Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2020 | 12(17): 17299–17322

 

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 

doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6241.12.17.17299-17322

#6241 | Received 29 May 2020 | Final received 25 November 2020 | Finally accepted 01 December 2020

 

 

 

An inventory of the native flowering plants in East Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh, India

 

Momang Taram 1, Dipankar Borah 2, Hui Tag 3  & Ritesh Kumar Choudhary 4

 

1,3 Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh 791112, India.

2 Department of Botany, Goalpara College, PO & District Goalpara, Assam 783101, India.

4Biodiversity & Palaeobiology (Plants & Diatoms) Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.

1 momangtaram9@rgu.ac.in, 2 dipankar.borah@rgu.ac.in, 3 huitag2008rgu@gmail.com,

4 rkchoudhary@aripune.org (corresponding author)

 

 

Editor: K. Haridasan, Pallavur, Palakkad, Kerala, India.                Date of publication: 26 December 2020 (online & print)

 

Citation: Taram, M., D. Borah, H. Tag & R.K. Choudhary (2020). An inventory of the native flowering plants in East Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(17): 17299–17322. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6241.12.17.17299-17322

 

Copyright: © Taram et al. 2020. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.  JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

 

Funding: Self-financed, freelance work.

 

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

 

Author details: Momang Taram, a PhD scholar, has authored more than 20 research articles and has described 10 taxa new to science.  She is involved in two major projects ‘Biocultural studies of the Adi tribe in Arunachal Pradesh’ and ‘Revision of the family Gesneriaceae in Arunachal Pradesh’.  Dipankar Borah has authored several research articles and has described 11 taxa new to science.  He is interested in native and endemic vascular flora of northeastern India as well as ethnobotany of the region. His current research project is ‘Enumeration of the biodiversity of Behali Reserve Forest, Biswanath, Assam.’ Hui Tag has been involved in biocultural studies of the ethnic communities of Arunachal Pradesh. He is also working in the field of nutraceutical and drug discovery targeting some medicinal plants. Ritesh Kumar Choudhary has worked on the flora of all four biodiversity hotspots of India, and also in Vietnam and Korea.  He has described 12 new plant species, authored three books and more than 70 research papers.  He is actively engaged in resolving the taxonomy and phylogeny of plants using molecular data.  He has been recently nominated for Prof. V.V. Sivarajan Gold Medal by Indian Association of Plant Taxonomy for his contribution to the field of plant taxonomy.

 

Author contribution: MT, DB, HT, and RKC conceptualized the research.  MT and DB carried out the field work.  All authors contributed in data compilation, analysis and writing of the manuscript.

 

Acknowledgements: We are thankful to: Mr. Ojar Taku, for his help during field visits; Prof. Abhaya Prasad Das for his valuable insights in identification, and taxonomic inputs; and the authorities of Rajiv Gandhi University to carry out this work.  RKC thanks the Director, Agharkar Research Institute for facilities.  Comments received from the anonymous reviewers are also acknowldeged.

 

 

Abstract: The present study is an outcome of floristic surveys of East Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh, carried out during 2016–2019, and also a compilation of earlier published reports.  Vegetation analysis of this area along with a checklist of 508 taxa is presented.  A total of 503 species, one subspecies and four varieties of native flowering plants belonging to 348 genera and 102 families are reported.  Among these, 11 taxa are endemic to India, two Critically Endangered, one Vulnerable, one Near Threatened, two Data Deficient, and others either Least Concern or Not Evaluated as per IUCN criteria.  The study also documents two new distributional records for the flora of Arunachal Pradesh, and range extension of six lesser-known endemic species.  The most dominant families were found to be Poaceae (27 species), followed by Lamiaceae (23 species), Gesneriaceae (22 species), and Rubiaceae (20 species).  The number of new taxa described from the region, endemism, and the Red Listed plants strongly reflect the floristic importance of the region, which is in dire need of conservation.

 

Keywords: Checklist, conservation, endemism, Himalayan flora, northeastern India, taxonomy.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Northeastern India is situated in the transition zone between the Himalayan and Indo-Burma global biodiversity hotspots (Olson & Dinerstein 1998).  The region has a long international boundary of about 2,000km with China and Bhutan in the north, Myanmar in the east, Nepal in the west, and Bangladesh in the south-west; it harbours more than one-third of the country’s total biodiversity and 50% of the floral wealth (Takhtajan 1969).  Arunachal Pradesh is the largest among the seven administrative states of northeastern India, covering an area of about 83,700km2, of which 82% is under forest cover.  It hosts a rich floral and faunal diversity due to its physiographic variation of elevations ranging 150–6,500 m and unique climatic conditions (Chakravarty et al. 2012; Taram et al. 2018).  The vegetation ranges from tropical mixed and broadleaf evergreen forest to alpine meadow and scrubs (Singh & Singh 1991), and comprises many hill ranges such as Mishmee Hills, Abor Hills, Patkai Hills, Dafla Hills, and Aka Hills.  The study area of East Siang is an important administrative district of Arunachal Pradesh and part of the erstwhile Siang frontier division.  It also falls under the Abor Hills of the eastern Himalaya.  In 1980, Siang frontier division was bifurcated into two districts namely West Siang and East Siang, headquartered at Along and Pasighat, respectively.  In 1994, East Siang District was further divided into Upper Siang and East Siang, and in 2015 and 2017 Siang and Lower Siang districts were separated from East Siang.  East Siang District is a mountainous area with river plains as well as rocky slopes and has a total area of 3,603km2, lying approximately between 27.71 and 28.85 North latitudes and 94.70 and 95.58 East longitudes (Figure 1).

Griffith (1836), carried out the first floristic work in the Abor and Mishmi Hills, and published the ‘Flora of Mishmi Hills’.  With the advent of the 20th Century, many more plant explorations were carried out resulting in significant publications such as ‘On the botany of Abor Expedition’ by Burkill (1925); ‘Botanical exploration in the Mishmi Hill’ by Ward (1929), ‘Observation of the Flora of Siang Frontier Division’ by Rao & Joseph (1965), ‘Floristic diversity assessment and vegetation analysis of Upper Siang District of Eastern Himalaya’ by Choudhary (2008a,b), and Choudhary et al. (2012).  Moreover, several studies on the taxonomy and ethnobotany of the plants of the region were also published (Tag et al. 2008; Singh et al. 2011; Yumnam et al. 2011; Yumnam & Tripathi 2013; Baruah et al. 2013; Boko & Narsimhan 2014; Mibang & Das 2017) which documented more than 300 ethnobotanically useful plant species present in the Siang belt.  Considering its floristic richness, a large chunk of this district was demarcated as the erstwhile Lali Reserve Forest, which was notified as Lali Wildlife Sanctuary in 1978 and subsequently renamed Daying Ering (D’Ering) Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary in 1986.

Although the general floristic account of the region was documented in several scattered publications, a comprehensive checklist for this important area highlighting the endemic and native species was not available.  The recent discovery and documentation of several new species and new records (Jeyaprakash et al. 2014; Gogoi & Borah 2015; Tatum & Das 2016; Nangkar et al. 2017; Borah & Das 2018; Borah et al. 2018, 2020a,b; Taram & Borah 2020; Taram et al. 2020a,b,c,d,e) from the East Siang District and other districts of Arunachal Pradesh and its neighbouring regions, highlights the rich biodiversity of the area and warrants more exploration and research.  The present study is, therefore, aimed to provide an updated checklist of the native flowering plants of East Siang District.  It also provides information on the endemic and Red list plant species (IUCN 2020) distributed in the area, based on the field surveys and scrutiny of herbarium collections and published literature.

 

 

METHODS

 

Several field surveys of different localities of East Siang District were carried out from April 2016 to December 2019, covering most vegetation types and different elevations.  The plant specimens collected were photographed in the field, press dried and mounted on herbarium sheets following standard methods (Jain & Rao 1977).  Nomenclature was followed using online databases (POWO 2019; Tropicos 2020; WFO 2020) and classified as per Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system, APG IV (Chase et al. 2016).  Identification was done using relevant literature (Hooker 1872; Kanjilal et al. 1934; Hajra et al. 1996; Chauhan et al. 1996; Giri et al. 2008; Chowdhery et al. 2009; Ambrish 2013) and scrutiny of the herbarium specimens housed in ASSAM, ARUN, HAU, North East Institute of Folk Medicine (NEIFM), Pasighat and several virtual herbaria like K, E, PE, etc.  Information on the conservation status was noted following the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2020) Red List.  The voucher specimens were deposited in HAU (Herbarium of Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh). The field number of the specimens scrutinized at the herbarium of North East Institute of Folk Medicine (NEIFM), Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh, are prefixed with NEIFM in the Appendix 1.

 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

The structure and composition characteristics of the flora of East Siang District can be classified into two major climatic zones and five vegetation zones following the earlier classification pattern proposed by Champion & Seth (1968) and Kaul & Haridasan (1987) (Image 1; Table 1).  These are discussed below:

 

Tropical forest

This type of vegetation can be mainly seen in the area of lower elevation such as Pasighat, Ruksin, Balek, Ledum, Magnang, Sille, Rani, Bilat, Mebo, Ngopok, Kiyit up to an altitude of 900m.  This forest is characterized by tall trees with close canopy and receives heavy rainfall during monsoon season.  The lower elevation areas of the district are occupied by tree species like Gynocardia odorata, Liquidambar excelsa, Trevesia palmata, Garcinia pedunculata, Terminalia myriocarpa, Dillenia indica, Actinodaphne obovata, Cinnamomum bejolghota, Litsea glutinosa, Litsea monopetala, Duabanga grandifolia, Magnolia hodgsonii etc.  A large chunk of this forest is being invaded by exotic weeds like Ageratum houstonianum, Chromolaena odorata, Cuscuta cassytoides, Mikania micrantha, and Paederia foetida (not included in the present checklist).  Many common species of bamboos and orchids can also be found throughout these forests.  The tropical forest of the district can be further divided into three subtypes:

 

Grasslands: The grasslands are found in the alluvial soils of the Siang River basin.  Daying Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary of this district occupies mostly this vegetation.  Several scattered trees are also found in the areas, though the diversity is very less.  Carex baccans, Oplismenus burmanni, Erioscirpus comosus, Themeda villosa, Saccharum spontaneum, Saccharum arundinaceum, Phragmites karka, and Thysanolaena latifolia are the most commonly found grasses and sedges as well as a few grassland orchids such as Pachystoma pubescens are also found.

Tropical semi-evergreen forest: This type of forest can be encountered in Sirki, Bodak, Ponging, and adjacent areas, which are dominated by trees like Cordia dichotoma, Duabanga grandiflora, Ficus auriculata, F. crassiramea, and Toxicodendron hookerii. In the next storey, Maesa indica, Abroma augustum, Leea indica, Mussaenda glabra, Buddleja asiatica, Coffea bengalensis, Saurauia sinohirsuta, Sabia lanceolata, and several species of wild Citrus can be commonly found.  The ground storey is composed of herbs like Viola betonicifolia, Lobelia nummularia, Persicaria capitata, and P. hydropiper.

Tropical evergreen forest: This type of forest can be seen in most of the areas of the district such as Renging, Ledum, Mikong, and Pasighat.  Due to heavy rainfall in the area, luxuriant growth of the tropical flora can be seen.  The common tree species of this forest are Actinodaphne obovata, Alstonia scholaris, Artocarpus lacucha, Callicarpa arborea, Canarium strictum, Litsea monopetala, Wallichia oblongifolia, Trevesia palmata, Rhus chinensis, Liquidambar excelsa, Morus macroura, Ficus semicordata, F. tinctoria, F. variegata, and F. virens.  The second storey, however, comprises of Saurauia punduana and Litsea cubeba.  Epiphytic plants like Aeschynanthus micranthus, A. acuminatus, A. superbus, Thunbergia coccinea, and Dischidia bengalensis are also common.  The ground storey comprises of Brachystemma calycinum, Hellenia speciosa, Phrynium pubinerve, Alpinia nigra, Curculigo capitulata, and several others.

Tropical wet evergreen forest: These forests receive comparatively high rainfall (ca. 2,000mm or more) and the temperature ranges from 10–30 0C.  These forests harbour the most diverse flora in the district comprising of three storeys.  Ruksin, Rani, Sile, and Magnang host such forests where the elevation is very low compared to the other areas of the district.  Being mostly plains, the regions are most prone to deforestation for agriculture, and hence large chunks of such forests are under threat.  A lot of tall tree species with close canopy can be seen growing luxuriantly in these areas.  The commonest tree species of this storey are Castanopsis indica, Chisocheton cumingianus, Toona hexandra, Aesculus assamica, Garcinia pedunculata, Balakata baccata, Gmelina arborea, and Bauhinia variegata.  Whereas the second storey comprises of small trees, lianas, and shrubs like Saurauia napaulensis, S. armata, Fissistigma polyanthum, F. bicolor, Entada phaseoloides, Dalhousiea bracteata, Phlogacanthus curviflorus, Aralia armata, Caryota urens, and Calamus erectus.  The rich epiphytic flora can be seen holding the branches of the tree species in the area. Some of the common orchids of this forests are Cymbidium aloifolium, Dendrobium aphyllum, D. nobile, and D. lasiopetalum.  The herbaceous flora of this area includes Bonnaya antipoda, Lobelia zeylanica, Cynoglossum wallichii, and several Begoniaceae, Balsaminaceae, & Zingiberaceae members.

 

Subtropical forest

This type of forest can be occasionally seen in the northern and eastern parts of the district, on high hilltops. Most of these forests lie at elevations of 900m and above.  The elevational gradient plays a significant role in vegetation composition of the forest and a subtle change in the floristic composition can be observed in the areas.  The ground storey is composed of various species of Urticaceae (e.g., Elatostema, Pilea, and Boehmeria), Paris polyphylla, Wallichia triandra, Argostemma verticiliatum, Phlogacanthus vitellinus, Zeuxine flava, Cheirostylis parvifolia, even Ficus hederacea, and Henckelia mishmiensis are seen growing luxuriantly on the rocky walls.  The top storey comprises of sporadic distribution of Phoenix rupicola, Pandanus furcatus, and Pterospermum lanceifolium.

The present study documents a wide range of flowering plant diversity of East Siang District and altogether reports 503 species, one subspecies and four varieties, representing 348 genera belonging to 102 families (Appendix 1).  The most species-rich families are Poaceae (27 species), Lamiaceae (23 species), Gesneriaceae (22 species), Rubiaceae (20 species), Fabaceae, Acanthaceae, Orchidaceae (19 species each), and Moraceae (18 species) (Appendix 1).

 

New records for the flora of Arunachal Pradesh

The present study documents two interesting species which were never recorded from Arunachal Pradesh.  A brief taxonomic description of these species is given below to facilitate their easy identification:

 

Mycetia mukerjiana Deb & Ratna Dutta (Image 2A–D)

Mycetia mukerjiana can be distinguished from its closely allied species M. fangii K.J.Yan & Z.Q.Song by its eglandulose calyx (vs. glandulose calyx), calyx lobes sub-equal to the corolla (vs. calyx lobes much shorter than the corolla), and longer bracts and bracteoles (Yan et al. 2016).  M. mukerjiana was known so far from Assam, Mizoram, and Nagaland states of India and Bangladesh (Das & Rahman 2010; Chaturvedi et al. 2011; Barbhuiya et al. 2014), but never from Arunachal Pradesh.  It was collected from Sirki area of East Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh during our floristic survey.

Specimens examined: (MT2075) (HAU), 06.vii.2018, 28.103N & 95.267E; 500m, India, Arunachal Pradesh, East Siang, Pasighat, Sirki.

 

Citrus indica Yu. Tanaka (Image 2E–I)

Citrus indica can be recognized from other Citrus species growing in the region by its unifoliate leaves, 5–7 pairs of prominent secondary veins, globose to obovoid fruits, depressed-obtuse at apex, deep orange to scarlet red when ripe, thin pericarp, as well as soft and thin mesocarp, 8–11 endocarp segments, polygonal pulps, sticky and yellow as well as 5–7 flattened, ovoid seeds per fruit.  It was so far known from Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya and Nagaland (Borah et al. 2018b) but never from Arunachal Pradesh.  During the present study, it was collected from Pasighat area of East Siang District.

Specimens examined: (MT2074) (HAU), 28.063N & E 95.324E; 180m, 24.iv.2019, India, Arunachal Pradesh, East Siang, Pasighat.

 

Endemism and range extension

Within the investigated regions, 11 species endemic to India were recorded.  Out of which, five species are narrowly endemic to East Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh, and six endemic to the eastern Himalaya (Appendix 1).  Among these, new distribution localities were recorded for two endemic species.  Their details are as follows:

(1) Hornstedtia arunachalensis S. Tripathi & V. Prakash (Zingiberaceae) described from Papum Pare District of Arunachal Pradesh (Tripathi & Prakash 1999) was recorded during the present investigation from Sirki, East Siang District, extending its known range by 200km (Image 3E).

(2) Henckelia mishmiensis (Debb. ex Biswas) D.J. Middleton & Mich. Möller, earlier known only from Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh (Sinha & Dutta 2016), was recorded during the present investigation from Pasighat and Bodak of East Siang District, extending its known range by 100km (Image 3D).

Moreover, four species reported from only one or two locations in Arunachal Pradesh from India and few other neighbouring countries were also recorded in the present study, extending their present known range to some extent. These are:

(1) Lysionotus gamosepalus W.T.Wang: Earlier reported only from Lohit and Upper Siang districts of Arunachal Pradesh from India (Akhil et al. 2019; Taram et al. 2020a), is also reported here from Pasighat of East Siang District (Image 3A).  It is also distributed in China (POWO 2019).

(2) Rhynchotechum parviflorum Blume: So far known from Upper Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh (Taram et al. 2020d) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands in India (POWO 2019) is reported here from Sirki of East Siang District. Its distribution extends to New Guinea (POWO 2019).

(3) Wallichia triandra (J. Joseph) S.K.Basu: Earlier reported only from Anjaw and Lohit District of Arunachal Pradesh (Henderson 2007) is reported here from Sirki of East Siang District.  It is also distributed in China (POWO 2019).

(4) Saurauia sinohirsuta J.Q. Li & Soejarto: So far known from Upper Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh in India (Taram & Borah 2020) is reported here from Sirki of East Siang District.  It is also distributed in China (POWO 2019).

 

Conservation

Out of the 508 taxa reported during this study, 108 species are designated under ‘Least Concern’, whereas most of them belong to ‘Not Evaluated’ category following IUCN 2020.  Some rare and threatened plants recorded from the study area are listed in Table 3 along with their IUCN status.

 

Plants of medicinal and economic importance

During the present study it was found that 20 species (3.9%) are used to formulate different forms of traditional medicine, 126 species (24.8%) are edible, and 362 (71.3%) plants have no known uses (Appendix 1).  Most of recorded usage show similarity to the earlier reports (Tag et al. 2008; Singh et al. 2011; Yumnam et al. 2011; Baruah et al. 2013; Yumnam & Tripathi 2013; Boko & Narsimhan 2014), except Hornstedtia arunachalensis S. Triphathi & V.Prakash, Helixanthera parasitica Lour., Curculigo prainiana (Deb) Bennet & Raizada, Rhynchotechum obovatum (Griff.) B.L.Burtt, Rhynchotechum parviflorum Blume, Brachystemma calycinum D.Don and Balanophora dioica R. Br. ex Royle, which are new ethnobotanical records for the region.

 

Excluded taxa

Several studies conducted by Jeyaprakash K. (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8780-3487) during 2015-2017 on the floristic diversity of East Siang District are not cited here complying with the journal’s policy of curbing publications in the predatory journals. These studies also included exotic, introduced and cultivated taxa to their list. We, however, have excluded them from the present checklist as our main aim was to document the native flora of the district. Moreover, Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr. reported by the same author as a new distributional record to Arunachal Pradesh was found to be an incorrect identification of Lepionurus sylvestris Blume, and hence, excluded from the present checklist.

 

 

CONCLUSION

 

There is still a gap in the research conducted so far to determine the approximate floral wealth of East Siang District.  So far only one protected area, i.e., Daying Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary has been designated in the district and much of the biodiversity finds its place in the private lands.  We believe that our checklist will help in conservation planning of this sanctuary.  The outburst of the human population, however, has created a need for new settlements as well as agricultural lands which pose serious threats to the present biodiversity in the area.  Geographically, East Siang District is about 4% of Arunachal Pradesh, yet it represents around one-fourth of the state’s flora.  The tropical climate, along with its location in the eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot is the probable explanation for the high diversity.  The present study should be considered a preliminary account of this floristically rich region, and more survey and research should be conducted to document its accurate floral wealth.  Besides, the rich medicinal wealth of the district should also be conserved following several exercises such as Conservation Assessment and Management Prioritization (Ved et al. 2005), in association with the leading Indian institutions such as BSI, CIMAP, FRI, FRLHT, etc.

 

Table 1. Major climatic and vegetation zones of East Siang District.

Climatic zone

Vegetation zone

Champion & Seth (1968)

Altitudinal range (in m)

Tropical

Grasslands

Unclassified

alluvial plains

 

Tropical semi-evergreen

2/B/C1/Ia, 2/B/C1b/ISI

near alluvial plains

 

Tropical evergreen

1/B/C1, 1/B/C2

up to 600

 

Tropical wet evergreen

8/B/C1

up to 900

Subtropical

Subtropical evergreen

3C3/Bb, 3C/IS2

900–1500

 

 

Table 2. Ten dominant families of East Siang District.

 

Family

No. of genera

No. of species

1

Poaceae

21

27

2

Lamiaceae

15

23

3

Gesneriaceae

08

22

4

Rubiaceae

17

20

5

Fabaceae

18

19

6

Orchidaceae

17

19

7

Acanthaceae

10

19

8

Moraceae

05

18

9

Urticaceae

09

15

10

Malvaceae

10

13

 

 

Table 3. Rare and threatened plants recorded from the study area.

 

Species name

Family

IUCN status

1

Saurauia punduana Wall.

Actinidiaceae

CR

2

Larsenianthus arunachalensis M.Sabu, Sanoj & Rajesh Kumar

Zingiberaceae

CR

3

Piper pedicellatum C.DC

Piperaceae

VU

4

Phoenix rupicola T.Anderson

Arecaceae

NT

5

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm.

Zingiberaceae

DD

6

Amomum subulatum Roxb.

Zingiberaceae

DD

 

 

Appendix 1. Plant diversity of East Siang District.

Family

Taxon

Field no.

IUCN Status

Acanthaceae

 

 

 

 

Codonacanthus pauciflorus (Nees) Nees

MT2001

NE

 

Dicliptera babui Karthik. & Moorthy

MT2500

NE

 

Justicia adhatoda L.

MT2002

NE

 

Mackaya neesiana (Wall.) Das

MT1742

NE

 

Phlogacanthus curviflorus (Nees) Nees

MT2502

NE

 

Phlogacanthus gracilis P.Anderson ex Burkill

NEIFM-306

E

 

Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis (Roxb. ex Hardw.) Mabb.

MT2127

NE

 

Phlogacanthus vitellinus (Roxb.) T.Anderson

MT2003

NE

 

Pseuderanthemum leptanthus (C.B.Clarke) Lindau

MT2004

NE

 

Rhinacanthus calcaratus (Wall.) Nees

MT2005

NE

 

Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees

MT2501

NE

 

Strobilanthes hamiltoniana (Steud.) Bosser & Heine

MT2128

NE

 

Strobilanthes mastersii T.Anderson

MT2129

E

 

Strobilanthes oxycalycina J.R.I. Wood

MT2007

E

 

Strobilanthes pauciflora (Merr.) Y.F. Deng

MT2006, MT2101

NE

 

Strobilanthes secunda T.Anderson

MT2008

NE

 

Strobilanthes tubiflos (C.B.Clarke) J.R.I.Wood

MT2009

E

 

Thunbergia coccinea Wall. ex D.Don

MT2010

NE

 

Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottler) Roxb.

MT2011

NE

Achariaceae

 

 

 

 

Gynocardia odorata R.Br.

MT1731

NE

Acoraceae

 

 

 

 

Acorus calamus L.

MT2533

LC

Actinidaceae

 

 

 

 

Saurauia armata Kurz #

MT1619

NE

 

Saurauia sinohirsuta J.Q.Li & Soejarto

MT1829

NE

 

Saurauia napaulensis DC. #

MT1590

LC

 

Saurauia punduana Wall. #

MT1589

CR

Altingiaceae

 

 

 

 

Liquidambar excelsa (Noronha) Oken

MT1692

LC

Amaranthaceae

 

 

 

 

Achyranthes aspera L.

MT2134

NE

 

Achyranthes bidentata Blume

MT2503

NE

 

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC.

MT2135

LC

 

Amaranthus viridis L.

MT1564

NE

 

Chenopodium album L. #

MT1700

NE

 

Chenopodium giganteum D.Don. #

MT1617

NE

 

Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume

MT1235

NE

 

Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr. #

MT1747

NE

Amaryllidaceae

 

 

 

 

Allium hookeri Thwaites

MT1634

NE

Anacardiaceae

 

 

 

 

Mangifera sylvatica Roxb. #

MT1686

LC

 

Rhus chinensis Mill. *

MT1580

LC

 

Spondias pinnata (L.f) Kurz.

MT1530

NE

 

Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill #

MT2534

NE

 

Toxicodendron hookeri (Sahni & Bahadur) C.Y.Wu & T.L.Ming

MT1626

NE

Annonaceae

 

 

 

 

Fissistigma bicolor (Roxb.) Merr.

MT1816

NE

 

Fissistigma polyanthum (Hook.f and Thomson) Merr. #

MT1772

NE

 

Miliusa dioeca (Roxb.) Chaowasku & Kessler

MT200

NE

 

Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites

NEIFM-394

NE

 

Trivalvaria costata (Hook.f. & Thomson) I.M.Turner

NEIFM-513

NE

Apiaceae

 

 

 

 

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb *

MT1711

LC

 

Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC.

MT1821

LC

Apocynaceae

 

 

 

 

Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.) G.Don

NEIFM-483

NE

 

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.

MT2133

LC

 

Beaumontia grandiflora Wall.

MT1636

NE

 

Dischidia bengalensis Colebr.

MT2134

NE

 

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br.

MT2135

NE

 

Hoya arnottiana Wight

NEIFM-215

NE

 

Hoya verticillata (Vahl) G.Don

MT2012

NE

 

Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill.

NEIFM-353, NEIFM-486

NE

 

Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.

MT2136

NE

 

Wrightia coccinea (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Sims

NEIFM-247

NE

Araceae

 

 

 

 

Alocasia fornicata (Kunth) Schott

MT2014

LC

 

Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume

NEIFM-560

NE

 

Amorphophallus napalensis (Wall.) Bogner & Mayo

NEIFM-551

NE

 

Arisaema arunachalensis A.Nangkar, A.P. Das & H.Tag

cf. Nangkar et al. 2017

E

 

Colocasia fallax Schott

MT2013

LC

 

Homalomena aromatica (Spreng.) Schott

MT2535

NE

 

Pothos scandens L. *

MT1722

NE

 

Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr.

NEIFM-213

NE

 

Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott

MT1571

NE

 

Rhaphidophora glauca (Wall.) Schott

MT2130

NE

 

Rhaphidophora hookeri Schott

MT1572

NE

 

Steudnera assamica Hook.f.

MT2131

E

Araliaceae

 

 

 

 

Aralia armata (Wall ex. Don) Seem. #

MT1552

LC

 

Brassaiopsis glomerulata (Blume) Regel

MT1579

LC

 

Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (L.) S.Y.Hu

NEIFM-307

NE

 

Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb.) Seem.

MT1656

NE

 

Hydrocotyle himalaica P.K.Mukh.

MT1830

NE

 

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.

MT2504

LC

 

Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.

MT1712

NE

 

Schefflera bengalensis Gamble

NEIFM-207

NE

 

Trevesia palmata (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Vis. #

MT1679

LC

Arecaceae

 

 

 

 

Calamus erectus Roxb. #

MT1562

NE

 

Calamus flagellum Griff. Ex Walp #

MT1541

NE

 

Caryota urens L.

MT1570

LC

 

Phoenix rupicola T.Anderson

DB2015

E, NT

 

Pinanga gracilis Blume

MT2016

NE

 

Wallichia oblongifolia Griff.

MT1538

NE

 

Wallichia triandra (J.Joseph) S.K.Basu

MT1537

LC

Aristolochiaceae

 

 

 

 

Aristolochia platanifolia (Klotzsch) Duch

DB2152

NE

Asparagaceae

 

 

 

 

Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.) Roxb.

MT2407

NE

 

Dracaena petiolata Hook.f.

MT2409

E

 

Peliosanthes ligniradicis N.Tanaka, Taram & D. Borah

MT&DB 651

E

 

Peliosanthes macrophylla Wall. ex Baker

MT2411

NE

 

Tupistra stoliczana Kurz

MT2412

NE

Asteraceae

 

 

 

 

Artemisia indica Willd *

MT1646

NE

 

Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. *

MT1655

NE

 

Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers. #

MT1758

NE

 

Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir.

NEIFM-91

NE

 

Gynura cusimbua (D.Don) S.Moore #

MT1743

LC

 

Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood

MT2407

NE

 

Pseudognaphalium affine (D.Don) Anderb. #

MT1757

NE

 

Youngia japonica (L.) DC. #

MT1536

NE

Balanophoraceae

 

 

 

 

Balanophora dioica R. Br. ex Royle #

MT1558

NE

Balsaminaceae

 

 

 

 

Impatiens arguta Hook f. & Thomson

MT2019

NE

 

Impatiens latiflora Hook.f. & Thomson

MT2018

NE

 

Impatiens porrecta Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson

MT2017

NE

 

Impatiens siangensis Gogoi

MT2417

E

Begoniaceae

 

 

 

 

Begonia aborensis Dunn #

MT1595

NE

 

Begonia acetosella Craib. #

MT1638

NE

 

Begonia annulata K.Koch

MT2019

NE

 

Begonia biserrata Lindl. #

MT1639

NE

 

Begonia burkillii Dunn

MT2020

NE

 

Begonia josephi A.DC

MT2021

NE

 

Begonia roxburghii (Miq.) A.DC #

MT1594

NE

 

Begonia silletensis (A.DC.) C.B. Clarke #

MT2022

NE

 

Begonia xanthina Hook.

MT2024

NE

Bignoniaceae

 

 

 

 

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz

MT2406

NE

 

Radermachera gigantea (Blume) Miq.

NEIFM-535

LC

 

Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC

MT2025

NE

Boraginaceae

 

 

 

 

Bothriospermum zeylanicum (J.Jacq.) Druce

NEIFM-254

NE

 

Cordia dichotoma G.Forst

MT1514

LC

 

Cynoglossum wallichii G.Don

MT2405

NE

 

Ehretia acuminata R.Br.

NEIFM-109, NEIFM-185

LC

 

Ehretia wallichiana Hook.f. & Thomson ex C.B.Clarke

DB2023

NE

 

Rotula aquatica Lour.

NEIFM-413

NE

Brassicaceae

 

 

 

 

Cardamine hirsuta L. #

MT1751

NE

 

Rorippa dubia (Pers.) H.Hara #

MT1753

NE

Burseraceae

 

 

 

 

Canarium strictum Roxb. #

MT1687

NE

Campanulaceae

 

 

 

 

Lobelia nummularia Lam.

MT2403

NE

 

Lobelia zeylanica L.

MT2404

LC

Capparaceae

 

 

 

 

Capparis acutifolia Sweet subsp. sabiifolia (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Jacobs

MT2026

NE

 

Capparis assamica Hook.f. & Thomson

MT2027

E

 

Capparis multiflora Hook.f. & Thomson

MT1776

NE

 

Crateva magna (Lour.) DC.

NEIFM-543

NE

 

Stixis suaveolens (Roxb.) Baill. #

MT1613

NE

Caryophyllaceae

 

 

 

 

Brachystemma calycinum D.Don *

MT1746

NE

 

Stellaria media (L.)Vill #

MT1694

LC

Celastraceae

 

 

 

 

Microtropis discolor (Wall.) Wall. ex Meisn.

MT2412

NE

 

Loeseneriella pauciflora (DC.) A.C.Sm.

NEIFM-357

NE

Chloranthaceae

 

 

 

 

Chloranthus elatior Link

NEIFM-322

NE

Clusiaceae

 

 

 

 

Garcinia anomala Planch. & Triana #

MT2411

NE

 

Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb. #

MT1560

NE

 

Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.- Ham *

MT1586

NE

 

Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T.Anderson

NEIFM-487

NE

Colchicaceae

 

 

 

 

Disporum longistylum (H.Lév. & Vaniot) H.Hara

NEIFM-484

NE

Combretaceae

 

 

 

 

Terminalia chebula Retz. #

MT3003

NE

 

Terminalia myriocarpa Van Heurck & Mull.Arg

MT3004

NE

Commelinaceae

 

 

 

 

Amischotolype hookeri (Hassk.) H.Hara

MT2505

NE

 

Commelina benghalensis L

MT2401

LC

 

Floscopa scandens Lour.

MT2402

LC

 

Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan

MT1693

NE

 

Rhopalephora scaberrima (Blume) Faden

MT2400

NE

Convolvulaceae

 

 

 

 

Argyreia argentea (Roxb.) Sweet

NEIFM-407

NE

 

Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer

MT2029

NE

Cornaceae

 

 

 

 

Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms

MT2507

NE

Costaceae

 

 

 

 

Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta

MT2028

NE

Cucurbitaceae

 

 

 

 

Cucumis maderaspatanus L.

NEIFM-365

NE

 

Hodgsonia macrocarpa (Blume) Cong. #

MT1552

NE

 

Solena heterophylla Lour. *

MT2538

NE

 

Thladiantha cordifolia (Blume) Cong. #

MT1738

NE

 

Trichosanthes nervifolia L.

MT2299

NE

Cyperaceae

 

 

 

 

Carex baccans Nees

MT1677

LC

 

Cyperus digitatus Roxb.

MT2536

LC

 

Cyperus rotundus L.

MT2537

LC

 

Cyperus distans L.f.

NEIFM-552

LC

 

Cyperus mindorensis (Steud.) Huygh

NEIFM-129

NE

 

Cyperus pilosus Vahl

NEIFM-555

NE

 

Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult.

MT2298

LC

 

Erioscirpus comosus (Wall.) Palla

MT2291

NE

 

Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani

MT2288

LC

 

Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl

NEIFM-073, NEIFM-297

 

Dilleniaceae

 

 

 

 

Dillenia indica L. #

MT1593

NE

Dioscoreaceae

 

 

 

 

Dioscorea alata L. #

MT1778

NE

 

Dioscorea bulbifera L. #

MT1652

NE

 

Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill #

MT1832

NE

 

Dioscorea pentaphylla L. #

MT1544

NE

 

Tacca integrifolia Ker Gawl.

MT2030

NE

Ericaceae

 

 

 

 

Agapetes bhutanica N.P.Balakr. & Sud.Chowdhury

NEIFM-528

NE

 

Agapetes macrantha var. grandiflora (Hook.f.) D.Banik and Sanjappa *

MT1502

NE

 

Agapetes serpens (Wight) Sleumer

MT2031

NE

Euphorbiaceae

 

 

 

 

Balakata baccata (Roxb.) Esser

MT22188

LC

 

Bridelia montana (Roxb.) Willd.

NEIFM-232

NE

 

Croton caudatus Geiseler

MT2508

NE

 

Homonoia riparia Lour.

NEIFM-100

LC

 

Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Müll.Arg.

MT22187

LC

 

Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz

MT2509

NE

 

Ostodes paniculata Blume

MT1556

LC

Fabaceae

 

 

 

 

Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth

MT1550

LC

 

Archidendron chevalieri (Kosterm.) I.C. Nielsen

NEIFM-478

NE

 

Bauhinia purpurea L.#

MT2178

LC

 

Bauhinia variegata L.#

MT1745

LC

 

Crotalaria spectabilis Roth

MT2177

NE

 

Dalbergia rimosa Roxb.

NEIFM-355

LC

 

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC.

MT2176

NE

 

Dalhousiea bracteata (Roxb.) Graham ex Benth

MT2175

NE

 

Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.

MT1773

NE

 

Erythrina variegata L.

MT2173

LC

 

Gymnocladus burmanicus C.E.Parkinson

cf. Singh et al. 2009

NE

 

Leptodesmia microphylla (Thunb.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi

NEIFM-265, NEIFM-177

NE

 

Mastersia assamica Benth.

MT2177

NE

 

Mucuna macrocarpa Wall.

MT2510

NE

 

Ohwia caudata (Thunb.) H.Ohashi

NEIFM-411

NE

 

Ototropis multiflora (DC.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi

MT2178

NE

 

Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. *

MT1775

NE

 

Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.

NEIFM-080, NEIFM-252

NE

 

Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose

MT1501

NE

 

Tephrosia candida DC

MT2171

NE

Fagaceae

 

 

 

 

Castanopsis indica (Roxb. Ex Lindl.) A.DC.#

MT1602

LC

 

Castanopsis purpurella (Miq.) N.P.Balakr. #

MT1618

NE

Gesneriaceae

 

 

 

 

Aeschynanthus acuminatus Wall. ex A.DC

MT2042

NE

 

Aeschynanthus gracilis C.S.P.Paris ex C.B Clarke

MT1505

NE

 

Aeschynanthus micranthus C.B. Clarke

MT1504

NE

 

Aeschynanthus monetarius Dunn

MT1811

NE

 

Aeschynanthus parasiticus C.B. Clarke

MT1503

NE

 

Aeschynanthus superbus C.B.Clarke

MT2041

NE

 

Boeica filiformis C.B.Clarke

MT2040

NE

 

Boeica fulva C.B. Clarke #

MT1704

NE

 

Epithema carnosum Benth

MT2039

NE

 

Henckelia siangensis Taram, D.Borah & Tag

MT2300

E

 

Henckelia grandifolia A.Dietr.

MT2038

NE

 

Henckelia mishmiensis (Debb. ex Biswas) D.J.Middleton & Mich.Möller

MT2037, MT2172

NE

 

Henckelia oblongifolia (Roxb.) D.J.Middleton & Mich.Möller

MT2170

NE

 

Henckelia pumila (D.Don) A.Dietr

MT2036

NE

 

Lysionotus gamosepalus W.T.Wang var. gamosepalous

MT2035

NE

 

Lysionotus serratus D.Don

MT2034

NE

 

Rhynchotechum ellipticum (Wall. ex D.Dietr.) A.DC. #

MT1705

NE

 

Rhynchotechum obovatum (Griff.) B.L.Burtt #

MT22167

NE

 

Rhynchotechum parviflorum Blume #

MT1814, MT22168

NE

 

Rhynchotechum vestitum Wall. ex C. B. Clarke #

MT1706, MT22169

NE

 

Stauranthera grandifolia Benth.

MT2033

NE

 

Tetraphylloides bengalensis (C.B.Clarke) Doweld

MT2032

NE

Gentianaceae

 

 

 

 

Exacum teres Wall.

MT2166

NE

Hydrangeaceae

 

 

 

 

Hydrangea febrifuga (Lour.) Y. De Smet & Granados

MT2043

NE

Hydroleaceae

 

 

 

 

Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl

MT2165

LC

Hypoxidaceae

 

 

 

 

Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) Kuntze *

MT1815

NE

 

Curculigo prainiana (Deb) Bennet & Raizada (SE, Ethnomedicine)

MT2133

NE

Lamiaceae

 

 

 

 

Achyrospermum densiflorum Blume

NEIFM-401

NE

 

Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze

MT1894

NE

 

Callicarpa arborea Roxb. #

MT2164

LC

 

Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl

MT1517

LC

 

Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb.

MT2512

LC

 

Clerodendrum colebrookeanum Walp. #

MT2163

NE

 

Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze

NEIFM-471

NE

 

Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet

MT2162

LC

 

Clerodendrum laevifolium Blume

MT2044

NE

 

Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl.

NEIFM-359

NE

 

Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm

MT1545

LC

 

Isodon coetsa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kudô

NEIFM-240

NE

 

Leonurus japonicus Houtt.

NEIFM-452

NE

 

Leucas chinensis (Retz.) Sm.

NEIFM-065

NE

 

Leucas zeylanica (L.) W.T.Aiton

NEIFM-296

NE

 

Leucosceptrum canum Sm.

MT1733

NE

 

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. #

MT2161

NE

 

Pogostemon brachystachyus Benth.

NEIFM-312

NE

 

Pogostemon elsholtzioides Benth.

NEIFM-148

NE

 

Pogostemon plectranthoides Desf.

NEIFM-382

NE

 

Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb.

MT 2511

NE

 

Tectona grandis L.f

MT2160

NE

 

Teucrium viscidum Blume

NEIFM-319, NEIFM-490

NE

Lauraceae

 

 

 

 

Actinodaphne obovata (Nees) Blume

MT1690

NE

 

Beilschmiedia assamica Meisn.

NEIFM-541

NE

 

Cinnamomum bejolghota (Bucc-Ham) Sweet #

MT1777

LC

 

Lindera communis Hemsl.

NEIFM-443

NE

 

Litsea cubeba (Lours.) Pers. #

MT2159

NE

 

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob.

MT2540

LC

 

Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers.

MT1563

LC

 

Phoebe cooperiana P.C.Kanjilal and Das #

MT2158

E

Linderniaceae

 

 

 

 

Bonnaya antipoda (L.) Druce

MT2157

NE

 

Bonnaya ciliata (Colsm.) Spreng.

MT2156

NE

 

Torenia bicolor Dalzell

MT2154

LC

 

Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schuldt

MT2153

LC

 

Torenia fournieri Linden ex E.Fourn.

MT2541

NE

Loranthaceae

 

 

 

 

Helixanthera parasitica Lour. #

MT2046

NE

Lythraceae

 

 

 

 

Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. Ex DC) Walp.

MT2045

LC

 

Rotala rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koehne

MT20542

NE

Magnoliaceae

 

 

 

 

Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook.f. & Thomson) H.Keng

MT2047

LC

Malvaceae

 

 

 

 

Abroma augustum (L.) L.f.

MT1699

NE

 

Ayenia grandifolia (DC.) Christenh. & Byng

NEIFM-216, NEIFM-463

NE

 

Bombax ceiba L.

MT2050

NE

 

Grewia asiatica L.

NEIFM-351

LC

 

Kydia calycina Roxb.

MT1691

LC

 

Melochia corchorifolia L.

NEIFM-270, NEIFM-325

NE

 

Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd

MT2049

LC

 

Pterospermum lanceifolium Roxb. ex DC.

MT2048

NE

 

Sida acuta Burm.f.

MT2054

NE

 

Sterculia lanceolata var. coccinea (Jack) Phengklai #

MT1786

LC

 

Sterculia striatiflora Mast. #

MT&DB 0206

NE

 

Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex Sm

MT2052

NE

 

Urena lobata L.

MT2051

NE

Marantaceae

 

 

 

 

Phrynium pubinerve Blume #

MT2050

NE

Mazaceae

 

 

 

 

Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis

MT2150

NE

 

Mazus surculosus D.Don

MT2513

NE

Melanthiaceae

 

 

 

 

Paris polyphylla Sm. *

MT2051

NE

Melastomataceae

 

 

 

 

Melastoma malabathricum L #

MT2149

NE

 

Osbeckia nepalensis Hook.

MT2148

NE

 

Osbeckia nutans Wall.

MT2147

NE

 

Oxyspora paniculata DC.

MT2054

NE

 

Pseudodissochaeta assamica (C.B.Clarke) Nayar

MT2052

NE

 

Sarcopyramis napalensis Wall.

DB2053

NE

Meliaceae

 

 

 

 

Chisocheton cumingianus (C.DC.) Harms

DB2055

LC

 

Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Blume

NEIFM-488

LC

 

Melia azedarach L.

MT2126

LC

 

Toona hexandra (Wall.) M.Roem

MT2056

NE

Menispermaceae

 

 

 

 

Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers

MT2057

NE

 

Stephania rotunda Lour.

MT2058

NE

 

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson

MT2514

NE

Molluginaceae

 

 

 

 

Trigastrotheca pentaphylla (L.) Thulin

NEIFM-345

NE

Moraceae

 

 

 

 

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. #

MT1779

NE

 

Artocarpus lacucha Buch.Ham. #

MT1756

NE

 

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent.

NEIFM-228

LC

 

Ficus auriculata Lour. #

MT1601

LC

 

Ficus crassiramea (Miq.) Miq.

MT1641

NE

 

Ficus drupacea Thunb.

NEIFM-545

LC

 

Ficus hederacea Roxb.

MT1790

NE

 

Ficus heteropleura Blume

MT1764

NE

 

Ficus hispida L.f.#

MT2124

LC

 

Ficus oligodon Miq. #

MT1600

LC

 

Ficus religiosa L.

MT1574

NE

 

Ficus semicordata Buch-Ham ex Sm.#

MT1575

LC

 

Ficus simplicissima Lour.

MT1599

NE

 

Ficus tinctoria G.Forst.

MT1588

LC

 

Ficus variegata Blume

MT1833

LC

 

Ficus virens Aiton #

MT1808

LC

 

Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner #

MT1647

NE

 

Morus macroura Miq.

MT2123

NE

Musaceae

 

 

 

 

Musa aurantiaca G.Mann ex Baker #

MT1726

LC

 

Musa balbisiana Colla #

MT1760

LC

 

Musa sanguinea Hook.f. *

MT2069

LC

Myricaceae

 

 

 

 

Myrica esculenta Buch.Ham Ex D.Don #

MT2121

NE

Myrtaceae

 

 

 

 

Syzygium formosum (Wall.) Mason #

MT1826

NE

 

Syzygium fruticosum DC. #

MT1828

NE

 

Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston #

MT2068

NE

 

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels #

MT2120

LC

Nyctaginaceae

 

 

 

 

Boerhavia diffusa L.

NEIFM-537

NE

Olacaceae

 

 

 

 

Erythropalum scandens Blume

MT2517

LC

Oleaceae

 

 

 

 

Jasminum pentaneurum Hand.-Mazz.

NEIFM-445

NE

 

Jasminum laurifolium Roxb. ex Hornem. var. laurifolium

MT2067

NE

Orchidaceae

 

 

 

 

Arundina graminifolia (D.Don) Hochr

DB2137

NE

 

Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall.

MT2066

NE

 

Cheirostylis parvifolia Lindl.

DB2138

NE

 

Coelogyne fimbriata Lindl. var. fimbriata

MT2065

NE

 

Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blum

DB2139

NE

 

Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.

MT2064

NE

 

Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) C.E.C.Fisch.

MT2140

LC

 

Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall. ex Lindl.

MT2141

NE

 

Dendrobium nobile Lindl.

MT2142

NE

 

Dendrolirium lasiopetalum (Willd.) S.C.Chen & J.J.Wood

MT2144

NE

 

Eulophia dabia (D.Don) Hochr.

NEIFM-102, NEIFM-234

NE

 

Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr.

NEIFM-191

NE

 

Goodyera procera (Ker Gawl.) Hook.

MT2063

NE

 

Nervilia macroglossa (Hook.f.) Schltr.

NEIFM-214

NE

 

Pachystoma pubescens Blume

DB2143

NE

 

Pholidota pallida Lindl

MT2062

NE

 

Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume

MT2061

NE

 

Vanda bicolor Griff.

MT2060

NE

 

Zeuxine flava (Wall. ex Lindl.) Trimen

DB2059

NE

Orobanchaceae

 

 

 

 

Lindenbergia hookeri C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f. #

MT2119

NE

 

Aeginetia indica L.

NEIFM-493

NE

Pandanaceae

 

 

 

 

Pandanus furcatus Roxb. #

MT1788

NE

Phyllanthaceae

 

 

 

 

Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Mull.Arg

MT1508

NE

 

Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. #

MT1629

NE

 

Bischofia javanica Blume

NEIFM-495

LC

 

Breynia androgyna (L.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.#

MT2118

NE

 

Leptopus clarkei (Hook.f.) Pojark.

NEIFM-387

NE

 

Phyllanthus assamicus Müll.Arg.

NEIFM-121

LC

 

Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.Webster

NEIFM-389, NEIFM-431

NE

 

Phyllanthus lanceolarius (Roxb.) Müll.Arg.

NEIFM-298

NE

 

Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir.

MT2070

NE

Piperaceae

 

 

 

 

Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Miq.

NEIFM-174, NEIFM-362

NE

 

Piper griffithii C.DC.

NEIFM-334

NE

 

Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don

MT1609

NE

 

Piper pedicellatum C.DC #

MT2071

E,VU

 

Piper sylvaticum Roxb.

NEIFM-435, NEIFM-386

NE

Plantaginaceae

 

 

 

 

Plantago asiatica L. #

MT1631

NE

Poaceae

 

 

 

 

Arundinella nepalensis Trin.

NEIFM-361

NE

 

Bambusa tulda Roxb. *

MT2117

NE

 

Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin

MT2555

NE

 

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

MT1653

NE

 

Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro *

MT1643

LC

 

Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees and Arn.ex Munro *

MT1581

NE

 

Digitaria abludens (Roem. & Schult.) Veldkamp

NEIFM-130, NEIFM-131

NE

 

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler

NEIFM-133

NE

 

Dinochloa macclellandii (Munro) Kurz

MT2072

NE

 

Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link

MT2553

LC

 

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.

NEIFM-098

LC

 

Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.

NEIFM-344

LC

 

Eulalia hirtifolia (Hack.) Kuntze

NEIFM-410

NE

 

Hemarthria compressa (L.f.) R.Br.

NEIFM-291

LC

 

Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P. Beauv.

MT2550

NE

 

Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv.

MT 2551

NE

 

Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.

MT1585

LC

 

Phyllostachys manii Gamble

MT1566

NE

 

Pseudoraphis minuta (Mez) Pilg.

NEIFM-290

NE

 

Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. #

MT1782

NE

 

Saccharum spontaneum L. #

MT1584

LC

 

Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase

NEIFM-161

NE

 

Setaria palmifolia (J.Koenig) Stapf

MT2554

NE

 

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.

MT2552

NE

 

Stapletonia seshagiriana (R.B. Majumdar) H.B. Naithani

MT1820

NE

 

Themeda villosa (Lam.) A. Camas

MT1708

NE

 

Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda

MT2116

NE

Polygonaceae

 

 

 

 

Koenigia mollis (D.Don) T.M. Schust. & Reveal #

MT1710

NE

 

Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Hara

MT1632

LC

 

Persicaria capitata (Buch - Ham Ex D.Don ) H. Gross

MT1624

NE

 

Persicaria chinensis (L.)H.Gross #

MT1787

NE

 

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre

MT1633

LC

 

Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Gross

MT1623

NE

 

Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach

NEIFM-89

NE

 

Persicaria strigosa (R.Br.) H. Gross

NEIFM-540

NE

Primulaceae

 

 

 

 

Ardisia solanacea Roxb. #

MT1680

NE

 

Lysimachia debilis Wall.

NEIFM-531

NE

 

Maesa indica (Roxb.) Sweet #

MT1654

LC

Ranunculaceae

 

 

 

 

Ranunculus cantoniensis DC.

NEIFM-105

NE

Rafflesiaceae

 

 

 

 

Sapria himalayana Griff.

MT3010

NE

Rosaceae

 

 

 

 

Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th. Wolf #

MT1648

NE

 

Rubus ellipticus Sm. #

MT1759

NE

 

Rubus moluccanus L. #

MT1567

NE

 

Rubus niveus Thumb #

MT1542

NE

 

Rubus paniculatus Sm. #

MT1569

NE

 

Rubus rosifolius Sm. #

MT1831

NE

 

Rubus sumatranus Miq. #

MT1713

NE

Rubiaceae

 

 

 

 

Argostemma sarmentosum Wall.

MT2081

NE

 

Argostemma verticillatum Wall.

MT2080

NE

 

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.

NEIFM-466

NE

 

Chassalia curviflora var. ophioxyloides (Wall) Deb & B.Krishna

DB2079

NE

 

Coffea benghalensis B.Heyne ex Schult.

MT1697

LC

 

Dentella repens (L.) J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

NEIFM-95

LC

 

Dimetia scandens (Roxb.) R.J.Wang

DB1111

NE

 

Exallage auricularia (L.) Bremek.

NEIFM-125

NE

 

Gomphostemma lucidum Wallich ex Bentham

MT3006

NE

 

Ixora polyantha Wight

MT2078

NE

 

Mussaenda glabra Vahl #

MT2077

NE

 

Mussaenda roxburghii Hook.f. #

MT2076

NE

 

Mycetia mukerjiana Deb & Ratna Dutta

MT2075

E

 

Oldenlandia umbellata L.

MT2519

NE

 

Paederia foetida L. *

MT2115

NE

 

Psychotria monticola Kurz

NEIFM-425

NE

 

Psychotria silhetensis Hook.f.

NEIFM-426

NE

 

Scleromitrion diffusum (Willd.) R.J.Wang

NEIFM-158

NE

 

Uncaria macrophylla Wall.

MT3005

NE

 

Wendlandia budleioides Wall. ex Wight & Arn.

MT2114

NE

Rutaceae

 

 

 

 

Citrus indica Yu. Tanaka #

MT2074

E

 

Citrus latipes (Swingle) Yu.Tanaka #

MT1688

NE

 

Citrus medica L. #

MT2073

NE

 

Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC.

NEIFM-424

LC

 

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. #

MT2113

NE

 

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack

MT1675

NE

 

Murraya tetramera C.C.Huang

NEIFM-429

NE

 

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.

MT1535

NE

 

Zanthoxylum armatum D.C #

MT1534

LC

 

Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Edgew. #

MT1533

NE

 

Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. #

MT2112

LC

Sabiaceae

 

 

 

 

Sabia lanceolata Colebr.

MT2111

NE

Salicaceae

 

 

 

 

Casearia vareca Roxb.

MT1597, MT2110

NE

Sapindaceae

 

 

 

 

Aesculus assamica Griff.

MT2109

NE

 

Nephelium lappaceum L. #

MT2100

LC

Saurauraceae

 

 

 

 

Houttuynia cordata Thunb. *

MT2108

NE

Schrophulariaceae

 

 

 

 

Buddleja asiatica Lour

DB2107

LC

Simaroubaceae

 

 

 

 

Brucea mollis Wall. ex Kurz

NEIFM-243

NE

 

Ailanthus integrifolia Lam.

MT2106

LC

Smilaceae

 

 

 

 

Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D.Don

MT2105

NE

 

Smilax zeylanica L

MT2104

NE

Solanaceae

 

 

 

 

Solanum spirale Roxb. #

MT1524

NE

 

Solanum villosum Mill. #

MT2103

NE

 

Solanum violaceum Ortega #

MT1583

NE

 

Lycianthes biflora (Lour.) Bitter

NEIFM-402

NE

Stemonaceae

 

 

 

 

Stemona tuberosa Lour

MT2099

NE

Styraceae

 

 

 

 

Styrax serrulatus Roxb.

MT2098

NE

Tamaricaceae

 

 

 

 

Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth

MT2520

NE

Theaceae

 

 

 

 

Pyrenaria barringtoniifolia (Griff.) Seem.

NEIFM-180

NE

 

Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth.

MT2089

LC

Typhaceae

 

 

 

 

Typha angustifolia L.

MT1740

LC

Urticaceae

 

 

 

 

Boehmeria penduliflora Wedd. ex D.G.Long

MT1739

NE

 

Boehmeria pilosiuscula (Blume) Hassk.

MT1741

LC

 

Debregesia longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd.

MT1762

NE

 

Dendrocnide sinuata (Blume) Chew

MT1825

NE

 

Elatostema dissectum Wedd. #

MT2088

NE

 

Elatostema sessile J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

MT1755

NE

 

Gonostegia hirta (Hassk.) Miq. #

MT1568

NE

 

Gonostegia pentandra (Roxb.) Miq.

NEIFM-173, NEIFM-264

NE

 

Pilea insolens Wedd. #

MT1749

NE

 

Pilea umbrosa Wedd. ex Blume #

MT1744

NE

 

Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr. #

MT1701

NE

 

Pouzolzia calophylla W.T.Wang & C.J.Chen

NEIFM-412

NE

 

Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn.

MT1750

NE

 

Urtica ardens Link. *

MT1729

NE

 

Urtica dioica L. #

MT2097

LC

Viburnaceae

 

 

 

 

 Sambucus adnata Wall. ex DC.

MT2096

NE

Violaceae

 

 

 

 

Viola betonicifolia Sm.#

MT1540

NE

 

Viola pilosa Blume #

MT1539

NE

 

Viola thomsonii Oudem.

NEIFM-249

NE

Vitaceae

 

 

 

 

Ampelocissus hoabinhensis C.L.Li

NEIFM-514

NE

 

Causonis trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J.Wen

NEIFM-455

NE

 

Cissus assamica (M.A.Lawson) Craib

NEIFM-256

NE

 

Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr.

MT2093

LC

 

Parthenocissus semicordata (Wall.) Planch.

NEIFM-198, NEIFM-454

NE

 

Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston

MT2087 ; MT2095

NE

Zingiberaceae

 

 

 

 

Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt #

MT1683

LC

 

Alpinia roxburghii Sweet #

MT1591

NE

 

Amomum maximum Roxb. #

MT1578

LC

 

Amomum pterocarpum Thwaites #

MT1592

LC

 

Amomum subulatum Roxb. #

MT2086

DD

 

Globba multiflora Wall. ex Baker

MT2085

NE

 

Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm

MT2084

NE

 

Hedychium stenopetalum G.Lodd.

MT1627

NE

 

Hornstedtia arunachalensis S. Triphathi & V. Prakash #

MT2083

E

 

Larsenianthus arunachalensis M. Sabu, Sanoj & Rajesh Kumar

cf. Mibang & Das 2017

E, CR

 

Larsenianthus assamensis S. Dey, Mood & S. Choudhury

cf. Mibang & Das 2017

E

 

Larsenianthus careyanus (Benth. & Hook.f.) W.J. Kress & Mood

DB2082

NE

 

Zingiber sianginensis Tatum & A.K. Das *

MT2083

E

 

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm.

MT2084

DD

 

*—Ethnomedicine | #—Edible

CR—Critically Endangered | LC—Least Concern | NT—Near Threatened | E—Endemic | VU—Vulnerable | DD—Data Deficient.

 

For figure & images - - click here

 

 

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