Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2021 | 13(1): 17537–17542
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6752.13.1.17537-17542
#6752 | Received 08 September 2020 | Final received 27 October 2020 |
Finally accepted 19 December 2020
Review of the tiger beetle genus Calomera Motschulsky, 1862
(Coleoptera:
Cicindelidae) of the Philippines
Milton Norman Medina 1,
Alexander Anichtchenko 2 & Jürgen
Wiesner 3
1 University of Mindanao, Bolton
St, Poblacion District, Davao City, 8000 Davao del
Sur, Philippines.
2 Daugavpils University, Vienības iela 13, Daugavpils,
LV-5401, Latvia.
3 Retired, World authority of Tiger
beetles, Dresdener Ring 11, D-38444 Wolfsburg, Germany.
1 mnd_medina@umindanao.edu.ph (corresponding
author), 2 beetl2000@mail.ru, 3 juergen.wiesner@wolfsburg.de
Abstract: The genus Calomera
Motschulsky, 1862 from the Philippines is
reviewed. Five species C. angulata Fabricuis, 1798, C.
cabigasi Cassola, 2011, C. despectata (Horn, 1892), C. lacrymosa (Dejean, 1825),
and C. mindanaoensis (Cassola, 2000)
are described with diagnoses, illustrations, notes on their ecology, and
distribution remarks. Status of the taxa
C. insularis (Blanchard, 1853) is
discussed. Images of endophallus
structures of C. lacrymosa and C.
mindanaoensis are given for the first
time. A key to the Philippine Calomera species is provided.
Keywords: Asia, endemic, ground beetle,
widespread.
Editor: David L. Pearson, Arizona State
University, Tempe, USA. Date of
publication: 26 January 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Medina, M.N., A. Anichtcenko & J. Wiesner (2021). Review of the tiger beetle genus Calomera Motschulsky, 1862
(Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)
of the Philippines. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(1): 17537–17542. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6752.13.1.17537-17542
Copyright: © Medina et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Commission on Higher
Educaton DARETO Grant - University of Mindanao, Ruford Small Grant Foundaton 22086-B, 18045-2, and
Mohamed Bin Zayed Species Conservaton
Fund; ERASMUS Mobility+ Daugavpils University Latvia and University of Mindanao
Philippines.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: Our gratitude to Dr. Analyn Cabras, head of the Coleoptera Research Center
Philippines; Chrestine Torrejos
for figures 3 and 6; Dr. Arvids
Barsevskis and the research team of Daugavpils
University for the help in Philippine coleopterology; to the unanimous
reviewers and editorial team of JoTT.
The epithet convention used in
this review followed the established priority of Calomera
over Lophyridia (Lorenz 1998, 2005; Cassola
2000). These two genera were often
interchanged until Cassola finally resolved the taxonomic ambiguity and
established Calomera as the valid genus by the
rule of priori (Cassola 2000, 2011).
The genus is distinct from the
other genera of Indo-Malayan Cicindelidae by the
following features: elytral maculation not restricted to the lateral margin
only; pubescens of underside not felted; labrum with more than 10 marginal setae and, in the inner
sac of the aedeagus a flagellum is present and complexly coiled on both sides
of the inner sac. In the Philippines,
the genus is represented by five species: C. angulata
(Fabricius, 1798), C. cabigasi
Cassola, 2011, C. despectata (W.Horn, 1892), C. lacrymosa
(Dejean, 1825), and C. mindanaoensis
(Cassola, 2000). This paper provides
accurate literature for aspiring coleopterists and
hobbyists in southeastern Asia, particularly in the
Philippines, a megadiverse country (Heaney & Regalado 1998; Cassola &
Pearson 2000; Catibog-Sinha & Heaney 2006), where
there are numerous areas not previously explored and its tiger beetle fauna is
still understudied (Medina et al. 2019, 2020b).
Material and Methods
The material from the following
institutional and private collections have been examined: DUBC – Daugavpils
University Beetles Collection (Latvia); UMCRC – University of Mindanao Coleoptera Research Center (The
Philippines); JWGC collection of Jürgen Wiesner, Wolfsburg, Germany.
High-resolution habitus images of
Calomera species are available at Carabidae of the World web-project http://carabidae.org
Results
Calomera angulata
angulata (Fabricius,
1798) (Image 1)
Materials examined: Luzon: Pola, Ifugao, N Luzon,
August 2014 (1 male, DUBC); Isabela, Sierra Madre, N Luzon, August 2013 (1
male, DUBC). Negros: Negros Oriental, Dumaguete, XI.2014 (1 male, 3 females;
DUBC); Don Salvador Benedicto, Negros Occidental,
XI.2014 (2 males, DUBC).
Diagnosis: Body color
bronze to dark copper or occasionally green.
Elytra of male slender and female expanded at mid-body. Elytral pattern complete, ivory-coloured;
medial band with “C”-shaped extension along suture toward the apice of elytron.
Similar to C. despectata, but
its elytra pattern of markings and expanded elytra of female distinguish it.
Ecology: This species can be found mostly
in lowland ecosystems both in reservoirs and riverine habitats characterized by
sandy and non-saline soil.
Remarks: First record from Negros Island. Previously known from Luzon.
Distribution: Nominative subspecies widely
distributed in southern and southeastern Asia. Known from Afghanistan, Cambodia, China,
India, Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra), Laos, Nepal, Myanmar, Malaysia, Pakistan,
The Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Calomera despectata (Horn, 1892) (Image 2)
Materials examined: Luzon: Zambales (1 male,
Paratype, at Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, Germany). Mindanao:
Davao City, Catigan, Toril,
sandy river with secondary dipterocarp forest at the bank, 1,000m, 7.004°N
& 125.241°E, 24.iv.2019, M. Medina leg (2 males; UMCRC); Agusan del Norte, Esperanza, 11.2014 (5 males, 3 females;
DUBC).
Diagnosis: Body color
bronze to dark copper or occasionally green.
Elytra of male slender and female expanded at mid-body. Elytral pattern complete, white or
ivory-coloured; medial band with “5”-shaped extensions along suture toward the apice of elytron.
Ecology: The species was collected at a
much higher elevation as compared to the other two Calomera
predominantly presented in Mindanao, C. mindanaoensis
and C. lacrymosa. Biotype mark with rocky river bank, 1,000m,
secondary forest, partially shaded.
Remarks: Larval morphology was described
by Trautner & Schawaller
(1996).
Distribution: Philippines: Luzon; Visayas, Leyte (Cabras et al.
2016b) with a new distribution record in Mindanao, Davao City, Catigan Toril.
Calomera cabigasi Cassola, 2011 (Image 3)
Material. Mindanao: Compostela Valley, New
Bataan, Cagan, near stream, 949m, 7.291°N &
126.103°E, 23.iv.2013, M. Medina leg. (1 female; UMCRC); Bukidnon, Cabanglasan, October 2014 (1 male, 1 female; DUBC).
Diagnosis: Species with dark blue,
sometimes almost black, dull elytra; elytral punctation
not visible through. The two discal dots showing a tendency to almost coalesce with each
other through a narrow lineole in between, which is
sometimes poorly visible or almost effaced. Labrum
structure (Images 10a-b).
Ecology: Unlike with the other two Calomera in Mindanao (C. mindanaoensis
and C. lacrymosa) this species is found
in relatively higher altitudes between 800–1,300 m, near secondary to primary
forest approximately 5–10 m from the fluvial systems.
Remarks: Among the three Calomera species in Mindanao, this one is considered
the rarest to find. The specimen at the
CRC was collected through light trapping between 18.00h and 20.00h.
Distribution: Endemic to Mindanao, Misamis
Oriental, Gingoog; Bukidnon, Impasug-ong;
New Bataan, Cagan – new distribution record (Type
locality: “Misamis Oriental, Gingoog”).
Calomera lacrymosa (Dejean,
1825) (Images 4–5)
Materials examined: Luzon: Apayao,
Calanasan, rocky and sandy river, 80–150 m, 18.125°N
& 120.593°E, 24.xi.2017, RJT. Villanueva leg (1 male, UMCRC); Aurora, Dingalan, Aug. 2013 (4 males, 1 female; DUBC); Sierra
Madre, Aurora, E Luzon, XII.2014 (1 female; DUBC); Cagayan, Baggao
X.2014 (1 female, DUBC). Mindanao: Davao City, Tawan-tawan,
rocky and sandy river, 330m, 7.105°N & 125.202°E, 12.ii.2019, M. Medina leg
(10 males, 6 females, UMCRC); Zamboanga del Norte, Gutalac,
XII.2014 (3 males; 3 females, DUBC); idem but X.2014 (4 males; 2 females,
DUBC); Bukidnon, Mt. Kalatungan, XI.2014 (2 males,
DUBC). Palawan: Bordeus, X.2018 (1 male, DUBC). Tablas: San Agustin, October 2018 (2 males, DUBC).
Diagnosis: C. lacrymosa
(Dejean, 1825) is a rather small Calomera
species, having cupreous, greenish, or sometimes bluish elytra; slightly
blackened on disc, with the blue-green punctuation mostly well apparent through
especially in front part. Elytral
markings normally include an anterior lateral dot, and in many specimens, on
one elytron at least, there is an evident narrow lineole
tending to connect the two discal dots. Labrum structure
(Images 8–9).
Ecology: C. lacrymosa
is one of the most adaptive species that thrives in almost all lowland river
systems compared to the other four species of Calomera
in the Philippines. In Mindanao, C.
lacrymosa seem to occur sympatrically with C. mindanaoensis
where it co-inhabited in the same river at different microhabitat (Medina
2020). The minimum requirement for C.
lacrymosa to thrive includes lowland open area
with direct sunlight and sandy river.
Moreover, unlike C. lacrymosa, C.
mindanaoensis was not observed thriving in a
fluvial system with poor water quality.
Remarks: Population from peninsular Zamboanga (Mindanao) was
described under the name insularis by
Blanchard (1853). This taxon is
considered a synonym of C. lacrymosa. Specimens from Zamboanga has slight but
constant differences, i.e. smaller body size, always cupreous body colour
(Image 5), the teeth of labrum of males are less
distant from each other than in specimens from Luzon (Images 9a,b), and apice of aedeagus slightly blunt (Image 12). Probably this population deserve status of
subspecies.
Distribution: C. lacrymosa
is widespread in the Philippine Islands, from Luzon to Mindanao. It was known in Mindoro, Palawan, Romblom, Samar in Visayas, and Balabac (Wiesner 1992a).
Calomera mindanaoensis Cassola, 2000 (Image 5)
Materials examined: Mindanao: Davao de Oro, New
Bataan, Cagan, 1,300m, rocky and sandy river,
[7.242°N & 126.124°E], 23.iv.2013, MND.
Medina leg (17 males, 19 females UMCRC); Davao de Oro, Montevista, Mayaon, rocky and
sandy river, 150m, [7.433°N & 125.555°E], 12–14.iv.2012, MND. Medina leg (4 males, 1 female, UMCRC); Davao
de Oro, Nabunturan, MHSPL, rocky and sandy river,
300m, [7.284°N & 126.014°E], 07–15.i.2012, MND. Medina leg (17 males, 19 females, UMCRC);
South Cotabato, Mt. Parker, Lake Holon, 1,200m,
[6.055°N & 124.525°E], 07–15.i.2012, A.A. Cabras
leg (1 female, UMCRC); idem but 5–10.X.2019, Anichtchenko
A. leg. (2 females, DUBC); Davao de Oro, Nabunturan, Cabalinan, rocky and sandy river, 80m, [7.284°N &
126.014°E], 21.iv.2012, K. Jumawan leg. (1 male, 2
females, UMCRC); Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife
Sanctuary, 6.738°N & 126.145°E, 500m, 30.iii–2.iv.2018, Anichtchenko
A. leg. (1 male, 1 female; DUBC); Sebu Lake,
28.ix.2014, K. Kolesnichenko leg. (1 female, DUBC); Araibo, Pantukan, Candalaga Mts, 15–20.x.2019 Anichtchenko A. leg. (2 males, 2 females, DUBC).
Diagnosis:
Species is very similar to C. lacrymosa,
however slightly larger in size on average, with darker, nearly velvety dark
blue elytra; elytra punctuation nearly extinct (Cassola 2000). Anterior lateral spot very small, sometimes
lacking, the two discal dots not connected each other
by a narrow lineole.
Labrum structure (Images 7a–b).
Ecology: Similar with its closest
counterpart C. lacrymosa, C. mindanaoensis is also an adaptive species as it can
tolerate severely disturbed habitats, even within banana plantations near
fluvial systems just in the case in Maragusan in
Davao de Oro. Common in lowland up to
middle upland areas between 100–800 m, mostly thrives in sandy and rocky soil
near the river or creek. It is active
from 08.00–11.00 h on hot sunny days.
Remarks: Most of the materials are
collected during their feeding time between 08.00–11.00 h Philippine Standard
Time through hand netting. After this
period, they are expected to have absorbed ample heat energy making them more
agile and harder to catch. After this,
most species are becoming harder to find as they started to rest and hide in
shrubs and understory.
Distribution: At present, the known distribution
of C. mindanaoensis is within Greater
Mindanao. Materials were collected from
the provinces of Davao de Oro, Bukidnon, Tagum City, Lake Sebu
in South Cotabato (Cabras
et al. 2016a), additional records are from Davao City in Tamugan
and Matina Pangi, Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary in Davao Oriental,
Davao del Sur in Sta. Cruz, and Island Garden City of Samal
(Medina et al. 2020b).
Key to species of Calomera Motschulsky, 1862
from Philippines
1 Median elytral band interrupted, consist of three rounded
spots (Images 3–6) ……………………………… 2
- Median elytral band continuous (Images 1–2) ……………………….………………………………………………………… 4
2 Sides of pronotum with white setae (Images 4–6)
……………………………………………………………………………....... 3
- Sides of pronotum without white setae (Image 3) ……………………………………………………………………………….…
C. cabigasi
3 Head, pronotum and elytra concolor.
Labrum of males tridentate, with central tooth
(Images 8–10) ……………….…..…. C. lacrymosa
- Head and pronotum metallic
cupreous red, elytra dark blue. Labrum of males bidentate, without central tooth (Image 9a)
.......... C. mindanaoensis
4 Humeral macula of elytra inclined in respect to lateral
margin of elytra (Image 2). Elytra of females not dilated in the middle …………………………………………………
C. despectata
- Humeral macula of elytra less
inclined, almost perpendicular to lateral margin of elytra (Image 1). Elytra of females strongly dilated in the
middle ……… ……………………….......…. C. angulata
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