Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June
2021 | 13(7): 18809–18816
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6683.13.7.18809-18816
#6683 | Received 09 September 2020 | Final received 17 June
2021 | Finally accepted 18 June 2021
A study on the community structure of damselflies (Insecta:
Odonata: Zygoptera) in Paschim Medinipur,
West Bengal, India
Pathik Kumar Jana 1,
Priyanka Halder Mallick 2 &
Tanmay Bhattacharya 3
1–3 Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University,
Midnapore, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal 721102,
India.
1 pathikjana@gmail.com, 2 priyanka@mail.vidyasagar.ac.in
(corresponding author), 3 prof.t.bhattacharya@gmail.com
Editor: Raymond J. Andrew, Hislop College, Nagpur,
India. Date
of publication: 26 June 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Jana, P.K., P.H. Mallick & T.
Bhattacharya (2021). A study on the community structure of damselflies (Insecta:
Odonata: Zygoptera) in Paschim Medinipur,
West Bengal, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(7): 18809–18816. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6683.13.7.18809-18816
Copyright: © Jana et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Self-funded.
Competing interests: The authors declare no
competing interests.
Author details: Pathik Kumar Jana is working as a research scholar, Centre for
Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, after completing his MPhil from this
University. Dr. Priyanka Halder Mallick, presently in the position of
Associate Professor in Zoology, Vidyasagar University, is a PhD from Vidyasagar
University. She is an active ecologist with research specializations in
freshwater and forest ecology, environment and biodiversity conservation. Dr.
Tanmay Bhattacharya, retired Professor of Zoology, Vidyasagar University
is PhD from University of Calcutta. He acted as a coordinator of Environmental
Studies, Directorate of Distance Education, Vidyasagar University and former
member of the Pollution Control Board of Tripura and Wildlife Advisory Board of
Tripura.
Author contributions: PKJ conducted field work
with regular data collection, identification and documentation along with
interpretation of results and preparation of initial manuscript. PHM has
designed and supervised the study with contribution in editing and reviewing
the draft article and maintaining communications. TB has provided inputs in
data analysis and interpretation, revision and write-up of final manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The first two authors are
thankful to Mr. Prosenjit Dawn for his valuable tips
related to field studies on odonates. The mapping
support provided by Mr. Utpal Ghosh is acknowledged.
Authors also express their gratitude to Vidyasagar University for providing
laboratory and library facilities.
Abstract: For gauging suitability
of zygopteran odonates as
bioindicators of ecosystems, an attempt was made to record the seasonal
diversity of damselflies from seven different types of habitats in Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal covering 14 land use sites.
The study revealed existence of 19 species of damselflies belonging to 10
genera under two families. While the riparian zone had maximum number of
species (15), paddy field had the lowest number (six). Ceriagrion
coromandelianum and Agriocnemis
pygmaea were the most common species. C. coromandelianum was eudominant
in grassland and wetland-forest interface, whereas A. pygmaea
was eudominant in fish pond and paddy field. Six
species, viz., Paracercion calamorum, P. malayanum,
Pseudagrion australasiae,
P. decorum, P. spencei, and P. microcephalum were confined only to the riparian zone.
Maximum abundance of damselflies was found in the riparian zone and minimum in
the paddy field. Damselflies exhibited a distinct peak in March–April and a
lesser peak in September–October. Most of the land use patterns exhibited
similar zygopteran faunal composition. Species
diversity index was moderate (1.4–2.5) and evenness index was on the higher
side (0.76–0.94). Dominance Index ranged from 26.2 to 64.6. Riparian zone appeared
to be the least stressed and most equitable habitat with highest diversity and
evenness index and lowest dominance index. Paddy field seemed to be the
harshest habitat for damselflies with least diversity and highest dominance
index. The present study suggests that community analysis of damselflies can be
quite useful in the assessment of the quality of any ecosystem.
Keywords: Bioindicator, damselfly, dominance index,
evenness index, land use type, species diversity index, Zygoptera.
Introduction
Sensitivity of damselflies to structural habitat features and their
amphibious habit makes them well suited as bioindicators of environmental
changes (Subramanian et al. 2008; Dolný et al.
2011). In general, odonates have been popular for
monitoring health of wetlands all over the world (Chovanec
& Waringer 2001). The species assemblages of
damselflies are influenced by the aquatic and terrestrial vegetation which act
as one of the main cues for their habitat choice. Although considerable work
has been done on the ecology and diversity of odonates
in many parts of India, some of the latest ones are those of Baba et al.
(2019), D’Souza & Pai (2019), Payra
et al. (2020), Bedjanič et al. (2020),
and Pavithran et al. (2020).
In West Bengal, Odonata fauna has been explored in recent years by Payra & Tiple (2019) &
Pahari et al. (2019) from Purba Medinipur and Nayak (2020) from Asansol–Durgapur industrial
area. Despite efforts of Jana et al. (2009), large parts of Paschim Medinipur have remained unexplored with respect to odonate distribution and ecology. In the aforementioned
context, the present study was undertaken across different habitat structures
and land use patterns comprising aquatic and semi–aquatic water bodies of
Paschim Medinipur District.
Methods
Study area
The present study was carried out in five blocks of Paschim Medinipur District of West Bengal, India namely Pingla, Debra, Kharagpur I, Kharagpur II and Midnapore,
predominantly encompassing freshwater lentic wetlands (Figure 1). On the basis
of the habitat heterogeneity, seven land use types, viz., fish pond (FP),
eutrophic pond (EP), unmanaged wetland (UW), grassland (GL), paddy field (PF),
wetland-forest interface (WFI), and riparian zone (RZ) were selected (Image
1a–g). The fish pond was a semi-natural water body used only for commercial
fish culture and with little littoral and floating macrophytes. The man-made
eutrophic pond, having high nutrient content, was severely infested with Pistia sp. (90 %), with smaller
proportions of Alternanthera philoxeroides (8
%) and other hydrophytes (2 %). Unmanaged wetland was a natural water
body with profuse macrophytes of varieties. The macrophytes were inventoried
with reference to Mallick & Chakraborty (2014). Grassland included open
fallow lands having stretches of herbaceous plants dominated by grasses. Paddy
fields were lands under paddy cultivation. Wetland-forest interface were the
confluence of homestead vegetation and water bodies. Riparian zone comprised of
riverbank along Kangsabati River.
Sampling
Field sampling of adult zygopterans was done
from March 2018 to February 2019. The sampling and quantitative measurements of
adult damselfly species were carried out at each study site between 0800 h and
1400 h using line transect method. Transect routes, distances walked, and
durations were kept constant across study sites throughout the survey. All
sites were surveyed once per month preferably under reasonable weather
conditions, barring a few instances. The prominent features of the study sites
were also noted on the spot. Adult damselfly species were identified and
photographed in the field; doubtful specimens were captured using an aerial
insect net. Later they were identified by examining the morphological
characteristics through a hand lens and were released after recording. For
identification purpose, few damselflies were sacrificed by gently pressing
their thorax and kept dry in paper envelope or in 70 % ethanol and were brought
to the laboratory. The observed and collected species were identified to the
lowest possible rank using taxonomic literature and field identification keys
provided by Subramanian (2009), Mitra & Babu (2010), and by photographic guides from ‘Odonata of
India’ website (Anonymous 2020). Updated species names were taken following the
Subramanian & Babu (2017).
Data analysis
Important community parameters like abundance, relative abundance,
Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H´) (Shannon & Wiener 1963), evenness index
of Pielou (EI) (Pielou
1975), McNaughton & Wolf’s dominance index (DI) (McNaughton & Wolf
1970), and Sørensen’s similarity index (Sørensen 1948) were calculated using MS Excel.
Results
During the course of study, 19 zygopteran
species belonging to 10 genera under two families were recorded from the study
sites. The family Coenagrionidae contained 17 species
and family Platycnemididae contained two species.
Species richness exhibited spatial and temporal changes (Table 1). RZ
had maximum numbers of species (15). This was followed by UW (13), FP (12), GL
(10), EP (8), WFI (7) and PF (6).
Maximum number of individuals was recorded at RZ and minimum at PF. Like
species richness, number of individuals also varied spatially and temporally
(Table 1; Figure 2). Damselfly exhibited a more or less bimodal pattern of
population fluctuation with two peaks, first one in the pre-monsoon period
(March–April) and the second one in the post-monsoon period (September–October)
which was not quite distinct in the WFI (Figure 2). From paddy fields no
damselfly species were recorded in the month of June. WFI has highest abundance
only in pre-monsoon period and there was little increase in number of
individuals in post-monsoon period as compared to other land use types.
Dominance status of each species in a particular habitat was ascertained
on the basis of its relative abundance according to scale of Engelmann (1973).
Table 1 reveals that Agriocnemis pygmaea was eudominant
species in FP and PF and dominant in remaining five habitats. Likewise, Ceriagrion coromandelianum
was eudominant in GL and WFI and dominant species in
the remaining habitats. No species was eudominant in
EP, UW, and RZ. Other dominant species were Ceriagrion
cerinorubellum & Copera
marginipes in EP and WFI, Agriocnemis
lacteola & Ischnura
rubilio in PF, Ischnura
senegalensis & Pseudagrion decorum
in RZ, and Mortonagrion aborense
in WFI. Rest of the species were either subdominant or recedent.
Three species, viz., Paracercion calamorum, Pseudagrion australasiae, and Pseudagrion
spencei were recedent
in the riparian zone. In FP, two species (Agriocnemis
kalinga and Onychargia
atrocyana) were subrecedent.
Interestingly, no representative of family Platycnemididae
was found in PF during the entire period of investigation. Turning to the
analysis of species composition based on Sorensen’s index (Table 2), it is seen
that WFI was moderately dissimilar in zygopteran
faunal composition with RZ and slightly dissimilar with PF. Likewise, RZ was
slightly dissimilar with PF and EP. All other habitats were similar in species
composition. Maximum similarity was seen between FP and UW.
Analysis of diversity and evenness indices (Table 3) revealed that
species diversity indices were relatively low ranging from 1.4 in the PF to 2.5
in the RZ. Evenness index, on the contrary, was on the higher side ranging
between 0.76 in the GL to 0.94 in the RZ. Simultaneously, dominance Index
ranged from 26.2 (RZ) to 64.6 (PF).
Discussion
Spatial heterogeneity is often regarded as a key factor that shapes
diversity (Tews et al. 2004). Structurally
complex habitats provide more niches and diverse ways of exploiting the
environmental resources thereby increasing species diversity (Bazzaz 1975). In the present study, 19 species of Zygoptera were recorded which is comparable to the findings
of Pahari et al. (2019) who found 20 species from Purba
Medinipur District. Lower species richness recorded
by them in all probability is because of urbanization. Most of the study sites
in the present investigation exhibited similar species composition which might
be attributed to the spatial proximity of sites but differences in land use
types made some habitats dissimilar in species composition.
Increased richness and abundance of damselflies during pre-monsoon
period, as observed in the present study, is in accordance with the findings of
Corbet (2004) and Hassall & Thompson (2008), who observed higher richness
and abundance during pre-monsoon period which they assigned to increased
temperature and precipitation. Documentation of zygopteran
diversity is important for the assessment of the health of agroecosystem. The odonate diversity in the present study was reported to be
lower in agricultural landscapes than in other ecosystems, which corroborates
with the findings of Kulkarni & Subramanian (2013) and it has been
suggested that the lower diversity was due to the water quality, insecticide
usage and vegetation structure in the paddy fields which significantly affects
the zygopteran community (Baba et al. 2019;
Giuliano & Bogliani 2019).
Ceriagrion coromandelianum and Agriocnemis pygmaea
were the most common species encountered during the present study being eudominant and dominant species, respectively, wherever
these were distributed. Relatively low species diversity index is suggestive of
a relatively harsh, stressed and disturbed habitat. According to Wilhm & Dorris (1968) general
diversity index ranging 1–3, suggests a moderate disturbance or stress
operating in the habitat. Of the seven land use types, the riparian zone
appears to be relatively less stressed whereas paddy field appears to be the
most stressed. These human-altered ecosystems can be essential in serving as
alternative habitats for biodiversity, especially water reliant species such as
odonates. Species diversity and evenness indices in
the present study are comparable with those of a study by Pahari et al. (2019)
in Purba Medinipur District.
Higher evenness indices (>0.8) in majority of the habitat types indicate a
structural heterogeneity of the habitats. Grassland with the least evenness
index appears to be the most homogeneous habitat.
Findings pertaining to the dominance index also substantiate the
relation between species diversity and habitat structure and quality.
McNaughton & Wolf (1970) asserted that the dominance index can be
correlated with the harshness of the environment, which increases with the
increase in harshness and decreases with the equitability of the habitat. Karr
(1971) and Ghosh & Bhattacharya (2018) though found that dominance index
for avifauna declined with vegetational development. Pahari et al. (2019)
opined that dominance index of odonates is an
indicator of the quality of environment. Harsh environment favours dominance of
one or two species making them eudominant or dominant
by eliminating some other species. In the present study, dominance index was
high in paddy field and grassland which are structurally simple with little
vegetational diversity subjected to greater anthropogenic interferences,
experience more fluctuation of climatic and edaphic factors and as such are
less equitable and harsh as compared to other habitats. On the contrary,
riparian zone and unmanaged wetland had low dominance index and hence may offer
better and equitable habitat resulting into relatively high zygopteran
species diversity as compared to other land use types. It may thus be concluded
that the damselflies have potentiality to be used as good indicators of the
condition and health of land use types and habitat quality.
Table 1. Species richness (S), number (N), relative abundance (RA in %),
and dominance status (DS) of zygopteran species in
different land use types.
[RA <1= subrecedent (SR); 1–3.1= recedent (R); 3.2–10= subdominant (SD); 10.1–31.6= dominant
(D); >31.7= eudominant (ED)] (Engelmann 1973).
|
Landuse Types → |
FP |
EP |
UW |
GL |
PF |
WFI |
RZ |
|||||||||||||||
|
Scientific Names ↓ |
N |
RA |
DS |
N |
RA |
DS |
N |
RA |
DS |
N |
RA |
DS |
N |
RA |
DS |
N |
RA |
DS |
N |
RA |
DS |
|
|
Family Coenagrionidae |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
1 |
Agriocnemis kalinga Nair & Subramanian, 2015 |
1 |
0.2 |
SR |
- |
- |
- |
32 |
5.4 |
SD |
4 |
1.2 |
R |
|
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
62 |
6.1 |
SD |
|
2 |
Agriocnemis lacteola Selys, 1877 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
28 |
4.7 |
SD |
33 |
9.8 |
SD |
23 |
11.8 |
D |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
3 |
Agriocnemis pygmaea (Rambur, 1842) |
200 |
34.0 |
ED |
98 |
21.4 |
D |
159 |
26.9 |
D |
98 |
29.2 |
D |
75 |
38.5 |
ED |
43 |
15.9 |
D |
123 |
12.1 |
D |
|
4 |
Amphiallagma parvum (Selys,
1876) |
25 |
4.2 |
SD |
- |
- |
- |
39 |
6.6 |
SD |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
99 |
9.7 |
SD |
|
5 |
Ceriagrion cerinorubellum (Brauer, 1865) |
16 |
2.7 |
R |
77 |
16.8 |
D |
48 |
8.1 |
SD |
24 |
7.1 |
SD |
4 |
2.1 |
R |
32 |
11.8 |
D |
34 |
3.3 |
SD |
|
6 |
Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabricius, 1798) |
68 |
11.5 |
D |
102 |
22.3 |
D |
67 |
11.3 |
D |
115 |
34.2 |
ED |
38 |
19.5 |
D |
105 |
38.7 |
ED |
124 |
12.2 |
D |
|
7 |
Ischnura rubilio Selys, 1876 |
39 |
6.6 |
SD |
6 |
1.3 |
R |
13 |
2.2 |
R |
15 |
4.5 |
SD |
51 |
26.2 |
D |
- |
- |
- |
38 |
3.7 |
SD |
|
8 |
Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) |
77 |
13.1 |
D |
- |
- |
- |
42 |
7.1 |
SD |
13 |
3.9 |
SD |
4 |
2.1 |
R |
- |
- |
- |
123 |
12.1 |
D |
|
9 |
Mortonagrion aborense (Laidlaw, 1914) |
22 |
3.7 |
SD |
26 |
5.7 |
SD |
30 |
5.1 |
SD |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
33 |
12.2 |
D |
- |
- |
- |
|
10 |
Onychargia atrocyana (Selys, 1865) |
4 |
0.7 |
SR |
45 |
9.8 |
SD |
36 |
6.1 |
SD |
8 |
2.4 |
R |
- |
- |
- |
12 |
4.4 |
SD |
- |
- |
- |
|
11 |
Paracercion calamorum (Ris, 1916) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
26 |
2.6 |
R |
|
12 |
Paracercion malayanum (Selys, 1876) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
43 |
4.2 |
SD |
|
13 |
Pseudagrion australasiae Selys, 1876 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
26 |
2.6 |
R |
|
14 |
Pseudagrion decorum (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
142 |
14.0 |
D |
|
15 |
Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
51 |
5.0 |
SD |
|
16 |
Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys, 1876 |
46 |
7.8 |
SD |
- |
- |
- |
16 |
2.7 |
R |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
64 |
6.3 |
SD |
|
17 |
Pseudagrion spencei Fraser, 1922 |
|
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
27 |
2.7 |
R |
|
Family Platycnemididae |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
18 |
Copera marginipes (Rambur, 1842) |
39 |
6.6 |
SD |
72 |
15.7 |
D |
52 |
8.8 |
SD |
13 |
3.9 |
SD |
- |
- |
- |
41 |
15.1 |
D |
- |
- |
- |
|
19 |
Pseudocopera ciliata (Selys, 1863) |
52 |
8.8 |
SD |
32 |
7.0 |
SD |
29 |
4.9 |
SD |
13 |
3.9 |
SD |
- |
- |
- |
5 |
1.8 |
R |
35 |
3.4 |
SD |
|
|
Total number of Species (S) |
12 |
8 |
13 |
10 |
6 |
7 |
15 |
||||||||||||||
|
|
Total number of Individuals (N) |
589 |
458 |
591 |
336 |
195 |
271 |
1017 |
||||||||||||||
Table 2. Sørensen’s index of similarity
between land use types.
|
|
EP |
UW |
GL |
PF |
WFI |
RZ |
|
FP |
0.80 |
0.96 |
0.82 |
0.56 |
0.74 |
0.67 |
|
EP |
|
0.76 |
0.78 |
0.57 |
0.93 |
0.43 |
|
UW |
|
|
0.78 |
0.63 |
0.70 |
0.57 |
|
GL |
|
|
|
0.75 |
0.71 |
0.56 |
|
PF |
|
|
|
|
0.46 |
0.48 |
|
WFI |
|
|
|
|
|
0.36 |
[0.5–0.6= slightly similar; 0.6–0.7= moderately similar; >0.7=
strongly similar; 0.5–0.4= slightly dissimilar; 0.4–0.3= moderately dissimilar;
<0.3= strongly dissimilar.]
Table 3. Shannon-Wiener diversity index, evenness index, and dominance
index of different land use types.
|
Land use types |
S-W Diversity index (H’) |
Evenness index (EI) |
Dominance index (DI) |
|
FP |
2.1 |
0.83 |
47.0 |
|
EP |
1.9 |
0.91 |
43.7 |
|
UW |
2.3 |
0.91 |
38.2 |
|
GL |
1.7 |
0.76 |
63.4 |
|
PF |
1.4 |
0.81 |
64.6 |
|
WFI |
1.7 |
0.86 |
54.6 |
|
RZ |
2.5 |
0.94 |
26.2 |
For
figures & images – click here
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