Mystus ngasep, a new
catfish species (Teleostei: Bagridae) from the headwaters of Chindwin drainage
in Manipur, India
A.
Darshan 1, W. Vishwanath 2, P.C. Mahanta 3 &
A. Barat 4
1,3,4 Directorate
of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263136, India
2 Department of Life
Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur, Manipur 795003, India
Email:1 achom_darshan@yahoo.com; 2 wvnath@gmail.com (corresponding author), 3 director@dcfr.res.in; 4 abarat58@hotmail.com
Date
of publication (online): 26 November 2011
Date
of publication (print): 26 November 2011
ISSN
0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: Carl Ferraris
Manuscript
details:
Ms # o2180
Received 16 April
2009
Final received 05
September 2011
Finally accepted 07
November 2011
Citation: Darshan, A., W. Vishwanath, P.C. Mahanta & A.
Barat (2011). Mystus ngasep,
a new catfish species (Teleostei: Bagridae) from the headwaters of Chindwin
drainage in Manipur, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(11): 2177–2183.
Copyright: © A. Darshan, W. Vishwanath, P.C.
Mahanta & A. Barat 2011. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Author
Details: A. Darshan is a Post-Doctoral Fellow of Department of Biotechnology,
Govt of India and is at present attached to the Directorate of Coldwater
Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand. He is
working on the phylogeny of catfishes based on classical and molecular
techniques. W. Vishwanath is a Professor in the
Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University. His field of specialization is
fish and fisheries. He is presently engaged in taxonomy and systematics of
freshwater fishes of northeastern India. P.C. Mahanta is the
Director of Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Bhimtal,
Uttarakhand (under ICAR). He is presently engaged in various aspects of
coldwater fishery including exploration and documentation of coldwater fishes
of India. He is also supervising the Post doctoralresearch. A. Barat is a Principal Scientist in DCFR, Bhimtal. His
field of specialization is cytogenetics and fish molecular biology. He is
presently engaged in the molecular characterization and phylogeny of Coldwater
fishes of India. He also supervises doctoral and post doctoral research in fish
and fisheries.
Author
Contribution: The study: AD survey, collection, morphometric and anatomic study
and phylogeny of catfishes of northeast India; WV supervision of taxonomy and
phylogeny of freshwater fishes of northeastern India; PCM Inventory and
cataloguing of coldwater fishes of India; AB Supervise phylogenetic study of
coldwater fishes.
Current paper: AD detailed examination of Mystusspecies of northeast India and comparison with specimens in ZSI and in other
museums and preparation of drawings; WV supervision in establishing new species
and discuss taxonomic status; PCM supervision in identification of coldwater
fish species interpretation of the result, and discuss
taxonomic status; AB Differential
diagnosis, interpretation of the results, comparison with available literature
and discuss taxonomic status.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to Heok Hee Ng for providing us
valuable literature required for this study. The first author is grateful to
Department of Biotechnology, Government of India for awarding fellowship under
DBT- Postdoctoral program in Biotechnology and Life Sciences.
Abstract: Mystus
ngasep, a new species of bagrid catfish
from the headwaters of Chindwin drainage in Manipur, India, is described
here. It is distinguished from its
congeners in having a unique combination of the following characters: a colour
pattern of the body consisting of a distinct dark tympanic spot and three brown
stripes separated by pale narrow longitudinal lines, cranial fontanel reaching
the base of the occipital process, a long-based adipose fin contacting the base
of the last dorsal-fin ray anteriorly, 16-19 gill rakers on the first branchial
arch, a slender cleithral process, pectoral spine with 9-11 serrations on the
posterior edge, eye with a diameter of 16.5–19.8 % HL and prepectoral
length 22.2–26.0 % SL. The
new species has been compared with its congeners from Myanmar and also from
northeastern India.
Keywords: Chindwin headwater, Mystus, new
catfish.
For figures, images, tables -- click
here
Introduction
Fishes of the genus Mystus Scopoli are small to medium-sized bagrid
catfishes occurring in South Asia. Roberts (1994) recognized Mystus to have an elongate cranial fontanel
reaching up to the base of the occipital process, long maxillary barbel, very
long adipose fin, 11–30 gill rakers on the first gill arch and 37–46
total vertebrae, about equally divided between abdominal and caudal regions. He
included only eight species under the genus. Mo (1991) characterized the genus to have a thin needle-like
first infraorbital, twisted and thickened metapterygoid loosely attached to the
quadrate by means of ligament or a small extent of cartilage. Jayaram & Sanyal (2003) and
Ferraris (2007) respectively listed 44 and 33 species of Mystus as valid.
Manipur State in the northeastern corner of India has two
headwaters: that of the Brahmaputra basin in the west and of the Chindwin in
the east. Hora (1921) reported Mystus bleekeri from the lakes and streams
of Manipur Valley, including the Loktak Lake (all headwaters of the Chindwin
River drainage). Hora (1936) also
collected the species from the Brahmaputra basin in Nagaland and Menon (1954)
from Manipur. The
species was also reported from the Chindwin basin of Manipur by Menon (1953,
1954), Singh & Singh (1985), Vishwanath et al. (1998), Arunkumar &
Singh (1997) and Vishwanath (2000).
Other known species of Mystus from the neighboring Myanmar, also drained by
the Chindwin-Irrawaddy are: Mystus cineraceus, M. gulio, M. falcarius, M. leucophasis, M. pulcherand M. rufescens (Ng & Kottelat
2009). The Ganga-Brahmaputra basin
in northeastern India has M. bleekeri, M. dibrugarensis, M. tengara, M. cavasius and M. carcio (Vishwanath et al. 2007;
Darshan et al. 2010).
Present studies reveal that the species of Mystus occurring abundantly in
the streams, rivers and lakes (all belonging to the Chindwin drainage) in the
valley of Manipur are without a name and the species has been misidentified as M. bleekeri after Hora (1921). The species is herein described as Mystus ngasep sp. nov.
Material
and Methods
Materials examined are deposited in the Manipur University Museum of Fishes (MUMF). Measurements were made with a dial caliper to the
nearest 0.1mm. Body proportions
were expressed in percentage of SL and HL. Counts and measurements follow those of Ng & Dodson
(1999). Dorsal fin height was
measured from the base of the spinelet to the highest point of the dorsal
fin. For osteological studies,
clearing and staining techniques follow Hollister (1934). Methods
for counting gill rakers and vertebrae follow Roberts (1992) and Roberts
(1994), respectively.
Mystus ngasep sp. nov.
(Image 1, Fig. 1,
Table 1)
Macrones bleekeri Hora, 1921: 165–214 (brief description of specimens from
Manipur valley, Chindwin basin).
Mystus bleekeri Menon, 1953: 266 (listed from Manipur valley); Menon, 1954: 22
(in part, listed from Manipur valley); Singh & Singh, 1985: 87 (reported from
Sekmai & Chakpi Rivers, Manipur); Vishwanath et al. 1998: 323 (reported
from Chatrikong River, Manipur); Arunkumar & Singh, 1997: 131 (reported from Yu-River in
Manipur); Jayaram & Sanyal, 2003: 42 (in part, synonymy and description).
Material examined:
Holotype: 10.xii.2007, 98.3mm SL, 24048’N 93055’E,
Nambul River at Bijoygovinda-Polemleikai Bridge, Chindwin-Irrawaddy drainage, ManipurState, India, A. Darshan (MUMF 9500).
Paratypes: 4 ex., ii.2008, 96.5–103.0 mm SL;
data as for holotype (MUMF 9501/1-9501/4); 12.viii.2000, 7ex., 87.0–71.6 mm SL, Wangoi-Ngarian
Lake, (Chindwin drainage), A. Drashan (MUMF 9502/1-9502/7); 08.ix.2000, 4 ex.,
79.9–108.7 mm SL, Khuga River (Chindwin drainage), Churanchanpur
District, K. Santa Devi (MUMF 9503/1-9503/4); 02.xi.2006, 14 ex., 60.5–86.3
mm SL, Nambul River at Naoremthong, Imphal-west District, H. Joyshree Devi,
(MUMF 9504/1-9504/14).
Non-type material: 16.v.2001, 22 ex., 70.2–96.2
mm SL, Iril River at Keibi (Chindwin River drainage), I. Linthoingambi, (MUMF
9505/1-9505/22); 06.vi.1996, 4 ex., 83.1–104.7 mm SL, Chatrickong River
at Sanalok (Chindwin River drainage), Ukhrul District, K. Selim (MUMF 1096–1099).
Diagnosis
Mystus ngasep sp. nov. can be
distinguished from congeners in having a unique combination of the following
characters: a colour pattern consisting of a distinct dark tympanic spot and
three brown stripes separated by pale narrow longitudinal lines on the sides of
the body, cranial fontanel reaching the base of the occipital process, a
long-based adipose fin contacting the base of the last dorsal-fin ray
anteriorly, 16–19 gill rakers on the first branchial arch, a slender
cleithral process (Fig. 1), pectoral spine with 9–11 serrations on the
posterior edge, eye small with its diameter 16.5–19.8 % HL, pectoral and
anal fins with 9–10 and 8–9 branched rays respectively and short
maxillary barbel (200.0–235.0 % HL).
Description
Morphometric data are shown in Table 1. Dorsal profile rising
evenly (at an angle of 20–250 to the horizontal) from tip of
snout to origin of dorsal fin then goes almost horizontal to anterior third of
adipose fin, then sloping gradually ventrally from there to end of caudal
peduncle. Ventral profile roughly
straight to end of anal-fin base, then sloping gently dorsally to the end of
caudal peduncle.
Head depressed. Skin
covering on dorsal surface of head thin. Anterior cranial fontanel extending from level of posterior nasal
opening to posterior orbital margins, separated from posterior fontanel by
epiphyseal bar. Posterior fontanel
extends to the base of the supraoccipital process. Supraoccipital process long, reaching basal bone of dorsal
fin, its base narrow with about one-fifth of its length, distally tapered. Eye ovoid, horizontal
axis longest, located entirely in the dorsal half of the head.
Mouth sub-terminal. Oral teeth small and villiform, arranged in irregular rows. Premaxillary tooth band slightly curved
backward, of equal width throughout. Tooth band on vomer continuous across midline and crescentic, slightly
broader than premaxillary in middle, tapering posterolaterally, extending to
level of lateral end of premaxillary tooth band. Dentary tooth band separated in the middle by thick skin,
tapering laterally on each side, broader than premaxillary and vomerine tooth
band at symphysis, length of one side equals lateral span of vomerine tooth
band. Gill openings wide, free from isthmus. First branchial arch has 16–19
gill rakers.
Barbels in four pairs, maxillary barbel not reaching anal-fin
origin, nasal reaching posterior rim of eye, outer mandibular barbel reaching
base of pectoral fin and inner mandibular barbel slightly shorter. Skin smooth. Lateral line complete and midlateral in
position.
Dorsal-fin origin slightly anterior to the middle of the body,
with spinelet, spine, and seven branched rays. Dorsal spine three-fifths to three-fourths
of dorsal-fin height, smooth on both edges. Adipose fin long, spanning most of postdorsal distance, its
origin in contact with base of last dorsal-fin ray and deeply incised posterior
portion. Pectoral fin with I, 9–10 rays, fin margin
straight posteriorly. Pectoral spine backwardly curved with 9–11
large posterior serrations and anteriorly rough. Pelvic fin short with i,5 rays. Anal-fin origin inserted at vertical through middle of adipose-fin base,
with iii-v, 8–9 rays, anterior two simple rays minute, visible in
alizarin stained specimens. Caudal fin deeply forked with i,7,8,irays, upper lobe longer.
Osteological characters: Ribs: commonly 12, rarely 11; vertebra with 40–41
(21+19=40 or 22+18=40 or 23+18=41). Haemal arches closed to form haemal canal from the 12th–14th
vertebrae onwards. Branchiostegal with nine rays. Caudal skeleton composed of five hypural plates (two on
lower and three on upper lobe). Parhypural free from first hypural plate. Hypurapophysis and secondary
hypurapophysis fused. Epural
laterally flattened and curved backward. Dorsal and ventral lobes of caudal fin with 10 and 11 Procurrent rays,
respectively.
Sexual dimorphism: Males with long genital papilla reaching to the
base of the second branched anal-fin ray. Females with rounded genital opening.
Colour: In life or freshly dead: dorsal portion of the head and body
brownish-grey with greenish reflection; tympanic spot without distinct margin,
with greenish reflection that is more pronounced in the middle; lateral surface
of body silvery with brownish-golden reflection without prominent stripes,
ventrally dull white.
In 10% formalin: dorsal portion of the head and body
brownish-gray, tympanic spot with distinct margin, three brown lateral stripes
on body separated by pale longitudinal lines, lower pale longitudinal line
about twice as wide as the upper. Caudal-fin base without dark spot.
Etymology
The specific epithet is derived from the Manipuri local name of
the fish: ‘Ngasep’.
Distribution
Presently known from the Loktak Lake, Nambul, Manipur, Iril,
Imphal, Thoubal, Khuga rivers and the tributaries of the Yu
river (all belonging to the Chindwin River drainage) in Manipur.
Discussion
Ng & Kottelat (2009) clarified the identity of Mystus bleekeri and restricted its
distribution to the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin while M. rufescens was found to be limited to
the Irrawaddy basin. Their
conclusion was based on the very distant geographical origins of the type
series of M. bleekeri (Sind, Yamuna, upper waters of Ganga and Burma) which predicted
involvement of more than one species; Day’s (1877) observation of a black spot
at the base of the caudal fin in the Burmese specimens and Roberts’s (1994)
reference of Day’stype material from Burma as M. rufescens.
As mentioned earlier, six congeners of Mystus ngasep sp. nov.are known from Myanmar. Among those, M. cineraceus, M. rufescens and M. falcarius are very similar to the new
species in having a long-based adipose fin that contacts the base of the last
dorsal-fin ray anteriorly and cranial fontanel reaching to the base of the
occipital process. A diagnostic
summary of the species of Mystus from the Chindwin-Irrawaddy and Ganga-Brahmaputra River drainages
is given in Table 2.
The new species differs from Mystus cineraceus in having three brown
stripes on the body separated by pale narrow longitudinal lines above and below
the lateral line (vs. a brownish body with a midlateral stripe lacking the pale
longitudinal lines). It further
differs from M. cineraceus in having more gill rakers on the first branchial arch (16–19
vs. 13–15; Table 3), more pectoral-fin rays (9–10 vs. 7–8),
more anal-fin rays (8–9 vs. 6–7) and a shorter maxillary barbel
(200.0–235.0 % HL vs. 247.4–345.0).
Specimens of Mystus rufescens collected from the Chindwin basin in the Indo-Burma border in
Manipur were examined and found to have a long-based adipose fin contacting the
base of the last dorsal-fin ray anteriorly, a cranial fontanel reaching the
base of the occipital process and a black spot at the base of the caudal
fin. Vinciguerra’s (1890)
description of the species clearly states the presence of a black spot at the
base of the caudal fin. We have
also examined a syntype of M. bleekeri , labelled as ZSI 781,
collected from Prome (=Pyay), Myanmar. The ZSI specimen has all the diagnostic
characters of M. rufescens and also bears a noticeably darker region at the base of the
caudal fin. The new species can be
easily differentiated from M. rufescens by the absence of a black or dark brown spot at the base of the
caudal fin (vs. spot present; Image 2), shorter maxillary barbel (200.0–235.0
% HL vs. 255.3–290.2) and smaller eye (eye diameter: 16.2–19.8 % HL
vs. 20.8–23.5).
Mystus ngasep sp. nov. differsfrom M. falcarius and M. cavasius in having (vs. lacking) brown lateral stripes on the body, a
shorter maxillary barbel (200.0–235.0 % HL vs. 355.8–538.0), a
lower dorsal fin (dorsal-fin height: 20.8–21.8 % SL vs. 25.7–33.6)
and lacking the black spot in front of dorsal spine (vs. spot present).
Mystus ngasep sp. nov. differsfrom M. leucophasis and M. pulcher in having a longer cranial fontanel reaching the base of the
occipital process (vs. not reaching, but extending up to half the length of
supraoccipital bone); adipose-fin base in contact (vs. not in contact) with the
base of the last dorsal-fin ray anteriorly, and a smooth (vs. serrated) dorsal
spine. Mystus leucophasis further differs from the
new species in having (vs. lacking) a filamentous extension of the upper
principle-ray of the caudal fin. M. ngasep sp. nov. further differs from M. pulcher in having a wider vomerine
tooth-band (as wide as the premaxillary tooth-band vs. about one-third of the
premaxillary tooth-band), fewer vertebrae (41–42 vs. 35) and lacking (vs.
having) a black spot at the base of the caudal fin.
Jayaram & Sanyal (2003) reported Mystus armatus from Manipur based on five
specimens (92.2–125.6 mm SL), but they did not provide the exact
collection site of the specimens. Ng & Kottelat (2009) found no evidence that M. armatus is known from the
Irrawaddy River drainage and also suggested that Jayaram & Sanyal’s (2003)
specimens of M. armatus from Manipur might be a misidentification of M. cineraceus. We feel that Jayaram
& Sanyal (2003) might have misidentified specimens of M. rufescens as M. armatus, because M. armatus also possess a black spot
at the base of the caudal fin also present in M. rufescens. We have also not encountered any species of Mystus with a black spot at the
base of the caudal fin from our extensive surveys of the Brahmaputra River
drainage in Manipur. However, we
were unable to verify the identity of Jayaram & Sanyal’s (2003) material,
as we were unable to locate this material for study in the collections of the
Zoological Survey of India in Kolkata. Jayaram & Sanyal (2003) also misidentified several specimens
collected from the Chindwin River drainage in Manipur (ZSI 4236/2, ZSI F
4293/2, ZSI F 4346/2) as M. bleekeri. Mystus ngasep sp. nov.is very similar in colouration and meristic counts to M. bleekeri. However, the new species differs from M. bleekeri in having a slender (vs.
broad) cleithral process, smaller eye (diameter 16.2–19.8 % HL vs. 20.2–25.9),
shorter maxillary barbel (200.0–235.0 % HL vs. 241.3–330.0), more
gill rakers on the first branchial arch (16–19 vs. 11–15), fewer
pectoral spine serrations on the posterior edge (9–11 vs. 11–16)
and longer prepectoral length (22.2–26.0 % SL vs. 19.5–21.8) and
dorsal spine that extends to about three-fifths to three-quarters (vs. nearly
half) of the fin height. It
further differs from M. bleekeri in having a narrower base of the supraoccipital process, its
width at the base being about one-fifth of its length (vs. two-fifths to half
of its length); more vertebrae (40–41 vs. 37–40), with the closure
of the haemal arches appearing from the 12th–14th(vs. commonly 11th or rarely 12th) vertebra onwards.
Mystus ngasep differs from M. dibrugarensis in
having fewer gill rakers (16–19 vs. 28) on the first arch, more vertebrae
(40–41 vs. 36), the absence (vs. presence) of a thin
black mid-lateral line connecting the tympanic spot and the black spot at the
base of the caudal fin. It differs from M. tengara in having a smooth (vs.
with 8–9 serrations posteriorly) dorsal spine, longer adipose-fin base
(37.1–44.5% SL vs. 24.0–31.7), fewer gill rakers
on the first arch (16–19 vs. 31–42), 11–12 (vs. 8–9)
ribs and 40–41 (vs. 34–37) vertebrae.
Mystus ngasep sp. nov.differsfrom M. carcio in
having more vertebrae (40–41 vs. 32), a longer adipose-fin base (37.1–44.5
% SL vs. 8.5–11.9), vomerine tooth-band continuous (vs. interrupted in
the middle), fewer gill rakers on the first arch (16–19 vs. 23–24)
and lacking (vs. having) the coracoid shield below the pectoral fin. It differs from M. gulio in having a longer
occipital process (reaching to the basal bone of dorsal fin vs. not reaching),
origin of adipose-fin base in contact (vs. not in contact) with the base of the
last dorsal-fin ray, and a smooth (vs. posteriorly serrated) dorsal spine.
Comparative material
Mystus bleekeri: ZSI Kolkata 1076 (lectotype), 101.5mm SL; India: Yamuna River.
MUMF 9521 (10), 85.6–108.3 mm SL; India: Ganga River at
Patna. MUMF 9522 (10), 74.2–98.8 mm SL; India: Guwahati: Brahmaputra
River.
Mystus rufescens: ZSI Kolkata 781 (1) [syntype of M. bleekeri], 95mm SL; Burma: Prome.
MUMF 9530 (5), 84.5–101.1 mm SL; India: Manipur: Chandel district, Moreh
market.
Mystus cavasius: MUMF
9513 (10), 74.8–109.7 mm SL; India: Guwahati: Brahmaputra River.
Mystus falcarius: MUMF 9514 and 9517 (9), 96.5–206 mm SL; India: Manipur:
Lokchao River. Data of Chakrabarty & Ng (2005) are also used for
comparison.
Mystus pulcher: ZSI Kolkata F 4716-19/1 (4 syntypes), 51.7–55.5 mm SL;
Burma: Bhamo. MUMF 1100–1105 (6), 55.8–69.9 mm SL; India: Manipur:
Ukhrul District: Chatrikong River (headwater of Chindwin River drainage).
Mystus tengara:
MUMF 9520/1-9520/20 (20), 67.9–75.7 mm SL; India: West Bengal: Kolkata. MUMF
9523 (15), 52.1–77.5 mm SL; India: Brahmaputra River at Guwahati.
Mystus carcio:
ZSI FF4081 (1), 47.9mm SL; India: Assam: Brahmaputra River at Guwahati. ZSI FF4080 (1), 42.9mm SL; same data as above. MUMF 9518/1
(1), 39.0mm SL; India: Assam: Brahmaputra River at Guwahati. MUMF
9518/3-9518/10 (8), 30.2–47.9 mm SL; same data as above. MUMF 9519/1-9519/17 (17), 39.0–47.0 mm SL; same data as
above. MUMF 9531 (1), 36 mm
SL; India: Assam: Ujan Bazar, Guwahati.
Mystus leucophasis and M. gulio: Data of Jayaram & Sanyal
(2003).
M. cineraceus: Data
of Ng &
Kottelat (2009).
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