Pulmonary anthracosis in Dhaka Zoo collections – a public health forecasting for city dwellers

Anthracosis is the deposition of carbon particles or industrial dusts in the lungs (Manohar et al. 2006). The condition is frequent in animals reared in cities especially in dusty or smoky industrial and construction areas. People working in coal mines as well as animals, particularly dogs, horses and mules reared in the vicinity are considered to be at high risk of anthracosis (Runnels 1960; Jubb & Kennedy 1985; Jubb et al. 1993; Jones & Hunt 1983, 1997). The lungs and associated lymph nodes preserve inhaled particles that also get lodged in connective tissue in inter alveolar septae, mononuclear phagocytes and epithelial tissue found freely suspended in bronchioles and alveoli (Sujatha et al. 2007). Reports on the occurrence of anthracosis in a variety of domestic animals are available while reports on the occurrence of the disease in captive wild animals are sparse (Manohar et al. 2006; Sujatha et al. 2007). Dhaka Zoo is situated amidst brick kilns, dusty roads and construction activities. Necropsy lesions in particular black discoloration of lung parenchyma inspired this study with emphasis on anthracosis. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 animals of 24 different species from Dhaka Zoo were investigated in this study between 01 May 2007 and 31 May 2009 (Table 1). Dhaka Zoo is situated 20km off from Dhaka central point in Mirpur. The zoo is located in a scenic landscape by the side of the river Turag and attracts many visitors. On the other hand, busy roads and construction activities around the zoo make this location very dusty. Birds, non-human primates and other small animals in Dhaka Zoo are housed in sheds, with roofs of corrugated galvanized iron (GI ) sheets, concrete floor and wire netting on all four sides. The average height of the sheds of the study animals is 4m from the plinth level. Antelopes are kept in open sky large enclosures while small animals such as reptiles are housed in very small box-shaped glass chambers with GI roofing and concrete floors. The samples were examined out of a total of 127 Rhesus Macaques, 180 Spotted Deer, 11 Golden Pheasants, Six Striped Hyena, 14 Asiatic Lions, five Goyals, three American Rhea, 11 Australian Terrier Dogs, three Zebras, seven Nilgais, three Horses, four Barking Deer, two ostriches, six Crested Serpent-eagles, seven common langurs, two Beisa Oryx and two Olive Baboons. Necropsy and tissue processing: Necropsies were conducted immediately following the death of sampled animals. Nodulations, discolorations and unnatural consistencies were noted incase of lungs. Tissue samples of all 36 lungs (4×4 cm) were preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The fixed tissue samples were sent to the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, for detailed investigation, where tissues were trimmed, processed, sectioned (5μm) and stained as per standard procedure of H&E (Luna 1968). Results: Necropsy revealed minute to large black spots to blackish discoloration of the examined tissue samples with yellow-white caseous nodules in 27 out of 36 samples. Tissue changes were also noted as both white nodular areas and black spots, and relatively firm consistency of lung stroma in scattered fashion along with aggregation of brownish-black carbon particles in the lung parenchyma in association with greenish color infrequently (Images 1-10). Histopathology revealed carbon deposition to be associated with congestion and / or hemorrhages, and infrequently with infiltration of mononuclear cells and fibrosis (scars) sometimes with collapsed alveoli. On histopathology, all 27 samples showed aggregation of carbon particles in the lung parenchyma in epithelial cells, in connective tissue of alveolar septa, inside granuloma and in mononuclear OPEN ACCESS | FREE DOWNLOAD Date of publication (online): 26 October 2010 Date of publication (print): 26 October 2010 ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)

Anthracosis is the deposition of carbon particles or industrial dusts in the lungs (Manohar et al. 2006).The condition is frequent in animals reared in cities especially in dusty or smoky industrial and construction areas.People working in coal mines as well as animals, particularly dogs, horses and mules reared in the vicinity are considered to be at high risk of anthracosis (Runnels 1960;Jubb & Kennedy 1985;Jubb et al. 1993;Jones & Hunt 1983, 1997).The lungs and associated lymph nodes preserve inhaled particles that also get lodged in connective tissue in inter alveolar septae, mononuclear phagocytes and epithelial tissue found freely suspended in bronchioles and alveoli (Sujatha et al. 2007).Reports on the occurrence of anthracosis in a variety of domestic animals are available while reports on the occurrence of the disease in captive wild animals are sparse (Manohar et al. 2006;Sujatha et al. 2007).Dhaka Zoo is situated amidst brick kilns, dusty roads and construction activities.Necropsy lesions in particular black discoloration of lung parenchyma inspired this study with emphasis on anthracosis.
Materials and Methods: A total of 36 animals of 24 different species from Dhaka Zoo were investigated in this study between 01 May 2007 and 31 May 2009 (Table 1).
Dhaka Zoo is situated 20km off from Dhaka central point in Mirpur.The zoo is located in a scenic landscape by the side of the river Turag and attracts many visitors.On the other hand, busy roads and construction activities around the zoo make this location very dusty.
Birds, non-human primates and other small animals in Dhaka Zoo are housed in sheds, with roofs of corrugated galvanized iron (GI ) sheets, concrete floor and wire netting on all four sides.The average height of the sheds of the study animals is 4m from the plinth level.Antelopes are kept in open sky large enclosures while small animals such as reptiles are housed in very small box-shaped glass chambers with GI roofing and concrete floors.
The samples were examined out of a total of 127 Rhesus Macaques, 180 Spotted Deer, 11 Golden Pheasants, Six Striped Hyena, 14 Asiatic Lions, five Goyals, three American Rhea, 11 Australian Terrier Dogs, three Zebras, seven Nilgais, three Horses, four Barking Deer, two ostriches, six Crested Serpent-eagles, seven common langurs, two Beisa Oryx and two Olive Baboons.
Necropsy and tissue processing: Necropsies were conducted immediately following the death of sampled animals.
Nodulations, discolorations and unnatural consistencies were noted incase of lungs.Tissue samples of all 36 lungs (4×4 cm) were preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin.The fixed tissue samples were sent to the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, for detailed investigation, where tissues were trimmed, processed, sectioned (5μm) and stained as per standard procedure of H&E (Luna 1968).
Results: Necropsy revealed minute to large black spots to blackish discoloration of the examined tissue samples with yellow-white caseous nodules in 27 out of 36 samples.Tissue changes were also noted as both white nodular areas and black spots, and relatively firm consistency of lung stroma in scattered fashion along with aggregation of brownish-black carbon particles in the lung parenchyma in association with greenish color infrequently (Images 1-10).Histopathology revealed carbon deposition to be associated with congestion and / or hemorrhages, and infrequently with infiltration of mononuclear cells and fibrosis (scars) sometimes with collapsed alveoli.On histopathology, all 27 samples showed aggregation of carbon particles in the lung parenchyma in epithelial cells, in connective tissue of alveolar septa, inside granuloma and in mononuclear   in Dhaka Zoo, aged less than one year and reptiles showed no carbon deposition in lungs (Fig. 1).

Discussion and Conclusions:
Macroscopic necropsy findings of this study are similar to findings of other studies on anthracosis in wild animals (Farrow 1975;Gupta et al. 1991;Manohar et al. 2006;Sujatha et al. 2007) and in domestic animals (Jubb et al. 1993;Jones et al. 1997).Also, histopathological findings were mostly consistent with the findings of other authors (Manohar et al. 2006;Sujatha et al. 2007).Only the fibrosis we occasionally found in our study has not been reported previously in association with anthracosis in wild animals.Differences were also found in the size of the carbon particles as compared to minute particle sizes reported by Farrow (1975) in dog, Yu-Tong et al. (1984) in felines from circus, Gupta et al. (1991) in leaf monkey, Manohar et al. (2006) andSujatha et al. (2007) in large wild felids.The size of the carbon particle found in our study are partly minute (dotted) but we also found large particles (Spreading), which have not been reported before.However, the distribution of the carbon particles was found to be similar.This is the first comprehensive overview on anthracosis in an animal collection.Thirty-six individuals of 24 different species from the same location were included in contrast to other works where only single or very few cases were described.This study ensures occurrence of anthracosis in majority of animals of Dhaka Zoo as a consequence of alarming rate of air pollution prevalent in the city whilst other studies limit the findings to a few study animals and do not give the effects on a range of animals.Present study also indicative of possible development of cancerous or fatal consequences which needs yet to be further research.
Smokes and dust from city traffic, nearby brick fields, industries and leaf burning appear to cause anthracosis in Dhaka Zoo animals.The macroscopic necropsy findings and histopathological findings in the lungs of Dhaka Zoo animals suggest that similar lesions may be present in humans.Selim (2008) has reported that traffic policemen who were worst exposed to dust and smokes, suffer from respiratory distress, coughing, chest pain, asthma, high blood pressure, indigestion, jaundice, skin diseases, OPEN ACCESS | FREE DOWNLOAD Date of publication (online): 26 October 2010 Date of publication (print): 26 October 2010 ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print) Ahasan, S.A., E.H. Chowdhury, S.U.Azam, R. Parvin, A.Z. Rahaman & A.R. Bhuyan (2010).Pulmonary anthracosis in Dhaka Zoo collections -a public health forecasting for city dwellers.Journal of Threatened Taxa 2(11): 1303-1308.Copyright: © S.A. Ahasan, E.H. Chowdhury, S.U.Azam, R. Parvin, A.Z. Rahaman & A.R. Bhuyan 2010.Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.Image 1. Lung of Spotted Deer showing caseous nodules and black-brown coloration Image 2. Lung of Rhesus Macaque showing caseous nodules and blackish-green coloration of Zebra showing caseous nodules and black-brown coloration all over the parenchyma cells (Images 11-18).Carbon particles were found lodged intracellular in epithelial cells, mononuclear cells and granuloma while extracellular in alveolar septae and lung parenchyma.Free carbon particles were also found in bronchioles and alveoli.Clumping of carbon particles was found frequently associated with congestion and hemorrhages while less frequently with inflammation, collapsed alveoli and fibrous scars.Animals newly arrived

Image 11 .
Lung of Rhesus Macaque showing granuloma, deposition of carbon particles, Anthracosis, H&E, 87.5x.Image 12. Lung of Striped hyena showing granuloma and deposition of carbon particles, Anthracosis, H&E, 100x.Image 9. Lung of Golden Pheasant showing caseous nodules and black-brown with greenish-black coloration all over Image 10. Lung of Beisa Oryx showing caseous nodules and black-brown coloration all over

Figure
Figure 1.Percentages of AnthracosisT o t a l a n t h r a c o s i s2 7 / 3 6 N o n -h u m a n