Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2021 | 13(3): 17972–17983
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5859.13.3.17972-17983
#5859 | Received 11 March 2020 | Final
received 04 July 2020 | Finally accepted 23 February 2021
Distribution and diversity of
climbing species in Papum Pare District of Arunachal Pradesh, India
Soyala Kashung 1,
Padma Raj Gajurel 2 &
Binay Singh 3
1–3 Forest Systematic and
Horticulture Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional
Institute of Sciences and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh 791109, India.
1 ksoyala@gmail.com, 2 prgajurel@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 3 bsingh.nird@gmail.com
Editor: Anonymity
requested. Date of publication:
26 March 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Kashung, S., P.R. Gajurel &
B. Singh (2021). Distribution and diversity of
climbing species in Papum Pare District of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(3): 17972–17983. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5859.13.3.17972-17983
Copyright: © Kashung et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Partly funded by Ministry of Tribal
Affairs, Govt. of India, through National Fellowship for ST for the 1st author.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Soyala Kashung is a PhD scholar in the
Department of Forestry at North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and
Technology (NERIST) and working in plant diversity and taxonomy. Dr. Padma Raj Gajurel is working as an
Associate Professor in the Department of Forestry at NERIST and working
extensively in plant diversity, taxonomy, ethnobotany and medicinal plant. Binay
Singh is working as Professor in the Department of Forestry at NERIST
and working on forest resources utilization, ethnobotany and horticulture.
Author contribution: PRG and BS designed the
objectives and plan of work. SK carried out the fieldwork, analyzed the data
and wrote the manuscript. PRG and BS helped in data analysis, interpretation
and manuscript correction.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to the local
people of the study area for their cooperation in documentation of the climber
plants of the study area. We thank the
forest officials and staffs of various forest divisions for their help during
the field work. We thank the scientist
and officials of Botanical Survey of India, Shillong (ASSAM) and Arunachal
Field Station, Itanagar (ARUN) for herbarium facilities. We also express gratitude to the head of
department, Forestry and Director, NERIST, for providing all necessary facilities.
Abstract: An investigation on the
taxonomic diversity of climbing plants occurring in Papum Pare District,
Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India was conducted. A total of 187 species distributed over 55
families and 117 genera were collected and identified from the various forest
areas of the district. Apart from one
gymnosperm and five pteridophytes, all species belong to the angiosperm
group. Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae,
Convolvulaceae, Vitaceae, and Apocynaceae were found to be the most dominant. Piper, Dioscorea, Ipomoea, and Rubus
were dominant at the genus level.
The study also revealed that majority of the climbers adopted twining
mechanisms (43.85%) to ascend their host.
It was found that a majority of
the species were distributed below 500m with a decrease in diversity with
altitudinal increment. The diversity of
species above 1,500m was very limited where only 23 species were reported. Habitat degradation because of rapid
developmental activities with limitation of the supporting tree species was
found to be a serious threat to climbing plants.
Keywords: Climbing mechanism, diversity
elevation zones, habitats, herbaceous vine, liana, northeastern India.
Introduction
Around 50% of the families of vascular plants comprise
climbing plants (Putz 1984). They occur
in all forest ecosystems with its occurrence highest in tropical and
sub-tropical forests (Quigley & Platt 2003; Bongers et al. 2005). The presence of over 8,000 climbing species
under 130 families was predicted by Gentry (1991). Globally, studies on climbing species were
focused primarily on lianas occurring in tropical forest communities by most
researchers (Schnitzer et al. 2000; Ibarra-Manriquez & Martinez-Ramos 2002;
Reddy & Parthasarathy 2003; Yuan et al. 2009; Muthumperumal 2011; Naidu et
al. 2014). Despite the ecological and
economic importance, the works on herbaceous vines are very limited and carried
out only by a few researchers (Gallagher et al. 2011; Kumar et al. 2013;
Suthari et al. 2014; Singh et al. 2015).
Study on the diversity and distribution of climbing plants is still
scanty in the Indian scenario when compared to their study worldwide. Despite having large forest covers under
tropical and subtropical vegetation and rich diversity and density of the
climbers, sufficient attention has not been paid to this group in India. Only a few studies have been carried out in
the country in some selected sites particularly in the Eastern and Western
Ghats, coastal and inland tropical dry evergreen forest and eastern Himalaya
(Muthuramkumar & Parthasarathy 2000; Chittibabu & Parthasarathy 2001;
Reddy & Parthasarathy 2003; Muthumperumal & Parthasarathy 2009; Chettri
et al. 2010; Barik et al. 2015; Singh et al. 2015; Dvivedi et al. 2016). Majority of the work on climbing plants in
India were reported from the Eastern and Western Ghats including some specific
parts of southern states like Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Andhra Pradesh, and
Andaman. Likewise, from the Himalayan
and adjacent parts a few studies are available from Allahabad, Jharkhand, Uttar
Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim, and Tripura (Chettri et al.
2010; Kumar et al. 2013; Darlong & Bhattacharyya 2014; Barik et al. 2015;
Singh et al. 2015; Dvivedi et al. 2016).
The state of Arunachal Pradesh by virtue of its
location in the eastern Himalayan range and its distinct phytogeographical unit
is a confluence point of many floristic elements harboring a unique composition
of plant species. The state is
recognized as one among the 200 globally important ecoregions (Olson &
Dinerstein 1998). The state is estimated
to harbor at least 5,000 flowering plants belonging to 192 families and 1,295
genera thereby catering to more than 26% of Indian flora (Singh & Dash
2016). Many economically and
ecologically important vines and lianas are distributed in the region including
some rare and endemic species. Papum
Pare District being the capital city located in the district, many forest areas
are degrading at a faster rate for various developmental activities. Many of the climbers having surface rooting
systems are also greatly affected due to the prolonged drought which sometimes leads
to drying and death of the population of many species. Unless specific studies are designed and
undertaken to explore the climbing species of the region, it could be difficult
to assess the real diversity and distribution of these valuable components of
the ecosystem.
The present study provides an account of the diversity
and distribution of climbing plants of Papum Pare District of Arunachal
Pradesh, India.
Study site
The study is confined to the Papum Pare District of
Arunachal Pradesh, India, where the capital of the state, Itanagar, is
located. The district covers a
geographical area of 3,462km2 and is located between 26.936–27.595 0N
and 93.212–94.225 0E. It is
bounded in the north by Lower Subansiri District, west by East Kameng District,
east by West Siang District, and south by North Lakhimpur District of Assam
(Figure 1). As the state is uniquely
situated in the transition zone between the Himalayan and Indo-Burmese regions,
a major part of the Papum Pare District is covered by thick forest with
tropical, sub-tropical, and humid type of vegetation. Because of its geographical location, the
district possesses a phenomenal range of biological diversity in flora and
fauna and is also home to numerous tribal populations. The district is dominantly inhabited by the
Nyishi tribe.
Data collection
The present study is the outcome of extensive
periodical field surveys undertaken from 2015 to 2019 covering all the four
subdivisions of the district, viz.: Balijan, Doimukh, Kimin, and Sagalee. For a better understanding of the extent of
distribution of the climbing plant species of the region, the study area was
subdivided based on the altitudinal range as below 500m, 500–1,000 m,
1,000–1,500 m, and above 1,500m. The
presence of the climbing plants in each zone was then recorded through direct
visual observation. The fieldwork
comprises plant collection, taxonomic & ecological investigation including
studies on their distribution, and climbing mechanisms. The collected species were identified using
various taxonomic literature (Hooker 1872–1897; Kanjilal et al. 1934–1940;
Hajra et al. 1996; Giri et al. 2008–2009) and consultation with regional
herbaria (ASSAM, ARUN). All the
specimens were processed into mounted herbarium sheets as per the conventional
methods of drying, poisoning, mounting, and labelling following Jain & Rao
(1977). The processed herbarium
specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Forestry, North
Eastern Regional Institute of Science & Technology (NERIST), Nirjuli,
Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Results and Discussion
The present study revealed the rich diversity of
climbing plants in Papum Pare District of Arunachal Pradesh. The exploration and field survey resulted in
the documentation of 187 species belonging to 55 families and 117 genera distributed
in the different forest areas of the district.
Habit-wise analysis revealed that herbaceous vine constitutes the major
group with 105 species followed by liana with 82 species. Majority of the species belong to
Dicotyledons which comprises 150 species forming 82.87% while monocotyledon
comprises 31 species forming 17.13% of the species recorded during the
study. Gymnosperm is represented by only
one species, Gnetum montanum, while pteridophyte is represented by five
species. Among the families, Fabaceae is
the most dominant with 21 species followed by Cucurbitaceae with 13 species,
Convolvulaceae and Vitaceae with 12 species each, Apocynaceae with 11 species,
and Araceae with 10 species. The 10
dominant families in the present study are presented in Figure 2. Around 50% of the families like
Actinidiaceae, Basellaceae, Berberidaceae, Dilleniaceae, Gentianaceae,
Icacinaceae, Primulaceae, Schisandraceae, Stemonaceae, Urticaceae are
represented by single species each. The
families like Apocynaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, and
Vitaceae are also recorded as the dominant one in the flora of the state as
well as other parts of the country (Chauhan et al. 1996; Hajra et al. 1996;
Giri et al. 2008–2009; Muthumperumal & Parthasarathy 2009; Sarvalingam
& Rajendran 2015). In terms of
genera, Piper ranks the highest with nine species followed by Dioscorea
(eight species), Ipomoea & Rubus (seven species each), Smilax
(six species), and Cayratia (five species). The study by Gajurel et al. (2008) on the
genus Piper from the state also indicated the richness of the species
diversity in this genera.
The forests in the study sites are mainly tropical and
subtropical with an intricate mosaic of habitats including open forests, dense
forests, wasteland areas, riverine areas, and disturbed sites. The analysis of the habitat-wise distribution
of species revealed a significant difference among the different habitats. The highest number of species was recorded
from forest areas along the roadside and forest edges with 97 and 84 species,
respectively. While a lesser number of
species was recorded from inside the undisturbed dense forest (23 species) and
disturbed forest (33 species) areas (Figure 3).
The distribution of the climbing species was found to
be concentrated mainly in the lowest elevation zone of ≤500m with 136 species
followed by 102 species in 500–1,000 m.
The least distribution was observed in 1,000–1,500 m and above 1,500m
with 51 and 23 species, respectively.
The present observation of reduction in the number of species with
increasing altitude is also in accordance with many workers who have also
documented such findings worldwide (Schnitzer & Bongers 2002; Parthasarathy
et al. 2004; Zhu 2008; Homeier et al. 2010).
Along with the general distribution of the species, exclusivity of
species distribution in different elevation zones was also observed. The exclusivity of the species distribution
in ≤ 500m and > 1,500m zones was found higher with 44.85 % and 21.74%,
respectively. While the exclusivity in
the two intermediate zones of 500–1,000 m and 1,000–1,500 m was found
comparatively less. Altogether, 99
species were found commonly distributed in more than one altitudinal range
while the remaining 88 species were
found restricted to a certain altitude only, including species like Anredera
cordifolia, Ampelocissus barbata, Anamirta cocculus, Cryptolepis
sinensis, Dalhousiea bracteata, Decalepis khasiana, Embelia
floribunda, Heterosmilax japonica, Lygodium flexuosum, Macroptilium
atropurpureum, Myxopyrum smilacifolium, Natsiatum herpeticum,
and Piper haridasanii. The total
species representation in the different elevation zones with its exclusive
representation is provided in Figure 4 for easier observation and detection.
Species like Argyreia nervosa, Caesalpinia
cucullata, Cissampelos pareira, Cuscuta reflexa, Hedyotis
scandens, Mikania micrantha, Paederia foetida, and Thunbergia
grandiflora were found most abundantly distributed in the study site. The invasive species like Mikania micrantha,
Thunbergia grandiflora, and Cuscuta reflexa were found diversely
distributed throughout the entire study area creating ecological and forest
regeneration disturbances. Some species
like Ipomoea quamoclit, Macroptilium atropurpureum, and Pueraria
montana var. lobata although known to be highly invasive in other
parts of the country (Reddy et al. 2008) were found restricted to only a few
areas of the study site. The rare
climbing species of the study area include Abrus pulchellus, Anredera
cordifolia, Anamirta cocculus, Argyreia capitiformis, Cryptolepis
sinensis, Decalepis khasiana, Hodgsonia heterocilita, and Myxopyrum
smilacifolium.
The recorded plants were grouped into five types based
on their climbing mechanisms used into twiner, scrambler (armed), rambler
(unarmed), tendril climber, and root climber.
Stem twining climber represents the highest group with 82 species (43.85
%) followed by tendril climber 41 species (21.93 %), root climber 28 species
(14.97 %), and least representation by scrambler & rambler with 18 species
each (9.63 %) (Figure 5). Higher
diversity in the twining mechanism was also elucidated by various workers
(Chittibabu & Parthasarathy 2001; Addo-Fordjour et al. 2008). One of the least diverse climbing mechanisms
in the present study was climbing through hook/prickles in the scrambler
group. Chittibabu & Parthasarathy
(2001), however, in their work conducted in the tropical evergreen forest of
Eastern Ghats had recorded a higher proportion of scrambler 23.1% diversity as compared
to the tendril (19.2 %) and root climbers (3.85 %).
The list of all the recorded species with their
family, habit & climbing mechanisms, threat status, and elevation ranges of
distribution are presented alphabetically in Table 1.
Conclusion
The present study provides an account of the rich
floristic diversity of the climbing plant of Papum Pare District of Arunachal
Pradesh, which contributes to the overall biodiversity of the forests. Presently, many forest areas of the district
are subjected to various anthropogenic pressures due to various developmental
activities and the forest areas are degrading at a faster rate. It was also noticed that the important
climbers of the forests of the region like Piper spp., Dioscorea spp.,
Cryptolepis sinensis, Hemidesmus indicus, Hodgsonia
heteroclita, Entada phaseoloides, and Cayratia pedata are becoming
rare day by day. Therefore, there is a
need to create awareness among the local people for the conservation of these
plants to ensure their continued existence in the long run.
Table 1. List of climbing plant species of Papum Pare
District.
|
|
Botanical name |
Voucher no. |
Family |
Habit |
Habitat |
Climbing mode |
Elevation zone (m) |
|
1 |
Abrus precatorius L. |
Soyala
K 152 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
AR |
Twiner
|
<
500 |
|
2 |
Abrus pulchellus Thwaites |
Soyala
K 121 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
FE |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
3 |
Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. |
Soyala
K 149 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
R,DIF |
Scrambler |
<
500 |
|
4 |
Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. |
Soyala
K 169 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
R,
OF, AR |
Scrambler |
<
500 |
|
5 |
Actinidia callosa Lindl. |
Soyala
K 159 |
Actinidiaceae |
Liana |
DF,
FE, OF |
Rambler |
500–1500 |
|
6 |
Aeschynanthus bracteatus Wall. ex A.DC. |
Soyala
K 034 |
Gesneriaceae |
Vine |
R,
OF, AR |
Root
|
<
500 |
|
7 |
Allamanda cathartica L. |
Soyala
K 003 |
Apocynaceae |
Liana |
AR |
Rambler |
<
500 |
|
8 |
Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch. |
Soyala
K 090 |
Vitaceae |
Liana
|
AR,
DIF, OF |
Tendrils |
<
500 |
|
9 |
Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. |
Soyala
K 161 |
Menispermaceae |
Liana |
AR,
OF |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
10 |
Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis |
Soyala
K 180 |
Basellaceae |
Vine |
AR |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
11 |
Argyreia capitiformis (Poir.) Ooststr. |
Soyala
K 033 |
Convolvulaceae |
Vine |
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
12 |
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer |
Soyala
K 034 |
Convolvulaceae |
Vine |
AR,
WL, R, DIF |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
13 |
Asparagus racemosus Willd. |
Soyala
K 115 |
Asparagaceae |
Liana |
R |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
14 |
Aspidocarya uvifera Hook.f. & Thomson |
Soyala
K 085 |
Menispermaceae |
Liana |
DF,
OF |
Twiner |
500–1500 |
|
15 |
Bauhinia divergens Baker |
Soyala
K 079 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
FE |
Tendril |
500–1500 |
|
16 |
Bauhinia khasiana Baker |
Soyala
K 122 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
AR |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
17 |
Bauhinia scandens L. |
Soyala
K 165 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
DIF,
R, OF |
Tendril
|
0–1000 |
|
18 |
Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. |
Soyala
K 020 |
Apocynaceae |
Liana |
AR |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
19 |
Berchemia floribunda (Wall.) Brongn. |
Soyala
K 049 |
Rhamnaceae |
Liana |
FE |
Rambler |
500–1500 |
|
20 |
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. |
Soyala
K 032 |
Nyctaginaceae |
Liana |
AR |
Scrambler |
<
500 |
|
21 |
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. |
Soyala
K 179 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
R,
FE, OF |
Scrambler |
<
500 |
|
22 |
Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb. |
Soyala
K 171 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
R,
DIF |
Scrambler |
0–1000 |
|
23 |
Calamus
flagellum Griff. ex
Mart. |
Soyala
K 099 |
Arecaceae |
Liana |
R,
AR |
Scrambler |
0–1000 |
|
24 |
Calamus leptospadix Griff. |
Soyala
K 142 |
Arecaceae |
Liana |
DIF |
Scrambler |
500–1000 |
|
25 |
Calamus tenuis Roxb. |
Soyala
K 127 |
Arecaceae |
Liana |
DF,
DIF, OF |
Scrambler |
0–1500 |
|
26 |
Cayratia corniculata (Benth.) Gagnep. |
Soyala
K 145 |
Vitaceae |
Vine |
FE,
AR |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
27 |
Cayratia geniculata (Blume) Gagnep. |
Soyala
K 027 |
Vitaceae |
Liana |
FE,
DIF |
Tendril
|
<
500 |
|
28 |
Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. |
Soyala
K 004 |
Vitaceae |
Vine |
AR,
DIF, WL |
Tendril |
0–1500 |
|
29 |
Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Gagnep. |
Soyala
K 050 |
Vitaceae |
Vine |
R |
Tendril |
500–1000 |
|
30 |
Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin |
Soyala
K 028 |
Vitaceae |
Vine |
DIF,
R, OF |
Tendril |
0–1500 |
|
31 |
Centrosema pubescens Benth. |
Soyala
K 001 |
Fabaceae |
Vine |
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
32 |
Cissampelopsis volubilis (Blume) Miq. |
Soyala
K 051 |
Asteraceae |
Vine |
FE,
OF |
Twiner |
500–1500 |
|
33 |
Cissampelos pareira L. |
Soyala
K 029 |
Menispermaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
34 |
Cissus adnata Roxb. |
Soyala
K 081 |
Vitaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE |
Tendril |
500–1000 |
|
35 |
Clematis acuminata DC. |
Soyala
K 162 |
Ranunculaceae |
Vine |
R |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
36 |
Clerodendrum splendens G.Don |
Soyala
K 146 |
Lamiaceae |
Liana |
AR |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
37 |
Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.f. |
Soyala
K 174 |
Lamiaceae |
Vine
|
AR |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
38 |
Clitoria ternatea L. |
Soyala
K 002 |
Fabaceae |
Vine |
AR |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
39 |
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt |
Soyala
K 005 |
Cucurbitaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE, WL |
Tendril |
0–1000 |
|
40 |
Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson |
Soyala
K 172 |
Convolvulaceae
|
Vine |
FE,
OF |
Twiner |
500–1500 |
|
41 |
Combretum decandrum Jacq. |
Soyala
K 133 |
Combretaceae |
Liana |
DIF,
FE |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
42 |
Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps |
Soyala
K 006 |
Combretaceae |
Liana |
AR |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
43 |
Crawfurdia campanulacea Wall. & Griff. ex C.B.Clarke |
Soyala
K 052 |
Gentianaceae |
Vine |
FE,
DIF, AR |
Twiner |
500–
beyond 1500 |
|
44 |
Croton caudatus Geiseler |
Soyala
K 176 |
Euphorbiaceae |
Liana |
AR,
FE, R, DIF |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
45 |
Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R. Almeida |
Soyala
K 046 |
Apocynaceae |
Liana |
DIF,
AR |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
46 |
Cryptolepis sinensis (Lour.) Merr. |
Soyala
K 108 |
Apocynaceae |
Liana |
R,
OF |
Twiner |
500–1000 |
|
47 |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. |
Soyala
K 055 |
Convolvulaceae |
Vine |
WL,
DIF, AR |
Twiner |
All
elevation zones |
|
48 |
Dalhousiea bracteata (Roxb.) Benth. |
Soyala
K 113 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
R,
DIF, FE |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
49 |
Decalepis khasiana (Kurz) Ionta ex Kambale |
Soyala
K 105 |
Apocynaceae |
Liana |
R |
Twiner |
500–100 |
|
50 |
Derris marginata (Roxb.) Benth. |
Soyala
K 053 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
DF,
AR, FE, R |
Twiner |
500–1500 |
|
51 |
Dioscorea alata L. |
Soyala
K 155 |
Dioscoreaceae |
Vine |
AR |
Twiner |
0–1500 |
|
52 |
Dioscorea bulbifera L. |
Soyala
K 107 |
Dioscoreaceae |
Vine |
R,
FE |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
53 |
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill |
Soyala
K 177 |
Dioscoreaceae |
Vine |
AR |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
54 |
Dioscorea floribunda M.Martens & Galeotti |
Soyala
K 183 |
Dioscoreaceae |
Vine |
FE |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
55 |
Dioscorea glabra Roxb. |
Soyala
K 109 |
Dioscoreaceae |
Vine |
FE,
AR |
Twiner |
500–1000 |
|
56 |
Dioscorea hispida Dennst. |
Soyala
K 110 |
Dioscoreaceae |
Vine |
AR |
Twiner |
500–1000 |
|
57 |
Dioscorea oppositifolia L. |
Soyala
K 007 |
Dioscoreaceae |
Vine |
FE |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
58 |
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. |
Soyala
K 153 |
Dioscoreaceae |
Vine |
FE,
AR |
Twiner |
0–1500 |
|
59 |
Embelia floribunda Wall. |
Soyala
K 075 |
Primulaceae |
Liana |
DIF,
AR |
Rambler |
1000–1500 |
|
60 |
Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. |
Soyala
K 131 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
DF |
Twiner |
500–1500 |
|
61 |
Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S.Bunting |
Soyala
K 031 |
Araceae |
Liana |
AR,
FE |
Root |
<
500 |
|
62 |
Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. |
Soyala
K 064 |
Araceae |
Liana |
AR,
DF, FE, OF |
Root |
All
elevation zones |
|
63 |
Erythropalum scandens Blume |
Soyala
K 102 |
Oleaceae |
Liana |
R |
Twiner |
500–1000 |
|
64 |
Euonymus sp. |
Soyala
K 112 |
Celastraceae |
Liana |
DIF |
Root
|
500–1000 |
|
65 |
Ficus hederacea Roxb. |
Soyala
K 036 |
Moraceae |
Liana |
AR,
FE, R |
Root |
<
500 |
|
66 |
Ficus pumila L. |
Soyala
K 037 |
Moraceae |
Liana |
FE,
AR |
Root |
<
500; 1000–1500 |
|
67 |
Fissistigma sp. |
Soyala
K 184 |
Annonaceae |
Liana |
DIF |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
68 |
Gnetum montanum Markgr. |
Soyala
K 101 |
Gnetaceae |
Liana |
R,
DIF, DF, OF |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
69 |
Gouania leptostachya DC. |
Soyala
K 086 |
Rhamnaceae |
Liana |
R,
AR |
Tendril |
0–1000 |
|
70 |
Hedyotis scandens Roxb. |
Soyala
K 087 |
Rubiaceae |
Vine |
AR,
DIF, FE |
Twiner |
0–1500 |
|
71 |
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. |
Soyala
K 136 |
Apocynaceae |
Vine |
DIF |
Twiner
|
<
500; 1000–1500 |
|
72 |
Heterosmilax japonica Kunth |
Soyala
K 096 |
Smilacaceae |
Vine |
DF |
Tendril
|
1000–1500 |
|
73 |
Hodgsonia heteroclita (Roxb.) Hook.f. & Thomson |
Soyala
K 065 |
Cucurbitaceae |
Vine |
FE |
Tendrils |
>1500 |
|
74 |
Holboellia latifolia Wall. |
Soyala
K 124 |
Berberidaceae |
Liana |
AR,
DIF, R, OF |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
75 |
Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. |
Soyala
K 015 |
Lamiaceae |
Liana
|
AR,
WL |
Rambler |
<
500 |
|
76 |
Hoya globulosa Hook.f. |
Soyala
K 038 |
Apocynaceae |
Liana |
AR |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
77 |
Hoya pubicalyx Merr. |
Soyala
K 130 |
Apocynaceae |
Liana |
DIF |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
78 |
Hydrangea anomala D. Don |
Soyala
K 097 |
Hydrangeaceae |
Liana |
R |
Root |
>1500 |
|
79 |
Ichnocarpus
frutescens (L.) W.T.
Aiton |
Soyala
K 125 |
Apocynaceae |
Liana |
AR |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
80 |
Ipomoea alba L. |
Soyala
K 060 |
Convolvulaceae |
Vine |
AR,
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
81 |
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. |
Soyala
K 039 |
Convolvulaceae |
Vine |
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
82 |
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. |
Soyala
K 156 |
Convolvulaceae |
Vine |
AR,
WL |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
83 |
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet |
Soyala
K 042 |
Convolvulaceae |
Vine |
AR,
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
84 |
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth |
Soyala
K 092 |
Convolvulaceae |
Vine |
AR |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
85 |
Ipomoea quamoclit L. |
Soyala
K 008 |
Convolvulaceae |
Vine |
AR |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
86 |
Ipomoea triloba L. |
Soyala
K 014 |
Convolvulaceae |
Vine |
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
87 |
Jasminum laurifolium Roxb. ex Hornem. |
Soyala
K 089 |
Oleaceae |
Liana
|
OF |
Rambler |
500–1000 |
|
88 |
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. |
Soyala
K 163 |
Cucurbitaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE |
Tendrils |
500–1500 |
|
89 |
Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. |
Soyala
K 009 |
Cucurbitaceae |
Vine |
AR,
WL |
Tendrils |
<
500 |
|
90 |
Lycopodium clavatum L. |
Soyala
K 082 |
Lycopodiaceae |
Vine |
AR |
Rambler |
0–1000 |
|
91 |
Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. |
Soyala
K 116 |
Lygodiaceae |
Vine |
AR,
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
92 |
Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. |
Soyala
K 170 |
Lygodiaceae |
Vine |
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
93 |
Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb. |
Soyala
K 013 |
Fabaceae |
Vine
|
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
94 |
Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H. Gentry |
Soyala
K 040 |
Bignoniaceae |
Liana |
AR |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
95 |
Mastersia assamica Benth. |
Soyala
K 148 |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
AR,
FE, WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
96 |
Melocalamus compactiflorus (Kurz) Benth. |
Soyala
K 128 |
Poaceae |
Liana |
FE |
Rambler |
<
500 |
|
97 |
Melodinus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. |
Soyala
K 024 |
Apocynaceae |
Liana |
FE |
Rambler |
<
500 |
|
98 |
Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f. |
Soyala
K 117 |
Convolvulaceae
|
Vine |
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
99 |
Mikania micrantha Kunth |
Soyala
K 095 |
Asteraceae |
Vine |
AR,
DIF, FE, OF, R, WL |
Twiner |
All
elevation zones |
|
100 |
Millettia pachycarpa Benth. |
Soyala
K 143 |
Fabaceae |
Liana
|
AR,
DF, FE, OF |
Twiner |
0–1500 |
|
101 |
Momordica charantia L. |
Soyala
K 041 |
Cucurbitaceae |
Vine |
WL |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
102 |
Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. |
Soyala
K 061 |
Cucurbitaceae |
Vine |
R,
FE |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
103 |
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem. |
Soyala
K 033 |
Cucurbitaceae |
Vine |
WL,
R, AR |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
104 |
Myxopyrum smilacifolium (Wall.) Blume |
Soyala
K 021 |
Oleaceae |
Liana |
FE,
OF |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
105 |
Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. |
Soyala
K 043 |
Ranunculaceae |
Liana |
FE,
AR |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
106 |
Natsiatum herpeticum Buch.-Ham. ex Arn. |
Soyala
K 114 |
Icacinaceae |
Vine |
AR,
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
107 |
Paederia foetida L. |
Soyala
K 123 |
Rubiaceae |
Vine |
WL,
R, AR |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
108 |
Parthenocissus semicordata (Wall.) Planch. |
Soyala
K 062 |
Vitaceae |
Vine |
R |
Tendril |
>1500 |
|
109 |
Passiflora vitifolia Kunth |
Soyala
K 154 |
Passifloraceae |
Vine |
AR |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
110 |
Pegia nitida Colebr. |
Soyala
K 126 |
Anacardiaceae |
Liana |
AR,
FE, WL |
Rambler |
0–1000 |
|
111 |
Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. |
Soyala
K 144 |
Menispermaceae |
Vines
|
FE,
OF |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
112 |
Periploca calophylla (Wight) Falc. |
Soyala
K 063 |
Apocynaceae |
Liana |
DF,
FE |
Twiner |
>1500 |
|
113 |
Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross |
Soyala
K 158 |
Polygonaceae |
Vine |
AR |
Rambler |
0–1000 |
|
114 |
Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) Miyabe |
Soyala
K 119 |
Polygonaceae |
Vine |
AR |
Rambler |
<
500 |
|
115 |
Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott |
Soyala
K 157 |
Araceae |
Vine |
AR,
R |
Root |
<
500 |
|
116 |
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. |
Soyala
K 151 |
Euphorbiaceae |
Liana |
WL |
Scrambler |
<
500 |
|
117 |
Piper acutistigmum C.DC. |
Soyala
K 080 |
Piperaceae |
Vine |
FE,
R |
Root |
0–1500 |
|
118 |
Piper arunachalensis Gajurel, Rethy & Y. Kumar |
Soyala
K 047 |
Piperaceae |
Vine |
FE,
R |
Root
|
500–1500 |
|
119 |
Piper
attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex
Miq. |
Soyala
K 019 |
Piperaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE, R |
Root
|
0–1000 |
|
120 |
Piper betleoides C.DC. |
Soyala
K 106 |
Piperaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE |
Root
|
0–1500 |
|
121 |
Piper griffithii C.DC. |
Soyala
K 023 |
Piperaceae |
Vine |
FE |
Root |
<
500 |
|
122 |
Piper haridasanii Gajurel, Rethy & Y. Kumar |
Soyala
K 017 |
Piperaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE, R |
Root
|
<
500 |
|
123 |
Piper longum L. |
Soyala
K 072 |
Piperaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE |
Root
|
<
500 |
|
124 |
Piper rhytidocarpum Hook. f. |
Soyala
K 016 |
Piperaceae |
Vine |
FE,
R, OF |
Root
|
01000 |
|
125 |
Piper sylvaticum Roxb. |
Soyala
K 018 |
Piperaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE |
Root
|
<
500 |
|
126 |
Poikilospermum naucleiflorum (Roxburgh ex Lindl.) Chew |
Soyala
K 129 |
Urticaceae |
Liana
|
DF,
FE |
Root
|
0–1000 |
|
127 |
Polygonum perfoliatum L. |
Soyala
K 181 |
Polygonaceae |
Vine |
R,
WL |
Rambler |
0–1000 |
|
128 |
Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr. |
Soyala
K 134 |
Araceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE |
Root |
<
500; 1000–1500 |
|
129 |
Pothos longipes Schott |
Soyala
K 120 |
Araceae |
Vine |
DF,
FE |
Root
|
>1500 |
|
130 |
Pothos scandens L. |
Soyala
K 091 |
Araceae |
Vine |
AR,
DF |
Root
|
<
500; >1500 |
|
131 |
Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep |
Soyala
K 012 |
Fabaceae |
Vine |
AR,
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
132 |
Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. |
Soyala
K 094 |
Fabaceae |
Vine |
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
133 |
Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers |
Soyala
K 059 |
Bignoniaceae |
Liana |
AR |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
134 |
Pyrrosia nummulariifolia (Sw.) Ching |
Soyala
K 056 |
Polypodiaceae |
Vine |
AR,
DF, FE |
Root
|
<
500 |
|
135 |
Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott |
Soyala
K 132 |
Araceae |
Liana
|
FE,
DF, OF |
Root |
All
elevation zones |
|
136 |
Rhaphidophora lancifolia Schott |
Soyala
K 103 |
Araceae |
Liana |
DF,
FE |
Root
|
<
500; 1000–1500 |
|
137 |
Rubia cordifolia L. |
Soyala
K 135 |
Rubiaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE |
Rambler |
500–1500 |
|
138 |
Rubia sikkimensis Kurz |
Soyala
K 073 |
Rubiaceae |
Vine |
FE,
AR, OF |
Rambler |
500–1500 |
|
139 |
Rubus ellipticus Sm. |
Soyala
K 139 |
Rosaceae |
Liana |
FE,
AR |
Scrambler |
1000–1500 |
|
140 |
Rubus hamiltonii Hook.f. |
Soyala
K 069 |
Rosaceae |
Liana |
FE,
AR, |
Scrambler |
1000–1500 |
|
141 |
Rubus lucens Focke |
Soyala
K 137 |
Rosaceae |
Liana
|
FE,
AR, OF |
Scrambler |
500–1500 |
|
142 |
Rubus paniculatus Sm. |
Soyala
K 098 |
Rosaceae |
Liana
|
AR,
FE |
Scrambler |
500–1500 |
|
143 |
Rubus
praestans H.E. Weber |
Soyala
K 140 |
Rosaceae |
Liana
|
FE,
AR |
Scrambler
|
500–1500 |
|
144 |
Rubus rugosus Sm. |
Soyala
K 164 |
Rosaceae |
Liana
|
FE,
AR |
Scrambler
|
<
500 |
|
145 |
Rubus sumatranus Miq. |
Soyala
K 175 |
Rosaceae |
Liana
|
AR |
Scrambler |
<
500 |
|
146 |
Sabia lanceolata Colebr. |
Soyala
K 083 |
Sabiaceae |
Liana
|
FE |
Twiner |
500–1000 |
|
147 |
Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms |
Soyala
K 025 |
Araliaceae |
Liana
|
AR,
FE |
Root |
<
500 |
|
148 |
Schefflera roxburghii Gamble |
Soyala
K 057 |
Araliaceae |
Liana
|
AR |
Root |
<
500 |
|
149 |
Schisandra neglecta A.C. Sm. |
Soyala
K 048 |
Schisandraceae |
Liana
|
DF,
R |
Twiner |
500–1000 |
|
150 |
Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott |
Soyala
K 167 |
Araceae |
Vine |
OF,
DF |
Root |
500–beyond
1500 |
|
151 |
Selaginella helferi Warb. |
Soyala
K 077 |
Selaginellaceae |
Vine |
AR |
Rambler |
0–1000 |
|
152 |
Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don |
Soyala
K 074 |
Asteraceae |
Vine |
FE,
OF |
Twiner |
1000–1500 |
|
153 |
Shuteria involucrata (Wall.) Wight & Arn. |
Soyala
K 100 |
Fabaceae |
Vine |
FE,
OF |
Twiner |
500–1000 |
|
154 |
Smilax glabra Roxb. |
Soyala
K 078 |
Smilacaceae |
Vine
|
FE |
Tendril |
500–1000 |
|
155 |
Smilax lanceifolia Roxb. |
Soyala
K 070 |
Smilacaceae |
Vine
|
DIF |
Tendril |
500–1500 |
|
156 |
Smilax menispermoidea A.DC. |
Soyala
K 066 |
Smilacaceae |
Vine |
DF,
OF |
Tendril |
>1500 |
|
157 |
Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D.Don |
Soyala
K 044 |
Smilacaceae |
Vine |
FE,
WL |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
158 |
Smilax perfoliata Lour. |
Soyala
K 138 |
Smilacaceae |
Vine |
DIF,
FE |
Tendril |
500–1500 |
|
159 |
Smilax roxburghiana Wall. ex A.DC. |
Soyala
K 067 |
Smilacaceae |
Vine |
DIF,
FE |
Tendril |
1000–beyond
1500 |
|
160 |
Solanum jasminoides J. Paxton |
Soyala
K 104 |
Solanaceae |
Vine |
AR |
Tendril |
500–1000 |
|
161 |
Solena heterophylla Lour. |
Soyala
K 118 |
Cucurbitaceae |
Vine |
WL |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
162 |
Stemona tuberosa Lour. |
Soyala
K 030 |
Stemonaceae |
Vine |
AR,
R |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
163 |
Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers |
Soyala
K 186 |
Menispermaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
164 |
Stephania glandulifera Miers |
Soyala
K 033 |
Menispermaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE, R |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
165 |
Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers |
Soyala
K 034 |
Menispermaceae |
Vine |
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
166 |
Stephania rotunda Lour. |
Soyala
K 187 |
Menispermaceae |
Vine |
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
167 |
Syngonium neglectum Schott |
Soyala
K 033 |
Araceae |
Vine |
AR,
WL |
Root |
<
500 |
|
168 |
Tetracera sarmentosa (L.) Vahl |
Soyala
K 034 |
Dilleniaceae |
Liana
|
R,
WL, OF |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
169 |
Tetrastigma bracteolatum (Wall.) Planch. |
Soyala
K 111 |
Vitaceae |
Liana
|
FE |
Tendrils |
500–1000 |
|
170 |
Tetrastigma pubinerve Merr. & Chun |
Soyala
K 068 |
Vitaceae |
Liana |
DF,
FE |
Tendril |
<
500; >1500 |
|
171 |
Tetrastigma rumicispermum (M.A. Lawson) Planch. |
Soyala
K 076 |
Vitaceae |
Liana |
DF,
FE, R, OF |
Tendril |
500–1500 |
|
172 |
Tetrastigma serrulatum (Roxb.) Planch. |
Soyala
K 147 |
Vitaceae |
Liana
|
DIF,
OF |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
173 |
Thladiantha cordifolia (Blume) Cogn. |
Soyala
K 035 |
Cucurbitaceae
|
Vine |
AR,
DIF |
Tendril |
<
500 |
|
174 |
Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims |
Soyala
K 160 |
Acanthaceae |
Vine |
AR,
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
175 |
Thunbergia coccinea Wall. |
Soyala
K 058 |
Acanthaceae |
Vine |
FE,
R, DIF |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
176 |
Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. |
Soyala
K 141 |
Acanthaceae |
Vine |
AR,
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
177 |
Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb. |
Soyala
K 026 |
Acanthaceae |
Vine |
FE,
WL, DIF, AR |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
178 |
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. |
Soyala
K 093 |
Menispermaceae |
Vine |
R,
FE |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
179 |
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. |
Soyala
K 168 |
Rutaceae |
Liana |
FE,
DF |
Scrambler |
500–1500 |
|
180 |
Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. |
Soyala
K 054 |
Cucurbitaceae |
Vine |
WL |
Tendril |
500–1000 |
|
181 |
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. |
Soyala
K 185 |
Cucurbitaceae |
Vine |
AR,
FE |
Tendrils |
0–1000 |
|
182 |
Trichosanthes wallichiana (Ser.) Wight |
Soyala
K 084 |
Cucurbitaceae |
Vine |
FE,
OF |
Tendril |
500–1000 |
|
183 |
Tropaeolum majus L. |
Soyala
K 022 |
Tropaeolaceae |
Vine |
WL,
R |
Twiner |
0–1000 |
|
184 |
Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb. |
Soyala
K 166 |
Rubiaceae |
Liana |
FE,
DF |
Scrambler |
500–1500 |
|
185 |
Vernonia sp. |
Soyala
K 071 |
Asteraceae |
Vine |
FE |
Rambler |
1000–1500 |
|
186 |
Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi |
Soyala
K 178 |
Fabaceae |
Vine |
AR,
WL |
Twiner |
<
500 |
|
187 |
Volkameria inermis L. |
Soyala
K 010 |
Lamiaceae |
Liana |
WL |
Rambler |
0–1000 |
DF—Dense Forest I OF—Open Forest I DIF—Disturbed
Forest I FE—Forest Edge I R—Riverine areas I WL—Wastelands I AR—Areas along
roadsides I EAP—Endemic to Arunachal Pradesh I ENE—Endemic to northeastern
region I EEH—Endemic to Eastern Himalaya.
For
figures & images - - click here
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