Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2021 | 13(6): 18631–18641
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6547.13.6.18631-18641
#6547 | Received 09 August 2020 | Final
received 22 November 2020 | Finally accepted 18 April 2021
Further additions to the Odonata
(Insecta) fauna of Asansol-Durgapur Industrial Area,
Paschim Bardhaman, India
Amar Kumar Nayak 1 & Subhajit
Roy 2
1 Searsole Junior Basic School, Searsole Rajbari, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal 713358, India.
2 B-9/138, Kalyani, Nadia, West
Bengal 741235, India.
1 amarnayak.stat@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 roy.riju.nitdgp@gmail.com
Editor: Ashish D. Tiple,
Vidyabharati College, Seloo,
Wardha, India. Date of publication: 26 May 2021
(online & print)
Citation: Nayak, A.K. & S. Roy (2021). Further additions to the Odonata
(Insecta) fauna of Asansol-Durgapur Industrial Area,
Paschim Bardhaman, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(6): 18631–18641. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6547.13.6.18631-18641
Copyright: © Nayak & Roy 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: Both the authors thankfully
acknowledge the kind help, guidance and co-operation extended by Dr. K. A. Subramanian, Scientist, Zoological Survey of
India, Chennai and Dr. Ashish Tiple,
Faculty, Zoology Department, RTM Nagpur University. We are thankful to
administrators of Odonata of India website (www.indianodonata.org) and members
of the ‘DragonflySouthAsia’ facebook
group (www.facebook.com/groups/dragonflyindia/) for identification help. We
sincerely acknowledge our family, friends and field supporters for their
support and motivation during the study. In this regard authors would like to
specially mention Mr. Debdulal Banerjee and Mr. Arijit Mondal, without whose kind cooperation this study
would never have been completed.
Abstract: In this present communication
we report the occurrence of additional 13 Odonate
species from the Asansol-Durgapur Industrial Area, West Bengal, India, making
the total 76. This paper reports the
first record of Libellago indica (Fraser, 1928) and first photographic records of
Macromia flavicincta Selys, 1874 from West Bengal. It also reports the range extension of Macromia cingulata Rambur,
1842 from the Purulia District to Paschim Bardhaman
District.
Keywords: Damselfly, dragonfly, Odonata,
Paschim Bardhaman.
The first peer reviewed work on
the Odonata fauna of Asansol-Durgapur Industrial Area, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India was conducted by Nayak &
Roy (2016), which reported a total number of 57 species. Nayak (2020) added six more species to the
list, thereby increasing the total species to 63. In this communication, we report an
additional 13 species found from the same region, however, the aim of the
present study is to update the checklist of the Odonata fauna of Asansol-Durgapur
industrial area.
Materials and Methods
Study area: The present study is conducted at
all 13 study sites along with six new study points which are situated in
Asansol-Durgapur (23.689–23.5200N and 86.966–87.3120E)
area, an important industrial urban agglomeration of Paschim Bardhaman District of West Bengal, India (Figure 1). The details of 19 study points are given in
the Table 1.
Data collection: The present work has been conducted by both the
authors from October 2019 to October 2020 in different selected study sites of
the region. We also examined our
previously (January 2013 to September 2019) captured images during the present
study and some species were identified which are new records for the study
region. A combination of direct search
technique (Sutherland 1996) and opportunistic sighting methods were applied
during the entire study (January 2013 to October 2020) to record Odonata
diversity. Individual species were
photo-documented from the study area (Figure 1). Images (Images 1–13) were
cross-checked and identified using standard field guides (Fraser 1933, 1934,
1936; Subramanian 2009; Nair 2011).
Canon Power Shot SX40 HS, Nikon Coolpix P600 and Nikon D5300 camera with
Nikkor Af-P 70–300mm lens
were used for photo documentation of the odonates.
Results
A total of 13 different Odonata
species were recorded including both dragonflies (Anisoptera)
and damselflies (Zygoptera) (Figure 2), which were
represented by 12 genera from seven families.
Among these, three families were represented by damselflies (Zygoptera), viz., Lestidae (One
species and one genus), Chlorocyphidae (One species
and one genus), and Coenagrionidae (two species and
two genera) (Figure 3). Rest of the
families was represented by dragonflies (Anisoptera),
viz., Aeshnidae (two species and two genera), Gomphidae (one species and one genus), Macromiidae
(two species and one genus), and Libellulidae (four
species and four genera) (Figure 4).
Comparison of the previously reported and the new reports of Anisoptera and Zygoptera
sub-order from the study region are represented by Figures 5 & 6,
respectively. All these 13 species found
in Ajay-Damodar River basin area are new reports for
the entire district. Systematic
arrangement of the species follows Subramanian & Babu
(2017). A detailed account of the
species is given below:
Suborder Anisoptera
Selys, 1854
Family Aeshnidae
Leach, 1815
1. Anax
indicus Lieftinck, 1942
IUCN status: Least Concern (Mitra 2010)
Sighted on: 18.x.2016,
02.xi.2018, 18.x.2019, 05.ix.2020, 28.x.2020; Study sites: S1, S12, S14
Comments: This species is
commonly seen in the study region. It
hovers above wetlands and water bodies.
We found two individual females in different place and time, hanging vertically
inside the scrub during day time. AKN
found this species frequently from S1.
From S12 & S14 each, single female individuals have been sighted by Sagar Adhurya & SR,
respectively.
2. Gynacantha
cf. subinterrupta Rambur, 1842
IUCN status: Least Concern (Dow
2011)
Sighted on: 18.i.2013,
24.vi.2013, 11.vii.2013; Study sites: S3, S5
Comments: This species was
confused with similar other Gynacantha species. With the help of the description given by
Khan (2015) and by the images of the ‘Odonata of India’ website (Joshi et al.
2020), author found similarities with Gynacantha
subinterrupta species but due to lack of a
specimen authors cannot confirm the photograph as Gynacantha
subinterrupta without matching secondary
genitalia. So we decided to report this
observation as Gynacantha cf. subinterrupta.
This species prefers shaded area.
From S3, AKN found one male and one female and a single male individual
were sighted by AKN from S5.
Family Gomphidae
Rambur, 1842
3. Cyclogomphus
heterostylus Selys,
1854
IUCN status: Data
Deficient (Dow 2009)
Sighted on: 19.vii.2015; Study
site: S4
Comments: This species is not
commonly seen in this region. Only a
single male was sighted in the field by AKN. The diagnostic characteristics of Cyclogomphus heterostylus
Selys, 1854 are - thorax with two “Y”-shaped
markings on each side; superior anal appendages pale yellow, short, straight,
slightly separated, and directed straight backwards (Fraser 1934). The species is very similar to Cyclogomphus ypsilon Selys, 1854 and Cyclogomphus
wilkinsi Fraser, 1926. Fraser (1934) stated that the
differences indicated by Selys are found inconsistent
on examination of a large number of specimens, so that no dependence can be
placed on the colouration and nodal index to separate C. heterostylus from C. ypsiion and C. wilkinsi. Few characteristics to
differentiate these three species are given by Fraser such as, the distinctly
thicker black band on the lower part of frons, entirely yellow labrum, two “Y”-shaped markings on each side of the thorax,
superior anal appendages short, straight, slightly separated, and directed
straight backwards and the inferior is relatively much longer and directed
straight up possessed by C. heterostylus. The difference between male and female of C.
heterostylus are not stated by Fraser but
female of rest of two species have only some minor differences like bigger
size, extensive black markings etc.
Family Macromiidae
Needham, 1903
4. Macromia cingulata Rambur, 1842
IUCN status: Least Concern
(Subramanian 2011)
Sighted on: 07.vii.2020,
08.vii.2020; Study site: S1
Comments: Only one male and one
female individual have been found by AKN, hanging vertically from an electric
wire. Identification has been done using
Fraser (1924, 1936) and Subramanian et al. (2018). Mitra (2002)
reported its distribution in Bengal as per literature review Dawn (2021),
reports its distribution from Purulia District, southern West Bengal. In the present paper authors report a confirm
photographic record of the species from southern West Bengal. The distribution of this species now extends
from Purulia to Paschim Bardhaman District, West
Bengal.
5. Macromia flavicincta Selys, 1874
IUCN status: Data
Deficient (Dow 2010)
Sighted on: 02.viii.2018,
23.vi.2020, 10.x.2020; Study sites: S4, S16
Comments: This species was found
from the same place (S16) in 2018 and 2020 by Arijit
Mondal. Recently AKN found a female
hanging from the branch of a tree near Durgapur Barrage (S4). Identification has been done using Fraser
(1924, 1936), Subramanian et al. (2018), and images in ‘India Biodiversity
Portal’ website (Tiple 2013; Balachandran 2016). No photographic record of this species was
found from West Bengal. But the
distribution of this species in West Bengal was reported by Srivastava &
Sinha (1993) on the basis of literature review.
Mitra (2002) also reported its distribution in
West Bengal. Apart from West Bengal it
has photographic report from Maharashtra by Tiple
& Koparde (2015).
Diagnostic characteristics of Macromia
flavicincta are given by Fraser (1936) – for
male: a medium size dragonfly (Abdomen: 47–50mm, Wing span: 41–43mm) with black
abdomen and ringed with citrine-yellow. Labium is bright yellow-orange colour, labrum is bright yellow, frons bright citrine-yellow
with a broadly black thick line. Eyes
are emerald green, ociput dark brown and yellow spot
behind vesicle. Prothorax and thorax are also dark brown with metallic blue
reflex and marked with citrine-yellow. Bold and large stripes on the humeral
region. Legs are black. Wings hyaline and palely tinted with
yellow-brown. Pterostigma is black. Anal appendages is dull yellow-orange colour,
superiors as long as segment 9. Female
(Abdomen: 50–53mm, Wing span: 43–44mm) of the species is brighter in colour,
abdomen markedly compressed and of even width throughout as seen from the
above. Wings are more tinted with brown
and anal appendages is reddish brown and shortly conical. This species can be distinguished from other
species of same genus by its very broad abdominal yellow annules,
entirely yellow labium, and by the black T-shaped mark on the frons. It differs from M. cingulata
in having an entirely yellow labium. M.
cingulata is also more slender insect. Macromia flavicincta is closely allied to M. flavovittata Fraser, 1935. The distinguishing characteristics of these
two species are - M. flavovittata has
labrum with no broadly black stripe, no yellow spot
behind eyes, abdominal segments 3 to 6 with paired dorsal spots and shape of
the male anal appendages (Fraser 1936).
Family Libellulidae
Leach, 1815
6. Hydrobasileus
croceus Brauer, 1867
IUCN status: Least Concern (Mitra 2010)
Sighted on: 05-ix-2020; Study
site: S1
Comments: The species is a new
record for the Paschim Bardhaman District. The photographic record of the species has
been found from northern West Bengal (Pal 2017). Mukherjee et al. (2016) also reported the
species from Bankura District. So this
is the second report of the species from southern Bengal. Only a single male individual was observed by
AKN, found hanging from an open branch of a tree beside a pond in study site
S1.
7. Lathrecista
asiatica Fabricius,
1798
IUCN status: Least Concern (Dow
& Kakkasery 2017)
Sighted on: 21.iv.2020,
30.vii.2020; Study site: S1
Comments: Both times single
female individuals were sighted by AKN, from the study area. It is not so common in the region. It has widespread distribution throughout the
state (Nayak et al. 2019c), however this is the first photographic report of
the species from Paschim Bardhaman District.
8. Neurothemis
fulvia (Drury, 1773)
IUCN status: Least Concern (Mitra 2010)
Sighted on: 23.ix.2017,
21.x.2020, 17.xii.2019, 12.viii.2020, 15.ix.2020, 18.xi.2020, 18.x.2020; Study
sites: S3, S12, S18, S19
Comments: This species can
commonly be seen in some forested areas in Paschim Bardhaman
District. During the study one female
individual was sighted by AKN, from the study point S3. SR also found both male and female of this
species frequently from study point S18.
A male individual has also been sighted at S19 by SR. Sagar Adhurya, also sighted a female individual from S12. The authors acknowledge few more reports of
its finding from outside the study area but inside the district (Nayak et al.
2019b).
9. Orthetrum
chrysis Selys, 1891
IUCN status: Least Concern
(Subramanian 2010)
Sighted on: 07.xi.2013; Study
site: S3
Comments: Previously the species
was confused with Orthetrum pruinosum Burmeister, 1839 sub-adult male. Only a single male individual was sighted by
AKN from the study area. Diagnostic
characteristics are given by Fraser (1936) are as follows – frons bright
scarlet colour, throax ferruginous and abdomen bright
blood red, wings with basal markings and extending to the first antenodal nerve.
Wings hyaline, tinted with very pale brown. Female of the species
without any basal markings, abdomen bright yellow-orange in colour (same for
the sub-adult). The dark purplish-red,
rather crimson than scarlet, tint of the abdomen, darker thoraх
and the abdomen more slender, gradually tapering rather than evenly broad to
S7, well distinguished it from O. pruinosum
male.
Suborder Zygoptera
Selys, 1854
Family Lestidae
Calvert, 1901
10. Lestes praemorsus Hagen in Selys,
1862
IUCN status: Least Concern (Dow
& Sharma 2020)
Sighted on: 21.xi.2018,
02.xi.2019; Study sites: S2, S15
Comments: SR observed six
individuals both males and females flying around the study point S15. Weak agile flying and egg laying were
observed during the study. Only one
female individual was found by Arijit Mondal from a
paddy field near S2. It prefers bushes
and shaded areas.
Family Chlorocyphidae
Cowley, 1937
11. Libellago
indica (Fraser, 1928)
IUCN status: Not assessed.
Sighted on: 22.x.2018,
02.xi.2018, 5.ix.2020; Study sites: S1, S14
Comments: Debdulal
Banerjee observed a single female individual for the very first time on 22
October 2018 from south bank of Tumni River (S14), a
tributary of the Ajoy River. At first it was presumed to be Libellago lineata
(Burmeister, 1839) on the basis of identification keys by Fraser (1934). On 2 November 2018, SR, guided and
accompanied by Debdulal Banerjee, observed at least
20 individuals along 100m stretch of S14.
Images of male, female, oviposition, copula and predation were
captured. About two years later AKN
found a single male individual from study point S1. In the dorsal photo of the male individual,
the thick mid-dorsal dumbbell-shaped black marking in segment 2 and
significantly broader mid-dorsal stripes in segments 3 to 5 compared to typical
L. lineata, as mentioned by Fraser
(1934) helped us conclude it as L. indica. Consultation with administrators of the
‘Odonata of India’ (Joshi et. al. 2020) helped the authors affirm that it
should be Libellago indica
(Fraser, 1928). Fraser (1928) described
it from the type locality Pune (present Maharashtra) and also collected
individuals from southern India, along the Western Ghats up to Kerala. Lahiri & Sinha
(1991) extended the range eastwards to Bastar
District (present Chhattisgarh State).
Authors found recent distributional range extension reports of the
species by Payra et al. (2020). These two papers extended its range up to
Madhya Pradesh and Odisha, respectively.
This paper confirms the extension of the species beyond the easternmost
slope of the Chhotanagpur Plateau region (which is an
extension of the Deccan Plateau) of West Bengal into the peneplains. The authors found no previous report of Libellago indica
(Fraser, 1928) from entire West Bengal.
The present manuscript reports a range extension of the species from
Odisha to West Bengal, which is also a new record for the state. Given the vast geographical range across the
Deccan and Chhotanagpur Plateaus, L. indica also has shown considerable variations like L.
lineata.
The mid-dorsal black markings, in particular, though considerably
thicker compared to the typical L. lineata,
are narrower compared to the individuals found in the southern Western Ghats.
Family Coenagrionidae
Kirby, 1890
12. Agriocnemis
lacteola Selys, 1877
IUCN status: Least Concern (Dow
2009)
Sighted on: 18.x.2020; Study
sites: S17
Comments: Only one male
individual was sighted by SR during field survey. According to the key provided by Fraser
(1933), the male of this species is easily identifiable in the field by its
characteristic white abdomen, completely unmarked with black. The type specimen is from ‘Bengal’. Fraser (1933) had mentioned distribution of
the species from Alipurduar (Hasimara)
and Jalpaiguri districts of West Bengal. Prasad & Ghosh (1988) reported collection
of it from Purba Medinipur
District. Payra
& Tiple (2019) also reported the photographic
record of this species from coastal area of Purba Medinipur District.
Mukherjee et al. (2016) reported this species from Bankura District. Pal
(2017) reported it from North Bengal University campus in Darjeeling
District. There is also a recent
photographic record of a male individual by SR from Jhargram
District (Nayak et al. 2019a). The above
records prove it to be quite widespread in West Bengal. The authors report the first photographic
report of the species from Paschim Bardhaman District
in this present paper.
13. Pseudagrion
australasiae Selys,
1876
IUCN status: Least Concern (Dow
2009)
Sighted on: 03.x.2014,
21.xi.2018; Study sites: S6, S15
Comments: Commonly found from the
study area along with other damselflies.
Confusion arises in the field with P. microcephalum
(Rambur, 1842) male, but the prominent view of male anal appendages can clear
all doubts. It prefers bushes and
marshes near shallow water bodies.
Fraser (1933) and Srivastava & Sinha (1993) stated the diagnosis of
the species along with distinguishing features to other species of same genus. For male, identification characteristics are
- face, frons, vertex and occiput bluish-green, marked with black. Thorax azure blue on dorsum and sides marked
with humeral and mid-dorsum broad black stripes. Prothorax is pale blue, the middle lobe on
dorsum with black crown-shaped marking.
Legs are pale blue. Small black
spot on the lateral side of mesepimeron and a thicker
spot on the upper end of lateral suture.
Superior anal appendage half the length of abdomen 10, apically bifid,
hooded strongly inward. And
identification keys for female are dorsal markings on segments 2 and 8 very
broad, extending the whole length of segments, that on 2 broads at the
base. Segment 2 with a diamond- or
cordate shaped subapical spot on dorsum connected finely to base and apex. This species has some similarity with P.
microcephalam, but is distinguishable from
same by elongate vase-shaped spot on abdominal segment – 2 instead
goblet-shaped and in absence of basal spines.
The thoracic black stripes are much wide in P. australasiae, and superior anal appendages shorter. The half circle mark at the mesepimeron in case of P. australasiae,
whereas restricted to single dot in P. microcephalum. Comparison of the male’s head & thorax;
dorsum of thorax with three broad black bands, crown-shaped marking on the
middle of prothorax, spots on and most importantly the male anal appendages,
the superior anal appendages only half as long as segment 10; which
differentiate this species from other species of Pseudagrion
genus. Mitra
& Babu (2010) reported its distribution from
Howrah, Kolkata and North 24 Parganas districts, Srivastava & Sinha (1993)
also reported its distribution from Birbhum
District. Most recently Pal (2017)
reported photographic record of it from North Bengal University campus,
Darjeeling District. Both the author found this species from the study
area. Hence this present manuscript
claims first photographic record of the species from southern West Bengal.
Discussion
With the addition of these 13
newly recorded species from the study region, the total number of Odonata
species stands at 76. Due to the
geographical position of the region, a microclimatic variation can be noted
(Choudhury et al. 2018; Gupta et al. 2019) and it reflects itself in the
Odonata diversity of the region. Since
this region represents one of the largest industrial and urban agglomerations
in West Bengal (Choudhury et al. 2018), most of the water bodies and streams
are highly polluted with industrial and domestic wastes (Dey
et al. 1985; Banerjee & Gupta 2013).
Since odonates are considered as biological
indicator species (Clark et al. 1996; Corbett 1999; Catling
2005), it is necessary that other than diversity and abundance studies, a
long-term monitoring needs to be taken up in the study region as well as in the
state. We strongly believe that through
continuous studies and long-term observation in more study points, new records
for the state can be found from the region which will enrich the Odonata
diversity of the state too, even we can describe some new species to science. We also believe that sustained and
co-ordinated efforts are necessary for documenting the Odonata diversity of the
state.
Table 1. Brief description with altitude, latitude,
and longitude of the selected study sites.
Study site |
Location name |
Altitude (meters) |
Latitude (N) |
Longitude (E) |
Habitat type |
S1 |
Dubchururia Village, Andal, Durgapur |
93 |
23.576° |
87.227° |
Remnants of dry deciduous forests with more than 20
large water bodies. |
S2 |
Andal old aerodrome, Andal, Durgapur |
84 |
23.588° |
87.230° |
Open grassland and agricultural land with a slow
flowing perennial stream. |
S3 |
Searsole Junior Basic School, Raniganj,
Asansol |
113 |
23.630° |
87.109° |
Planted trees with four large water bodies
surrounded by agriculture land. |
S4 |
Durgapur Barrage, Durgapur |
70 |
23.475° |
87.302° |
Wetland dependent mixed vegetation with a perennial
river. |
S5 |
Nimcha village, Raniganj, Asansol |
114 |
23.638° |
87.089° |
Remnants of dry deciduous forests with eight large
water bodies, interspersed with agricultural land. |
S6 |
Nimcha Coal Mine area, Raniganj,
Asansol |
95 |
23.636° |
87.093° |
Mixed forest with a slow flowing perennial stream
and open coal pits. |
S7 |
Gopalmath Rail Colony, Durgapur |
71 |
23.569° |
87.229° |
Open grassland and agricultural land with more than
10 large water bodies. |
S8 |
Nehru Park, Burnpur,
Asansol |
104 |
23.634° |
86.947° |
Remnants of dry deciduous forests with a slow
flowing perennial stream and a river. |
S9 |
Gunjan Ecological Park, Nigha,
Asansol |
98 |
23.664° |
87.028° |
Wetland dependent, mixed vegetation with an
abandoned open-cast coal mine converted into a large water body. |
S10 |
Ambuja Wetland, City Centre, Durgapur |
104 |
23.540° |
87.306° |
Wetland dependent mixed vegetation with a large
water body. |
S11 |
Rana Pratap, A–Zone, Durgapur |
97 |
23.601° |
87.295° |
Remnants of dry deciduous forests with a slow
flowing perennial stream. |
S12 |
Mohan Kumarmangalam Park,
B-Zone, Durgapur |
109 |
23.564° |
87.301° |
The study area is covered by mixed vegetation with a
large water body. |
S13 |
Kalyaneshwari Temple, Kalyaneshwari, Asansol |
110 |
23.777° |
86.829° |
The study area situated beside the temple and the habitat
is remnant of dry deciduous forests with a slow flowing perennial stream. |
S14 |
Tumni River, Balijuri village,
Faridpur- Durgapur |
71 |
23.688° |
87.321° |
This place is situated at the bank of Ajay
River. The Tumni
river is a slow flowing perennial stream.
Natural marshes and bushes at the study point. |
S15 |
Uttar Pally, M.A.M.C., Durgapur |
92 |
23.540° |
87.326° |
The study area is a pond. The pond is located with hamlet to its west
and south, forest on the north and paddy fields to the east and south. |
S16 |
Damodar River Bank, Srirampur Village, Durgapur |
71 |
23.561° |
87.197° |
The area has been covered by trees, marshes, bushes,
paddy fields and other crop yielding fields. |
S17 |
Girmint Colliery, Kankhaya,
Asansol |
115 |
23.707° |
87.029° |
An underground colliery abandoned after a fire, it
is now overgrown with secondary vegetation of shrubs and bushes and
surrounded by rural grasslands. A
small rectangular cemented manmade water tank, previously used to supply
water to the boiler, is the only water body. |
S18 |
Durgapur Projects Limited Township, Gammon Bridge,
Durgapur |
91 |
23.499° |
87.304° |
Backyard of an urban bungalow with both ornamental
garden plants, trees bearing edible fruits and natural shrubs facing a tiny
remnant of primary Shorea robusta forest on the opposite side of the road. No water bodies around. |
S19 |
Garui River, Satpukuria
village, Asansol |
104 |
23.700° |
87.009° |
Densely forested, almost impenetrable sacred grove
of remnant primary vegetation around a temple on one bank of the Garui River, and agricultural fields on the opposite
bank. The riverbed, home to diverse emergent and submerged aquatic
macrophytes interspersed with rocky boulder formations. |
For
figures & images - - click here
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