Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6330.14.12.22309-22328

#6330 | Received 25 June 2020 | Final received 23 January 2022 | Finally accepted 07 November 2022

Threatened flora of Uttarakhand: an update

D.S. Rawat ¹, Satish Chandra ² & Preeti Chaturvedi ³

^1,3 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145, India.

² Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Tiuni, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248199, India.

¹ drds_rawat@yahoo.com (corresponding author), ² satishchandrasemwal07@gmail.com, ³ an_priti@yahoo.co.in

Editor: Afroz Alam, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India. Date of publication: 26 December 2022 (online & print)

Citation: Rawat, D.S., S. Chandra & P. Chaturvedi (2022). Threatened flora of Uttarakhand: an update. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(12): 22309–22328. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6330.14.12.22309-22328

Copyright: © Rawat et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: No funding was received from any agency for this work.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Dr D.S. Rawat has been working on different aspects of flora of Uttarakhand since 1987 and has trekked extensively in Uttarakhand for collection and photographing the plants. He has described four new species, several new records to India and western Himalaya, together with many rediscoveries. Dr Satish Chandra is working as assistant professor in the Department of Botany, Government Degree College Tyuni, Dehadun, Uttarakhand, India. He completed his PhD in plant taxonomy by working on the family Caryophyllaceae and his research interests include plant nomenclature, biodiversity and ethnobotany.  Dr P. Chaturvedi is professor & head, Department of Biological Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. In vitro morphogenesis, conservation biology of threatened medicinal plants, plant biodiversity and bioprospecting of bryophytes are key research areas of her interest. She has successfully developed micropropagation protocols of several medicinal plants viz., Centella asiatica, Aconitum balfourii, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Polygonatum verticillatum and Rheum emodii.

Author contributions: Concept of work and compilation of data: DSR; writing article: DSR, SC, PC.

Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the authorities of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar, India for providing basic facilities.

Abstract: Encompassing 1.69% land area of India, Uttarakhand State sustains more than 25% species of flowering plants of India reflecting richness of flora. Large numbers of species in the state are threatened and several sources have come up with their own lists of threatened species using different threat categories leading to ambiguity. This communication attempts to compile a complete list of threatened Angiosperm species from eleven authentic sources with updated nomenclature, systematic position, original sources, threat assessment, elevational and global distribution. A total of 290 species belonging to 176 genera, 63 families, and 29 orders are listed which represent about 6% of the total flora. Elevational distribution of species shows that the 2–3 km elevation zone harbors more than half of the threatened flora (52.14%) and more than 44% endemic species despite the fact that maximum species richness is known in the 1–2 km elevation zone. Perusal of literature shows that selection of species for micropropagation is skewed towards medicinal plants rather than only threat status of a species. A disparity exists in two important sources (IUCN Red List 2020–21 and Indian Red Data Book) listing threatened taxa with only six species common to both. Eight additional species in IUCN Red List 2020–21 and 49 additional species in Indian Red Data Book are not included and vice versa. 267 species listed as threatened in various sources are not even evaluated by recent IUCN Redlist guidelines and thus warrant their immediate assessment to understand their correct present status in nature.

Keywords: Angiosperms, assessment, Indian Red Data Book, IUCN Red List, micropropagation, plants.

Introduction

The actual number of all extant living species on Earth is yet not exactly known but we are now beginning to understand this enormous diversity of life on Earth (Wilson 1999). Though, the estimates range from 8.6 million to 15 millions of eukaryotes and trillions of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) living on Earth (Mora et al. 2011; Hinchliff et al. 2015; Locey & Lenon 2016; Larsen et al. 2017), only about 1.8 million are named and listed in Catalogue of Life 2020 (Roskov et al. 2020). The Earth’s biosphere has already entered into the sixth mass extinction, majorly because of human impact. With a 1,000 fold increase in the natural rate of extinction of species (Pimm et al. 2014; De Vos et al. 2015) it is no exaggeration to state that a large number of species will disappear from Earth without even getting any name. Among the estimated described 21,37,939 species 31,030 species are already facing the threat of extinction owing to various natural and anthropogenic factors (IUCN Redlist 2020). Following the IUCN data, perhaps about 20% of all existing species might become extinct within the next few decades and 40% or more by the end of the present century (Pimm et al. 2014; Kew 2016; Pimm & Raven 2017).

Green Plants (Viridiplantae) are among the better known groups of organisms and dominated by more than 0.36 million Angiosperms (flowering plants) of which 38,445 species have been assessed for threat categories. The results show that 148 are already extinct from the wild, 15,624 are threatened and 2,594 do not have adequate data to assess threats to them as per IUCN Red List 2020–21 (https://www.iucnredlist.org/search). India is one of the top 10 species-rich nations of the world and 18,666 species of flowering plants are known within its territory (Mao & Dash 2019). Till date, 2020 species of flowering plants of India have been assessed as per the IUCN Redlist criteria according to which six species are extinct, two are extinct from the wild, 411 are threatened (84 Critically Endangered, 180 Endangered, 147 Vulnerable), 1601 are not threatened while 93 do not have adequate data today to assess threat (https://www.iucnredlist.org/search).

Uttarakhand is a small (53,483 km²), mountain dominated state of India, located in the Himalayan global biodiversity hot spot and constitutes the easternmost part of the western Himalayan phytogeographical province of India (Balakrishnan 1996). Following Takhtajan (1986) and Welk (2016) Uttarakhand embraces two floristic kingdoms- ‘Holarctic’ (above 1–1.5 km elevation) and ‘Paleotropic’ (below 1km elevation) and surrounded by western Tibetan provinces in the north and the Gangetic province in the south. Three major floristic regions represented in Uttarakhand are western Himalayan province at the higher elevation, eastern Himalayan province in mid-elevations, and the Gangetic province at lower elevations and plains, while the arid western Tibetan province also finger-in at the head of anterior valleys (Welk 2016).

Uttarakhand is enriched with 24,303 km² of forests covering 45.44% of its total geographical area and about 4800 wild taxa of seed plants within 1,400 genera of 215 families (Uniyal et al. 2007; Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018; India State of Forest 2019). Representation of different phytogeographical elements, extensive elevation gradient (ca. 200–7,817 m), mountain dominated terrain, and enormous diversity in microclimatic conditions have resulted in a high diversity of angiosperm flora which accounts for nearly 25% of total Indian flora in only 1.69% geographical area of the country. Owing to its high species richness of Angiosperms, the flora of Uttarakhand can also be assumed to having many threatened species (Images 1–24). In addition to these species, 107 species, endemic to Uttarakhand (Singh et al. 2015; Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018) are also important for conservation due to their restricted distribution in the nature.

It has already been pointed out by Pimm et al. (2014) and reiterated by Raven & Wackernagel (2020) that the species most likely to become extinct are by definition the rare ones, and most undescribed species are relatively rare. Obviously, the first step towards conservation is to know which species are rare ones (threatened species). Considering the risk of extinction of the species IUCN has prepared categories and criteria for classification of species under different threat categories (IUCN 2012). It played a pivotal role in prioritizing the threatened species and in the drafting of their conservation plans. IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species is revised and updated thrice in each calendar year and country-wise lists are available in it.

Biodiversity of India is confronting various threats due to climate change, global temperature rise, habitat destruction, poor land use practices, invasive alien species, over-exploitation of the resources and environmental pollutions (Barik et al. 2018) and flora of Uttarakhand is no exception to this (Pusalkar and Srivastava 2018). Red Data Book of Indian Plants (Nayar & Sastry 1987–90) is an incomplete document wherein data on some threatened vascular plants were provided on the basis of herbarium history of these species. Later, Rao et al. (2003) listed 1,255 species of threatened Indian vascular plants on the basis of the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. While these lists or data are available at country level, an updated list of threatened and endemic species of the species-rich state of Uttarakhand is yet to be compiled. Various scientific publications (Singh et al. 2010; Balakrishna et al. 2012; Bisht et al. 2013) often mention different species as threatened without correctly justifying their threat categories by appropriate source references. The present work is an attempt to provide a recent and complete list of threatened Angiosperm species with updated nomenclature and systematic position with original sources.

Materials and Methods

The earliest holistic endeavour of publishing available data on threatened vascular species of India was attempted by the Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, GoI and published as ‘Indian Red Data Books volume-1–3’ (Nayar & Sastry 1987–90) wherein important data on 602 species were published. The species listed in these volumes and occurring in Uttarakhand are included in our list of threatened species (Table 1, column 1) with threat status (indicated by superscript ‘1’ with threat status in column 2 of Table 1; e.g., R¹). Similarly, distribution of all 1,215 angiosperm species listed in Rao et al. (2003) was studied carefully and all species known in Uttarakhand were included in table-1 and shown by superscript ‘2’ (e.g., E²). The species listed in recent IUCN Red List 2020–21 (https://www.iucnredlist.org/) of threatened species for India known to be occurring in Uttarakhand are included and status listed in IUCN Red List is shown by superscript ‘3’ (e.g., CR³). Data Deficient species (DD) in this red list are also included here on account of their rarity due to which adequate data is not available for their assessment. The recent version of IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List 2020) now has the facility to search threatened species of a particular state of India and the species found in this list are also included with their status shown by superscript ‘3A’ (e.g., CR^3A). Though, IUCN Red List for India and IUCN Red List of Uttarakhand are obtained from the same data source, they show a few differences due to which these two search results are shown differently. Ved et al. (2003) have published threatened medicinal plant species of Indian western Himalaya after threat assessment based on IUCN criteria. Those species which are listed in it and known in Uttarakhand are included in table-1 and threat assessment is shown by superscript ‘4’ (e.g., EN⁴). Internationally, appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) play an important role in regulated trade of threatened species. All the species listed in CITES appendices (2019) and known in Uttarakhand are also included in Table 1. Since no specific threat status is mentioned in CITES appendices, in column 2 status is shown as ‘1A’ (for species listed in Appendix 1) or ‘2A’ (species listed in appendix-2) with superscript ‘5’ (e.g., 2A⁵).

The first volume of Flora of Uttarakhand (Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018) has also provided a list of threatened species and endemic species, separately, with threat status following IUCN Red List, and these are also included in Table 1. Endemic species are included in our list with ‘VU’ status, following Pusalkar & Srivastava (2018), based on their small area of occurrence in the world. Uniyal et al. (2007) also listed threatened species of Uttarakhand with checklist of seed plants of Uttarakhand and these species are included and shown by the superscript ‘7’ (e.g., R⁷). Similarly, the species indicated as threatened in Uttarakhand by National Biodiversity Authority at http://nbaindia.org/uploaded/pdf/notification/4.4%20%20Uttarakhand.pdf (shown as VoE⁸, VoE= verge of extinction), Uttarakhand Biodiversity Board at https://sbb.uk.gov.in/files/act/4.4__Uttarakhand.pdf (shown as HT⁹, HT= high threat), ebook by Uttarakhand State Biodiversity Board at https://sbb.uk.gov.in/pages/display/88-books (edited by Shah; shown as HT¹⁰), and ENVIS Centre, Botanical Survey of India at http://www.bsienvis.nic.in/Database/E_3942.aspx (shown by superscript ‘11’ with threat status in column-2, e.g., R¹¹) are also included in Table 1. All the sources have not followed IUCN criteria so the statuses mentioned are not comparable. Species endemic to Uttarakhand are also marked by ‘*’. Species names are given in bold case and synonyms are in italicized normal case. If names used in original sources have changed these are given as synonyms. Names of all species are mainly checked in Plants of the World Online POWO (2019), Singh et al. (2019) and Catalogue of Life 2020 (Roskov et al. 2020) for nomenclatural updates. Synonyms, basionym wherever required (considering use in regional or national flora) are also given. After the scientific name, habit of the plant is given in column-1. In the second column threat status as given in original documents is mentioned. In the third column distribution of species in India/ Himalayas and global distribution based on different sources is given. In the fourth column, elevational distribution of species compiled from various authentic sources is given. Wherever information is not available it is indicated by ‘?’.

All the threatened species listed in Table 1 are arranged order and family wise following arrangement and circumscription of families given in Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG IV 2016). Abbreviations used in Table 1 for different geographical areas (Indian states, Himalayan areas, Countries) are detailed out below Table 1. Some of the species listed in original documents are dropped from Table-1 on account of various reasons elaborated in results and discussion part (Table 2).

Results and Discussion

The compiled list of threatened species shows the presence of 290 threatened species (211 herbs, 43 shrubs, 24 trees, 12 climbers) belonging to 29 orders, 63 families and 176 genera. This number of species is about 6% of the total wild flora of the state. Some of the species listed as threatend in different sources are not included in it on account of clearly being synonyms of other common species, wrong identification, variety being not recognized in recent works or international databases, invasive species, or being cultivated species (Table 3). More than 100 species are endemic to the state. Source wise number of species included in Table 1 is depicted in table-2 which shows that maximum numbers of species are based on Pusalkar & Srivastava (2018) which is a recent document on flora of Uttarakhand.

Family wise, Orchidaceae (27⁺ genera and 47⁺ spp.) contains the largest number of threatened species followed by Fabaceae (15 genera, 26 spp.), Poaceae (14 genera, 19 spp.), Apiaceae (12 genera, 16 spp.), Rosaceae (8 genera, 16 spp.), Asteraceae (8 genera, 14 spp.), Balsaminaceae (1 genus, 10 spp.), and Ranunculaceae (7 genera, 10 spp.). Rest of the families contain less than 10 threatened species. The genus Impatiens L. has 10 threatened species and Berberis L. has eight species threatened out of total 30 spp. each, known in Uttarakhand while seven species of Spiraea L. out of 18 total known in Uttarakhand are threatened (Uniyal et al. 2007; Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018).

Elevational distribution of 280 species compiled from different sources shows that the maximum number of threatened species (146 spp., 52.14%) are distributed in the 2.0–3.0 km elevation zone, followed by the 3.0–4.0 km zone (126 spp., 45.0%), 1.0–2.0 km zone (99 spp., 35.35%), 4.0–5.0 km zone (66 spp., 23.57%) and up to 1.0km (58 spp., 20.71%). The lowest number of threatened species (11 spp., 3.92%) is found in the 5.0–6.0 km zone which is obvious being a species poor zone. On elevation gradient, maximum forest cover (India State of Forest Report 2019) and highest species richness across all habits was recorded in the 1–2 km zone (1.4–1.6 km) by Kharkwal et al. (2005) while Oommen & Shanker (2005) found the 1.0–2.3 km zone with the highest diversity of woody elements. Threatened species, however, are more concentrated in the 2–3 km zone and then in the 3–4 km zone, thus not directly influenced by high forest cover or species richness. Elevational distribution of 96 endemic species also shows a similar pattern with a maximum of 43 species (44.79%) in the 2–3 km zone, followed by 36 species (37.5%) in the 3–4 km zone, 28 species (29.16%) in the 1–2 km zone, 16 species (16.6%) in the 0.2–1 km zone, and 14 species (14.58%) in the 4–5 km zone. Species richness is expected to reduce with increasing elevation but in the Himalayas it is noticed highest in mid hills (1,500–2,500 m) above which it starts decreasing making a hump-shaped pattern (Grytnes & Vetaas 2002; Kharkwal et al. 2005). The species richness of threatened species as well as endemic species more or less also follows this pattern with moderate richness at lower elevations which increases to highest value in mid elevation (2–3 km elevation zone) and then starts reducing. It is apparent that species with limited elevation range (<500 m) require special attention as these are either narrow range endemics (e.g., Eremogone curvifolia (Majumdar) Pusalkar & D.K. Singh) or rarely collected (e.g., Rubus almorensis Dunn).

Today, threat statuses accepted by IUCN only are considered correct and valid in international literature. As of the recent IUCN Red List 2020–21, only 54 species known in Uttarakhand have been evaluated, within which only 14 species are threatened. Critically Endangered (CR) species are Aucklandia costus Falc. (=Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.), Gentiana kurroo Royle, Lilium polyphyllum D. Don and Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC. Endangered species (EN) are Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, Angelica glauca Edgew., Cypripedium elegans Rchb.f., C. himalaicum Rolfe, and Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle. Vulnerable species (VU) are Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf, Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don, Dalbergia latifolia, Dienia muscifera Lindl. (=Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze), and Ulmus wallichiana Planch. Thirty-one species are evaluated but not found threatened and accordingly categorized as Least Concern (LC, 30 spp.) or Near Threatened (NT, 01 sp.). Nine species could not be evaluated for lack of sufficient data and categorized as Data Deficient (DD). A clear disparity can be seen in two important sources (IUCN Red List 2020-21 and Indian Red Data Book) where only six species (Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC, Aucklandia costus Falc., Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don, C. elegans Rchb.f., C. himalaicum Rolfe, Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle) are common. Eight additional species listed as threatened in IUCN Red List 2020-1 and 49 additional species listed as threatened in Indian Red Data Book are not included vice versa. IUCN Red List has also not assessed 256 species listed as threatened in various sources which warrant their immediate assessment by recent IUCN guidelines to understand their correct status in nature.

One of the important tools for conservation of plant species is micropropagation (Fay 1992). Reasons for selection of species for micropropagation may be various but one of them is the threatened status of a species. It is found in this study that out of 14 threatened species listed in IUCN Red List and known in Uttarakhand, successful tissue culture protocols have been developed for nine only. As per the list of threatened species by Indian Red Data Book, however, 55 species are known in Uttarakhand and only 10 species have been micropropagated. In all, tissue culture protocols are available for only 16 species (Grewal & Atal 1976; Lal et al. 1988; Mathur 1992; Sharma et al. 1993; Sharma & Seth 2001; Pandey et al. 2004, 2005; Jabeen et al. 2006; Pandey et al. 2011; Radha et al. 2011; Bhandari et al. 2013; Mishra- Rawat et al. 2013; Sharma et al. 2014; Kumari et al. 2015; Gondval et al. 2016; Gupta et al. 2016; Panwar et al. 2015, 2016, 2017; Thakur et al. 2016). This selection of species seems more skewed towards economically important species (12 species, mainly medicinal) than on only threatened species which suggests that only threatened status is considered a meagre reason for micropropagation.

It has been emphasized that for conservation of biodiversity we have to focus on biodiversity hotspots and documentation of distribution of biodiversity has to be improved (Myers et al. 2000; Raven & Wackernagel 2020). Uttarakhand is one of the important zones of the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot with more than 45% flowering plant species, 60% genera, 92% families, thus, sustaining rich flowering plant diversity interspersed with a large number of threatened species (Rana & Rawat 2017; Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018). Threat statuses of threatened plant species in entire India, including Uttarakhand, are ambiguous and require their correct assessment using categories and criteria suggested in recent IUCN Redlist to be globally acceptable (Barik et al. 2018). The information in this communication is an attempt to provide the current situation of threatened flora of Uttarakhand as identified by various official sources. Images of 24 threatened species and locations of individuals photographed are shown in Figure 1 to further facilitate conservation studies on these species. It is now crucial to assess these proposed threatened species (barring 34 alredy assessed) with modern IUCN threat categories to find the most threatened species for prioritized conservation by all available means. Such an assessment will restrict the unnecessary inflation of threatened plants list consequently reducing pressure on the resources being spent for conservation. The given list of species will also be helpful to subsequent scientific publications for correctly referring to any species threatened in Uttarakhand, however, it should be used judiciously as all species listed in it are not threatened strictly according to the IUCN Red List criteria.

Table 1. Threatened flora of Uttarakhand.

ORDER, FAMILY Species Name; Habit	Threat Assessment	Geographical Distribution INDIA; Outside India	Elev. Distr. (m) in UK
Order 1- AUSTROBAILEYALES Takht. ex Reveal Family 1- SCHIZANDRACEAE Blume
Schisandra grandiflora (Wall.) Hook.f. & Thomson [=Kadsura grandiflora Wall.]; Cl	I^2, NE^3, I^7, I^11	HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi	1500-3500
Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. [=Kadsura propinqua Wall.]; Cl	I^2, NE^3, I^7, I^11	UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi	1200-3000
Order 2- MAGNOLIALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl Family 2- Magnoliaceae Juss.
Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Filger [=Michelia doltsopa Buch.-Ham. ex DC.]; T	DD^3	UK, WB, S, AP, MN, MG; Ba, Mya, Chi	900-2200
Magnolia kisopa (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Filger [=Michelia kisopa Buch.-Ham. ex DC.]; T	DD^3	UK, S; Nep; Tib	1500-2300
Order 3- LAURALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 3- LAURACEAE Juss.
Alseodaphne himalayana Kosterm.; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK; Nep	?
Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall.) Meisn. [=Laurus glandulifera Wall.]; T	I^2, LC^3	UK; Nep, Ban, Bhu, Mal, Chi	1200-2150
Cinnamomum tamala T. Nees & Eberm.; T	LC^3, VU^4	Himal, A; Mya, Lao, Viet	450-2150
Order 4- DIOSCOREALES R. Br. ex Mart. Family 4- DIOSCOREACEAE R. Br.
Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Voigt ex Haines [=Dioscorea nummularia var. belophylla Prain]; Cl	I^2, NE^3	Himal, NE India, Pen India	300-1800
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb.; Cl (Image-1)	V^1, NE^3, EN^4, 2A^5, EN^6	Himal, NE India	900-3500
Order 5- LILIALES Perleb Family 5- MELANTHIACEAE Batsch ex Borkh.
Paris polyphylla Sm. [=Daiswa polyphylla (Sm.) Raf.]; H	NE^3, EN^4, EN^6, HT^9	HP, UK, WB, S, AP, A, NL, MN, MG; Pak, Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi, Jap	2000-3000
Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don [=Trillidium govanianum (Wall. ex D.Don) Kunth]; H	NE^3, EN^6, HT^9	J&K, HP, UK, S, WB; Paki, Nep	2500-4000
Family 6- COLCHICACEAE DC.
Gloriosa superba L.; H	LC^3, VU^4	India; Nep, Ban, Bhu, Chi, Mya, Lao, Mal, Africa	300-1500
Family 7- SMILACEAE Vent.
Smilax wightii A.DC.; Cl	R^1, R^2, NE^3	UK, E & C Himal, TN	Upto 500
Family 8- LILIACEAE Juss.
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don [=F. roylei Hook.]; H (Image-2)	NE^3, EN^4, EN^6	J&K, HP, UK, S, WB; Afg, Pak, Nep, Bhu, Chi, Mya	2400-4500
Lilium polyphyllum D.Don; H	CR^3A, CR^3, CR^4, CR^6, HT^9	J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Pak, Nep	2000-4000
Lilium wallichianum Schult. & Schult.f.; H	I^2, NE^3, EN^6, I^7, HT^9, I^11	UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Mya	1200-2400
Order 6- ASPARAGALES Link Family 9- ORCHIDACEAE Juss.
Aphyllorchis gollanii Duthie; H	E^1/PEx^1, Ex^2/E^2, NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6 , Ex^7, Ex^11	UK; China	2400-3000
Bulbophyllum reptans (Lindl.) Lindl. ex Wall. [=Bulbophyllum raui Arora; Tribrachia reptans Lindl.]; H	I^2, NE^3, 2A^5, I^11	UK, S, AP, NG, MN, MG, MZ, WB; Nep, Ban, Mya, Chi, Thai, Lao, Viet	500-1500
Calanthe alismifolia Lindl.; H	I^2, NE^3, 2A^5, I^7, I^11	UK, S, AP, MG, NG, WB; Bhu, Chi, Mya, Jap, Lao, Tai, Viet	1500-2000
Calanthe alpina Hook.f. ex Lindl.; H	R^1, R^2, NE^3, 2A^5, R^7,R^11	UK, S, AP, NG, WB; Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi, Tai, Jap	2500-3500
Calanthe davidii Franch. [=Calanthe pachystalix Reichb.f. ex Hook.f.]; H	E^1, NE^3, 2A^5	UK, AP; Nep, Chi, Tai, Viet, Jap	1500-2000
Calanthe mannii Hook.f.; H	R^1, NE^3, 2A^5,R^11	UK, S, AP, MZ, MN, MG; Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi, Viet, Jap	1300-2200
Coelogyne cristata Lindl.; H	R^2, NE^3, 2A^5	HP, UK, S, AP, A, MN, MG,WB; Nep, Bhu, Ban, Chi	1000-2000
Coelogyne flaccida Lindl.; H	I^2, NE^3, 2A^5	UK, S, AP,A, MN, MG, NG; Nep, Bhu, Ban, Mya, Lao, Thai	1000-2100
Coelogyne nitida (Wall. ex D.Don) Lindl. [=Cymbidium nitidum Wall. ex D.Don]; H	R^2, NE^3, 2A^5	UK, S, AP,MN, MZ, MG,NG, WB; Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi, Lao, Thai, Viet	1500-2300
Crepidium acuminatum (D.Don) Szlach. [=Malaxis acuminata D.Don]; H	NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6	HP, UK, S, AP, A, MP, MG, MZ, WB, KN, KR, TN; Nep, Bhu, Thai, Viet, Lao, Ban, Chi, Mya, Phi, Australia	600-3000
Cymbidium eburneum Lindl.; H	V^1, NE^3, 2A^5	UK, S, AP, A, MN, MG, MN,WB ; Nep, Mya, Chi, Viet	1000-1500
Cymbidium goeringii (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. [=Cymbidium mackinnonii Duthie; Maxillaria goeringii Rchb.f.]; H	NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6	UK, S, AP; Bhu, Chi, Kor, Jap	1700-1800
Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb.f.; H	V^1, NE^3, 2A^5	UK, S, AP,MG, MN, MZ; Bhu, Nep, Mya, Chi, Viet	1500-2500
Cypripedium cordigerum D.Don; H	R^1, VU^3A, VU^3, 2A^5, EN^6, HT^9,R^11	J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep, Bhu, Chi	2100-4000
Cypripedium elegans Rchb.f.; H	R^1, EN^3A, EN^3, 2A^5, EN^6, HT^9	UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi	2500-4000
Cypripedium himalaicum Rolfe; H (Image-3)	R^1, EN^3, 2A^5, EN^6, HT^9, R^11	J&K, HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi	2700-4300
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo [=Orchis hatagirea D.Don]; H	NE^3, CR^4, 2A^5, EN^6, HT^9	J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep, Bhu, Chi, Mon	2500-4400
Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl. [=Dendrobium gamblei King & Pantl.]; H	I^2, LC^3, 2A^5, I^11	Throughout India; Nep, Ban, Mya, Borneo, Jawa, Malaya, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thai, Viet	300-800
*Dendrobium normale Falc.; H	I^2, NE^3, 2A^5, I^7, I^11	UK	900-2700
Dienia muscifera Lindl. [=Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze, Microstylis muscifera (Lindl) Ridl.]; H	VU^3, 2A^5, EN^4, EN^6, HT^9	J&K, HP, UK, S, AP, WB; Paki, Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi	1800-4000
Diplomeris hirsuta (Lindl.) Lindl. [=Diplochilos hirsutus Lindl.]; H	V^1, NE^3, 2A^5, EN^6, VoE^8, HT^9, HT^10,V^11	UK, S, AP, MG, NG, WB; Nep, Chi	800-1200
*Eria occidentalis Seidenf. [=Pinalia occidentalis (Seidenf.) Schuit., Y.P. Ng & H.A. Pedersen]; H	R^1, R^2, NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6, R^7, R^11	UK	1200-1500
Eulophia mackinnonii Duthie; H	R^1, R^2, NE^3, 2A^5, R^7, R^11	UK, UP, JR, CG, MP; Nep, Ban	300-800
Eulophia obtusa (Lindl.) Hook.f. [=Cyrtopera obtusa Lindl.]; H	I^2, NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6, I^7, I^11	UK, UP; Nep	250-900
Flickingeria hesperis Seidenf. [=Dendrobium hesperis (Seidenf.) Schuit. & Peter B.Adams]; H	E^1, E^2, NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6 ,E^7, HT^9, E^11	UK, MN	1500-2000
Galeola falconeri Hook.f. [=Cyrtosia falconeri (Hook.f.)Aver.]; H	I^2, NE^3, 2A^5, I^7, I^11	UK, S, AP,MN, MG, MZ, WB; Nep, Bhu, Thai, Viet, Chi	1200-2000
Galeola lindleyana (Hook.f. & Thomson) Rchb.f. [=Cyrtosia lindleyana Hook.f. & Thomson]; H	I^2, NE^3, 2A^5	HP, UK, AP, MN, MG, MZ, NG, WB; Nep, Chi, Viet, Sumatra	1200-2400
*Gastrochilus garhwalensis Z.H.Tsi; H	NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6	UK	1000
Habenaria edgeworthii Hook.f. ex Collett [=Herminium edgeworthii (Hook.f. ex Collett) X.H. Jin, Schuit., Raskoti & Lu Q. Huang]; H	NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6	J&K, HP, UK, S, AP, WB; Paki, Nep, Bhu, Chi	1500-3000
Habenaria intermedia D.Don; H	NE^3, EN^4, 2A^5, VU^6	J&K, HP, UK, CG; Nep Paki, Chi	1500-3000
*Herminium kumaunense Deva & H.B.Naithani; H	NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6	UK	3300-3600
Neottia acuminata Schltr. [=Aphyllorchis parviflora King & Pantl.]; H	R^1, LC^3, 2A^5, R^11	UK, S, AP; Nep, Chi, Rus, Mon, Kor, Jap, Tai	3300-3600
*Neottia mackinnonii Deva & H.B.Naithani; H	NE^3, 2A^5, DD^6, VU^6	UK	1500-1800
*Neottia microglottis (Duthie) Schltr. [=Archineottia microglottis (Duthie) S.C.Chen; Listera microglottis Duthie]; H	R^1, R^2, NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6, R^7, R^11	UK	1500-4000
*Neottia nandadeviensis (Hajra) Szlach. [=Listera nandadeviensis Hajra]; H	NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6	UK	2400-3500
*Nervilia gleadowii A.N.Rao; H	NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6	UK	1000
Nervilia mackinnonii (Duthie) Schltr. [=Pogonia mackinnonii Duthie]; H	I^2, NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6, I^7, I^11	UK; Nep, Mya, Chi	1500-1800
*Nervilia pangteyana Jalal, Kumar & G.S.Rawat; H	NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6	UK	800-1000
Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. [=Nervilia biflora (Wight) Schltr.; Arethusa plicata Andrews]; H	I^2, NE^3, 2A^5, I^11	Throughout India; Pak, Nep, Ban, Bor, Jawa, Lao, Mya, Phil, Tai, Viet, Aus	300-1500
Oreorchis foliosa (Lindl.) Lindl. var. indica (Lindl.) N. Pearce & P.J. Cribb [=Corallorhiza indica Lindl., Oreorchis indica (Lindl.) Hook.f.]; H	I^2, NE^3, 2A^5, I^7, I^11	HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi, Jap	2000-2700
Oreorchis micrantha Lindl.; H (Image-4)	I^2, NE^3, 2A^5	J&K, HP, UK, S,Ap, WB; Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi	2400-3300
Pecteilis gigantea (Sm.) Raf. [=Orchis gigantea Sm.]; H (Image-5)	NE^3, 2A^5, VoE^8, HT^9, HT^10	Throughout India; Pak, Nep, Mya, Chi	300-2000
Peristylus elisabethae (Duthie) R.K.Gupta [=Peristylus kumaonensis Renz]; H	NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6	HP, UK, S, WB; Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi	2000-2200
Phaius tankervilleae (Banks) Blume [=Limodorum tankervilleae Banks]; H	NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6, VoE^8, HT^9, HT^10	UK, S, AP,MN, MG, MZ, WB, NG, TR, KL, OD; Nep, Bhu, Ban, Mya, Chi, Jap, Viet, Sri etc	300-500
*Ponerorchis renzii Deva & H.B.Naithani; H	NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6	UK	3200-3400
Satyrium nepalense D.Don; H	NE^3, 2A^5, VU^6	Himal, NE India, South India; Pak, Chi, Mya, Sri Lanka	1500-4000
Tipularia cunninghamii (King & Prain) S.C.Chen, S.W.Gale & P.J.Cribb [=Didiciea cunninghamii King & Prain]; H	E^1, E^2, NE^3, 2A^5, E^7, E^11	UK, S; Tai	2000-3100
Family 10- IRIDACEAE Juss.
Iris milesii Baker ex Foster; H	I^2, NE^3	W Himal; Chi	1600-2700
Family 11- AMARYLLIDACEAE J.St.-Hil.
Allium auriculatum Kunth; H	E^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK; Nep	3300-5500
Allium loratum Baker; H	E^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Chi	2600-3700
Allium roylei Stearn; H	E^2, NT^3	J&K, UK; Afg, Pak	1900-3200
Allium stracheyi Baker; H	V^1, V^2, NE^3, VU^4, VU^6, V^7, V^11	J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep	2000-3800
Family 12- ASPARAGACEAE Bercht. & J. Presl
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don; H (Image-6)	DD^3	Himal; Ban, Mya, Chi, Tai, Viet	2100-3000
*Dipcadi reidii Deb & S. Dasgupta; H	PEx^1, Ex^2, NE^3, CR^6, VU^6, Ex^7, Ex^11	UK; Nep(?)	1500-2500
Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle [=Convallaria cirrhifolia Wall.]; H	NE^3, VU^4, VU^6	J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep, Bhu, Chi	1200-4500
Polygonatum graminifolium Hook.; H (Image-7)	I^2,NE^3, I^7, I^11	J&K, HP, UK; Nep, Bhu	2600-4650
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. [=Convallaria verticillata L.]; H	VU^4, VU^6	Himal	1500-4500
Order 7- ARECALES Bromhead Family 13- ARECACEAE Bercht. & J. Presl (PALMAE Juss.)
Phoenix rupicola T. Anderson; T	R^1, V^2, NT^3	UK, NE India	Up to 800
*Trachycarpus takil Becc.; T (Image-8)	R^1, NE^3, CR^6, VU^6, VoE^8, HT^9, HT^10, R^11	UK	1800-2550
Order 8- ZINGIBERALES Griseb Family 14- ZINGIBERACEAE Martinov
Cautleya spicata (Sm.) Baker [=Cautleya petiolata Baker]; H	I^2, LC^3, I^7, I^11	Himal; Chi, Mya	1800-2800
Hedychium spicatum Sm. ; H	NE^3, VU^6	Himal; Chi, Mya, Thai	1500-2800
Order 9- POALES Small Family 15- ERIOCAULACEAE Martinov
Eriocaulon nepalense J.D. Prescott ex Bong. var. luzulifolium (Mart.) Praj. & J.Parn. [=Eriocaulon pumilio Hook.f.]; H	I^2, NE^3, DD^6, I^7, I^11	W Himal, NE India; Nep, Chi, Thai, New Guinea	900-2000
Family 16- CYPERACEAE Juss.
Carex clavispica S.R. Zhang [=Kobresia duthiei C.B. Clarke]; H	I^2, NE^3	Himal	3600-4500
Carex esenbeckii Kunth [=Kobresia esenbeckii (Kunth) Noltie; Kobresia trinervis var. foliosa (C.B.Clarke) Kuekenth.]; H	I^2, NE^3	Himal; Bhu, Chi, Tib	3300-5000
*Carex nandadeviensis Ghildyal, U.C.Bhattach. & Hajra; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3000-4000
Family 17- POACEAE Barnhart (GRAMINEAE Juss.)
Cymbopogon microstachys (Hook.f.) Soenarko [=Cymbopogon flexuosus var. microstachys (Hook.f.) Bor]; H	R^2, NE^3, R^7, R^11	N, E & NE India, Indian plains; Chi, Indochina	300-1000
*Cymbopogon osmastonii R. Parker; H	V^2, NE^3,VU^6	UK, N India	300-500
*Dendrocalamus somdevae H.B. Naithani; Sh	NE^3, END^11	UK	600-1500
Digitaria duthieana Henrard ex Bor; H	DD^3	UK, UP, MP	300
Elymus duthiei (Melderis) G.Singh [= Agropyron duthiei Melderis]; H	I^2, NE^3, I^7, I^11	W&E Himal	1000-2000
*Eulalia madkotiensis Kandwal, B.K. Gupta & S.K. Srivast.; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	1200-1500
*Festuca lucida Stapf; H	I^2, NE^3,I^7, I^11	UK	2300-3000
*Festuca nandadevica Hajra; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3300-3600
*Helictotrichon uniyalii Kandwal & B.K. Gupta; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	2500-3000
*Microstegium falconeri (Hook.f.) Clayton [=Ischnochloa falconeri Hook.f.]; H	I^2, NE^3, VU^6, I^7, I^11	NW & E Himal	1800-3000
Piptatherum hilariae Pazij [=Oryzopsis humilis Bor; Oryzopsis hilariae (Pazij) Uniyal]; H	I^2, NE^3, I^7, I^11	W Himal; Taj, Afg, Paki, Tib, Chi	2000-2500
*Poa garhwalensis D.C. Nautiyal & R.D. Gaur; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3900-4200
Poa pseudamoena Bor; H	I^2, NE^3,I^7, I^11	W Himal; Tib, China	3000-3800
*Poa rhadina Bor; H	E^2, NE^3, VU^6, E^7, E^11	UK	2600-4100
*Poa royleana Nees ex Steud.; H	NE^3, END^11	UK	2000-3300
*Pseudodanthonia himalaica (Hook.f.) Bor & C.E.Hubb. [=Danthonia himalaica Hook.f.]; H	I^2, NE^3, VU^6, VU^6	W Himal	2000-2300
Puccinellia thomsonii (Stapf ex Hook.f.) R.R. Stewart [=Glyceria thomsonii Stapf ex Hook.f.]; H	I^2, NE^3	W Himal; Tib	4000-4500
*Sehima notatum (Hack.) A. Camus [=Ischaemum notatum Hack.]; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	1200-2100
Trisetum micans (Hook.f.) Bor [=Avena micans Hook.f.]; H	I^2, NE^3, I^7, I^11	W Himal, Indian plains	2400-3800
Order 10- RANUNCULALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 18- PAPAVERACEAE Juss.
Corydalis cashmeriana Royle; H	E^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep, Chi	2800-4700
*Corydalis devendrae Pusalkar; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3800-5000
Papaver guilelmi-waldemarii (Klotzsch) Christenh. & Byng [=Meconopsis guilemi-waldemarii Klotzsch; Meconopsis aculeata Royle]; H	E^2, NE^3, EN^4	J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep, Bhu	3500-5200
*Papaver robustum (Hook.f, & Thomson) Christenh. & Byng [=Meconopsis robusta Hook.f. & Thomson]; H (Image-9)	NE^3, VU^6	UK; Nep	2500-4300
Family 19- BERBERIDACEAE Juss.
*Berberis affinis G. Don; Sh	R^1, R^2, NE^3, VU^6, VU^6, R^7, R^11	UK	2200-3000
*Berberis ahrendtii R.R.Rao & Uniyal; Sh	NE^3, EN^6, VU^6	UK	2000-3000
*Berberis garhwalensis C.K.Schneid.; Sh	NE^3, DD^6, VU^6	UK	3000-4000
*Berberis jaunsarensis (Ahrendt) Laferr. [=Mahonia jaunsarensis Ahrendt]; Sh	I^2, NE^3, VU^6, I^7 , I^11	UK	1500-2600
*Berberis lambertii R. Parker; Sh	V^1/E^1, V^2, NE^3, CR^6, VU^6, V^11/E^11	UK	2650-2900
*Berberis osmastonii Dunn; Sh (Image-10)	R^1, R^2, NE^3, VU^6, R^7, R^11	UK	1700-3000
Berberis pseudumbellata R.Parker; Sh	I^2, NE^3,I^7, I^11	J&K, HP, UK; Pak	2200-3800
*Berberis rawatii U.L.Tiwari & B.S.Adhikari; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK	2200-2400
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle [=Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying]; H	NE^3, EN^4, 2A^5, EN^6	J&K, HP, UK, S, AP; Pak, Nep, Bhu, Chi	2000-4000
Family 20- RANUNCULACEAE Juss.
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle; H	EN^3A, EN^3, CR^4, EN^6, VoE^8, HT^9, HT^10	J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep	2700-4800
Aconitum laeve Royle; H	NE^3, EN^6	J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep	2000-3500
Aconitum lethale Griff. [=A. falconeri Stapf var. latilobum Stapf; A. balfouri var. rhombilobatum Stapf; A. falconeri Stapf var. falconeri]; H (Image-11)	V^1, I^2, NE^3, VU^4, EN^6, I^7, VoE^8,HT^10, I^11	UK; Nep	2800-4000
Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf; H (Image-12)	VU^3A, VU^3, VU^4, VU^6, VoE^8, HT^10	J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep	3200-4800
*Anemone raui Goel & U.C. Bhattach.; H	NE^3, VU^6	HP, UK	2500-3500
Aquilegia nivalis (Baker) Falc. ex B.D. Jacks [=Aquilegia glauca Lindl. var. nivalis; Aquilegia nivalis (Baker) Bruehl]; H	E^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK; Pak	3200-4500
Delphinium koelzii Munz; H	I^2, NE^3	HP, UK	1600-2500
*Oxygraphis kumaonensis I.D.Rai & G.S.Rawat; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	4000-4100
*Ranunculus uttaranchalensis Pusalkar & D.K.Singh; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	4000-4350
Trollius acaulis Lindl.; H (Image-13)	E^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK; Ira, Pak, Nep, Chi	3200-5000
Order 11- SAXIFRAGALES Bercht. & J. Presl Family 21- SAXIFRAGACEAE Juss.
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. [=Megasea ciliata Haw.]; H	NE^3, VU^6	J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep, Mya	1000-4300
Saxifraga jacquemontiana Decne.; H	E^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi	3900-5800
Saxifraga meeboldii Engl. & Irmsch.; H	NE^3, DD^6	J&K, HP, UK; Tib	4000-4200
*Saxifraga minutissima D.S. Rawat; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	4200-4800
Family 22- CRASSULACEAE J.St.-Hil.
*Sedum bhattacharyyae R. Manik., N.B. Singh & S.K. Srivast. [=Sedum pedicellatum N.B.Singh & U.C.Bhattach.]; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	1500-3500
*Sedum duthiei Frod.; H	I^2, NE^3,DD^6, VU^6, I^7, I^11	UK	4500-4700
Sedum heterodontum Hook.f. & Thomson [=Rhodiola heterodonta (Hook.f. & Thomson) Boriss.]; H	NE^3, VU^4	J&K, HP, UK; Ira, Afg, Pak, USSR, Nep, Tib, Mon	2500-5100
*Sedum seelemannii Raym.-Hamet; H	NE^3, DD^6, VU^6	UK	4500-4700
Order 12- FABALES Bromhead Family 23- FABACEAE Lindl. (LEGUMINOSAE Juss.)
Abrus fruticulosus Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; Cl	DD^3A, DD^3	UK, Indian plains, NE India; Chi, Tropical Africa	?
Astragalus langtangensis Podlech; Sh	DD^3A, DD^3	UK, Nep	3500-4000
*Astragalus nainitalensis L.B. Chaudhary; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK	1700-1900
Astragalus stewartii Baker [=Astragalus bakeri Ali]; Sh	I^2, NE^3	J&K, UK; Paki	1500-3200
*Astragalus uttaranchalensis L.B. Chaudhary & J.H. Khan; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3200-3500
Butea pellita Hook.f. ex Prain [=Meizotropis pellita (Hook.f ex Prain) Sanjappa]; Sh (Image-14)	NE^3, CR^6, VoE^8, HT^9, HT^10	UK; Nep	1400-1500
Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.; T	NE^3, 2A^5	UK, Tropical Himal, India; Sri Lanka, Mya	300-1000
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.; T	VU^3, 2A^5	UK, India; Nep, Mal	300-500
Dalbergia sericea G. Don; T	NE^3, 2A^5	UK; Nep, Ban, Chi	300-1500
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC.; T	NE^3, 2A^5	J&K, HP, UK; Ira, Afg, Pak, Nep, Ban, Mya	300-1200
Dalbergia volubilis Roxb.; Cl	NE^3, 2A^5	UK, E Himal, NE India, Indian plains; Nep, Ban, Mya, China, Thai, Viet, Lao	300-600
*Derris kanjilalii K.C. Sahni & H.B. Naithani; Cl	NE^3, VU^6	UK; Nep	300-400
*Desmodium garhwalensis L.R. Dangwal & R.D. Gaur; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK	700-1800
Hedysarum astragaloides Benth. ex Baker; H	R^1, R^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Paki	3500-4500
Hedysarum cachemirianum Benth. ex Baker; H	R^1/V^1, NE^3	J&K, UK; Paki	3700-4000
Hedysarum microcalyx Baker; H	V^1, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK; Paki	2700-4400
Indigofera cedrorum Dunn; Sh	I^2, NE^3, VU^6	HP, UK	1200-2500
Indigofera dosua Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don var. simlensis (Ali) Sanjappa [=Indigofera simlensis Ali]; Sh	I^2, NE^3, VU^6	HP, UK	600-3000
Indigofera thothathrii Sanjappa; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK, UP, A	Up to 500
Indopiptadenia oudhensis (Brandis) Brenan [=Piptadenia oudhensis Brandis]; T	NE^3, EN^6, VoE^8, HT^9, HT^10	UK, UP; Nep	300-600
Macrotyloma sar-garhwalensis R.D. Gaur & L.R. Dangwal; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	600- 1500
*Pueraria garhwalensis L.R. Dangwal & D.S. Rawat; Cl	NE^3, VU^6	UK	300-600
*Senna davidsonii (V. Singh) V. Singh [=Cassia davidsonii V. Singh]; Sh	NE^3, VU^6, DD^6	UP (UK ?)	?
Thermopsis inflata Cambess.; H	I^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK, S; Paki, Nep, Chi	4900-5500
Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC. [=Hedysarum pictum Jacq.]; H (Image-15)	LC^3, HT^9	Himal, India; Pak, Ban, Mya, Chi, Jawa, Male, Phil, Sri Lanka, Thai, Tr Africa	Up to 1500
Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal [=Phaseolus aconitifolius Jacq.]; H	DD^3	UK, Throughout India; Pak, Ban, Mya, Chi, Sri	Up to 2000
Order 13- ROSALES Bercht. & J. Presl Family 24- ROSACEAE Juss.
*Alchemilla palii Panigrahi & Purohit; Sh	NE^3, DD^11	UK	?
*Cotoneaster parkinsonii Panigrahi & Arv. Kumar; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK, E Himal, NE India; Nep, Mya	2400-2500
Cotoneaster roseus Edgew.[=Cotoneaster osmastonii G.Klotz]; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	W Himal; Afg, Pak	2400-3300
Cotoneaster simonsii Hort. ex Baker; Sh	I^1, I^2, NE^3	UK, S; Bhutan	1500-3200
*Geum aequilobatum K.M.Purohit & Panigrahi; H	NE^3, END^11	UK	1000-1500
Prunus jacquemontii Hook.f. Sh	DD^3	J&K, UK; Afg, Pak	2800-3500
*Rosa hirsuta Ghora & Panigrahi; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3600-3800
*Rubus almorensis Dunn; Sh	I^2, NE^3,DD^6, VU^6, I^7, I^11	UK	2400-2700
*Sibbaldia axilliflora (Hook.f.) Chatterjee [=Potentilla axilliflora Hook.f.]; Sh	NE^3, DD^6, VU^6	UK	?
*Spiraea diversifolia Dunn; Sh	I^2, NE^3,I^7, I^11	UK; Nep(?) (CoL)	2700-4400
*Spiraea duthieana Zinserl.; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK	2400-3100
*Spiraea hypoleuca Dunn.; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK; Nep? (CoL)	2100-3300
*Spiraea panchananii Panigrahi & K.M.Purohit; Sh	NE^3,VU^6	UK	2400
*Spiraea panigrahiana K.M. Purohit.; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK	1900
*Spiraea parkeri Panigrahi & K.M. Purohit; Sh	NE^3, DD^6, VU^6	UK	1900-2000
*Spiraea raizadae Panigrahi & K.M. Purohit; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3200-3300
Family 25- RHAMNACEAE Juss.
*Sageretia devendrae Pusalkar; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK	2000-2500
Family 26- ULMACEAE Mirb.
Ulmus wallichiana Planch.; T	E^2, VU^3,NE^3	J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Paki, N	1500-3000
Order 14- FAGALES Engl. Family 27- BETULACEAE Gray
Carpinus faginea Lindl.; T	DD^3A, DD^3	UK; Nep	1200-2200
Corylus jacquemontii Decne.; T	DD^3A, DD^3	J&K, HP, UK; Nep	2000-2700
Order 15- CUCURBITALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 28- DATISCACEAE Dumort.
Datisca cannabina L.; H	NE^3, EN^4	UK; Mediterranean, Afg, Pak, Nep, Viet	700-1550
Order 16- MALPIGHIALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 29- HYPERICACEAE Juss.
Hypericum perforatum L.; H	LC^3, VU^4	J&K, HP, UK; Europe, E Asia, N Africa, Chi	1000-3000
Family 30- VIOLACEAE Batsch
Viola kunawarensis Royle; H	I^2, NE^3, I^7, I^11	J&K, HP, UK, S; Afg, Paki, Nep, Tib	2800-5200
Viola repens Wall. ex Ging.; H	NE^3, VU^6	Himal; Pak, Mya, Chi, Thai, Sri Lanka	500-3200
Family 31- EUPHORBIACEAE Juss.
Euphorbia royleana Boiss.; T	NE^3, 2A^5	J&K, HP, UK, NE India, E Himal; Pak, Nep, Mya, Chi, Tai	600-1800
Order 17- MYRTALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 32- ONAGRACEAE Juss.
Epilobium glaciale P.H. Raven; H	I^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK; Pak	3600-4400
Order 18- CROSSOSOMATALES Takht. ex Reveal Family 33- STAPHYLEACEAE Martinov
Staphylea cochinchinensis (Lour.) Byng & Christenh. [=Ticeros cochinchinensis Lour; Turpinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.; Turpinia nepalensis Wall.]; T	NE^3, VU^6, VoE^8, HT^9, HT^10	UK, E Himal; Nep, Ban, Mya, Thai, Viet, Lao	1000-2200
Order 19- SAPINDALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 34- SAPINDACEAE Juss.
Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis; T	V^1, V^2, NE^3, VU^6, V^7, V^11	J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep, Chi	2000-3350
Family 35- RUTACEAE Juss.
Zanthoxylum armatum DC.; T	LC^3, VU^4	J&K, HP, UK, MN, MG, NG, OD, AD; Pak, Nep, Mya, Chi, Jap, Kor, Phil, Tai, Viet	1000-2200
Order 20- BRASSICALES Bromhead Family 36- BRASSICACEAE Burnett
*Eutrema purii (D.S. Rawat, L.R. Dangwal & R.D. Gaur) Al-Shehbaz, G.Q. Hao & J. Quan Liu [=Dilophia purii D.S. Rawat, L.R. Dangwal & R.D. Gaur]; H (Image-16)	NE^3, VU^6	UK	4500-5000
Order 21- CARYOPHYLLALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 37- POLYGONACEAE Juss.
*Koenigia binsarii (Silas & R.D.Gaur) R.D.Gaur [=Polygonum binsarii Silas & R.D.Gaur]; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	2400-2700
Rheum australe D.Don [=Rheum emodii Wall. ex Meisn.]; H	NE^3, EN^4, EN^6	UK, E Himal; Mya	3000-4450
Rheum moorcroftianum Royle; H	NE^3, VU^6	HP, UK; Nep	3500-4800
Rheum webbianum Royle; H	NE^3, VU^4, VU^6	J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep, Tib	2400-5000
*Rumex gangotrianus Aswal & S.K. Srivast.; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	2600-3150
Family 38- CARYOPHYLLACEAE Juss.
Arenaria neelgherrensis Wight & Arn.; H	I^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK, S; Paki, Nep, Maha, TN	900-3700
Cerastium thomsonii Hook.f.; H	I^2, NE^3,I^7, I^11	J&K, HP, UK	2500-3650
*Eremogone curvifolia (Majumdar) Pusalkar & D.K. Singh [=Arenaria curvifolia Majumdar]; H (Image-17)	E^1, E^2, NE^3, CR^6, VU^6, HT^9 , E^11	UK	3300-3650
*Eremogone ferruginea (Duthie ex F.N. Williams) Pusalkar & D. K. Singh [=A. ferruginea Duthie ex F.N. Williams]; H	E^1, E^2, NE^3, DD^6, VU^6, I^7, I^11	UK	2400-3050
Odontostemma thangoense (W.W. Sm.) Rabeler & W.L. Wagner [=Arenaria thangoensis W.W. Sm.]; H	V^1, V^2, NE^3	UK, S; Tib	3300-3600
Silene kumaonensis F.N.Williams; H	R^1, R^2, NE^3, R^11	UK; Nep	2500-3000
Silene stracheyi Edgew.	NE^3, DD^6	UK, S; Nep, Bhu	2250-3030
Stellaria depressa Em. Schmid; H	I^2, NE^3	J&K, UK; Tib	4800-5000
Order 22- ERICALES Bercht. & J. Presl Family 39- BALSAMINACEAE A. Rich.
*Impatiens devendrae Pusalkar; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	1200-3200
*Impatiens duthiei Hook.f.; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	2700m
*Impatiens inayatii Hook.f.; H	NE^3, DD^6, VU^6	UK	2400-2700
*Impatiens jaeschkei Hook.f.; H	NE^3, END^11	UK	2700-3000
*Impatiens kaliensis Grey-Wilson; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	2200-3250
*Impatiens langeana Hook.f.; H	NE^3, DD^6, VU^6	UK	?
*Impatiens podocarpa Hook.f.; H	NE^3, END^11	UK	2100-2400
*Impatiens polysciadia Hook.f.; H	NE^3, DD^6, VU^6	UK	?
*Impatiens reidii Hook.f.; H	NE^3, DD^6, VU^6	UK	1800-2600
*Impatiens violoides Edgew. ex Hook.f.; H	NE^3, DD^6, VU^6	UK	2400-2700
Family 40- PRIMULACEAE Batsch ex Borkh.
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A. DC. [=Ardisia tsjeriam-cottam Roem. & Schult.]; T	NE^3, VU^4	J&K, UK, WB; Pak, Nep, Ban, MYa, Thai, Viet, Sri Lanka	450-1800
*Primula garhwalica (Balodi & S.Singh) K.K.Khanna & An.Kumar [=Androsace garhwalicum Balodi & S.Singh]; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	4100-4400
Primula drummondiana Craib; H	I^2, NE^3	HP, UK; Nep	2400
Primula minutissima Jacquem. ex Duby; H	E^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK; Nep	3500-5450
Family 41- SYMPLOCACEAE Desf.
Symplocos paniculata Miq.; T	NE^3, VU^4	Himal; Pak, Ban, Mya, Chi, Jap, Lao, Viet	1000-2900
Family 42- ERICACEAE Juss.
*Rhododendron rawatii I.D.Rai & B.S.Adhikari; T	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3100-3350
Order 23- GENTIANALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 43- RUBIACEAE Juss.
Clarkella nana (Edgew.) Hook.f. [=Ophiorrhiza nana Edgew.]; H	R^1, R^2, NE^3, R^7, R^11	UK; Mya, Chi, Thai	1200-2400
*Leptodermis riparia R.Parker; Sh	NE^3, VU^6	UK	700-1600
Rubia edgeworthii Hook.f.; Cl	V^1, V^2, NE^3, V^7, V^11	UK, Chi	900-1200
Family 44- GENTIANACEAE Juss.
Gentiana cachemirica Decne.; H	E^2, NE^3	J&K, UK; Paki	2600-3900
Gentiana crassuloides Bureau & Franch.; H	R^2, NE^3, R^7, R^11	UK, S, AP; Nep, Bhu, Chi	3400-5000
Gentiana kurroo Royle; H	CR^3A, CR^3, CR^4, EN^6, VoE^8, HT^9, HT^10	HP, UK; Afg, Pak, Mya	1500-3000
*Gentiana saginoides Burkill; H	R^2, NE^3,CR^6, VU^6, R^7, R^11	UK	3000-3600
*Gentiana tetrasepala Biswas; H	NE^3, VU^6, VU^6	UK	3800-4500
Kuepferia infelix (C.B.Clarke) Adr. Favre [=Gentiana infelix C.B. Clarke]; H (Image-18)	R^2, NE^3, VU^6, R^7, R^11	HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi	4000-4900
*Swertia alpina U.C.Bhattach. & S.Agrawal; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3200-4500
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst. [=Gentiana chirayita Roxb.]; H	NE^3, EN^4, EN^6	J&K, HP, UK, E Himal; Nep,	1200-3600
Family 45- APOCYNACEAE Juss.
Ceropegia angustifolia Wight; Cl	V^1, V^2, NE^3	UK, UP, S, A, MG, WB; Ban	1000-2400
Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb.; Cl	V^2, NE^3, EN^4, VU^6	All over India	300-600
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz; Sh	NE^3, VU^4, 2A^5	All over India	300-600
Order 24- BORAGINALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 46- BORAGINACEAE Juss.
Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G.Don) I.M. Johnst. [=Echium benthamii Wall. & G.Don]; H	E^2, NE^3, VU^6, CR^4, HT^9	J&K, HP, UK; Paki, Nep	3000-5000
Arnebia euchroma (Royle ex Benth.) I.M. Johnst. [=Lithospermum euchromon Royle ex Benth.]; H	NE^3, EN^4, VU^6, HT^9	J&K, HP, UK; Ira, Afg, Pak, Kaza, Nep, Tib, Chi	3500-4600
*Cynoglossum jaunsarensis (Kazmi) Pusalkar [=Ivanjohnstonia jaunsariensis Kazmi]; H	NE^3, DD^6, VU^6	UK	2200-2400
Order 25- SOLANALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 47- CONVOLVULACEAE Juss.
Ipomoea laxiflora H.J. Chowdhery & M.R. Debta; Cl	NE^3, VU^6	UK, MH	Up to 800
Family 48- SOLANACEAE Juss.
Hyoscyamus niger L.; H	NE^3, VU^4	J&K, HP, UK, S, AP; Temperate Eurasia, NW Africa	2800-4200
Order 26- LAMIALES Bromhead Family 49- OLEACEAE Hoffmanns. & Link
Fraxinus micrantha Lingelsh.; T	DD^3	W Himal; Pak, Nep	1500-2400
Schrebera swietenioides Roxb.; T	NE^3, EN^6, VoE^8, HT^9, HT^10		450-762
Family 50- GESNERIACEAE Rich. & Juss.
Didymocarpus aromaticus Don; H	NE^3, VU^6		1800-3000
Didymocarpus pedicellatus R.Br.; H	NE^3, VU^4		500-1700
Family 51- PLANTAGINACEAE Juss.
*Kashmiria himalaica (Hook.f.) D.Y. Hong [=Falconeria himalaica Hook.f.; Wulfenia himalaica (Hook.f.) Pennell]; H (Image-19)	NE^3, VU^6, VU^6	UK	2400-3800
Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D.Y. Hong [=Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell]; H	NE^3, EN^6	Himal; Chi	3000-4600
Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.; H	V^1, NE^3,CR^4, 2A^5, EN^6	J&K, HP, UK; Pak	3000-4600
*Picrorhiza tungnathii Pusalkar; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3500-3800
Family 52- SCROPHULARIACEAE Juss.
*Scrophularia obtusa Edgew. ex Hook.f.; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	1500-2100
Family 53- ACANTHACEAE Juss.
*Phlogacanthus lambertii Raizada; Sh	NE^3, DD^6, VU^6	UK	800-900
Family 54- BIGNONIACEAE Juss.
Incarvillea emodi (Royle ex Lindl) Chatterjee [=Amphicome emodi Royle ex Benth.]; Sh	NE^3, VU^6, HT^9	J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Pak, Nep	450-2500
Family 55- LENTIBULARIACEAE Rich.
Pinguicula alpina L.; H (Image-20)	NE^3, VU^6, VoE^8, HT^9, HT^10	W Himal: Europe, Siberia, Tib, Chi	3000-4400
Family 56- LAMIACEAE Martinov (LABIATAE Juss.)
Elsholtzia densa Benth.; H	I^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK; Taji, Afg, Pak, Nep, Bhu, Tib, Chi	2600-3650
Nepeta campestris Benth.; H	NE^3, I^2	J&K, HP, UK	2500-3000
Phlomoides superba (Royle ex Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm. [=Eremostachys superba Royle ex Benth.]; H	NE^3, VU^4, EN^6, VoE^8, HT^9, HT^10	J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Pak	300-700
Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baill. [=Ballota cinerea D. Don]; Sh	NE^3, VU^4	J&K, HP, UK; Nep	500-2400
Family 57- OROBANCHACEAE Vent.
Gleadovia ruborum Gamble & Prain; H	NE^3, EN^6	HP, UK; Chi	2500-3900
Order 27- ASTERALES Link Family 58- CAMPANULACEAE Juss.
Campanula wattiana B.K. Nayar & Babu; H	R^1, R^2, NE^3, R^7, END, R^11	HP, UK	2200-3800
Cyananthus integer Wall. ex Benth.; H	R^1, R^2, NE^3, R^7, END^6, R^11	UK; Nep	3000-4500
Family 59- ASTERACEAE Bercht. & J. Presl (COMPOSITAE Giseke)
*Artemisia austrohimalayaensis Y.R.Ling & H.S.Puri [=Artemisia austrohimalayana Y.R. Ling & H.S.Puri]; H	NE^3, VU^6	HP, UK	3500-4200
Aucklandia costus Falc. [=Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.; Saussurea lappa (DC.) Sch. Bip.]; H	E^1, E^2, CR^3, 1A^5	J&K, HP, UK-Cultivated	2000-3800
*Catamixis baccharoides Thomson; Sh	V^1, V^2, NE^3, CR^6, VU^6, V^11	UK, HP; Nep	450-900
Cremanthodium arnicoides (DC. ex Royle) R.D. Good [=Ligularia arnicoides DC. ex Royle]; H	E^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK; Nep, Chi	2500-5200
Dolomiaea macrocephala DC. ex Royle [=Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss.]; H	NE^3, EN^4, EN^6	J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep, Chi	3000-4300
Himalaiella foliosa (Edgew.) Raab- Straube [=Aplotaxis foliosa Edgew.; Saussurea foliosa (Edgew.) Hook.f.]; H	I^2, NE^3, I^11	J&K, HP, UK; Nep	2400-3200
*Melanoseris filicina (Stebbins) N. Kilian [=Lactuca filicina Duthie ex Stebbins; =Cicerbita filicina (Duthie ex Stebbins) Mumgain & R.R. Rao]; H	E^1, E^2, NE^3, CR^6, VU^6, E^11	UK	1800-2500
Saussurea atkinsonii C.B. Clarke; H (Image-21)	I^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK	3000-4600
Saussurea bracteata Decne.; H	R^1, R^2, NE^3, R^7, R^11	J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Chi	3500-5600
Saussurea pterocaulon Decne.[=Saussurea clarkei Hook.f.]; H	R^1, R^2, NE^3	J&K, UK	4000-4500
Saussurea gossypiphora D.Don; H	NE^3, VU^4	Himal; Chi	3600-5600
Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew. [=Aplotaxis obvallata DC.]; H	NE^3, EN^4, VU^6	Himal; Pak, Chi	3800-5300
Saussurea roylei (DC.) Sch. Bip. [=Aplotaxis roylei DC.]; H	I^2, NE^3	J&K, HP, UK; Nep, Chi	3300-4800
*Saussurea sudhanshui Hajra; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	4500-5000
Order 28- DIPSACALES Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 60- CAPRIFOLIACEAE Juss.
Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC. [=Patrinia jatamansi D.Don]; H (Image-22)	CR^3A, CR^3, CR^4, EN^6, HT^9, HT^10	UK, E Himal; Nep, Mya, Chi	2500-4800
Valeriana jatamansi Jones; H	NE^3, VU^4, VU^6	Himal; Mya, Chi, Thai, Viet	1500-3600
*Valeriana mussooriensis Ved Prakash, Aswal & Mehrotra; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	1500-2000
*Valeriana roylei Klotzsch; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	?
Order 29- APIALES Nakai Family 61- PITTOSPORACEAE R. Br.
Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle; T	I^1, I^2, EN^3, VU^6, VU^6, I^7, R^11	HP, UK	300-2300
Family 62- ARALIACEAE Juss.
Panax pseudoginseng Wall.; H (Image-23)	V^1, NE^3,CR^6	UK, NE India; Nep	2100-4300
Family 63- APIACEAE Lindl. (UMBELLIFERAE Juss)
Angelica archangelica L.; H	LC^3, EN^6	W Himal	3000-4000
Angelica glauca Edgew.; H (Image-24)	EN^3A, EN^3, EN^4, EN^6	W Himal	2400-4500
*Angelica indica Pimenov & Kljuykov; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3000-3300
*Bupleurum maddenii C.B. Clarke; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	2500-3000
Ferula jaeskeana C.B. Clarke; H	NE^3, VU^4	J&K, UK	2400-3600
Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC.; H	NE^3, VU^4	W Himal; Mya	1800-3600
Heracleum jacquemontii C.B. Clarke [=Heracleum jacquemontii C.B. Clarke ex Hook.f.]; H	I^1, I^2, NE^3, I^7, I^11	W Himal	?
*Hymenidium dentatum (DC.) Pimenov & Kljuykov [=Pleurospermum erosa (DC.) P.K. Mukh.; Hymenolaena dentata var. erosa DC.]; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	2700-3900
*Kailashia robusta Pimenov & Kljuykov; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3700-3850
*Kedarnatha meifolia Pimenov & Kljuykov; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3300
*Kedarnatha sanctuarii P.K. Mukh. & Constance; H	NE^3, END^11	UK	?
*Oreocome aegopodioides Pimenov & Kljuykov; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	3000-3300
*Peucedanum dehradunense Babu; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	700-800
*Pimpinella stracheyi C.B. Clarke, H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	2200-2300
Pleurospermum angelicoides (Wall. ex DC.) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke [=Hymenolaena angelicoides DC.]; H	NE^3,VU^4	UK, NE India; Nep	2400-4200
*Trachyspermum falconeri (C.B.Clarke) H.Wolff. [=Carum falconeri C.B.Clarke]; H	NE^3, VU^6	UK	1500-2700

*endemic species; H=herb, Sh=shrub, T=tree, Cl=climber;

Ex=extinct, PEx=presumed extinct, E=endangered, V=vulnerable, R=rare, I= Indeterminate; EX=extinct, EW=extinct in wild, CR=critically endangered, EN=endangered, VU=vulnerable, DD=data deficient, NE³= not evaluated for threat assessment, LC=least concerned, NT=near threatened ; 1A=listed in Appendix-1 of CITES, 2A=listed in Appendix-2 of CITES; VoE=verge of extinction; HT= highly threatened.

A=Assam, AD= Andhra Pradesh, AP=Arunachal Pradesh, Himal= Entire Himalaya from J&K to Arunachal Pradesh, HP=Himachal Pradesh, India= throughout India, J&K=Jammu & Kashmir, MG=Meghalaya, MN=Manipur, NE India= North East Indian states, NI= Nicobar Island, NL=Nagaland, OD=Odisha, Pen India= Peninsular India, S=Sikkim, TN=Tamil Nadu, UK=Uttarakhand, UP=Uttar Pradesh, WB=West Bengal.

Afg= Afganistan, Ban=Bangladesh, Bh=Bhutan, Chi=China, Ira=Iran, Kor=Korea, Kaz=Kazakistan, La=Laos, Mal=Malesia, Mon=Mongolia, Mya=Myanmar, Nep=Nepal, Pak=Pakistan, Tib=Tibet, Viet=Vietnam

Table 2. Taxa excluded from Table 1 (Threatened flora of Uttarakhand) on account of various reasons.

Species/taxa excluded	Reason for exclusion (reference)
Iris duthie Foster (Iridaceae)	Synonym of Iris kemaonensis Wall. ex D.Don, a common species (POWO 2019)
Microschoenus duthie C.B. Clarke (Cyperaceae)	Synonym of Juncus duthie (C.B.Clarke) Noltie, a common species (POWO 2019)
Berberis petiolaris Wall. ex G. Don var. garhwalana Ahrendt (Berberidaceae)	Variety not recognized in recent works (Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018)
Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser.(Ranunculaceae)	Erroneous identification; species not known in Western Himalaya (Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018)
Aconitum deinorrhizum Stapf. (Ranunculaceae)	Erroneous identification; species not known in Western Himalaya (Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018)
Caragana aegacanthoides (R. Parker) L.B. Chaudhary & S.K. Srivast. (Fabaceae)	Not endemic to Uttarakhand (POWO 2019)
Pueraria stracheyi Baker (Fabaceae)	Synonym of Apios carnea (Wall.) Benth. ex Baker; a common species (POWO 2019)
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) W.J. de Wilde (Fabaceae)	Cultivated species in Uttarakhand
Acer osmastonii Gamble (Sapindaceae)	Erroneous identification (Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018)
Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC. var. membranaceum Banerji (Sapindaceae)	Variety not recognized in recent work (Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018)
Santalum album L. (Santalaceae)	Cultivated species in Uttarakhand
Sagina purii R.D. Gaur (Caryophyllaceae)	Synonym of Sagina apetala Ard. (Chandra 2015)
Impatiens vexillaria Hook.f. (Balsaminaceae)	Known by type only and described from Himachal Pradesh (Hooker 1910)
Arnebia nandadeviensis Chandra Sek. & R.S.Rawal (Boraginaceae)	Synonym of Onosma bracteata Wall. (Tiwari 2016)
Ageratum haustonianum Mill. (Asteraceae)	Common invasive species in Uttarakhand
Nardostachys grandiflora DC. (Valerianaceae)	Synonym of N. jatamansi (D.Don) DC. (POWO 2019)

Table 3. Original sources, threat status and number of species included in Table 1 (threatened flora of Uttarakhand) based on them.

Superscript number used in table-1; Original source	Threat statuses used	Threat statuses followed by original source	Number of species
^1Nayar & Sastry (1987-90)	Ex, E, V, R, I	Lucas & Synge (1978)	55
^2Rao et al. (2003)	Ex, E, V, R, I	IUCN (1994)	115
^3IUCN Red List for India	EX, EW, CR, EN, VU, DD	IUCN (new)	34
^3AIUCN Red List for Uttarakhand	EX, EW, CR, EN, VU, DD	IUCN (new)	12
^4Ved et al. (2003)	EX, EW, CR, EN, VU, I	IUCN (older)	44
^5CITES Appendices (2019)	None	None	12^+
^6Pusalkar & Srivastava (2018)	EX, EW, CR, EN, VU, DD	IUCN (new?)	165^+
^7Uniyal et al. (2007)	Ex, E, V, R, I	Lucas & Synge (1978)	55
^8National Biodiversity Authority list for Uttarakhand	Verge of Extinction (VoE)	None	15
^9Uttarakhand State Biodiversity Board, Annexure-2	Highly Threatened (HT)	None	27
^10Shah (ebook publ. by Uttarakhand State Biodiversity Board)	Highly Threatened (HT)	None	15
^11Threatened Taxa list available at ENVIS Centre BSI	Ex, E, V, R, I	Lucas & Synge (1978)	67

12+= 12 listed species and all orchids in the area; 165+= 165 listed species and all orchids in the area.

For figures & images - - click here for full PDF

References

APG IV (2016). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

Balakrishnan, N.P. (1996). Phytogeograpic Divisions: General considerations, pp. 197–204. In: Hajra, P.K., B.D. Sharma, M. Sanjappa & A.R.K. Sastry (eds.). Flora of India, Introductory Volume (Part 1), BSI, Kolkata, 538 pp.

Balakrishna, A., A. Srivastava, R.K. Mishra, S.P. Patel, R.K. Vashishtha, A. Singh, V. Jadon & P. Saxena (2012). Astavarga plants – threatened medicinal herbs of the North-West Himalaya. International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 2(4): 661-676.

Barik, S.K., O.N. Tiwari, D. Adhikari, P.P. Singh, R. Tiwary & S. Barua (2018). Geographic distribution pattern of threatened plants of India and steps taken for their conservation. Current Science 114(3): 470.

Bhandari, S., U. Dobhal, S. Bisht & N.S. Bisht (2013). In vitro conservation of Saussurea costus – an endangered medicinal plant. International Journal of Plant Research 26(1): 67

Bisht, V.K., L.S. Kandari, J.S. Negi, A.K. Bhandari & R.C. Sundriyal (2013). Traditional use of medicinal plants in district Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 7(15): 918–929. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR13.2599

Chandra, S. (2015). Diversity of the Family Caryophyllaceae Juss. in Uttarakhand. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India. x+ 340pp.

CITES Appendices (2019). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Appendices I, II and II. Available at https://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php. Accessed several times in 2020.

De Vos, J.M., L.N. Joppa, J.L. Gittleman, P.R. Stephens & S.L. Pimm (2014). Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction. Conservation Biology 29: 452–462.

Fay, M.F. (1992). Conservation of rare and endangered plants using in vitro methods. Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Plant 28: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02632183

Gondval, M., P. Chaturvedi & A.K. Gaur (2016). Thidiazuron-induced high frequency establishment of callus cultures and plantlet regeneration in Aconitum balfourii Stapf: an endangered medicinal herb of North-West Himalayas. Indian Journal of Biotechnology 15: 251–255.

Grewal, S. & C.K. Atal (1976). Plantlet formation in callus cultures of Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 14: 352–353

Grytnes, J.A. & O.R. Vetaas (2002). Species Richness and Altitude: A Comparison between Null Models and Interpolated Plant Species Richness along the Himalayan Altitudinal Gradient, Nepal. American Naturalist 159(3): 294–304

Gupta, S., P. Chaturvedi & K. Joshi (2016). Micropropagation and Bioaugmentation of Picroside I in Leaves of In Vitro Cultured Plants of Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. National Academy Science Letters 39(3): 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-016-0443-3

Hinchliff, C.E., S.A. Smith, J.F. Allman, J. Burleigh, R. Chaudhary, L.M. Coghill, K.A. Crandall, J. Deng, B.T. Drew, R. Gazis, K. Gude, D.S. Hibbett, L.A. Katz, H.D. Laughinghouse IV, E.J. McTavish, P.E. Midford, C.L. Owen, R.H. Ree, J.A. Rees, D.E. Soltis, T. Williams & K.A. Cranston (2015). Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112:12764–12769.

Hooker, J.D. (1910). Hooker’s Icones Plantarum. Dulau & Co Ltd, London, UK, 2900 pp.

India State of Forest Report (2019). Published by Forest Survey of India, Dehradun, 167 pp. Available at http://fsi.nic.in/isfr-volume-i, accessed several times.

IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: 3.1 Version (2012). International, Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland, UK. Available at https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315, Accessed several times in 2020.

IUCN Red List (2020). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2020-1. Available at https://www.iucnredlist.org/, accessed several times.

Jabeen, N., A.S. Shawl, G.H. Dar, A. Jan & P. Sultan (2006). Callus induction and organogenesis from explants of Aconitum heterophyllum- medicinal plant. Biotechnology 5: 287–291.

Kew (2016). State of the world’s plants 2016. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK, 80 pp.

Kharkwal, G., P. Mehrotra, Y.S. Rawat & Y.P.S. Pangtey (2005). Phytodiversity and growth form in relation to altitudinal gradient in the Central Himalayan (Kumaun) region of India. Current Science 89(5): 873–878.

Kumari, T., C. Sharma, V. Bajpai, B. Kumar, M. Srivastava & K.R. Arya (2015). Qualitative determination of bioactive metabolites through Q-TOF LC/MS in different parts and undifferentiated cultures of Ulmus wallichiana Planchon. Plant Growth Regulation 75: 331–340.

Lal, N., P.S. Ahuja, A.K. Kukreja & B. Pandey (1988). Clonal propagation of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. by shoot tip culture. Plant Cell Reports 7(3): 202–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00269324

Larsen, B.B., E.C. Miller, M.K. Rhodes, & J.J. Wiens (2017). Inordinate fondness multiplied and redistributed: the number of species on earth and the new pie of life. The Quarterly Review of Biology 92(3): 229–265.

Locey, K.J. & J.T. Lenon (2016). Scaling laws predict global microbial diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 113(21): 5970–5975.

Lucas, G. & H. Synge, (eds.) (1978). The IUCN Plant Red Data Book. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland, 540 pp.

Mao, A.A. & S.S. Dash (2019). Plant Discoveries 2018 – New Genera, Species and New Records. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, 163pp.

Mathur, J. (1992). In vitro morphogenesis in Nardostachys jatamansi DC.: shoot regeneration from callus derived roots. Annals of Botany 70(5): 419–422. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088497

Mishra-Rawat J., B. Rawat, R.K. Agnihotri, A. Chandra & S.C. Nautiyal (2013). In vitro propagation, genetic and secondary metabolite analysis of Aconitum violaceum Jacq.: a threatened medicinal herb. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 35(8): 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1294-x

Mora, C., D.P. Tittensor, S. Adl, A.G.B. Simpson & B. Worm (2011). How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean? PLoS Biology 9(8): e1001127. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127

Myers N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B. da Fonseca & J. Kent (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.

Nayar, M.P. & A.R.K. Sastry (eds.) (1987, 88, 90). Red Data Book of Indian Plants Vols- 1-3. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. 367 pp, 268 pp, 271 pp.

Oommen, M.A. & K. Shanker (2005). Elevational species richness patterns emerge from multiple local mechanisms in Himalayan woody plants. Ecology 86(11): 3039–3047.

Pandey, H., S.K. Nandi, A. Kumar, U.T. Palni, B. Chandra & L.M.S. Palni (2004). In vitro propagation of Aconitum balfourii Stapf: an important aconite of the Himalayan alpines. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 79(1): 34–41.

Pandey, S., R. Khushwaha, O. Prakash, A. Bhattacharya & P.S. Ahuja (2005). Ex-situ conservation of Aconitum heterophyllum Wall, an endangered medicinal plant of the Himalaya through mass propagation and its effect on growth and alkaloid content. Plant Genetic Resources 3: 127–35.

Pandey, M., U. Dhar, S.S. Singh, S.M. Vijay & T.S. Ratnakar (2011). Recurrent somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Angelica glauca Edgew., a critically endangered medicinal plant of the Western Himalaya, The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 86(5): 493–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2011.11512794

Panwar, G.S., S.K. Srivastava & P.L. Uniyal (2015). In vitro propagation of Eremostachys superba Royle ex Benth. – an en dangered, medicinal and ornamental herb of North-West Himalaya. Medicinal Plants 7(4): 264–271. https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-6892.2015.00039.8

Panwar, G.S., A. Srivastava & S.K. Srivastava (2016). Micropropagation of Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle-an endangered and endemic medicinal tree of North-West Himalaya. Indian Forester 142(8): 769–773.

Panwar, G.S., S.K. Srivastava, P.L. Uniyal (2017). Callus-mediated organogenesis in Lilium polyphyllum D. Don ex Royle: a critically endangered Astavarga plant. Current Science 113(5): 946–951.

Pimm, S.L., C.N. Jenkins, R. Abell, T.M. Brooks, J.L. Gittelman, L.N. Joppa, P.H. Raven, C.M. Roberts, & J.O. Sexton (2014). The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science 344: 987.

Pimm, S.L. & P.H. Raven (2017). The fate of the world’s plants. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 32: 317e320.

POWO (2019). Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ Accessed several times in 2020, 2021.

Pusalkar, P.K. & S.K. Srivastav (2018). Flora of Uttarakhand, Volume 1, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (Ranunculaceae-Moringaceae). BSI, Kolkata, 1099 pp.

Radha, R.K., S.R. Shereena, K. Divya, P.N. Krishnan & S. Seeni (2011). In vitro Propagation of Rubia cordifolia Linn., A Medicinal Plant of the Western Ghats. International Journal of Botany 7(1): 90–96

Rana, S.K. & G.S. Rawat (2017). Database of Himalayan plants based on published floras during a century. Data 2(4): 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/data2040036

Rao, C.K., B.L. Geetha, & G. Suresh (2003). Red List of Threatened Vascular Plant Species Compiled from the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. ENVIS, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, 144pp.

Raven, P. & M. Wackernagel (2020). Maintaining biodiversity will define our long-term success. Plant Diversity 42: 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2020.06.002

Roskov, Y., G. Ower, T. Orrell, D. Nicolson, N. Bailly, P.M. Kirk, T. Bourgoin, R.E. DeWalt, W. Decock, E. van Nieukerken & L. Penev (eds.) (2020). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2020-04-16 Beta. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-8858.

Shah, R. (ed.) (2016). Threatened Species of Uttarakhand. ebook, published by Uttarakhand Biodiversity Board, Dehradun, India, 76 pp. Available at https://sbb.uk.gov.in/pages/display/88-books, accessed several times in 2020.

Sharma, N., K.P.S. Chandel & A. Paul (1993). In vitro propagation of Gentiana kurroo — an indigenous threatened plant of medicinal importance. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 34: 307. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029722

Sharma, A., R. Kaur & N. Sharma (2014). In vitro morphogenic response of different explants of Gentiana kurroo Royle from Western Himalayas—an endangered medicinal plant. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 20(2): 249–256.

Sharma, P. & R. Sett (2001). Micropropagation of Indian Ginseng (Panax pseudoginseng Wall): A Proposition to Save an Endangered Commercial and Medicinal Forest Plant. Journal of Human Ecology 12(3): 201–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2001.11907603

Singh, H., T. Husain & P. Agnihotri (2010). Haat Kali sacred grove, Central Himalaya, Uttarakhand. Current Science 98(3): 290.

Singh, P., K. Karthigeyan, P. Lakshminarasimhan & S.S. Dash (2015). Endemic vascular plants of India. BSI, Kolkata. 339pp.

Singh, S.K., D.K. Agrawala, J.S. Jalal, S.S. Dash, A.A. Mao & P. Singh (2019). Orchids of India: A Pictorial Guide. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. 547pp.

State wise Distribution of Endemic and Threatened plant Taxa of India. Available at http://www.bsienvis.nic.in/Database/E_3942.aspx and facilitated by ENVIS Center, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, WB, India. Accessed several times in 2020.

Takhtajan, A. (1986). Floristic Regions of the World. The University of California Press, Los Angeles, USA. 522 pp. Rep ed. 2005 by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India.

Thakur, J., M.D. Dwivedi, P. Sourabh, P.L. Uniyal & A.K. Pandey (2016). Genetic Homogeneity Revealed Using SCoT, ISSR and RAPD Markers in Micropropagated Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle- An Endemic and Endangered Medicinal Plant. PLoS ONE 11(7): e015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159050

Tiwari, U.L. (2016). Arnebia nandadeviensis Sekar & Rawal (Boraginaceae) a new synonym of Onosma bracteata Wall. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(11): 9391–9393.  https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2717.8.11.9391-9393

Uniyal, B.P., J.R. Sharma, U. Choudhery & D.K. Singh (2007). Flowering Plants of Uttarakhand (A Checklist). Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, 404 pp.

Ved, D.K., G.A. Kinhal, K. Ravikumar, V. Prabhakaran, U. Ghate, R.V. Sankar & J.H. Indresha (2003). Conservation Assessment & Management Prioritisation for the Medicinal Plants of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand. FRLHT, Bangalore, India.

Welk, E. (2016). Phytogeography of the Nepalese flora and its floristic links to neighbouring regions, pp. 6-10. In: Meihe, G. & C. Pendry, (eds.). Nepal: An Introduction to the natural history, ecology and human environment in the Himalaya. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.

Wilson, E.O. (1999). The Diversity of Life. Norton, New York, 424 pp.