Phototrophic Prokaryotes. Springer. International Publshing Switzerland, 480pp.

Gaysina, L. A., A. Saraf & P. Singh (2019). Cyanobacteria in Diverse Habitats, pp. 1-28. In: Rai, A.N., D.N. Tewari and A.K. Mishra (eds.) Cyanobacteria: From Basic Science to Applications. Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 541 pp.

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