Journal
of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2020 | 12(15):
17129–17137
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5609.12.15.17129-17137
#5609 | Received 09 December 2019 | Final received 21
October 2020 | Finally accepted 04 November 2020
A faunistic survey of tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae)
in Chakrashila Wildlife
Sanctuary and adjoining riverine ecosystem
in Assam, India
Kushal
Choudhury 1, Chandan Das 2 & Amar Deep Soren 3
1,2 PG Department of Zoology, Science College, Kokrajhar, Assam 783360, India.
3 PG and Research Department of Zoology, B. Borooah College, Guwahati, Assam 781007, India.
1 kushal.c8@gmail.com,2 mailtochandan2013@gmail.com,
3 amar4deep@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: K.A. Subramanian, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai,
India. Date
of publication: 26 November 2020 (online & print)
Citation: Choudhury, K., C. Das & A.D. Soren (2020). A faunistic
survey of tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) in Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary and adjoining riverine
ecosystem in Assam, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(15): 17129–17137. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5609.12.15.17129-17137
Copyright: © Choudhury et al. 2020. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: No funding was received from any organization
or person to carry out this study.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Dr. Kushal Choudhury is currently the Head and Assistant Professor in the
PG Department of Zoology, at Science College, Kokrajhar,
Assam, India. He specializes in teaching entomology and is actively involved in
teaching both undergraduate and post graduate students. He is involved in
insect diversity and entomophagy research.
Chandan Das is a PG student
pursuing Masters in Zoology with specialization in Entomology at Science
College, Kokrajhar, Assam, India.
Dr. Amar Deep Soren is currently Assistant Professor in the PG and
Research Department of Zoology at B. Borooah College,
Guwahati, Assam, India. He specializes in teaching genetics and has been
teaching both undergraduate and post graduate students. He is currently
involved in entomophagy, ethnopharmacology, parasitology and toxicological
research.
Active contribution: KC conceptualised and
supervised the study and also wrote the first draft. CD visited the field,
collected the beetles and took images along with KC. ADS analysed
the data, structured the manuscript and approved the final draft.
Acknowledgements: Authors are thankful to the Department of Forests, BTC
for granting permission to carry out this survey in the study area. Our special
thanks to Raghunath Boro, Divisional Forest Officer,
Wildlife Division, Kokrajhar for his support during
study. Special thanks to Professor David L. Pearson, School of Life Sciences,
Arizona State University and ZSI, Kolkata for assisting in the identification
of the tiger beetles. We are also thankful to Aaranyak
for providing the GIS image of the study area.
Abstract: A faunistic survey was made to assess the tiger beetle
fauna from the Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary and
adjacent rivers for the first time from the western part of Assam, India.
A total of 15 species of tiger beetles (subfamily Cicindelinae)
belonging to seven genera were recorded from forest, moist and dry riverine
ecosystem using an occasional night trap. Eight species belonging to five
genera were recorded from the riverine ecosystem. Two species, viz., Cylindera spinolae and
Calochroa assamensis,
were strictly restricted to the forest and Cosmodela
virgula was recorded from both forest and
riverine areas. Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta, Calochroa flavomaculata,
and Lophyra (Spilodia)
vittigera were collected using a night trap from
the forest area. The study revealed that habitat degradation due to human
interference is the major threat to the tiger beetles in the study area.
Keywords: Calochroa assamensis, Cylindera spinolae, diversity, night trap, northeastern
India, predatory insects, riverine, sandy, threats.
Abbreviations: BTAD—Bodoland Territorial Autonomous Districts |
BTC—Bodoland Territorial Council | GPS—Global Positioning System |
ZSI—Zoological Survey of India.
Introduction
Tiger beetles are charismatic, fast running, and
predatory insects under the subfamily Cicindelinae
and family Carabidae. Cicindelinae
is characterized by large compound eyes, filiform and 11-segmented antennae,
long legs, and long sickle-shaped mandibles. The size of tiger beetles
varies from 6–45 mm. They are adapted to different habitat types such as
riverine sandy areas, stream and pond edges, hillsides, rocky areas near roads,
trails, and forest openings. Though the tiger beetle is mainly distributed
in the tropical region, it is also found in Greenland, Tasmania, and some small
oceanic islands such as Hawaii (Pearson 1988; Cassola & Pearson 2000;
Pearson & Vogler 2001).
All tiger beetles are highly habitat-specific (Knisley
& Hill 1992; Adis et al. 1998; Cardoso &
Vogler 2005; Pearson & Cassola 2007; Rafi et al. 2010). Each species
prefer specific habitats such as riverine habitats (Ganeshaiah
& Belavadi 1986; Satoh et al. 2006; Dangalle et al. 2011a,b), forests (Adis
et al. 1998), agroecosystems (French et al. 2004; Sinu
et al. 2006), parks, areas with human disturbances (Bhardwaj et al. 2008;
Mosley 2009), open areas with sparse vegetation (Schiefer 2004) and grasslands
(Acorn 2004). The association of tiger beetle species with habitat has
been related to their preferences for mating and oviposition sites, food
availability, seasonality, vegetation cover and physical, chemical and climatic
qualities of the habitat (Pearson et al. 2006). Most of the tiger beetles
are diurnal, some species are strictly nocturnal and many are cathemeral
(Pearson 1988). Though several species living together is common, there
is very little competition among them, particularly because of niche
partitioning (Pearson & Carroll 1998).
There are around 2,300 species of tiger beetles
recorded so far all over the world.
India harbors 208 species of tiger beetles and
ranks third among the countries inhabited by them. Of these, 51.9% species are endemic to India
only (Cassola & Pearson 2000).
Geographically, species richness of tiger beetles is comparatively high
in the northeastern and southwestern parts of India
(Pearson & Ghorpade 1989; Pearson & Juliano 1993). Since
they are widespread, having specific habitat requirements and well-known
taxonomy they serve as valuable indicators of the general state of the
environment (Annemarie 1999; Cardoso & Vogler 2005; Satoh et al. 2006;
Pearson & Cassola 2007). Besides, some species serve as important
biological control agents in agroecosystems (Rodriguez et al. 1998).
Indian tiger beetles were first documented by Schaum (1863), Atkinson (1889), and Horn (1905a,b), though
the first comprehensive list of all genera of tiger beetles of the Indian
subcontinent was published by Fowler (1912). After independence, Pajni & Bedi (1973) reported
a preliminary survey of the cicindelid fauna of Chandigarh. Pearson & Ghorpade
(1987) studied the geographical distribution and ecological history of tiger
beetles of the Siliguri-Darjeeling area of eastern India. Later, Bhargav & Uniyal
(2008) studied tiger beetles in the Shivalik
Landscape. In 2008, Werner & Wiesner first recorded Neocollyris (Leptocollyris)
parvula (Chaudoir,
1848), Calochroa bicolor
haemorrhoidalis (Wiedemann, 1823) and Cylindera (Ifasina)
severini (Horn, 1892) from the state of
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. Bhardwaj et al. (2008)
reported the occurrence of tiger beetles from Uttarakhand. Tiger beetles
of Meghalaya were exclusively reported by Sawada & Wiesner in 1997. Recently, Harit
(2013) studied the diversity of tiger beetles in Mizoram of northeastern
India. Invertebrates are understudied
overall, and for even some of the taxonomically better studied groups like
tiger beetles (Cicindelidae), knowledge is scanty
from this part of the land. Keeping
these aspects in view, an investigation of the occurrences and preferences of
habitats along with their present threats in Chakrashila
Wildlife Sanctuary and the adjoining riverine ecosystem in western Assam of
India was conducted.
Materials and Methods
Study
area
Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary (26.250–26.433 0N and
90.250–90.333 0E 4,500ha) is located in the districts of Kokrajhar and Dhubri in the state
of Assam, India. The sanctuary is the only protected area for the Golden
Langur Trachypithecus geei
in India. The hilly terrain is covered with dense forest which is mostly
semi-evergreen and moist deciduous, with patches of grassland and scattered
bushes (scrubland). The dominant trees
found are Tectona grandis,
Shoresa robusta,
Eleocarpus sp., Oroxylum
indicum, Castanopsis
purpurea, and Dillenia
pentagyna. The forest type falls in the
category 3C/C.1.a(ii) following Champion & Seth (1968).
There are several small streams, of which the major
ones are Howhowi Jhora and Bamuni Jhora, which help maintain
humidity of the environment. Two major wetlands, viz., Diplai and Dhir ‘beel’ (water bodies) are also adjacent to its
boundary. The sanctuary harbours about 154 species of butterflies
(Choudhury & Ghosh 2009) and the endemic Golden Langur (Gee 1961). Besides,
a survey was also carried out along the river banks of Gaurang,
Champawati, Saralbhanga,
and Bahalpur, which are the major tributaries of the
river Brahmaputra and originate from the Bhutan Himalayas.
The present study was conducted from October 2018 to
October 2019. Surveys were carried out between 10.00 and 16.00 h on sunny
days by walking on dry river beds and along the banks of the rivers Gaurang, Champawati, Saralbhanga, and Bahalpur.
Visual encounter survey is the most effective method for tiger beetle
study. Species recorded in moist sandy soils and dry sandy soils were
recorded. For forest species, active search was made along all
approachable areas of different habitats such as stream bank, grassland and
forest trails of Chakrashila Wildlife
Sanctuary. All the GPS locations were recorded with the help of Garmin
GPS-60. Specimens were collected by hand picking and a standard-sized
insect net. Besides, an opportunistic light trap was also carried along
during the survey along the road side of the Chakrashila
Wildlife Sanctuary to find out the alpha-diversity of tiger beetles.Collected
specimens were preserved in 96% ethanol in the laboratory of P.G. Department of
Zoology, Science College, Kokrajhar and Zoological
Survey of India (ZSI), Kolkata for further reference. Identification was
carried out following Fowler (1912) and with the assistance of an insect
taxonomist.
Results
A total of 15 species of tiger beetles belonging to
seven genera were recorded in Chakrashila Wildlife
Sanctuary and riverine ecosystem of Gaurang, Champawati, Saralbhanga, and Bahalpur during the sampling period (Table 1).
Maximum number of species was recorded from the genus Calomera
(27%) followed by Calochroa (20%)
and Cylindera (20%). Lophyra presented 13% of the total species.
The least number of species was recorded from the genus Chaetodera
and Cosmodela (7%) (Figure
2A). In the study, maximum number of species was recorded from the moist
riverine sandy soil (53%) which was followed by forest area (33%) while the
least number of species was recorded from the dry, riverine sandy soil, while
only 7% species share both forest and moist riverine sandy soil (Figure
2B). Cylindera (Eugrapha)
venosa and Myriochila
undulata were the most common species in moist
riverine sandy soil while Cylindera spinolae and Calochroa assamensis were restricted to the forest area
only. Cosmodela
virgula was recorded from both the moist sandy
soil and forest area. Chaetodera albina was
the only species recorded from dry sandy soil during the study period (Table
1). Three species were encountered using a light trap of which Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta and Calochroa
flavomaculata occurred frequently but Lophyra (Spilodia) vittigera was rare.
All the survey sites along with their GPS locations during the survey
period are depicted in Table 2.
Discussion
The sandy bank formed along the margin of the water
level attracts many invertebrates due to accumulated organic matter and high
food supply. Such riparian habitats are known to be preferred by tiger
beetles not only because of adequate food resources but also due to safety from
predators and low human disturbance (Bhargav & Uniyal
2008; Dangalle et al. 2012). Among the species,
nine—Calomera plumigera
macrograptina, Cylindera bigemina, Lophyra cancellata intemperata, Myriochila undulata, Chaetodera albina, Calochroa octonotata, Cylindera (Eugrapha)
venosa, Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta, and Calomera chloris (Image
3)—were recorded in moist riverine sandy areas of rivers Gaurang,
Sarlbhanga, and Champawati.
Tiger beetles usually prefer low moisture containing sandy soil with sparse
vegetation where females’ oviposition becomes easier (Ganeshaiah
& Belavadi 1986; Hoback
et al. 2000; Satoh et al. 2006; Dangalle et al.
2011a,b). Among the moist riverine sandy species, Cylindera
(Eugrapha) venosa
and Myriochila undulata
were the most common species and dominated all other species in terms of
occurrence. Calochroa
octonotata is the largest tiger beetle in terms
of body size and has a powerful flyer and usually occurs individually in the
margin of the water level. When
disturbed, it flies for long distances and perches in areas of sparse
vegetation. Some species like Cylindera
(Eugrapha) venosa,
Myriochila undulata, Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta, Calomera plumigera macrograptina, and
Lophyra cancellata
intemperata co-occurred but they could have the
least competition amongst themselves probably due to niche separation (Pearson
1998). Lophyra cancellata
intemperata was less abundant and prefers moist
sandy area with sparse vegetation (Schiefer 2004). It has been noticed
that this species, when disturbed or threatened, moves to sparse vegetation
areas at once and obscures itself. They usually co-occurred with Cylindera (Eugrapha) venosa and Myriochila undulata but were found to be scanty in number.
During the survey, Chaetodera albina was recorded only from a few locations of the
river Gaurang specifically during hot sunny days when
sand temperatures were about 450C (mid-day). It was recorded
in a characteristic dry sandy soil (white) about 20m away from any water
source. Chaetodera
albina is a conspicuous species and is difficult
to locate unless or until it moves. The expanded white maculations on the elytra may have functioned in lowering
the body temperature making them able to forage longer without overheating (Dangalle et al. 2012). Besides, it is an apparent
adaptation for remaining inconspicuous to natural enemies reliant on visual
cues (Seago et al. 2009).
Likewise, three species namely Cylindera
spinolae, Calochroa assamensis, and Cosmodela
virgula were recorded from the forest of Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary. Cylindera
spinolae and Calochroa
assamensis are both forest dwellers and observed
while perching on leaf surfaces. The presence of tiger beetles in forest
and thick undergrowth vegetations were also reported by Pearson & Ghorpade (1987) and Adis et al.
(1998). The black coloration of both the species seems to give them an
advantage of not being easily recognized by predators as they seem to
camouflage in the dark and shady environments and dark substrates. In
general, tiger beetles’ general coloration tends to match their substrate as a
tool to evade and confuse predators (Morgan et al. 2000; Dangalle
et al. 2014). On the other hand, Cosmodela
virgula occurs in both river banks as well as
forest paths. This indicates that this
species is a habitat generalist. Among the forest dwellers, Cosmodela
virgula is the most abundant species.
During the study period, Lophyra (Spilodia) vittigera and Calochroa flavomaculata
were collected by incidental catch by night trap near the Forest Bungalow
of Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary. Among the
night trap species, Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta and Calochroa flavomaculata
occurred frequently but Lophyra (Spilodia) vittigera was
sighted only once. Harit (2013), however,
recorded Calochroa flavomaculata
and Calomera chloris
from riverine sandy soil, while Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta was reported
to prefer riverine sandy soil as well as agricultural land in the Mizoram State
of northeastern India.
The present study reveals that due to rapid
urbanization, demand of sand and gravel has increased manifold. These materials are extracted legally or
illegally in large and small scale from the river bed by traders as well as
villagers from almost all the rivers. The extraction pressure however is
comparatively more on the Champawati River than the
others because of its good sand quality. The raw materials for rock
crushing industries are also extracted from these rivers. Since, most
tiger beetles are habitat specific, such activities definitely impact on their
survival which may lead to their local extinction (Image 1). Presently,
the unscientific use of fertilizers in the paddy fields around the vicinity of
riverine sides may degrade the soil quality, which in turn hampers the
development of the tiger beetles’ larvae. Besides, illegal tree-felling,
encroachment, silvicultural practices, conversion of cultivated land into tea
gardens and illegal forest fire can cause the diversity of tiger beetles in the
area to decline. The study indicates the presence of pristine habitat
condition of tiger beetles in this region. Therefore, conservation of these
local poorly known taxa is of utmost importance along with other flora and
fauna of this region.
Conclusion
The detection of 15 species of tiger beetle for the
first time reflects the low survey effort and opportunistic nature of the
collections. Therefore, a long-term survey covering maximum habitats over
different seasons will be required at the earliest to explore and document the
entomological wealth of the region. Though the species inventories are
few in number, the present findings have high significance for understanding
insect biodiversity in the region and provides a baseline data for further
research programmes.
Table 1.
Tiger beetle fauna of Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary,
and adjacent riverine ecosystems with their associated habitat.
|
Genus |
Species |
Habitat |
1 |
Calomera |
Calomera angulata (Fabricius, 1798) |
Moist sandy soil |
2 |
Calomera (Lophyridia) chloris (Hope,
1831) |
Moist sandy soil |
|
3 |
Calomera plumigera macrograptina (Acciavatti & Pearson,
1989) |
Moist sandy soil |
|
4 |
Myriochila |
Myriochila undulata (Dejean, 1825) |
Moist sandy soil |
5 |
Cylindera |
Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta (Olivier,
1790) |
Moist sandy soil |
6 |
Cylindera (Eugrapha) venosa
(Kollar, 1836) |
Moist sandy soil |
|
7 |
Cylindera spinolae (Gestro, 1889) |
Forest area |
|
8 |
Cylindera bigemina (Klug, 1834) |
Moist sandy soil |
|
9 |
Cosmodela |
Cosmodela virgula (Fleutiaux, 1893) |
Moist sandy soil and forest area |
10 |
Chaetodera |
Chaetodera albina (Wiedemann, 1819) |
Dry sandy soil |
11 |
Lophyra |
Lophyra cancellata intemperata (Dejen, 1825) |
Moist sandy soil with sparse vegetation |
12 |
Lophyra (Spilodia) vittigera (Dejean, 1825) |
Forest area |
|
13 |
Calochroa |
Calochroa octonotata (Wiedemann, 1819) |
Moist sandy soil |
14 |
Calochroa flavomaculata (Fabricious, 1775) |
Forest area |
|
15 |
Calochroa assamensis (Parry, 1844) |
Forest area |
Table 2.
Geographical locations of different survey areas during the study period.
Survey area |
Latitude (N) |
Longitude (E) |
Altitude (m) |
Gaurang River |
26.713 |
90.444 |
57 |
26.722 |
90.443 |
57 |
|
26.426 |
90.262 |
57 |
|
26.429 |
90.265 |
56 |
|
26.713 |
90.444 |
56 |
|
26.691 |
90.445 |
56 |
|
26.710 |
90.459 |
56 |
|
26.429 |
90.265 |
57 |
|
26.417 |
90.271 |
57 |
|
26.722 |
90.448 |
57 |
|
26.710 |
90.459 |
57 |
|
26.692 |
90.717 |
57 |
|
26.724 |
90.429 |
57 |
|
26.670 |
90.434 |
57 |
|
26.667 |
90.430 |
57 |
|
26.687 |
90.447 |
57 |
|
Champawati River |
27.120 |
90.620 |
45 |
Bahalpur River |
26.533 |
90.798 |
82 |
Saralbhanga River |
26.568 |
90.211 |
82 |
Malbhog River |
26.540 |
90.082 |
73 |
For
figures & images - - click here
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