Two new species of Euphaea Selys, 1840 (Odonata: Zygoptera: Euphaeidae) from northern Western Ghats, India

: Two new species of the damselfly genus Euphaea Selys, 1840 (Odonata: Euphaeidae) are described from the Western Ghats of Satara District, Maharashtra, distinguished by their distinct morphology and coloration. E. thosegharensis Sadasivan & Bhakare sp. nov. is similar to E. cardinalis (Fraser, 1924), but is distinguished by the extensor and flexor surface of all femora black while all femora bright red in E. cardinalis ; apical fourth of Hw black while apical half of Hw black in E. cardinalis ; genae reddish-orange, black in E. cardinalis ; a tuft of sparse stub black hair on either side of tergite of S9 while both S8 and S9 with tufts of long ventral hairs in E. cardinalis . Male genital vesicle matt black, with distal border rounded angles, while vesicle black and hexagonal in shape with rounded angles in E. cardinalis and S9 twice the length of S10, while S9 and S10 of equal length in E. cardinalis. E. pseudodispar Sadasivan & Bhakare sp. nov., is very close to E. dispar (Rambur, 1842), but is differentiated easily by the absence of yellow patch on legs as in E. dispar; only apical fifth of Hw black; genae being yellowish-white, while black in E. dispar ; male genital vesicle brownish-black & rhomboid-shaped and with no transverse rugosities while black with distal border rounded and with fine transverse rugosities in E. dispar ; penis with single seta on each side while E. dispar has three pairs; sternite of S9 very prominently extending ventrally like a beak in comparison with E. dispar . We have identified additional morphological characters useful in taxonomy of Euphaea of the Western Ghats for example, tufts of ventral hairs on terminal abdominal segments genital vesicle, penile structure of males and sternite of S9 in the males, and vulvar scales of females. A taxonomic key to all known species of genus Euphaea of the Western Ghats is also provided.


INTRODUCTION
The genus Euphaea Selys, 1840 (Odonata: Euphaeidae) is represented by medium-sized damselflies distributed from the Western Ghats of peninsular India, northeastern India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Malaya in Indochina & Borneo. India has five known species of Euphaea (Subramanian & Babu 2017); two species, Euphaea masoni Selys, 1879 and Euphaea ochracea Selys, 1859, are distributed in the northeastern region, while the Western Ghats has three species namely Euphaea cardinalis (Fraser, 1924), E. dispar (Rambur, 1842), and E. fraseri (Laidlaw, 1920) (Subramanian et al. 2018). They are characterized by males with hindwing apices more or less broadly opaque black having metallic iridescence in some light; forewings pointed, hindwing rounded and shorter than the forewing; discoidal cell traversed; thorax robust; abdomen long cylindrical in males and same length or shorter in females; abdominal segment 10 with a robust dorsal keel and its apex pointed, and the anal appendages with forcipate cerci and tiny paraprocts (Fraser 1934).
The species E. cardinalis is endemic to the Western Ghats and is distributed in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It is a montane species seen above 900m south of the Palghat gap in the Anamalai, Palani, and Agasthyamalai hills. E. dispar is confined to the Western Ghats north of the Palghat gap from South Kanara and Coorg to the Nilgiris (Malabar Wayanad) from 1,066 to 1,828 m (Fraser 1934). E. fraseri is a species seen in the forested foothills of the Western Ghats and is distributed from North and South Kanara, Malabar, Coorg, the Nilgiris Wayanad, and Anamalai Hills (Fraser, 1934), and its current distribution is from Kanyakumari to Maharashtra at 100-1,200 m (Subramanian et al. 2018). Here, we describe two new species of the genus from Satara District, Maharashtra the northern Western Ghats, north of the Amboli Ghat.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
SDB came across the specimens in May 2020 at Thoseghar, Satara District of Maharashtra (Image 1). The insects were collected and preserved in absolute alcohol and compared to specimens of known species of Euphaea from the Western Ghats. Nomenclature follow Subramanian & Babu (2017) and Paulson & Schorr (2020). The known distribution of the species follows Subramanian et al. (2018). Taxonomic keys to the species are modified based on Fraser (1934). The morphological description follows Garrison et al. (2006). The ventro-lateral wing like structure on segment 2 is

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termed the pseudoauricle following Orr (2003). The scale like structure guarding the gonopore on ventrum of abdominal segment 9 (S9) is referred here to as the gonocoxae. The wing venation terminology follows Riek & Kukalová-Peck (1984). Measurements and morphological details of all species mentioned in text are based on specimens in voucher collections of TORG. Photographs of the specimens were taken with Canon (Canon Inc., Japan) EOS 70D DSLR fitted with 180mm macro lens.
Current distribution of known species of Euphaea is based on our personal records and Subramanian et al. (2018). The genitalia were studied by dissecting under a stereo-zoom microscope (HEADZ Model HD81) and later preserved in glycerol. Holotype and paratype are deposited in the insect collection facility of Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Kozhikode. Additional material will be deposited in ZSI Pune and Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), Mumbai. Illustrations were made by KS using the stereo-zoom microscope.
Additional material examined: Males (n= 4) and females (n= 3) bear the same collection data as the holotype, wet specimens in alcohol, will be subsequently deposited in collections of ZSI Pune and BNHS Mumbai.
Additional field records (specimens not collected): Head: The coloration of the live insect is described below (in the dead insect the colours fade with respect to the hues). Labium dark amber brown to black. Labrum reddish-orange with a faint and obscure median streak and the mandible with same colour and a faint transverse upper streak. Anteclypeus shiny dark amber brown to black. Postclypeus pinkish-red with two thin black paradorsal vertical lines and two lateral black spots near the anterio-lateral margin. Antefrons brownish-red and postfrons brownish-black. Genae are red inferiorly, middle part orange yellow and superior third red. Eyes dark amber black superiorly, middle part and laterally dark amber brown and the inferolateral aspect pale brown. Antennae shiny black and vertex matt black, with an ill-defined and obscure reddish patch, twice the size of the ocelli, with suffused margins running between the lateral ocellus and the base of the antenna on each side. This spot may be difficult to see once the specimen is preserved. The occiput, occipital bar and post-ocular region are greyish-matt black (Image 3B).
Prothorax: coloured in matt black with vermilion red spots. Anterior lobe is black with two small reddish spots at the medial part of the lateral third. Middle lobe black with the lateral triangular spots vermilion red, notopleural suture black and propleuron brownishred. Posterior lobe black with the lateral angles pale brownish-red. No spines present (Image 3C).
Pterothorax: The ground colour of the pterothorax in the live insect is bright red with pinkish hue inferolaterally and orange dorsally. Dorsal carina black. The triangular mesothoracic acrotergite black. The paradorsal region on either side black. Nearly the whole humeral suture and the dorsal fifth of the interpleural suture marked in matt black. Mesostigmal plate black with its anterior edge pale pinkish-red. Mesepisternum red and encloses a thick black central mesepisternal stripe as thick as the paradorsal black band. This red ground colour of the mesepisternum not interrupted and is continuous all around the central black band, though very narrowly connected on the dorsal aspect near the antealar sinus. Thus, in other words the antehumeral stripe and the humeral stripes are connected around the central black band, and is coloured orange-red, the former being more orange and the later more red. Mesepimeron coloured red and encloses a central black band, with the red continuous all around the black band. Mesinfraepisternum is bordered with pale pinkish-red and has a large black spot occupying its antero-inferolateral aspect. The second lateral suture marked in back on its dorsal third. Metepisternum and Metepimeron are fully red. Metinfraepisternum pale J TT pinkish-red and its lower part is paler. Metathoracic spiracle amber brown (Image 3C).
Legs: Coxae are anteriorly greyish and pinkish on the postero-lateral aspect. The trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus and the claws all are grey graphite black. The femur have an inconspicuous pale pinkish wash on the superior part of the flexor aspect (Image 3C).
Wings: Fw is hyaline and its tip up to 3-4 cell  Abdomen: The general colour of abdomen is red on the proximal segments and black on the distal ones. The transition take place in S5-6, where the dorsal red merges with ventral black (Image 2A&3A). Segmental joints black. S1-S4 is fully red throughout. S2 with well-developed pseudoauricle on each side which bears two tiny black teeth at its summit; it is coloured pinkishred on their lateral aspect. S5 is dorsally red, this red enclosing the base of the segment and distally it narrows to reach just short of the end of the segment. The distal end of the segment is black and this black color runs inferiorly and anteriorly but never reaches the base of the segment. S6 has its dorsal proximal third red and this extends along the lateral aspect of the segment to reach almost the half of the segment, and rest of the distal part black. S7 is wholly black except for a small baso-lateral red spot on each side. S8-10 are wholly black. A tuft of sparce stub black hair is seen on tergite of segment 9 near its base. No other hair tufts are seen on the ventrum of abdomen on S8 or S9. On ventral view, the gonopore margin trapezoid shaped, wider distally. Gonocoxae with their apices produced into small spines that are divergent at the tip. No tooth on the distal aspect sternite of S9 near the gonopore. Distal margin of S10 '{' shaped, hence curved and wavy at its mid-ventrum. On lateral view, the mid part of distal margin of S9 does not extend much as tooth, over the gonopore (Image 11G). Abdominal segment 9 twice the length of S10. S10 bears a broad dorsal carina and a broad keel at its distal end (Image 2D&E).
Genitalia: S2 genital vesicle matt black, with distal border and angles rounded, transversely rugose about its anterior third; its proximal extension is square and shallowly excavated. Genital lingula illustrated. Penis with six setae one each side (Image 2F&G).
Anal appendages: The anal appendages are very similar to that of other species in the genus. They have forcipate cerci and tiny paraprocts. Paraprocts with tips medially directed and hence tips converge at rest. Paraprocts of same length as the gonocoxae. The size of paraprocts are much smaller than the S10 dorsal keel. Lamina of cerci as in E. cardinalis, but with the tip slightly more incurved (Image 11B&G). The cerci and paraprocts are fully black (Image 2D&E).

Description of paratype female (Image 4)
Measurements (in mm): TL (including appendages) 42, AL 33, FL 32 & HL 33 mm. Head: Labium black; labrum pale dirty white with a faint and obscure suggestion of the median black tongue; Anteclypeus blackish-amber brown; Postclypeus pale greenish-white with the vertical paradorsal black streaks extending laterally as suffused black patch obscuring the black streak on the lateral aspect its anterior border, thus appearing as grossly black with a central pale bluishwhite patch; Antefrons centrally black and laterally pale greenish white; Post frons matt black; Genae pale greenish-white to almost white; antennae black, Vertex and occiput black; eyes as in the males black and paler inferiorly (Image 4B).
Prothorax: Structure and coloration of all the three lobes are closely similar to that in the male, but coloured pale yellowish instead of pinkish-red, otherwise matt black. No ornamentations or spines present (Image 4C).
Pterothorax: The reds of the males are replaced by pale greenish-white. The mesepisternum mesepimeron, metepisternum are as in the males, but with the orange and red colours replaced with pale greenish-yellow. The central black stripe in mesepisternum and the and

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metepisternum are as in the males. In addition the metepimeron has a similar black streak, that the male lacks. Rest of the pterothorax is as in the males with the reds replaced by pale greenish-yellow (Image 4C).
Legs: Coxae are coloured posterolaterally in pale dirty greenish-white, and rest of the parts of the legs are matt black as in the male and is mildly pruinosed (Image 4C).
Wings Abdomen: All segments are black dorsally with lateral pale greenish-yellow markings as follows: S2-3 with a large spot posterolaterally and the black of this anterolaterally merge with the yellow as brownish suffusion, S2-3 with a very narrow stripe, S4 similar to S3 but the black posterolateral spot and its proximal suffusion is much darker, S5 with a anterolateral 'T' shaped yellow mark whose central streak tapers and ends at the distal thirds, S6-7 with this anterolateral yellow streak progressively reduced to mere yellowish anterolateral triangles. S8-10 are fully black. Vulvar scale with a central shallow but wide sulcus and its postero-lateral angle is rounded. Anal appendages and ovipositor are black (Image 12F).

Variations
Males: There are some variation in the morphometrics (n= 4). Measurements (in mm) are TL (including appendages) 5.06 ± 0.21, FL 3.73 ± 0.23, HL 34.5±0.7 & AL 39.5 ± 0.71. There are only minor variations in hues and extent of coloration amongst males that we photographed from the region. In venation, in the Fw the number of Ax varies from 20-25, while Px varies from 35-36. Pt is black and is 9-11 cell wide. Hw had 17-19 Ax and 29-31 Px. Cubital space with 3-4 cross veins in all wings. The labrum, on its attached margin, in some specimens of both sexes may have a faint and obscure suggestion of a vertical median brownish-black band. Paratype females (n= 4) had variations in venation, with the Fw having 20-22 Ax and 21-24 Px, Hw with 19-21 Ax and 24-29 Px. Cubital space with 3-5 cross-veins in Fw and 3-4 in Hw. Wings have a faint smoky hue in life. The tenerals are slightly different in color. Males are more orangish when young and as they mature become more reddish. In such mature individuals, red coloration of the face and thorax is brighter, and antehumeral stripe and spots on middle lobe of prothorax is pinkish orange. In well-marked individuals, antehumeral and the humeral stripes are interrupted by the mesepisternal central black band dorsally near the antealar sinus. Abdominal segment 6 is colored red up to the half of the segment, but some individuals, observed in field, had the red restricted to the basal third to fourth.
Females: The pale greenish-yellow of females change to pale dirty brown on the thorax and to pale ochreous brown on the abdomen as the individuals age. The inferolateral aspect of thorax, coxae, trochanters, proximal femora and the ventral region of abdomen are pruinosed in older specimens. The females are sometimes heavily marked in black in which case the humeral and antehumeral stripes are very much reduced to thin irregular streaks. The pale greenish color of the genae may have a light blue wash in young individuals.

Etymology
The species name 'thosegharensis' is a toponym derived from the type locality in Thoseghar, Satara District, Maharashtra, India.
Distribution As far as known, the species is restricted to the high-elevation streams and riparian patches of Satara District around Thoseghar, and Kaas Lake in Maharashtra, India.

Habitat and Ecology
The habits are as for the genus. The males are seen guarding parts of streams on vantage points, like rocks or on the tips of twigs. They stay on these perches for long time if not interfered by rivals or a potential mate worth investigating. Flight period is from April to August as inferred from past observations and photographs. The individuals are almost always found in the area of shallow, flowing stream with tree canopy at the edges. Males are often seen sitting on the rocks in the stream and show territorial behaviour (Image 5). Females are seen resting on the dry twigs along the edges of streams. Both retire on the dry bush twigs at the edges of streams to roost overnight.

Differential diagnosis (Table 1, 2)
The new species can be easily differentiated from all the known Euphaea species of Western Ghats based on morphology (Table 1) and coloration ( Table 2). Based on the morphological features, it is differentiated from all others by its smaller size (Hw 34-35 mm, Abdomen 39-40 mm); the male genital vesicle being black with distal borders rounded and a tuft of sparce stub hairs on sternum of S9 only; the gonopore margin trapezoid shaped, wider distally; and the gonocoxae with their apices produced into small spines that are divergent at J TT the tip. From E. fraseri, it can be differentiated based on the presence of hair tufts on the former. Length of S9 twice the length of S10 in E. thosegharensis, and this distinguishes it from E. dispar and E. pseudodispar, both of them having S9 length 1.5 times the length of S10, whereas in E. cardinalis S9 and S10 are of equal length. Also, this species has no tooth on the distal aspect sternite of S9 near the gonopore unlike in E. cardinalis. The insect is of small size in comparison with E. cardinalis and E. dispar, and is almost the same size as E. fraseri. Based on coloration, it is distinguished from all its congeners by the orange labrum, orange-red genae, rose red spots on lateral aspect of middle lobe of prothorax, orange red antehumeral stripe, all legs being black and the apical fourth of Hw being black. Head: Labium coloured dark amber brown to black; labrum pale bluish-white with a very distinct and prominent median black 'tongue' shaped mark at its attached end. Mandible pale bluish-white with an upper transverse black streak. Anteclypeus shiny dark amber brown to black and postclypeus is black, antefrons & postfrons black and the genae pale bluishwhite. Eyes black superiorly, middle part and laterally dark amber brownish-black and the inferolateral aspect brown; antennae shiny black; vertex matt black; occiput, occipital bar and post-ocular region are matt black (Image 7B).
Prothorax: coloured in matt black with yellowish spots. Anterior lobe fully black; middle lobe black with the lateral triangular spots yellowish, notopleural suture black and propleuron is mat black with a pair of indistinct reddish spots. Posterior lobe black with no ornamentations or spines present (Image 7C).
Pterothorax: The ground colour of the Pterothorax in the live insect is orange red with orange hue inferiorly and yellow dorsally. Dorsal carina is black. The triangular mesothoracic acrotergite black. The dorsal aspect of thorax-the Mesepisternum fully matt black. The humeral stripe yellowish orange, thin and irregular and is separated into a small spot on the dorsal end and the long stripe inferiorly. The antehumeral stripe pale yellow and tapers gradually towards the alar sinus. Thus, in other words the antehumeral stripe and the humeral stripes are not connected and significantly tapers dorsally. Mesostigmal plate mat black with its lateral lip pale pinkish-red. Mesinfraepisternum bordered with orange in the posterolateral aspect and antero-superiorly is black; these colours being separated sharply at the diagonal running from postero-superior to antero-inferior corners. Mesepimeron yellow superiorly and orange inferiorly, and encloses a central broad black band. The interpleural suture marked in reddishblack and this patch extends to about the middle of the mesepimeron. The second lateral suture marked in back on its dorsal third. Metepisternum and metepimeron are fully yellowish-orange. Metinfraepisternum brownishorange. Venter of metathorax pale pinkish-orange. Metathoracic spiracle pale yellowish-white (Image 7C).
Legs: Coxae and trochanter of forelegs brown anteriorly and grey posteriorly. Coxae of mid and posterior legs brownish-orange. The femur, tibia, tarsus and the claws of legs are lustreless red with a cyan hue. Pt is black and is 10 cell wide in Fw and 11 cell wide in Hw. Hindwing hyaline and its distal fifth coloured black with a metallic coppery to lilac reflex in some lights. The proximal margin of this black patch convex and extends to four cells proximal to J TT the Pt. Cubital space with three cross veins in all wings (Image 6B&C).
Abdomen: The general colour of abdomen reddishorange on the proximal segments and black on the distal ones. The transition take place in S6, where the dorsal red merges with ventral black (Image 7A). Segmental joints black. S1 yellowish and posteriorly with orange wash. S2 anteriorly orange and distally reddish-orange. S2 with a non-flanged pseudoauricle on each side which bears few tiny teeth at its summit. S3 fully reddishorange throughout. The distal aspect of S4 near the joint with S5 with a brownish hue. S5 also reddish orange with its distal fifth brownish-black. Proximal half of S6 orange red and its distal half is black, and this transition of red to black is gradual. S7-10 fully black. S10 bears a broad dorsal carina and an abrupt dorsal keel at its distal end. A very small inconspicuous patch of moderately long brownish-orange hairs on lateral aspect of proximal part of S1, S2, and S3. A tuft of black hair seen on base of tergite of segment 8. On ventral view, S8 tergite with long hairs on its lateral border and the longest ones at its distal third. S9 tergite with long hairs on its proximal half. The sternite of S8 and S9 with a tuft of very sparse short hairs on its proximal aspect of its base. On ventral view, the gonopore margin oval. Gonocoxae with their apices blunt, no spine. No tooth on the distal aspect sternite of S9 near the gonopore. Distal margin of S10 '{' shaped, hence curved and wavy at its mid-ventrum. On lateral view, the mid part of distal margin of S9 prominently extending ventrally and it's tip extends as a very short tooth, over the gonopore (Image 11I). S9 1.5 times the length of S10. On lateral view, the tips of paraprocts hooked, with tip directed dorsally (Image 6D).
Genitalia: S2 with a matt brownish black, rhomboidal genital vesicle, with distal end angulated, and no transverse surface rugosities (Image 12D). Genital lingula illustrated. Penis with a single setae on each side (Image 6F&G).

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Anal appendages: The general structure is as in the genus with the cerci and paraprocts fully black. The cerci are forcipate. On ventral view, paraprocts with tips medially directed and hence tips converge at rest. Length of paraprocts longer than that of the gonocoxae. The size of paraprocts as large as the S10 dorsal prominence (Image 6D&E, 11I).

Description of paratype female (Image 8)
Measurements (in mm): TL (including appendages) 41, AL 30, FL 32 & HL 30. Head: Labium black; labrum pale bluish-white with a prominent median black tongue; mandible pale bluishwhite with the upper transverse black streak as in the male; Anteclypeus postclypeus, antefrons and postfrons are matt black; Genae pale bluish-white; antennae black, Vertex and occiput matt black; eyes as in the males black and brown inferiorly (Image 8B).
Prothorax: Structure and pattern of coloration all the three lobes are as in the males. The lateral spots on middle lobe is coloured pale yellowish-white, otherwise the whole structure is matt black. No spines present on posterior lobe (Image 8C).
Pterothorax: The reds of the males are replaced by pale greenish-white. The antehumeral and humeral stripes are pale yellowish-blue to pale blue. The mesepisternum, mesepimeron, and metepisternum are as in the male, with the orange and red replaced with pale bluish-yellow. The central black stripe in mesepisternum and the metepisternum are as in the males. Rest of the pterothorax is as in male, with the reds replaced by pale bluish to greenish-yellow (Image 8C).
Legs: Coxae are coloured posterolaterally by pale dirty greenish-white and are usually pruinosed. The trochanters are grey. The femurs, tibia, tarsus and claws are black. The flexor aspect of the proximal fourth of forelegs, and whole length of the mid and hind tibia are coloured white (Image 8C). Wings

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Ax 17 & Px 27. Pt is black and is 10-11 cell wide in Fw and Hw.
Abdomen: All segments from S1 are black dorsally with a thin dorsal carinal yellow streak. Laterally, the inferior half of all segments have yellow transverse streaks that thin out distally. The dorsal carinal streaks disappear at S6, while the lateral yellow streaks disappear after S7. The rest of the abdomen on its ventrum and the segments 8-10 are fully black. Vulvar scale without any central sulcus and its postero-lateral angle is produced as an postero-medially directed wide and blunt tooth (Image 12G). Appendages and ovipositor are black.

Variations
Males: In the paratype males (n= 4), with regards to the morphometrics there are some variations. The measurements (in mm) are TL (including appendages) 4.7 ± 0.7, FL 3.3 ± 0.1, HL 32.5 ± 0.7 & AL 36.5 ± 2.12. With respect to the coloration, the variation is usually restricted to the humeral stripes which may be thinned out to become a streak inferiorly and spot superiorly, or sometimes becomes a thin and irregular one along its entire length in some specimens as observed in field. Venation showed some variation with Fw having Ax range of 22-26 and Px of 32-34 and the Hw have 19-24 Ax, and 30-31 Px. Pt was 10-11 cells wide and the wings had usually three cubital cross veins.
Female: The paratype females (n= 2), had a variation in abdominal length from 30-33 mm-and Hw length from 30-33 mm. Not much variation in colour was noted. The variations in venation was with the Fw having Ax 21-22 & Px 29-32, and the Hw with Ax 17-19 & Px 27-28. Pt are 8-11 cells wide and there were 2-3 cubital cross veins.

Etymology
The species name pseudodispar is coined as reminder to the close resemblance to the species E. dispar (Rambur, 1842) in coloration.

Distribution
As far as known, the species is restricted to the highelevation streams and riparian patches of Thoseghar, Satara district, in Maharashtra, India.

Habitat and Ecology
The habits are as for the genus and this species shares the habitat with E. thosegharensis Sadasivan & Bhakare, sp. nov. Flight period is from June to September as per our field observations and past field records.

Differential diagnosis
This species can be easily differentiated from all the known Euphaea species of the Western Ghats based on morphology and coloration ( Table 1,  11C&D). The color of legs are as in E. fraseri. Segment 9 is 1.5 times the length of S10 in this species, as is in E. dispar; while they are of equal length in E. cardinalis and S9 twice the length of S10 in E. thosegharensis (See key below). The new species can be distinguished from E. fraseri by the absence of hair tufts in the males of the latter. The colour of labrum is as seen in E. dispar with labrum being pale blue with its distal free border very thinly bordered with black, and with a prominent median black tongue. The pale turquoise blue labrum distinguishes it from E. cardinalis and E. thosegharensis both of which have orange to red labrum (Image A&B). The species appears similar to E. fraseri and E. dispar, because of the bluish labrum. The labrum of E. fraseri is coloured black in the inferior half and pale blue in the superior half and has no median black tongue (Image 11E), while the pattern in the new species is as in E. dispar. With respect to secondary genitalia, the penis bears a single seta on each side for the E. pseudodispar, while three pairs of setae are seen in E. dispar (Image 12H). For additional morphological differences in characters see Table 1.
The females of the E. pseudodispar can be easily differentiated from E. thosegharensis based on the bluish-white labrum with prominent black 'tongue' of the former (dirty white with indistinct central tongue in E. thosegharensis), the black postclypeus (pale patch on postclypeus in E. thosegharensis) the wider posterior lobe of prothorax (shorter posterior lobe in the latter), the structure of the vulvar scale without any central sulcus and its postero-lateral angle being produced as a wide and blunt tooth (rounded with no tooth E. thosegharensis) and black legs with white flexor patches J TT On ventral view, the distal margin of S9 forming the border of the gonopore is 'C' shaped. Gonocoxae with their apices blunt, no spine. A pair of anteriorly directed blunt tooth on the distal aspect sternite of S9 near the gonopore. Distal margin of S10 '[' shaped, hence rectangular and stepped, at its mid-ventrum. On lateral view the mid-ventral part of distal margin of S9 extends over the gonopore as a long blunt tooth. S9 and S10 of equal length. Paraprocts with tips medially directed and hence tips converge to a point at rest. Paraprocts of same length as the gonocoxae. On ventral view, the gonopore margin trapezoid shaped, wider distally. Gonocoxae with their apices produced into small spines that are divergent at the tip. No tooth on the distal aspect sternite of S9 near the gonopore. Distal margin of S10 '{' shaped, hence curved and wavy at its mid-ventrum. On lateral view, the mid-ventral part of distal margin of S9 does not extend as tooth, over the gonopore. S9 twice the length of S10. Paraprocts with tips medially directed and hence tips converge at rest. Paraprocts of same length as the gonocoxae. Lamina of cerci as in E. cardinalis, but with the tip slightly more incurved. On ventral view, the pseudoauricle rounded, less prominent than in E. cardinalis. S8 tergite with long hairs on distal half of its lateral border. S9 tergite with long hairs on its proximal half. The sternite of S8 with a tuft of very sparse short hairs on its proximal aspect of its base. Sternite of S9 without very sparce hairs at its base. A very small inconspicuous patch of moderately long brownishorange hairs on lateral aspect of proximal S1 and S2. Penis with 3 setae on each side (Image 12. H).

E. dispar
On ventral view, the distal margin of S9 forming the border of the gonopore is 'C' shaped. Gonocoxae with their apices blunt, no spines. No tooth on the distal aspect sternite of S9 near the gonopore. Distal margin of S10 '{' shaped, hence curved and wavy at its midventrum. S9 1.5 times the length of S10. Paraprocts longer than the gonocoxae.
On lateral view, sternite of S9 not prominently extending mid-ventrally as in E. pseudodispar. The mid part of distal margin of S9 does not conspicuously extend over the gonopore. The dorsal prominence on S10 is robust and its superior border slightly curved on lateral view. Male genital vesicle brownishblack, rhomboidal, with distal end angulated and surface with no transverse rugosities. On ventral view, the pseudoauricle angular, and more prominent than in E. dispar. Penis with a single seta on each side.

Hair tufts as in E. dispar.
In addition a very small inconspicuous patch of moderately long brownishorange hairs on lateral aspect of proximal S3.
Terminal segments and appendages and Gonocoxae are similar to E. dispar.
On lateral view, sternite of S9 very prominently extending mid-ventrally like a beak. The mid part of distal margin of this S9 beak extends as a very short tooth, over the gonopore. The dorsal prominence on S10 is short, angular and its superior border is straight on lateral view. The gonopore margin "W" shaped with the apices rounded and its arms divergent. Gonocoxae flat and without any spines. Distal margin of S10 '{' shaped, hence curved and wavy at its mid-ventrum. S9 is a little less than 1.5 times the length of S10. Paraprocts longer than gonocoxae. On lateral view, Sternite of S9 not extending midventrally.

DISCUSSION
This paper describes two new species of Euphaea from the Western Ghats of Peninsular India. Though the insects are superficially similar to other Euphaea of Western Ghats, these two new species can be differentiated from all the others with distinct features in morphology and coloration.
Morphologically, the five species of Euphaea are easily told apart. Regarding the size of the species, E. cardinalis and E. dispar (TL 53.25 ± 1.06 mm) are large species and so is E. thosegharensis (TL 50.6 ± 2.1 mm). All these three species have total lengths more than 5cm. While E. fraseri (TL 45.7 ± 2.1 mm) and E. pseudodispar (TL 47.0 ± 0.7 mm) are much smaller, with total lengths always less than 5cm. Since the structure of anal appendages are similar, the best characters to depend are the structure of the male vesicle and the male abdominal hair tufts best seen on ventral view. With respect to the smaller species, E. fraseri has no hair tufts on the ventral side of abdomen on S8 or S9 (Image 11J), while E. pseudodispar has tufts on central part of sternite and lateral aspects of tergite on S8 and lateral tufts on proximal aspect of tergite of S9 (Image 11 I). Among the three larger species, E. cardinalis has hairs on S8 and S9 with tufts of long ventral hairs on the sternites; while, E. dispar has tuft at apex of S8 sternite and a tuft of short black hairs on its ventral surface, and about eight long stiff black hairs beneath the base of S9 sternite (Image 11H); and E. thosegharensis has a tuft of sparce stub black hair on either side of tergite of S9 and no hair tufts on S8 (Image 11G). The male genital vesicles are also a dependable character to differentiate them. The smaller species, E. fraseri has red colored, longitudinally elongated, apple shaped, while in E. pseudodispar they are brownish-black and pear shaped. Among the J TT larger species, E. cardinalis has black hexagonal vesicle with rounded angles; while E. thosegharensis has them rounded and matt black; and in E. dispar they are matt black and scrotal shaped (Image 12 A & B).
With regards to coloration, we observed that the colors of the labrum and that of the legs of the insects were dependable field characters, the later was already used by Fraser (1934) for his keys to Euphaea. The bright yellow patches on femurs of E. dispar identifies it easily from all the other species. Blue labrum can be seen in three species, E. fraseri, E. dispar and E. pseudodispar. Amongst them, E. fraseri can be told apart by the labrum with inferior half black, superior half bluishwhite, no median black 'tongue'; while the other two species have labrum pale turquoise blue with its distal free border very thinly bordered with black, and with a prominent median black 'tongue'. E. dispar (TL 53.25 ± 1.06 mm) can be distinguished from E. pseudodispar (TL 47.0 ± 0.70 mm) by its large size, having yellow patches on femur, black genae and in addition the differences in male vesicle and hair tufts under S8 & S9. Species with orange-ochre to vermilion red are E. cardinalis and E. thosegharensis. These are large insects of almost same size, but can be differentiated by the absence of hair tufts under S8 in E. thosegharensis (S8 and S9 with tufts of long ventral hairs in E. cardinalis) and the less extensive black apical patch in Hw in E. thosegharensis (restricted to apical fourth), while almost the apical half of Hw is black in E. cardinalis.
With respect to geographical distribution, E. pseudodispar and E. thosegharensis, both are restricted to the northern Western Ghats region north of the Amboli Ghats, and hence endemic to the region. The new species is seen in the higher reaches above 1,000m. Euphaea cardinalis is restricted to mountains south of the Palghat Gap, and E. dispar is distributed on mountains between the Palghat gap and Coorg. These two montane species are restricted below the Goa gap. With respect to geographical distribution E. fraseri is the only species seen in the same geographical region north of the Amboli Ghats. But, E. fraseri is probably distributed only in the lower elevations around the foothills below 900m all along the Western Ghats. The new taxa are currently known only from Kaas and Thoseghar regions of Satara District of Maharashtra. The species were probably overlooked for their superficial similarity to other species of Euphaea known from the Western Ghats. This discovery highlights the need for more systematic surveys of invertebrates in the northern Western Ghats. www.threatenedtaxa.org The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally by publishing peer-reviewed articles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All articles published in JoTT are registered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License unless otherwise mentioned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of articles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

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