Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2020 | 12(14): 17024–17027
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6489.12.14.17024-17027
#6489 | Received 04 August 2020 | Final
received 06 October 2020 | Finally accepted 11 October 2020
A rare camera trap record of the
Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus
from Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Terai
Arc Landscape, India
Sankarshan Rastogi 1, Ram Kumar
Raj 2 & Bridesh Kumar Chauhan 3
1 P.G. Program in Wildlife Biology
and Conservation, National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, GKVK Campus,
Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India.
2 Phulwariya Village, Dudhwa
Road, Palia Kalan, Lakhimpur Kheri,
Uttar Pradesh 262902, India.
3
Bhagwantnagar Village, Nagaon, Palia Kalan, Lakhimpur Kheri, Uttar Pradesh 262902, India.
1 sankarshanr@ncbs.res.in
(corresponding author), 2 ramk68367@gmail.com, 3 bridesh12@gmail.com
Editor: Honnavalli N. Kumara, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural
History, Coimbatore, India. Date of
publication: 26 October 2020 (online & print)
Citation:
Rastogi, S., R.K. Raj & B.K. Chauhan (2020). A rare camera trap record of the Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus
from Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Terai
Arc Landscape, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(14): 17024–17027. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6489.12.14.17024-17027
Copyright: © Rastogi et al 2020. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: National Centre
for Biological
Sciences-Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research; The Tata Trusts; World Wide fund for Nature-India.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The research was carried out in Dudhwa
Tiger Reserve (Palia Kalan, Uttar Pradesh) with
permit number 1421/23-2-12 (G) dated 25 November 2019 (reference letter number
TIFR/NCBS/MScWL/2019/UP15/dated 27 September 2019),
was issued by the PCCF (Wildlife)/ Chief Wildlife Warden, Uttar Pradesh. We would like to thank the Forest and
Wildlife Department, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh for the timely grant of the
research permits. We extend our sincere
thanks to the field director, deputy director and the entire forest staff of
the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve for their constant
support. This research is based on the
Master’s thesis of Sankarshan Rastogi under Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR, India), which was supported by
National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS–TIFR), The Tata Trusts and
WWF-India (Terai Arc Landscape Programme). We would like to thank Dr.
Mahesh Sankaran, Dr. Pranav Chanchani
and Dr. Rekha Warrier for
their help in the conceptualization of the study. We also acknowledge the support from Dr. Mudit Gupta (landscape coordinator, WWF-India), Mr.
Ashish Bista and others for their help through the
project. We would also like to thank the
reviewers for their valuable comments.
Lagomorpha encompasses small and medium-sized mammals including pikas and rabbits which belong to Ochotonidae
and Leporidae families, respectively.
These mammals have been known to inhabit all continents except
Antarctica (Chapman & Flux 2008). In
India, members of this group are found in a variety of landscapes ranging from
high elevation regions of Ladakh and Arunachal
Pradesh to tall grassland habitats of the Himalayan foothills (Aryal & Yadav 2019; Dahal et
al. 2020; Maheswaran 2020). One among these, the Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus
(Pearson, 1839) is a member of the Leporidae family, and is characterized by
its small ears, long fore legs and very short hind legs. The dark brown hair on the dorsal side and a
very short tail help distinguish them from other lagomorphs (Aryal & Yadav 2019).
This threatened and elusive lagomorph was historically known to be found
along the entire Terai starting from Uttarakhand in
India to southern Bangladesh in Dhaka (Blanford 1888;
Dawson 1971). Its current distribution,
however, is restricted to the tall floodplain grasslands of northern India,
southern Nepal, and Bhutan (Nidup 2018) within an
elevational range of 100–250 m (Aryal & Yadav
2019).
These floodplain grasslands of the Terai
region are the primary habitats of the Hispid Hare, which are different from
the typical dry and scrub grasslands found across the subcontinent. They are predominantly alluvial grasslands
comprising tall grasses like Saccharum spontaneum, Desmostachya
bipinnata, Narenga
porphyrocoma, and Themeda
arundinacea among others. These dynamic and highly productive
grasslands, maintained by annual flooding of rivers and controlled annual dry
season burning (Lehmkuhl 1994; Peet et al. 1999;
Singh & Prasad 2013), serve as critical habitats for many faunal species,
including the Hispid Hare (Maheswaran 2013; Aryal & Yadav 2019).
Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is one of the only three tiger reserves
in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, which lies close to the international
border with Nepal. It comprises three
protected areas: Dudhwa National Park, Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary and Katerniaghat
Wildlife Sanctuary. These three
protected areas, which were once contiguous, currently comprise an area of
around 2,200km2, inclusive of both core and buffer areas (Singh
& Prasad 2013).
Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is part of the larger Terai Arc Landscape, a global ecoregion of high
conservation significance (Olson & Dinerstein
2002). It forms a part of the Terai-Bhabar system, which are the floodplains of the river
Ganga and its tributaries that extend from the state of Uttarakhand in the
north-west to Assam in the north-east (Dinerstein
1979; Johnsingh et al. 2004). The reserve is interspersed by a mosaic of
floodplain grasslands, riverine forests and wetlands (Kumar et al. 2002) and
dominated by Sal trees Shorea robusta. The
park is home to a variety of threatened fauna including One-horned Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis,
Asiatic Elephant Elephas maximus, Bengal Tiger Panthera
tigris, Gharial Gavialis
gangeticus, Swamp Deer Rucervus
duvaucelii duvaucelii,
Hog Deer Axis porcinus, Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis,
and Hispid Hare.
Photographic records of Hispid Hare are extremely
limited. They have been documented from
the grasslands of Chitwan National Park in Nepal Terai,
where the species was rediscovered after nearly three decades (Khadka et al.
2017). Though the lagomorph has been
studied to some extent in the lowland regions of Nepal (Aryal
2010; Aryal et al. 2012), there have been only two
ecological assessments of the species in the Indian Terai
from the grasslands of Jaldapara National Park and Manas Tiger Reserve (Maheswaran
2013; Nath & Machary 2015). Although some anecdotal evidence exists for
their presence in Dudhwa National Park, there are possibly
only two published photographic records (Jha & Chauhan 2018; Maheswaran 2020) from the reserve.
Here, we present photographic evidence of this
lagomorph from the tall grasslands of Dudhwa Tiger
Reserve. These photographs were obtained using automated motion-triggered
digital camera traps (Cuddeback C1, www.cuddeback.com)
installed in different grasslands of the park as part of a research project on
ungulates. We intensively sampled
multiple one hectare patches in different grasslands in the park for animal
signs and vegetation characteristics. In
order to reduce false positives and confirm animal presence from sign surveys,
we also installed a camera trap inside our sampling plots for a duration
ranging between 20 and 30 days. In
total, our survey effort was 1,261 camera trap nights between December 2019 and
April 2020 across all our sampling plots.
During our field work in different grasslands of Dudhwa National Park and Kishanpur
Wildlife Sanctuary, we encountered indirect signs of Hispid Hares, i.e.,
pellets and grazing signs, in eight different tall grassland patches only in Dudhwa National Park (Image 1).
Hispid Hare pellets are distinctive given their
tablet-like, dorsoventrally flattened, shape (Image 2). In addition, we observed signs of grazing by
Hispid Hares at the base of the stem of tall grasses like Themeda
arundinacea, Narenga
porphyrocoma, and Sclerostachya
fusca which has been confirmed by dietary studies
from Nepal Terai (Aryal et
al. 2012; Maheswaran 2013).
The photograph, however, (Image 3,4) came from a 1.2km2
grassland patch called Churaila ‘phanta’
(Nepali: grassland) (80.86°E & 28.41°N ) (Image 1). This grassland dominated by Desmostachya bipinnata
and Narenga porphyrocoma
grasses, lies in the Laudaria beat of Belraiyaan range of Dudhwa
National Park. In total, we got 10
photographs of hares from the Churaila grassland on
two different days. To our knowledge,
these are among the few confirmed camera trap captures of the species from the
tall grasslands of Dudhwa National Park.
Grasslands in the park have traditionally been managed
through the use of annual controlled burns. Such grassland fires date back over
a century to the early 1920s, when British forest officers started this as a
management practice to keep tall grasses in check (Singh & Prasad
2013). Burning also removes moribund
plant material and fosters regrowth of tender grasses which is widely known to
benefit large-bodied grassland dwelling herbivores such as the One-horned
Rhinoceros, Hog Deer, and Swamp Deer, among others. The extent to which such controlled fires
impact smaller-bodied species like the Hispid Hare, Swamp Francolin Francolinus gularis
and the Bengal Florican remains unclear (Kumar et al. 2002; Jha et al.
2018). There is an urgent need for
future studies that investigate these impacts in greater detail. The forest department in Dudhwa
Tiger Reserve is currently evaluating grassland management practices in the
reserve and has set up management plots with different interventions including
cutting, harrowing and burning in different combinations, and control plots
with no interference. These initiatives
will provide us with key insights into optimal grassland management strategies
both in the reserve as well as the broader Terai Arc
Landscape, not just for large ungulates but also for smaller bodied species
such as the Hispid Hare. Further, there
is also a need to better understand the impacts of reduced inundation and
frequent fires over the years on the tougher and drier grasses like Narenga porphyrocoma
and Desmostachya bipinnata
which dominate these grasslands presently (Kumar et al. 2002; Sankarshan Rastogi pers. obs. January, 2020).
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