Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2021 | 13(1): 17564–17568
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6461.13.1.17564-17568
#6461 | Received 23 July 2020 | Final
received 11 January 2021 | Finally accepted 14 January 2021
Record of the world’s biggest
pangolin? New observations of bodyweight and total body length of the Indian
Pangolin Manis crassicaudata Gray, 1827 (Mammalia: Pholidota: Manidae) from Mannar District,
Sri Lanka
Priyan Perera
1, Hirusha Randimal Algewatta 2 &
Buddhika Vidanage 3
1,2 Department of Forestry and
Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila,
Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
1 IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist
Group, C/o Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United
Kingdom.
3 Department of Wildlife
Conservation, 811A, Jayanthipura, Battaramulla, Sri
Lanka.
1 priyan@sjp.ac.lk (corresponding
author), 2 hirusharandimal.tmp@sjp.ac.lk, 3 vidanagegaloya@gmail.com
Editor: Anwaruddin Choudhury, The Rhino Foundation
for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, India. Date of publication: 26 January
2021 (online & print)
Citation: Perera,
P., H.R. Algewatta & B. Vidanage
(2021). Record of the world’s biggest
pangolin? New observations of bodyweight and total body length of the Indian
Pangolin Manis crassicaudata Gray, 1827 (Mammalia: Pholidota: Manidae) from Mannar District,
Sri Lanka. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(1): 17564–17568. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6461.13.1.17564-17568
Copyright: © Perera
et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda Sri
Lanka [Research grant No: ASP/01/RE/SCI/2017/14] and
The Center Sustainability,
Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura,
, Sri Lanka.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The authors wish to acknowledge
the Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka and Wildlife Veterinary Center, Aravigal Nagar, Killinochchi, for their support in data collection and the
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka for facilitating the study.
The Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata is one of the four extant pangolin
species in Asia and, has a wide distribution across southern Asia, including
eastern Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and India from the foothills of the Himalaya up to
southern India (Mahmood et al. 2020). M.
crassicaudata is a predominantly nocturnal and
fossorial, medium-sized mammal (Mahmood et al. 2019). The global population of M. crassicaudata has been identified as Endangered (EN)
by the IUCN, and the species has been further included in Appendix I of the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES; Mahmood et al. 2019). According
to the National Red List of Sri Lanka, the Indian Pangolin is listed as ‘Near
Threatened’ (NT) (Weerakoon 2012). It is also included in the schedule II of the
Flora and Fauna Protection Ordinance (Amendment) Act No. 22 of 2009 of Sri
Lanka (Perera et al. 2017).
The Indian Pangolin is the only
pangolin species occurring in Sri Lanka, and the species is distributed
throughout the lowlands, from coastal habitats up to 1,850m (Perera & Karawita 2020). The Indian Pangolin population in Sri Lanka
may be of special interest as it is a geographically isolated population in the
Indian subcontinent (Perera et al. 2020). The population size of M. crassicaudata in Sri Lanka is mostly unknown (Pabasara et al. 2015; Perera et
al. 2017), and their distribution appears to coincide with the range of ants
and termites (Philips 1926; Karawita et al.
2020). Recent studies suggest that their
abundance tend to vary across the island with a few known locations such as
Kurunegala, Puttalam, Anuradhapura, Monaragala, Hambantota, Polonnaruwa,
Galle, Matara, and Kalutara districts having comparatively
frequent records of occurrence (Karawita & Perera 2020; Perera & Karawita 2020). In
Sri Lanka, the species has been recorded from a variety of natural,
semi-natural, and human-modified habitats, including tropical lowland rain
forests, dry-mixed evergreen forests, sub-montane to montane forests
scrublands, croplands/ agricultural lands and rural home gardens (Karawita & Perera 2020).
The literature suggests that
there are intra-specific variations in Indian Pangolin’s morphometrics across
its range (Mohapatra et al. 2015; Irshad et al. 2016; Ullmann et al.
2019). Such variations, however, remain
poorly understood. Commonly reported
morphometric measurements include bodyweight, total body length (length from
snout to the tip of the tail), tail length, lengths of forelimbs and hindlimbs
and scale frequencies (Irshad et al. 2016; Mahmood et al. 2020). Such morphometric measurements are used to
define age classes and describe the sexual dimorphism of the species. For instance, Irshad et al. (2016) categorized
Indian Pangolin into three age classes based on bodyweight (B) and total body
length (TBL); Juveniles (≤2.5 kg, 40–65 cm), sub-adults (2.51–8 kg, 66–120 cm)
and adults (≥8kg, ≥120cm). Algewatta et al. (2021) defined age classes for Indian
Pangolin occurring in Sri Lanka based on bodyweight and total body length as
juvenile (B: <4.3kg TBL: <56.0cm), subadult (B: 4.3–7.3kg TBL: 56–101
cm), and adult (B >7.3kg TBL: >101cm).
Adult male Indian Pangolins are heavier and larger than females of the
same age group (Mahmood et al. 2020).
During a study to understand the
morphometric variations of M. crassicaudata
occurring in Sri Lanka, we recorded two well-grown male pangolins killed by
poachers at the Kunchikulam Forest Reserve in Mannar District, Sri Lanka (08.75332N, 80.16419E) on 08
December 2019 (Figure 1). The two
poachers were taken into custody on the same day by the Police Special Task
Force, Sri Lanka, while the poached animals were being transported out of the
forest on a motorbike. The animals have
been photographed at the location (Images 1–4) and transferred to the
veterinarian office of the Department of Wildlife Conservation at Kilinochchi for the postmortem
and subsequent legal procedures. The
cause of death of both pangolins was assault on the head with a sharp object.
We recorded the morphometric
measurements of the two fresh carcasses following the protocols described in Perera et al. (2020).
The specimens were coded as KL1 and KL2 (Images 1–4). All measurements were taken at the veterinarian’s
office of the Department of Wildlife Conservation at Kilinochchi
under the supervision and observation of the chief veterinary surgeon. The morphometric measurements recorded from
the two specimens are summarized in Table 1.
Following the protocols and guidelines
specified in Perera et al. (2020) for body scale
counting and scale type identification, body scale counts were performed. The number of scales observed in each
specimen is reported by body regions in Table 2. The specimen KL1 had 538 body scales (436
broad rhombic scales, 70 elongated kite-shape scales, and 32 folded-shape
scales in the tail) while the specimen KL2 had 520 body scales (418 broad
rhombic scales, 72 elongated kite-shape scales and 30 folded-shape scales in
the tail).
After taking the body
measurements and scale counts, the two pangolin carcasses were destroyed by the
Veterinary Division Kilinochchi as per the court
order issued by the Magistrate Court.
Hence, further studies on the two specimens were not possible.
On average, adult Indian
Pangolins can weigh between 8 and 16kg and measure about 148cm in total body
length (Mahmood et al. 2020; Roberts & Bernhard 1977). The largest Indian Pangolin specimen has been
recorded from Rajasthan, India, an adult male weighing 32.2kg and measuring
170cm in total body length (Sharma 2002).
The largest Indian Pangolin recorded from Pakistan weighed 20kg and
measured 147.3cm in total body length (Irshad et al. 2016). In this study, we recorded two male Indian
Pangolin specimens from Mannar District of Sri Lanka,
weighing 48.76kg and 34.15kg with the total body length measuring 176.8cm and
157.5cm, respectively. Both these new
records exceed the maximum bodyweight reported for an Indian Pangolin in the
literature. These two new records and
observations from other range countries (India and Pakistan) provide novel
insights into the maximum growth of the male Indian Pangolins.
There are eight extant species of
pangolins in the world. The largest
specimen recorded so far in literature for each species is summarized in Table
3. The Giant Pangolin Smutsia gigantea is
considered the largest of all pangolin species, with the body weight of an
adult exceeding 30kg and total body length measuring between 140 and 180 cm
(Hoffmann et al. 2020). The largest
specimen of Giant Pangolin recorded so far is an adult male weighing 38kg with
a total body length of 172cm from Gabon (Newton et al. 2019).
Compared to the published
information, the male Indian Pangolin (KL1) recorded from Mannar
District of Sri Lanka exceeded the maximum body weight and total body length
recorded so far in the literature for any of the pangolin species. Hence, this individual could be considered as
the largest pangolin documented so far.
Such “extreme” observations highlight the dearth of knowledge we have on
the morphometric variations of Indian Pangolins and call for further studies on
the species.
Table 1. Body measurements of the
two Indian Pangolin specimens.
Specimen |
KL 1 |
KL 2 |
|
Sex |
Male |
Male |
|
Body weight(kg) |
48.76 |
34.15 |
|
Total Length (cm) |
176.8 |
157.5 |
|
Head Length (cm) |
26.6 |
20.4 |
|
Snout Length (cm) |
12.4 |
9.6 |
|
Body Length (cm) |
58.8 |
61.50 |
|
Tail Length (cm) |
91.5 |
75.6 |
|
Hind Foot Diameter (cm) |
8.25 |
6. |
|
Ear Length (cm) |
14.00 |
10.20 |
|
Limb Lengths (cm) |
Forelimb |
16.5 |
12.7 |
Hind-limb |
14.0 |
10.2 |
|
Circumference (cm) |
Shoulder |
80.8 |
72.0 |
Body |
103.5 |
90.7 |
|
Neck |
42.0 |
37.2 |
Table 2. Number of scales on each specimen by body
regions.
Specimen |
Trunk |
Head & Neck |
Fore Limbs |
Hind Limbs |
Tail |
Total |
|||
Right |
Left |
Right |
Left |
Dorsal |
Ventral |
||||
KL1 |
145 |
90 |
48 |
45 |
38 |
38 |
78 |
56 |
538 |
KL2 |
138 |
87 |
45 |
45 |
39 |
41 |
73 |
52 |
520 |
Table 3. Largest specimens
recorded for the eight pangolin species recorded in the literature.
Species |
Largest Specimen Recorded |
Reference |
|
Bodyweight (kg) |
Total length (cm) |
||
Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla |
8.5kg |
8.9cm |
Shibao et al. (2004) |
Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata |
32.2kg |
170.0cm |
Sharma (2002) |
Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica |
9.1kg |
137.5cm |
Sulaiman et al. (2017),
Save Vietnam’s Wildlife (unpub. data) |
Philippine Pangolin Manis culionensis |
7.3kg |
133.0cm |
S. Schoppe,
unpub. data |
Black-bellied Pangolin Phataginus tetradactyla |
3.6kg |
93.7cm |
Kingdon & Hoffmann
(2013), Hatt et al. (1934) |
White-bellied Pangolin Phataginus tricuspis |
2.9kg |
102.7cm |
Kingdon & Hoffmann
(2013), Hatt et al. (1934) |
Giant Pangolin Smutsia gigantea |
33.0kg 38.0kg |
179.8cm 172.0cm |
Kingdon (1971), Hatt et al. (1934), S. Nixon & N. Matthews (unpub. data), Newton et al. (2019) |
Temminck’s Pangolin Smutsia temminckii |
16.1 kg |
124.0cm |
Coulson (1989), D.W. Pietersen
(unpub. data) |
For
figure & image - - click here
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