Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2020 | 12(10): 16357–16367
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5408.12.10.16357-16367
#5408 | Received 23 September 2019 | Final
received 07 July 2020 | Finally accepted 19 July 2020
Ichthyofaunal diversity of Manjeera Reservoir, Manjeera
Wildlife Sanctuary, Telangana, India
Kante Krishna Prasad 1,
Mohammad Younus 2 & Chelmala Srinivasulu 3
1,2,3 Natural History Museum, Wildlife
Biology and Taxonomy Lab, Department of Zoology, University College of Science,
Osmania University, Hyderabad,
Telangana 500007, India.
3 Systematics, Ecology &
Conservation Laboratory, Zoo Outreach Organization, No. 12 Thiruvannamalai
Nagar, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035,
India.
1 kpmanjeera@gmail.com, 2 mdyounusou@gmail.com,
3 chelmala.srinivasulu@osmania.ac.in (corresponding author)
Editor: Rajeev Raghavan, Kerala
University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Kochi, India. Date
of publication: 26 July 2020 (online & print)
Citation: Prasad, K.K., M. Younus & C.
Srinivasulu (2020). Ichthyofaunal diversity of Manjeera Reservoir,
Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary, Telangana, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(10): 16357–16367. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5408.12.10.16357-16367
Copyright: © Prasad et al. 2020. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: University Grants Commission, New Delhi.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We acknowledge the Head,
Department of Zoology, University College of Science, Osmania University,
Hyderabad for providing facilities and encouragement; the Principal Chief
Conservator of Forests (Wildlife), Telangana State Forest Department for the
study permit (Rc.No.10873/2015/WL-2, 16 September 2015), and the District
Forest Officer, Sangareddy District for local
logistics; Hyderaboina Laxman, Raghupati,
Meer Mushabbir Ali, and Ch. Malkolla
Deepak Tarun for help in the field. KP acknowledges the research funding from
UGC, New Delhi.
Abstract: The ichthyofaunal diversity of Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary in Telangana State was studied
between October 2015 and November 2016.
A total of 57 species of fish belonging to 42 genera, within 20 families
and 11 orders were recorded. The present
communication provides an updated ichthyofaunal checklist of Manjeera Reservoir and discusses the threats to fish in Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary.
Keywords: Checklist, freshwater fish, Godavari
river basin, Manjeera river.
Fish are an essential source of
protein in human diets and significantly to food security and livelihoods. India contributes to about 7.7% of global
fish diversity, of which, 1,668 species are marine, and 994 are freshwater
(Froese & Pauly 2019). Freshwater fish diversity of India is
distributed in large number of ponds, tanks, lakes, reservoirs, seasonal
streams, rivers, and other man-made water bodies, which together comprise an
area of 111,690km2 (Bassi et al. 2014).
Telangana State in peninsular
India has rich freshwater resources including tanks, reservoirs, and is drained
by major rivers such as Godavari and Krishna, and their numerous
tributaries. Many ichthyofaunal studies
have been carried out in the rivers of Telangana (Day 1878; Rahimullah
1943a; Rahimullah 1944; Mahmood & Rahimullah 1947; Chacko 1949; David 1963; Jayaram 1981,
1995, 1999, 2010; Barman 1993; Talwar & Jhingran
1991; Menon 1999; Devi & Indra 2003).
The most comprehensive study among these is by Barman (1993) (of
combined Andhra Pradesh State), who reported 158 freshwater fish species
belonging to 68 genera, 27 families, and 10 orders. Compared to river systems, only a few studies
are available on the ichthyodiversity of man-made
reservoirs and tanks in Telangana (Rahimullah 1943b,
1944; Mahmood & Rahimullah 1947; Chandrasekhar
2004; Rao et al. 2011; Shyamsundar et al. 2017).
Manjeera is one of the important reservoirs
in Telangana State, created by the construction of a barrage on Manjeera River near Kalabgur
Village, Sangareddy District. The barrage was constructed to ensure water sotage, and supply drinking water to the twin cities of
Hyderabad and Secunderabad located about 50km
south-east. The reservoir covers an area
of 32km2 between Singur and Manjeera dams (Prasad et al. 2018). The reservoir has nine islands with extensive
marshy fringes, which also supports submerged and emergent vegetation that is
used by both crocodiles and birds. Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary was declared as a protected
area in 1978, to provide a safe haven to the wild population of the vulnerable
marsh crocodiles, along with numerous avian, mammalian, and floral diversity
(Prasad et al. 2018). The first and the
senior author have been documenting the biodiversity of Manjeera
Wildlife Sanctuary since 2010 (Prasad et al. 2014, 2018). Through this contribution, we provide
baseline information on the ichthyofauna of the Manjeera
Wildlife Sanctuary.
Materials and methods
Study Area: Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary (17.62–17.750N & 77.92–78.080E)
is located in Sangareddy District, Telangana State,
India (Fig. 1). The sanctuary
encompasses the reservoir, and the area on either bank of the Manjeera River course, running 26km between Singur and Manjeera dams. The reservoir also supports submerged and
emergent vegetation including species of Nymphaea, Nelumbo,
Polygonum, Hydrilla, Pistia
(Prasad et al. 2018). The soil type is
red loamy, sandy and fertile black, and the major crops grown include cotton,
rice, jowar, maize, and sugarcane.
Ambient temperature ranges between 15°C (in winters) and 42°C (in
summers), and the rainfall is approximately 1,000–1,100 mm per year (Prasad et
al. 2014).
Methods: The study was carried out from
October 2015 to November 2016, and the voucher samples were collected from
October 2015 to November 2015. We
selected four locations (Fig. 1) along the river course, and samples were collected
using cast nets (mesh size of 6–12 mm for small size fish, depth of operation
1–2 m), gill nets (mesh size of 40–90 mm for large size fish, depth of
operation 3–8 m), and other traditional methods (square-shaped bamboo cage
traps) with the help of local fishermen.
Specimens were collected, photographed, labelled, and preserved in 4–10
% formalin solution relative to the fish size (Jayaram 2010). Fish were identified up to the species level
followed Talwar & Jhingran (1991), Jayaram
(1991), Jayaram & Dhas (2000), Jayaram & Sanyal
(2003), and Jayaram (2010). Nomenclature
of fishes followed Fricke et al. (2019).
Voucher specimens and photo vouchers (of those species whose voucher
specimens were not collected) are deposited in the Natural History Museum of
Osmania University, Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad,
Telangana State, India (Table 1). Conservation status of the fish species is
based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Specie (IUCN
2019).
Results and
Discussion
Manjeera Reservoir (MR) and the Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary (MWS) harbour a total of 57
species of fish belonging to 42 genera within 20 families and 11 orders (Table
1). During the present study, we
collected 51 species of fishes and have included an additional six species that
were reported earlier (Barman 1993; Chandrashekar 2004), but not recorded
during the present study. Of these, Cyprinidae (33.3%) was the most dominant family followed by
Danionidae (14.0%), Bagridae
(7.0%), Channidae (5.2%), Cichlidae
(5.2%), Ambassidae (5.2%), Cobitidae
(3.5%), Siluridae (3.5%), and Mastacembelidae
(3.5%).
Most fish species in the MWS are
native, and only 8.8% of the fish diversity was represented by exotic species
including Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis mossambicus,
O. niloticus, and Gambusia affinis. As per
the IUCN threat categories, most (S=46) native species were of Least Concern
category (80.7% the diversity), and only two species were assessed as
Endangered (3.5%). Four species (7.0%)
were assessed as Near Threatened (IUCN 2019).
Species assessed as threatened included Tor khudree
and Clarias magur,
while those assessed as Near Threatened included Anguilla bengalensis, Ompok bimaculatus, Wallago attu,
and Parambasis lala.
The MR also harbored
native aquarium fish species including Aplocheilus
panchax, Chanda nama, Danio rerio, Devario aequipinnatus, Esomus
danrica, Hyporhamphus
limbatus, Oryzias
dancena, Parambassis
ranga, Parambasis
lala, Pseudetroplus
maculatus, and Puntius vittatus. The present study revealed the presence of
Blue Perch Badis badis,
which was for the first time reported from Telangana recently (Prasad
& Srinivasulu 2019). The abundance of fish species could not be
quantitatively assessed due to restriction of the fishing within the sanctuary
limits.
Rahimullah (1944) reported 52 valid species
of fishes from Manjeera River and its perennial
tributaries of Haldi and Aleru
from Medak District of erstwhile Hyderabad State. In the present study from MR, we recorded 28
of the 52 species reported by Rahimullah (1944). Rahimullah (1944)
reported the presence of Silonia childreni, Tor khudree,
and Hypselobarbus mussullah
from Manjeera river, which we failed to detect during
the present study. Chandrasekhar (2004)
reported only eight species of fish from MR, of which we were unable to detect Cyprinus carpio, Labeo fimbriatus, Lepidocephalichthys guntea,
Salmostoma untrahi,
Sperata aor,
and Tor khudree.
Rao et al. (2011) reported 25
species from Pocharam Reservoir, which is fed by the Aleru River (one of the tributaries of Manjeera
River). Both the Pocharam
and Manjeera reservoirs are dominated by the species
belonging to the order Cypriniformes followed by Siluriformes, though the present study indicated that MR harbours
more fish species compared to Pocharam Reservoir.
As part of our study, we also
observed some threats to the fish fauna of the sanctuary. Habitat loss due to encroachments such as
alteration of riverbanks, construction of canals, expansion of adjacent paddy
fields into the sanctuary, and also loss of riparian vegetation for local
firewood collection has been noticed as a significant threat to the
habitat. Fishing within the sanctuary
has been banned by the Telangana State Forest Department, however, illegal
fishing activity is still a threat to fish diversity within the sanctuary
limits. It is suspected that the
excessive use of pesticides and inorganic fertilizers in agricultural fields
adjacent to the sanctuary may also lead to water pollution (Prasad et al.
2014). Mitigating such causes that lead
to decline in water quality will go a long way and help sustain and improve the
ichthyofaunal diversity of MR and MWS, which is home to one of the healthiest
population of marsh crocodiles in Telangana State.
Table 1. List of fishes of the Manjeera Reservoir and Manjeera
Wildlife Sanctuary, Telangana, India
|
|
Scientific name |
English name |
IUCN status |
Voucher number |
|
Order Anguilliformes |
||||
|
Family Anguillidae |
||||
|
1 |
Anguilla bengalensis
(Gray, 1831) |
Indian Mottled Eel |
NT |
NHMOU.F.PV.92 |
|
Order Osteoglossiformes |
||||
|
Family Notopteridae |
||||
|
2 |
Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) |
Bronze Featherback |
LC |
NHMOU.F.56 |
|
Order Cypriniformes |
||||
|
Family Cobitidae |
||||
|
3 |
Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton, 1822) |
Guntea Loach |
LC |
vide Chandrasekhar
(2004) |
|
4 |
Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (Valenciennes, 1846) |
Common Spiny Loach |
LC |
NHMOU.F.32 |
|
Family Cyprinidae |
||||
|
5 |
Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) |
Mrigala |
LC |
NHMOU.F.48 |
|
6 |
Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton, 1807) |
Reba Carp |
LC |
NHMOU.F.47, and 186 |
|
7 |
Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) |
Grass Carp |
* |
NHMOU.F.PV.75 |
|
8 |
Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 |
Common Carp |
* |
vide Barman (1993) |
|
9 |
Garra mullya (Sykes, 1839) |
Sucker Fish |
LC |
NHMOU.F.174 |
|
10 |
Gymnostomus ariza (Hamilton, 1807) |
Reba |
LC |
NHMOU.F.PV.90 |
|
11 |
Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) |
Orangefin Labeo |
LC |
NHMOU.F.PV.94 |
|
12 |
Labeo catla (Hamilton, 1822) |
Catla |
LC |
NHMOU.F.PV.41 |
|
13 |
Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch, 1795) |
Fringed-lipped Peninsula Carp |
LC |
vide Barman (1993) |
|
14 |
Labeo porcellus (Heckel, 1844) |
Bombay Labeo |
LC |
NHMOU.F.49 to 52 |
|
15 |
Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) |
Roho Labeo |
LC |
NHMOU.F.PV.77 |
|
16 |
Osteobrama cotio (Hamilton, 1822) |
Cotio |
LC |
NHMOU.F.30, and 31 |
|
17 |
Pethia conchonius (Hamilton, 1822) |
Rosy Barb |
LC |
NHMOU.F.252 |
|
18 |
Pethia ticto (Hamilton, 1822) |
Ticto Barb |
LC |
NHMOU.F.303 to 305 |
|
19 |
Puntius chola (Hamilton, 1822) |
Swamp Barb |
LC |
NHMOU.F.42 |
|
20 |
Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822) |
Pool Barb |
LC |
NHMOU.F.250, and
251 |
|
21 |
Puntius vittatus Day, 1865 |
Greenstripe Barb |
LC |
NHMOU.F.239 to 244 |
|
22 |
Systomus sarana (Hamilton, 1822) |
Olive Barb |
LC |
NHMOU.F.46 |
|
23 |
Tor khudree (Sykes, 1839) |
Deccan Mahseer |
EN |
vide Barman (1993) |
|
Family Danionidae |
||||
|
24 |
Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton, 1822) |
Mola Carplet |
LC |
NHMOU.F.189, and
190 |
|
25 |
Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) |
Zebra Danio |
LC |
NHMOU.F.249 |
|
26 |
Devario aequipinnatus (McClelland, 1839) |
Giant Danio |
LC |
NHMOU.F.172 |
|
27 |
Esomus danrica (Hamilton, 1822) |
Flying Barb |
LC |
NHMOU.F.299 |
|
28 |
Laubuka laubuca (Hamilton, 1822) |
Indian Glass Barb |
LC |
NHMOU.F.288 |
|
29 |
Salmostoma bacaila (Hamilton, 1822) |
Large Razorbelly
Minnow |
LC |
NHMOU.F.35 |
|
30 |
Salmostoma untrahi (Day, 1869) |
Mahanadi Razorbelly
Minnow |
LC |
vide Chandrashaker (2004) |
|
31 |
Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton, 1822) |
Slender Rasbora |
LC |
NHMOU.F.286, and
287 |
|
Order Siluriformes |
||||
|
Family Bagridae |
||||
|
32 |
Mystus cf. bleekeri (Day, 1877) |
Day's Mystus |
LC |
NHMOU.F.62, 178,
and 180 |
|
33 |
Mystus vittatus (Bloch, 1794) |
Striped Dwarf Catfish |
LC |
NHMOU.F.61 |
|
34 |
Sperata aor (Hamilton, 1822) |
Long-whiskered Catfish |
LC |
vide Chandrashaker (2004) |
|
35 |
Sperata seenghala (Sykes, 1839) |
Giant River-Catfish |
LC |
NHMOU.F.176 |
|
Family Siluridae |
||||
|
36 |
Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) |
Butter Catfish |
NT |
NHMOU.F.57, and 175 |
|
37 |
Wallago attu (Bloch &
Schneider, 1801) |
Wallago |
NT |
NHMOU.F.PV.71 |
|
Family Heteropneustidae |
||||
|
38 |
Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) |
Stinging Catfish |
LC |
NHMOU.F.PV.91 |
|
Family Clariidae |
||||
|
39 |
Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) |
Magur |
EN |
NHMOU.F.PV.95 |
|
Family Schilbeidae |
||||
|
40 |
Proeutropiichthys taakree (Sykes, 1839) |
Indian Taakree |
LC |
NHMOU.F.33, and 34 |
|
Order Gobiiformes |
||||
|
Family Gobiidae |
||||
|
41 |
Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) |
Tank Goby |
LC |
NHMOU.F.58, and 216
to 218 |
|
Order Synbranchiformes |
||||
|
Family Mastacembelidae |
||||
|
42 |
Macrognathus pancalus Hamilton, 1822 |
Barred Spiny Eel |
LC |
NHMOU.F.236 |
|
43 |
Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepède, 1800) |
Zig-zag Eel |
LC |
NHMOU.F.60 |
|
Order Anabantiformes |
||||
|
Family Channidae |
||||
|
44 |
Channa marulius (Hamilton, 1822) |
Great Snakehead |
LC |
NHMOU.F.54 |
|
45 |
Channa punctata (Bloch, 1793) |
Spotted Snakehead |
LC |
NHMOU.F.55 |
|
46 |
Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) |
Striped Snakehead |
LC |
NHMOU.F.PV.40 |
|
Family Badidae |
||||
|
47 |
Badis badis (Hamilton, 1822) |
Badis |
LC |
NHMOU.F.43 |
|
Order Cichliformes |
||||
|
Family Cichlidae |
||||
|
48 |
Pseudetroplus maculatus (Bloch, 1795) |
Orange Chromide |
LC |
NHMOU.F.173 |
|
49 |
Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) |
Mozambique Tilapia |
* |
NHMOU.F.59 |
|
50 |
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Nile Tilapia |
* |
NHMOU.F.171 |
|
Order Cyprinodontiformes |
||||
|
Family Aplocheilidae |
||||
|
51 |
Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton, 1822) |
Blue Panchax |
LC |
NHMOU.F.237 |
|
Family Poecilidae |
||||
|
52 |
Gambusia affinis (Baird &
Girard, 1853) |
Mosquitofish |
* |
NHMOU.F.225 to 229 |
|
Order Beloniformes |
||||
|
Family Hemiramphidae |
||||
|
53 |
Hyporhamphus limbatus (Valenciennes, 1847) |
Congaturi Halfbeak |
LC |
NHMOU.F.273 to 276 |
|
Family Adrianichthyidae |
||||
|
54 |
Oryzias dancena (Hamilton, 1822) |
Rice Fish |
LC |
NHMOU.F.238 |
|
Order Perciformes |
||||
|
Family Ambassidae |
||||
|
55 |
Chanda nama Hamilton, 1822 |
Elongate Glass-Perchlet |
LC |
NHMOU.F.221 to 224 |
|
56 |
Parambassis ranga (Hamilton, 1822) |
Indian Glassy Fish |
LC |
NHMOU.F.29 |
|
57 |
Parambasis lala (Hamilton, 1822) |
Highfin Glassy Perchlet |
NT |
NHMOU.F.219, and
220 |
LC–Least Concern | NT–Near
Threatened | EN–Endangered | *–Exotic Species | NHMOU.F.–Natural History
Museum, Osmania University, Fishes | NHMOU.F.PV–Natural History Museum, Osmania
University, Fishes, Photo Voucher.
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