Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2021 | 13(6): 18655–18659
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6415.13.6.18655-18659
#6415 | Received 15 July 2020 | Final
received 08 October 2020 | Finally accepted 05 May 2021
Reappearance of Dhole Cuon alpinus
(Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in Gujarat after 70 years
A.A. Kazi
1, D.N. Rabari 2, M.I. Dahya 3 & S. Lyngdoh
4
1 College of Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari,
Gujarat 396450, India.
2,3 South Dangs
Forest Division, Ahwa, Dang, Gujarat 394710, India.
4 Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India.
1aadilkazi@nau.in (corresponding
author), 2dinesh.rabari@gmail.com, 3nawazd8@gmail.com, 4salvador@wii.gov.in
Editor: L.A.K. Singh, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India. Date of publication: 26 May
2021 (online & print)
Citation: Kazi,
A.A., D.N. Rabari, M.I. Dahya
& S. Lyngdoh (2021). Reappearance of Dhole Cuon alpinus
(Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in Gujarat after 70 years. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(6): 18655–18659. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6415.13.6.18655-18659
Copyright: © Kazi
et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We are grateful to Shri Jayveerendrasinhji Solanki for sharing valuable historic
observations, M.J. Parmar and C.K. Sonwane, CCFs for
their guidance and support, M.U. Jat and M.S. Desai
for sharing their first physical sighting of 06 February 2020, Dileswar Nayak and Manoj Agrawal
for help in GIS; Jigar Patel, Kiran Makwana, Abbas Bamsalam,
Ramesh Mahla, Mulji Mahla, & Samir Shaikh for fieldwork, and Vivek Mehta & Kirti Bardhan
for their inputs.
Dhole Cuon alpinus
(Pallas, 1981) is a pack hunting, highly social canid and the only species of
this genus (Pocock 1936; Cohen et al. 1978; Johnsingh
1982; Alfred 2000). Dholes are also known as Wild Dogs or Whistling Dogs, but
the terms are misnomers since they are taxonomically more closely related to
jackals than wolves and correctly termed as Dhole – the Asian origin term
meaning recklessness and daring (Mivart 1890). In the past, Dholes were the most widely
spread canids in the oriental region, distributed from around 50oN
and 70oE over the continental Asia (Pocock 1936; Ellerman &
Morrison-Scott 1966; Johnsingh & Acharya 2013;
Selvan et al. 2013). Due to loss of
forests and thereby the prey base (Gopi et al. 2010; FAO 2020), Dholes were
extirpated from more than 75% of their global historic range with the remaining
estimate of 949 to 2,215 individuals (Kamler et al.
2015). Looking to this scattering trend,
IUCN categorized Dholes from Vulnerable to Endangered (Kamler
et al. 2015), and are placed in Schedule II of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act
1972, and in Appendix II of CITES (2019).
India lost
around 60% of Dholes in the last 100 years (Karanth
et al. 2010) and less than 1,500 individuals are left in Indian forests (Johnsingh & Acharya 2013; Kamler
et al. 2015), surviving majorly in Western and Eastern Ghats, Terai, Kumaon, Himalayan region,
northeastern states, and relatively larger population in central India
(Srivastava & Singh 2003; Durbin et al. 2004; Iyengar
et al. 2005; Jhala et al. 2008; Karanth
et al. 2009; Gopi et al. 2010; Johnsingh &
Acharya 2013; Kamler et al. 2015). Although the population disappeared from
former range (Johnsingh 1985; Kamler
et al. 2015), the recent rediscoveries in newer areas have raised the hope in
Sikkim (Bashir et al. 2014), western Himalaya (Pal et al. 2018), Tso Kar, Ladakh (Kamler et al. 2015), and
in different parts of Nepal (Khatiwada et al. 2011;
Thapa et al. 2013; Lamichhane et al. 2018; Yadav et
al. 2019). These discoveries indicate
that the species is moving out to ensure fewer competition and less
disturbance, which in future may foster resilience and expand its range.
In Gujarat,
many claim to have sighted dhole in Dangs, Shoolparneshwar, Bharuch, Surat, Ratanmahal,
and even in northern Gujarat (Singh 1998, 2001, 2013; Alfred 2000; GFD 2013;
Kumar & Pathan 2016); however, no authentic evidence could ever be produced
to ensure the certainty of the species in these areas, and therefore, the
literatures endorsed Dhole as an exterminated species
from Gujarat (Johnsingh 1985; Ginsberg &
Macdonald 1990; Singh 1998, 2001, 2013; GFD 2013; Kumar & Pathan
2016). In the Bharuch District Gazette (GoI 1961) Wild Dogs were reported from Dediapada,
Sagbara, and Gora range. The then Maharaja of Vansda
State Shri Digveerendrasinhji Solanki states to have
observed Dhole packs in Vansda National Park (VNP) in
1970 (Singh 2013). Authentic sighting
records from 1949 and 1970 are known, but without confirmed presence thereafter
(Jayveerendrasinhji Solanki pers. comm. 2020). In the middle of all the ambiguity on Dhole’s
historic presence, the only reliable source is Digveerendrasinhji’s
photo of 4 October 1949 from Vansda forest of present
day Vansda National Park. This is the only historic sighting record of
Dhole from Gujarat (Image 1).
To confirm
the presence of Dhole, from January–May 2020 camera traps were laid at 30
sampling locations in VNP along the select trails, waterpoints and crossings
where Dhole movements were anticipated (Table 1). GPS coordinates, elevation, and habitat type
were recorded at each sampling location.
Camera trap photo/video captures were monitored on regular basis, at
least once a week. From 15,660 trap
nights, we derived 34,206 photos and 481 videos, which included 149 photographs
and 22 videos of Dhole. The highest
number of photographs (n= 132) and videos (n= 19) of Dhole were from Kevdi beat (L7) and Kala-amba
beat of VNP (L11 and L19). Through
minimum convex polygon from 16 locations, the minimum home range of Dhole pack
was 13.7km2 in VNP. Minimum
distance between Dhole’s current extent in central India and VNP is 367km
(Figure 1). We recorded 11 other mammals
during the study and calculated their relative abundance index (RAI). The maximum photographed species was Rhesus
Macaque Macaca mulatta
(RAI= 29.52), followed by Chital Axis axis
(RAI= 25.52). The minimum was for Indian
Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii
(RAI= 0.05). The RAI of Leopard and
Dhole were 0.67 and 0.43, respectively (Figure 2).
Dhole
prefers to live in tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (Kamler et al. 2015), avoid hunting in the same area for a
long time and keep changing forest patches time to time to ensure hunting
success (Venkataraman et al. 1995). They
are hypercarnivore (Van Valkenburgh 1991; Kamler et al. 2015) and their preferred prey is Chital Axis
axis and Sambar Rusa
unicolor (Cohen 1978; Johnsingh 1992; Karanth & Sunquist 1995;
Venkataraman et al. 1995; Acharya 2007; Ramesh et al. 2012; Johnsingh
& Acharya 2013; Selvan et al. 2013; Hayward et al. 2014; Dar & Khan 2016). They have also been reported to prey on
buffalo, birds, insects, lizards (Fox 1984), Mouse Deer (Kawanishi
& Sunquist 2008; Dar & Khan 2016), Gaur, Mithun (Lyngdoh et al. 2014),
sheep, goats (Sosnovskii 1967; Cohen et al. 1978),
Wild Boar, hare (Dar & Khan 2016) and even plant matter such as grass,
fruits, and leaves (Fox 1984; Gopi et al. 2010). Depending upon prey biomass, interspecific
competition and capture efficiency, the Dhole pack size varies from 2 to 40
individuals (Cohen 1978; Johnsingh 1982; Venkataraman
et al. 1995; Johnsingh & Acharya 2013) with home
range varying from 23–199 km2 (Johnsingh
1982; Venkataraman et al. 1995; Karanth & Sunquist 2000; Acharya 2007; Acharya et al. 2010; Kamler et al. 2015).
Southern Gujarat is the potential habitat for Dhole since it has 28.60%
(5228.85km2) of moist deciduous forest distributed in seven
districts with three protected areas covering 792.53km2 (Champian & Seth 1968; GoG
2019).
We confirm
the reoccurrence of Dhole from Gujarat after 70 years in Vansda
National Park. We recommend concerted
management efforts in the area to ensure long term survival and conservation of
the species in the Park and initiation of scientific studies on species ecology
and population for effective management and conservation planning.
Table 1. Details of camera trap
locations to confirm the presence of Dhole Cuon
alpinus in Vansda
National Park (VNP) during January to May 2020.
|
Trap location Code |
VNP Beat |
Altitude (m) |
Trap duration |
No of trap days |
No.of photos |
No.of videos |
Activity |
Sex |
Other species captured |
|
L1 |
Kevdi |
139 |
II |
45 |
3 |
1 |
Dr |
M |
LE, CH, CL, BD, WB, BPC, RM, GL |
|
L2 |
Kevdi |
141 |
I |
15 |
1 |
- |
Pa |
UI |
LE, CL, WB, SIC, BPC, RM |
|
L3 |
Tadpada |
160 |
I |
15 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
CL, BD, WB, RM |
|
L4 |
Tadpada |
155 |
I |
15 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
CL, BD, WB, RM |
|
L5 |
Tadpada |
156 |
I |
15 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
RM, GL |
|
L6 |
Kevdi |
145 |
I |
15 |
1 |
- |
Ru |
- |
LE, CH, CL, BD, WB, BPC, RM, GL |
|
L7 |
Kevdi |
144 |
II |
45 |
25 |
14 |
Dr, Pa, Ru |
M, F |
LE, CH, CL, BD, WB, BPC, SIC,
RM, GL |
|
L8 |
Kevdi |
151 |
I |
15 |
2 |
- |
Pa |
UI |
CL, BD, WB, BPC, SIC, RM, GL |
|
L9 |
Tadpada |
168 |
I |
15 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
L10 |
Tadpada |
167 |
I |
15 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
CL, BD, WB |
|
L11 |
Kala-amba |
173 |
II, V |
56 |
27 |
3 |
Dr, Pa, Ru |
M, F |
LE, CH, CL, BD, WB, BPC, SIC,
RM, GL, ICP, IGM |
|
L12 |
Kala-amba |
110 |
III |
15 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
LE, CL, WB, SIC, RM |
|
L13 |
Kala-amba |
160 |
III |
15 |
1 |
1 |
Ea |
M |
LE, CL, WB, SIC, RM |
|
L14 |
Navtad |
169 |
III |
15 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
CL, WB, SIC, RM |
|
L15 |
Navtad |
187 |
III |
15 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
CL, WB, SIC, RM |
|
L16 |
Kevdi |
136 |
III |
15 |
1 |
- |
Pa |
UI |
LE, CL, WB, SIC, RM, GL |
|
L17 |
Kevdi |
140 |
III |
15 |
2 |
- |
Pa |
M |
LE, CL, BD, WB |
|
L18 |
Kevdi |
132 |
III |
15 |
1 |
- |
Pa |
UI |
LE, CL, WB, SIC, RM, GL |
|
L19 |
Kala-amba |
163 |
II, V |
56 |
80 |
2 |
Pa, Ru |
M |
LE, CL, WB, SIC, BPC, RM |
|
L20 |
Kevdi |
157 |
III |
15 |
1 |
- |
Pa |
M |
CL, WB, RM |
|
L21 |
Navtad |
143 |
IV |
8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
RM, GL |
|
L22 |
Kevdi |
153 |
IV |
8 |
1 |
- |
Pa |
UI |
WB, RM, GL |
|
L23 |
Kevdi |
161 |
IV |
8 |
1 |
- |
Pa |
UI |
CL, WB |
|
L24 |
Navtad |
195 |
IV |
8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
RM, GL |
|
L25 |
Kala-amba |
164 |
IV |
8 |
1 |
- |
Pa |
F |
CL, BD |
|
L26 |
Kilad |
118 |
IV |
8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
RM, GL |
|
L27 |
Kilad |
126 |
IV |
8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
CL, WB, SIC |
|
L28 |
Navtad |
156 |
IV |
8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
RM, GL |
|
L29 |
Kala-amba |
123 |
IV |
8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
CL, WB, SIC, GL |
|
L30 |
Kevdi |
161 |
IV |
8 |
1 |
1 |
Pa, Dr |
M |
RM, GL |
I—30 January–14 February 2020 |
II—30 January–14 March 2020 | III—15 February–1 March 2020 | IV—17–24 April
2020 | V—15–25 May 2020
Dr—Drinking | Pa—Passing by |
Ru—Running | Ea—Eating | M—Male | F—Female |
UI—Unidentified.
LE—Leopard Panthera
pardus | CH—Chousingha Tetracerus quadricornis
| CL—Chital Axis axis | BD—Barking Deer Muntiacus vaginalis | WB—Wild Boar Sus scrofa | SIC—Small Indian Civet Viverricula
indica | BPC—Brown Palm Civet Paradoxurs
jerdoni | RM—Rhesus Macaque Macaca
mulatta | GL—Gray
Langur Semnopithecus hypoleucos
| ICP—Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica | IGM—Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes
edwardsii.
For
figures & images - - click here
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