Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2021 | 13(8): 19144–19148
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6441.13.8.19144-19148
#6441 | Received 17 September 2020 | Final
received 25 June 2021 | Finally accepted 05 July 2021
Descriptions of the early stages
of Vagrans egista
sinha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
with notes on its host plant Xylosma longifolia Clos from the western Himalaya of India
Pranav Gokhale 1 & M.A. Yathumon
2
1,2 Wildlife Institute of India, Post
Box #18, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001,
India.
1 pranav@wii.gov.in (corresponding
author), 2 yadu@wii.gov.in
Editor: George Mathew, Scientist (Retd.) Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI), Peechi, India. Date of
publication: 26 July 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Gokhale, P. & M.A. Yathumon (2021). Descriptions
of the early stages of Vagrans egista sinha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with notes on its host plant Xylosma longifolia
Clos from the western Himalaya of India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(8): 19144–19148. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6441.13.8.19144-19148
Copyright: © Gokhale & Yathumon 2021. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We wish to thank Keith Wolfe for
his valuable comments and information on the Australian subspecies. We also
thank editors and reviewers for providing inputs.
Abstract: Distribution, life history
stages, and status of Vagrans egista sinha (Kollar, 1844) in western Himalaya are presented. It is for
the first time that this butterfly is reported on Xylosma
longifolia Clos from Dehradun, Uttarakhand
(India).
Keywords: Life cycles, Vagrant butterfly, Xylosma longifolia
Vagrans egista (Cramer, 1780) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) belonging to the monotypic genus Vagrans Hemming, 1934, is distributed from India to
the South Pacific Islands (D’Abrera 1985; Corbet
& Pendlebury 1992). The subspecies found in India, identified as Vagrans egista sinha (Kollar, 1844), is
distributed from Uttarakhand to the eastern Himalaya, northeastern
India, West Bengal, Odisha, and Assam (Bingham 1905; Evans 1932; Wynter-Blyth
1957; Sondhi & Kunte
2018). In the western Himalaya, V. egista sinha is known to be fairly common in the Garhwal part (Singh & Sondhi
2016). Recently, it has been found distributed westward and southward as far as
Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh (Kirti
et al. 2016; Sisodia & Naidu 2019; Gokhale 2020; Kumar et al. 2020). It
measures 64–70 mm in wing expanse; has tawny wings with characteristic
brownish-black markings; forewing shaded with dusky brown near the base, costa,
apex and outer margin while hindwing at the base, apex and outer margin;
dull-yellow lunules border the outer margins of both wings and a short tail on
the hindwing (Bingham 1905).
The early stages of V. egista sinha have been
illustrated in part from Hong Kong and Malaysia (Johnston & Johnston 1980;
Igarashi & Fukuda 1997; Bascombe et al. 1999), although
these descriptions do not contain full details of its 1st and 5th
instars. The immature stages V. egista sinha are reported to feed on Dillenia
sp. (Dilleniaceae), Flacourtia
sp., Homalium sp., Xylosma
sp. (all Salicaceae) and Maytenus sp. (Celastraceae) (Johnston & Johnston 1980; Igarashi &
Fukuda 1997; Bascombe et al. 1999; Vane-Wright &
de Jong 2003; Robinson et al. 2010) although there are no specific reports on
the early stages or the larval host plants of V. egista
sinha in India. The early stages of Vagrans egista propinqua (Miskin, 1884) are
briefly described from Australia (Orr & Kitching 2010; Sankowsky
2020), where it is known to lay eggs mostly on unoccupied spider webs, dead
twigs, or dead leaves on and beneath a host plant, but not on the fresh foliage
(Sankowsky 2014). Although V. egista
sinha is a fairly common butterfly in its range
of distribution, there is a paucity of information pertaining to the early
stages and natural history of this subspecies from India. In this paper, attempts
have been made to describe all the life history stages of V. egista sinha supplemented
with images.
Materials and Methods
The eggs
were field collected along with the leaves and reared in a closed container at
room temperature (25–30 °C). Every day fresh leaves from the host plant were
provided to the caterpillars. The larval frass and
old remnants of leaves were taken out daily to keep the container clean. The
egg, various instars, pupa, and freshly enclosed butterfly were photographed
using a DSLR camera and macro lens. Natural history observations were also
noted during butterfly watching in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
Results
and Observations
Field
observations of butterfly behaviour: This butterfly is common in the Wildlife
Institute of India Dehradun campus and the entire Dehradun valley. It is
generally found to fly fast in open areas along trails, in gardens and forest
edges visiting flowers of Lantana camara L. It
is quite active rarely found resting except when feeding on flower nectar, bird
droppings, and moist soil. Observations on the biology of this butterfly are
given below.
Oviposition:
The butterfly was observed laying eggs on the tender leaves of the host plant Xylosma longifolia
Clos (Image 1) around the pond in a Sal Shorea
robusta Gaertn. forest
on the Wildlife Institute of India campus on 13 October 2019 at 1155 h
(30.2862° N, 77.9744° E; 595 m above mean sea level). X. longifolia
is an evergreen thorny tree when young; bark is grey-brown; leaves are simple,
alternate and glabracent, and the margins are
serrated. The eggs were laid singly on the tender leaves.
Eggs: The
eggs were pale yellow in colour, dome shaped, and flat at the micropylar end,
diameter 0.7–0.8 mm (Image 2). The surface of the eggs was marked with small
numerous pits which are somewhat hexagonal around the micropyle and rectangular
below.
Emergence
of caterpillar: The young caterpillar emerged by eating away part of the
eggshell at the micropylar end. This empty eggshell then became the first meal
of the newly hatched caterpillar.
1st
instar caterpillar: The 1st instar was 2–3 mm in length, pale yellow
in colour covered in numerous fine-grey-coloured hairlike
bristles (setae) emerging from tubercles over the entire body (Image 3). The
thoracic and last abdominal segments turned grey as the caterpillar grew. The
head capsule was brown in colour. The caterpillars fed along the margins of the
tender leaves, which are typically reddish brown in colour.
2nd
instar caterpillar: After moulting, the caterpillar became 4–5 mm long (Image
4a,b). The head capsule was pale yellow in colour with two black spots in the
front. The thoracic and abdominal segments were grey except the last few
abdominal segments which were reddish in colour. The tubercles were enlarged at
the base of the setae and gave rise to three rows of branched processes on each
side of the body: one dorso-laterally, one super-spiracularly and one that runs sub-spiracularly.
The central axis of these processes was translucent grey in colour with 10–12
small black coloured projections attached at the nodes. A prominent white line
runs between the super-spiracular and sub-spiracular processes on both sides.
3rd
instar caterpillar: The caterpillar reached a length of 8–10 mm (Image 5). The
head capsule and last 1-2 abdominal segments were yellow in colour while other
body segments were brown. The dorso-lateral and
super-spiracular processes were black in colour while the sub-spiracular
process was translucent grey in colour. The processes were branched with 20–22
small black coloured projections at the nodes. The white line became much
broader than in the 2nd instar.
4th
instar caterpillar: The caterpillar was 18–20 mm in length (Image 6a,b,c). The
head capsule was yellow in colour and the last few abdominal segments were pale
brown in colour. The processes were longer than in the 3rd instar
and much branched. The sub-spiracular processes turned black in colour. The
appearance of small white spots was seen over the caterpillar’s entire body.
5th
instar caterpillar: The 5th instar was similar to the 4th
instar but 30–32 mm in length (Image 7a,b) with only the white spots becoming
more prominent. All body segments were brown in colour. In the late stage of
the 5th instar, the body turned pale green in colour. The tubercles
giving rise to the processes were sky blue in colour.
Prepupa:
The caterpillar slowly stopped feeding and started wandering around. The length
of caterpillar reduced to 25 mm (Image 8a,b). It then stopped on a twig of the
host plant kept in the container where it started spinning a silk pad to hang
vertically. The immobile prepupa suspended itself upside down from a silk pad.
Caterpillars were also seen several times later in the field to pupate on
nearby Sal trees.
Pupa: The
pupa was 25 mm in length; pale green in colour with five pairs of red,
black-tipped processes running dorso-laterally (Image
9a,b). The second pair of processes from the anterior end was reduced. The base
of each process was silver and sky blue coloured. In the late stage, the pupa
turned orange in colour, and one day before eclosion
(Image 11), the pupal skin turned translucent and the forewing of the pharate
butterfly became visible (Image 10a,b).
Conclusion
This paper
reports all the early stages of V. e. sinha from
Dehradun, India. Most of the available published literature on this subspecies’
larval host plants traces back to the original work done outside India (Corbet
& Pendlebury 1992; Vane-Wright & de Jong 2003; Smetacek
2012; Kirti et al. 2016). The firm evidence of this subspecies using Xylosma longifolia
as a local host plant in Dehradun, Uttarakhand has been reported in this paper.
More work is needed to explore plants from the same or related families to know
more about the caterpillars’ food preferences. Unlike V. e. propinqua from Australia, V. e. sinha
does not lay eggs on spider webs or off a host plant, but rather uses tender
leaves of the host plant. The difference in the egg-laying behaviour
(Sankowsky 2014) as well as the morphology of the
early stages (Orr & Kitching 2010; Sankowsky
2020) highlights the variation/disparity between these subspecies. The study of
a butterfly’s juvenile biology across its full distribution range is essential
in understanding the current scientific placement of the species.
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