Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2020 | 12(8): 15835–15851
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5278.12.8.15835-15851
#5278 | Received 27 July 2019 | Final
received 14 April 2020 | Finally accepted 06 May 2020
An annotated checklist of sea
slug fauna of Gujarat coast, India
Piyush Vadher 1,
Hitesh Kardani 2 &
Imtiyaz Beleem 3
1,2 Fisheries Research Station,
Junagadh Agricultural University, Sikka, Jamnagar, Gujarat 361140, India.
3 Office of the Superintendent of
Fisheries (Commissioner of Fisheries, Agriculture, Farmer Welfare and
Co-operation Department), Mangrol harbour, Mangrol, Junagadh, Gujarat, 362226,
India.
1 vadherpiyush4@gmail.com, 2 hiteshkardani@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 3 imtiyazbelim7@gmail.com
Abstract: An annotated checklist of sea
slugs from Gujarat coastal waters was prepared, based on published literature
and field observations from 2014–2019.
Ninety-five species from 62 genera belonging to 29 families were
recorded. Species are listed with
synonyms and distribution status.
Keywords: Distribution, Gastropoda,
Opisthobranch.
Editor: A. Biju
Kumar, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India. Date of
publication: 26 May 2020 (online & print)
Citation:
Vadher, P., H. Kardani & I. Beleem (2020). An annotated
checklist of sea slug fauna of Gujarat coast, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 12(8): 15835–15851. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5278.12.8.15835-15851
Copyright: © Vadher et al. 2020. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this
article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the
source of publication.
Funding: Junagadh
Agricultural University, Junagadh.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Piyush Vadher is working as senior research fellow in Fisheries
Research Station, JAU, Sikka. He has been involved in the research since 2014.
He has been engaged in the survey, breeding and larval rearing of Pearl oyster
and other molluscan and plankton culture. Hitesh
Kardani is working as Assistant Professor in Fisheries Research Station,
JAU, Sikka. He is involved in teaching and research since 2005. His area of
interest is plankton, molluscan, crustacean and Ichthyofaunal diversity. He has
been engaged in captive breeding of marine molluscan and their conservation by
sea ranching of their larvae. Imtiyaz Beleem is working as Assistant
Superintendent of Fisheries, in the Office of the Superintendent of Fisheries,
Mangrol, Gujarat. He has been engaged in the research and academics since 2012
and main interest of research area is crustacean taxonomy and Marine ecology.
Author contribution: PV—survey, photography and identification of sea slugs
and preparation of the draft of paper. HK—survey, photography and identification
of sea slugs and preparation of the draft of paper; IB—survey, preparation of
the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to Dr A.R. Pathak (hon. vice
chancellor, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh) and Dr. V.P. Chovatia
(director of research, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh) for
providing necessary facilities and encouragement. We are also thankful to the officials of
Marine National Park, Jamnagar for providing their moral support and guidance.
INTRODUCTION
Sea slugs are one of the largest groups of marine
gastropods. They show a wide range of
colors, designs, and patterns, including varieties of body decorations such as
flaps, sensory organs, tubercles, and tentacles (Wagele & Klussmann-Kolb
2005). They are found from the polar
regions to the tropics in habitats ranging from intertidal (coral reefs,
mudflats, rocky shores, and tide pools) to deep sea, and in association with
bryozoans, hydroids, sponges, seagrasses, and seaweeds (Wollscheid-Lengeling et
al. 2001; Apte & Desai 2017). Sea
slugs possess a variety of predator defense mechanisms that include
autotomizing organs, chemical & ink secretion, crypticism, camouflage, and
deimatic displays (Wollscheid-Lengeling et al. 2001; Apte & Desai, 2017).
There are approximately 6,000 species of sea slugs
(Wagele et al. 2008), of which about half have been described from the
Indo-Pacific region (Gosliner et al. 2015).
Recently, Apte & Desai (2017) documented 361 species from India,
with the Andaman & Nicobar Islands possessing the greatest diversity (273
species), followed by the western coast of India (121 species), Lakshadweep
Islands (106 species), and the eastern coast of India (75 species).
In Gujarat, Hornell was the first to collect sea slugs
from the Kathiawar coast, which were identified by Eliot (Eliot 1909; Hornell
1909). Subsequent reports were made by
Gideon et al. (1957), Menon et al. (1961), Narayanan (1969, 1970, 1971), Burn
(1970), Burn & Narayanan (1970), Rudman (1973, 1980, 1983), Rao & Rao
(1980), Rao (2003), Raghunathan et al. (2004, 2016), Rao et al. (2004), Rao
& Sastry (2005), Apte et. al. (2010, 2015), Matwal & Joshi (2011),
Parasharya (2012), Apte (2013), GEER (2013, 2014a,b), Prasade et al. (2013,
2015), Carmona et al. (2014), Poriya et al. (2015), Venkataraman et al. (2015),
GSBTM (2015), Bhave et al. (2015), Kumari et al. (2015), Apte & Desai
(2017), and Bharate et al. (2020).
Using information from these sources and field
observations, we present here an annotated checklist of the sea slugs of the
Gujarat coastal waters, which provides basic details of diversity and present
distributions.
Materials and Methods
Gujarat State is situated on the western coast of
India, with a coastline extending for 1,600km.
The Gujarat coast supports a variety of habitats, including mangroves,
coral reefs, rocky shores, mudflats, sandy shores, seagrasses, and seaweeds,
contributing to a high degree of marine faunal and floral diversity. The coast is divided into three areas: the
Gulf of Kachchh, Saurashtra coast, and the Gulf of Khambhat (Beleem et al.
2019). The Gulf of Kachchh is a large
inlet of the Arabian sea that tapers towards the north-east and contains a
Marine National Park and Sanctuary with 42 islands where coral reef and
mangrove ecosystems support a high level of faunal diversity (Apte et al.
2010).
The Saurashtra coast is a locale for industry,
harbors, fisheries, and tourism. The
area is comprised of rocky flats, and muddy & sandy supratidal zones. The rocky coast has various substrata including zoanthid zones, coral
patches, and intertidal pools & puddles, which sustain unique species
diversity. The Gulf of Khambhat is about
200km long, and 20km wide in the north and up to 70km wide in the south. The Narmada, Tapi, Mahi, and Sabarmati rivers
drain into the gulf to form the estuary.
Khambhat comprises mudflats, muddy-sandy zones, rocky patches and sandy
supratidal zone. The intertidal zone of
Khambhat has sparsely scattered mangrove patches of Avicennia marina. This unique habitat supports several marine
species.
The authors carried out extensive fieldwork in these
coastal areas of Gujarat from 2014 to 2019.
A majority of specimens collected are deposited in the Museum of
Fisheries Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Sikka. An annotated checklist was prepared based on
available literature (Table 1).
Scientific names, synonyms and current status were validated and
confirmed with the WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species, 2019) database for
current taxonomic status (WoRMS Editorial Board 2019). The species identified up to genus, grey
literature, popular articles, invalid species data, and reports in local
newsletters removed from the present checklist.
We collected 60 specimens which have been deposited in the Museum of
Fisheries Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Sikka with
accession number with FRSMGH-01 to FRSMGH-60.
Among those 60 collected specimens, 37 were included in the present
checklist (Images 1–5) and 23 species are identified up to the genus and family
levels. Classification has changed due
to major revisions of families, genera, and species complexes which created
many confusion among the taxonomists.
The present checklist follows the standard classification method of
Bouchet et al. (2017).
A total of 16 species of sea slugs were removed from
the present checklist, as they were formerly misidentified (Table 3).
Taxonomic notes on Gujarat sea slugs
Hornell collected seven species sea slug fauna from
Gujarat during 1905–06, later identified by Eliot (1909). Among those were the new species Antiopella
indica Eliot, 1909 (now Janolus indica (Eliot, 1909)), which
subsequently proved to be a junior synonym of Janolus toyamensis Baba
& Abe, 1970 (Baba 1986). Hornell
wrote a note on the presence of symbiotic algae in Melibe viridis
(Kelaart, 1858) (now Melibe rangi Bergh, 1875) at Kattiawar in
1909. Gideon et al. (1957) reported
three species of sea slugs during the primary survey of the Gulf of
Kachchh. Menon et al. (1961) reported
six species of sea slugs from different coasts of the Gulf of Kutch. The first comprehensive work on sea slug
fauna of Gujarat was carried out by Narayanan (1969, 1970, 1971) in different
parts of the Gulf of Kachchh, who reported 25 species. Narayanan (1969) reported Hervia militaris
from Gujarat, which was later identified as Eolis militaris by Burn
& Narayanan (1970), later it was knows as
Phidiana militaris (Alder & Hancock, 1864). Narayanan (1969) also described Phyllidiella
zeylanica from the Gulf of Kachchh, which was later re-described by Burn
(1970). Rudman (1973, 1980, 1983)
reported four species from the Gulf of Kachchh, including Mexichromis mariei
(Crosse, 1872) (now Chromodoris mariei (Crosse, 1872)) and a new species
Chromodoris krishna Rudman, 1973, after it was redescribed and given a
junior synonym of Chromodoris fidelis Rudman (1985) which was later
known as Goniobranchus fidelis (Kelaart, 1858) (Rudman 1985). Rudman
(1980) recorded Phidiana militaris (Alder & Hancock, 1864) and
described one new species of Sakuraeolis gujaratica Rudman, 1980
collected from Adatra reef, Gulf of Kachchh.
Rao (2003) recognized two valid species: Aplysia
argus Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830 (now Aplysia benedicti (Eliot,
1899)) and Aplysia cornigera (Sowerby, 1869). Raghunathan et al. (2004) surveyed live
corals along the Saurashtra coast of Gujarat, where they found Aplysia
parvula (Mörch, 1863) as coral-associated.
Rao & Sastry (2005) prepared a checklist as of 24 species of sea
slugs from the literature, augmented by their surveys from different Islands
and reefs of Marine National Park, Gulf of Kachchh (Gujarat). In that checklist, Haminoea hydatis
(Linnaeus, 1758) was misidentified, being actually Haloa natalensis (Krauss,
1848) (Parasharya 2012).
Later, Apte et al. (2010) collected various species of
sea slugs from the Gulf of Kachchh, where they recorded 33 species belonging to
19 families, of which 21 were new records from Gujarat and 13 new records for
the Indian coast. Parasharya (2012)
recorded a list of 43 species of sea slugs from six locations of Gulf of Kachchh
during a survey of coral associated fauna in his Ph.D. work. Six species were doubtfully identified: Atagema
alba (O’Donoghue, 1927), Carminodoris bifurcata Baba, 1993, Cratena
capensis Barnard, 1927, Cratena peregrina (Gmelin, 1791), Oxynoe
panamensis Pilsbry & Olsson, 1943, and Philinopsis taronga
(Allan, 1933), since they are not found in Indian waters (Table 3).
Carmona et al. (2014) described a new species of Anteaeolidiella
poshitra Carmona et al., 2014 from Gulf of Kachchh. Poriya et al. (2015) recorded seven species
of sea slugs belonging to six families from Saurashtra coast, among them Phidiana
militaris was associated with Goniopora coral and zoanthid colony,
whereas Baeolidia palythoae was associated with zoanthids. Venkataraman et al. (2015) reported 53
species of sea slug fauna belonging to 19 families and 33 genera from Gujarat
waters after that Raghunathan et al. (2016) described and listed diversity of
sea slugs of coastal waters of India where he reported 389 species of sea slugs
from India among them 56 species were recorded from Gujarat coastal
waters. Recently, Apte & Desai
(2017) published a book of field guide to the sea slugs of India, where they
reported 75 species of sea slugs fauna from the Gujarat water. They reported Knoutsodonta
brasiliensis (Alvim et al., 2011) from Gujarat waters while the species’s
distribution is restricted to Brazil (Alvim et al. 2011). From Alang, Gulf of Khambhat, Porbandar,
Saurashtra, Bhadreshwar, Pirotan Island, Salaya, Sikka, and Gulf of Kachchh
they reported two species of Haminoea as Haminoea elegans (Gray,
1825) and Haminoea galba Pease, 1861 (Gideon et al. 1957; Rao et al.
2004) which are clearly incorrect and their occurrence has not been so far
reported from India. Hence, a total of
16 species belonging to 11 genera and nine families were eliminated from the
present checklist due to misidentification (Table 3).
Results
Our annotated checklist based on the literature for
sea slugs of the Gujarat coast contains 95 species from 62 genera belonging to
29 families (Table 1). A dispute was
identified from the reported checklist and removed (Hervia ceylonica
Farran, 1905), since Hervia ceylonica was considered a “nomen dubium” in
WoRMS (MolluscaBase 2019). Synonyms of
27 species have been updated with present scientific names (Table 2). The Gulf of Kachchh with its unique and
abundant coral and mangrove ecosystems has high species diversity (93 species)
relative to the Saurashtra coast (30 species), which possesses rocky intertidal
zones with few patches of corals and mangroves. No sea slugs were reported in the Gulf of
Khambhat.
Of the species identified, the largest number belong
to the family Discodorididae (17 species, 12 genera), followed by
Chromodorididae (nine species, four genera), Plakobranchidae (nine species, two
genera), Facelinidae (eight species, six genera), Aplysiidae (six species, two
genera), Polyceridae (five species, three genera), Haminoeidae (four species,
four genera), Aeolidiidae (four species, two genera), Dendrodorididae (four
species, two genera), Arminidae (three species, two genera), Pleurobranchidae
(three species, two genera), Trinchesiidae (three species, two genera),
Dorididae (two species, two genera), Oxynoidae (two species, two genera),
Aplustridae (two species, one genus).
One species each was identified from Aglajidae, Bornellidae, Bullidae,
Embletoniidae, Eubranchidae, Goniodorididae, Janolidae Limapontiidae,
Lomanotidae, Facelinidae (=Myrrhinidae), Pleurobranchaeidae, Phyllidiidae,
Samlidae, and Tethydidae.
Present status and threats to sea slugs fauna
Anthropogenic activities, habitat loss, and invasive
species are major threats to the biodiversity and sustainability of ecosystems
(Imtiyaz et al. 2012). Sea slugs are not
targeted for fishing or other human activities, but they are endangered by
trawling, industrial discharge, habitat destruction, oil spills (the Gulf of
Kachchh contains several large ports including Kandla, Vadinar, Mundra, Mandvi,
Mithapur, Bedi, and Sikka), and climate change.
The construction of jetties 3–4 km into the sea leads to increased
siltation that alters shoreline topography and threatens coral
communities. Industrial pollution may
also have adverse effects on the water quality of the Gulf of Kachchh, Gulf of
Khambhat, and Saurashtra coastline which may directly affect marine fauna. Information concerning the population status
and ecology of sea slugs is lacking, but they are known to be sensitive to
changes in habitats. Goddard et al. (2018) observed benthic sea slugs found
outside of their normal ranges due to the effect of the 2015–16 El Nino. They observed a northern range shift for 52
species (1/4 of the recorded species from the region), and a positive
correlation between total nudibranch abundance and El Nino events, sea surface
temperature, sea surface height and warm phase of Pacific decadal oscillation,
whereas they observed negative correlation with La Nina event.
Conclusion
Advance technologies bring the changes in sea slug
faunal classifications, as a result, major revision took place in families,
genera and species. DNA barcoding technology and taxonomy as radula morphology
solved many species complexes and clarified the species identity of sea slug
fauna. The species diversity sea slugs are recorded during the survey were
mainly observed from intertidal region by direct observation. The snorkelling
and scuba diving in the region can add more species from this area. The higher
diversity of sea slugs in Gulf of Kachchh water than other areas in Gujarat due
to diversified ecosystems exist such as coral reef, mangrove vegetation, sea
grass, muddy sandy and rocky shore etc. Sikka coast is unique in terms of
diversity of marine macrofauna and flora. This unique habitat should be
conserved for future and further study can be done by exploring more hidden
areas of coast. Local people, fishermen, researchers can be aware of this
beautiful fauna’s important in marine ecosystem through conducting a good
awareness and education programs.
Table 1. An annotated checklist of sea slug fauna of
Gujarat coast.
|
|
Species |
References |
|
Family: Aplustridae Gray, 1847 |
||
|
1 |
Hydatina physis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Okha, Lamba (Rao et al. 2004); Veraval (Rao et al.
2004; Kumari et al. 2015; Apte & Desai 2017); Gujarat (Raghunathan et al.
2016); Present study |
|
2 |
Hydatina zonata (Lightfoot, 1786) |
Bet Dwarka (Menon et al. 1961); Porbandar (Rao et
al. 2004); Gulf of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005; Apte et al. 2010); Gujarat
(Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016; Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
Family: Pleurobranchidae Gray, 1827 |
||
|
3 |
Berthella stellata (Risso, 1826) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; Apte & Desai
2017); Pirotan Island, Kalubhar Island, Poshitra Reef (Parasharya 2012);
Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); Porbandar (Apte
& Desai 2017) |
|
4 |
Berthellina citrina (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Narayanan 1970; Rao & Sastry
2005; Apte et al. 2010; Apte & Desai 2017); Pirotan Island, Goose Island,
Narara Reef, Kalubhar Island, Poshitra Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012);
Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); Porbandar,
Dwarka, Okha (Apte & Desai 2017); Present study |
|
5 |
Berthellina minor (Bergh, 1905) |
Okha, Pirotan Island, Dona Reef (Narayanan 1969);
Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
Family: Pleurobranchaeidae Pilsbry, 1896 |
||
|
6 |
Pleurobranchaea morula Bergh, 1905 |
Pirotan Island (Narayanan 1969); Gulf of Kachchh
(Rao & Sastry 2005); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et
al. 2016) |
|
Family: Dorididae Rafinesque, 1815 |
||
|
7 |
Doriopsis granulosa Pease, 1860 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017); Present
study |
|
8 |
Archidoris minor Eliot, 1904 |
Okha (Narayanan 1969); Gulf of Kachchh (Rao &
Sastry 2005); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
Family: Discodorididae Bergh, 1891 |
||
|
9 |
Atagema spongiosa (Kelaart, 1858) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; Apte & Desai
2017); Narara Reef, Kalubhar Island (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat (Venkataraman
et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); Present study |
|
10 |
Atagema tristis (Alder & Hancock, 1864) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017); Present
study |
|
11 |
Atagema rugosa Pruvot-Fol, 1951 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; GEER 2014b; Apte
& Desai 2017); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al.
2016); Poshitra Reef, Dwarka, Narara Reef (Bhave et al. 2015); Present study |
|
12 |
Jorunna funebris (Kelaart, 1859) |
Okha, Chakhadi (Movado) Island, Khara Mitha Chusna
Island, Azad Island, Roji Island (Narayanan 1969); Pirotan Island (Narayanan
1969; Parasharya 2012); Gulf of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005; Apte et al.
2010; GEER 2013, 2014a,b; Apte &
Desai 2017); Goose Island, Narara Reef, Kalubhar Island, Ashaba Island
(Parasharya 2012); Poshitra Reef (Parasharya 2012; Bhave et al. 2015); Dwarka
(Bhave et al. 2015); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al.
2016); Present study |
|
13 |
Discodoris boholiensis Bergh, 1877 |
Pirotan Island (Narayanan 1969); Gulf of Kachchh
(Rao & Sastry 2005); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et
al. 2016; Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
14 |
Platydoris pulchra Eliot, 1904 |
Pirotan Island (Narayanan 1971) |
|
15 |
Thordisa villosa (Alder & Hancock, 1864) |
Poshitra Reef, Narara Reef (Prasade et al. 2013;
Bhave et al. 2015); Gujarat (Apte & Desai 2017); Present study |
|
16 |
Thordisa sanguinea Baba, 1955 |
Poshitra Reef (Bhave et al. 2015); Gujarat
(Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
17 |
Peltodoris murrea (Abraham, 1877) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; Apte & Desai
2017); Goose Island, Kalubhar Island (Parasharya 2012); Narara Reef
(Parasharya 2012; Bhave et al. 2015); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015;
Raghunathan et al. 2016); Poshitra Reef, Dwarka (Bhave et al. 2015); present
study |
|
18 |
Peltodoris rubescens Bergh, 1905 |
Okha (Narayanan 1971) |
|
19 |
Carminodoris grandiflora (Pease, 1860) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; GEER, 2013,
2014a,b; Apte & Desai 2017); Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat
(Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); Narara Reef (Bhave et
al. 2015) |
|
20 |
Sclerodoris apiculata (Alder & Hancock, 1864) |
Poshitra Reef (Bhave et al. 2015) |
|
21 |
Sclerodoris tuberculata Eliot, 1904 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; GEER 2014a,b;
Apte & Desai 2017); Pirotan Island, Goose Island, Kalubhar Island, Ashaba
Island (Parasharya 2012); Narara Reef (Parasharya 2012; Bhave et al. 2015);
Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); Poshitra Reef,
Dwarka (Bhave et al. 2015); present study |
|
22 |
Otinodoris raripilosa (Abraham, 1877) |
Pirotan Island (Narayanan 1969); Gujarat
(Venkataraman et al. 2015) |
|
23 |
Taringa sublutea (Abraham, 1877) |
Dwarka (Prasade et al. 2015; Apte & Desai 2017);
Gujarat (Raghunathan et al. 2016); Gulf of Kachchh, Okha (Apte & Desai
2017); present study |
|
24 |
Sebadoris nubilosa (Pease, 1871) |
Porbandar (Rao & Rao 1980) |
|
25 |
Tayuva lilacina (Gould, 1852) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; GEER 2014a,b;
Apte & Desai 2017); Pirotan Island, Goose Island, Kalubhar Island
(Parasharya 2012); Poshitra Reef (Parasharya 2012; Bhave et al. 2015); Narara
Reef (Bhave et al. 2015); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et
al. 2016); present study |
|
Family: Polyceridae Alder & Hancock, 1845 |
||
|
26 |
Plocamopherus ocellatus Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828 |
Okha (Narayanan 1969); Gulf of Kachchh (Rao &
Sastry 2005); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
27 |
Plocamopherus ceylonicus (Kelaart, 1858) |
Kyu Island-Okha Mandal (Eliot 1909); Okha (Narayanan
1969); Gulf of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005; Apte et al. 2010); Poshitra
Reef (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al.
2016; Apte & Desai, 2017); present study |
|
28 |
Thecacera pennigera (Montagu, 1813) |
Gujarat (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
29 |
Gymnodoris alba (Bergh, 1877) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010); Gujarat
(Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016; Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
30 |
Gymnodoris citrina (Bergh, 1877) |
Gujarat (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
Family: Chromodorididae Bergh, 1891 |
||
|
31 |
Glossodoris pallida (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) |
Gulf of Kachchh, Dwarka, Okha (Apte & Desai
2017) |
|
32 |
Hypselodoris infucata (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) |
Pirotan Island (Narayanan 1969; Parasharya 2012);
Gulf of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005; Apte et al. 2010; GEER, 2013,
2014a,b); Goose Island, Kalubhar Island (Parasharya, 2012); Gujarat
(Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016; Apte & Desai 2017); Present
study |
|
33 |
Hypselodoris carnea (Bergh, 1889) |
Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat
(Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); Gulf of Kachchh, Dwarka,
Okha (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
34 |
Hypselodoris sagamiensis (Baba, 1949) |
Narara Reef, Kalubhar Island (Parasharya 2012); Gulf
of Kachchh (GEER, 2013, 2014a,b) |
|
35 |
Goniobranchus tinctorius (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) |
Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et
al. 2016) |
|
36 |
Goniobranchus petechialis (Gould, 1852) |
Kathiawar (Eliot 1909) |
|
37 |
Goniobranchus fidelis (Kelaart, 1858) |
Sikka, Pirotan Island (Rudman 1973); Gulf of Kachchh
(Apte & Desai 2017); present study |
|
38 |
Goniobranchus bombayanus (Winckworth, 1946) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; Apte & Desai
2017); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); present
study |
|
39 |
Mexichromis mariei (Crosse, 1872) |
Roji Island (Rudman 1973); Adatra (Rudman 1983);
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017); present study |
|
Family: Goniodorididae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 |
||
|
40 |
Goniodoris joubini Risbec, 1928 |
Gulf of Kachchh, Dwarka (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
Family: Phyllidiidae Rafinesque, 1814 |
||
|
41 |
Phyllidiella zeylanica (Kelaart, 1859) |
Pirotan Island (Narayanan 1969; Burn 1970); Gulf of
Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005); Mithapur Reef (Matwal & Joshi 2011);
Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); Gulf of Kachchh
(Apte & Desai 2017); present study |
|
Family: Dendrodorididae O'Donoghue, 1924 (1864) |
||
|
42 |
Dendrodoris fumata (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010); Goose Island,
Narara Reef (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan
et al. 2016; Apte & Desai 2017); present study |
|
43 |
Dendrodoris nigra (Stimpson, 1855) |
Pirotan Island (Menon et al. 1961); Kyu Island-Okha
Mandal (Narayanan 1969); Gulf of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005; Apte &
Desai 2017); Dwarka (Poriya et al. 2015); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015;
Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
44 |
Dendrodoris atromaculata (Alder & Hancock, 1864) |
Present study |
|
45 |
Doriopsilla miniata (Alder & Hancock, 1864) |
Dona Reef, Okha (Narayanan 1969); Gulf of Kachchh
(Rao & Sastry 2005; Apte et al. 2010; GEER 2014a,b; Apte & Desai
2017); Poshitra Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat (Venkataraman
et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); present study |
|
Family: Bornellidae Bergh, 1874 |
||
|
46 |
Bornella stellifera (A. Adams & Reeve [in A. Adams], 1848) |
Chandri Reef (Eliot 1909); Pirotan Island (Menon et
al. 1961; Parasharya 2012); Okha (Narayanan 1969); Gulf of Kachchh (Rao &
Sastry 2005; Apte et al. 2010; GEER 2013, 2014a,b); Poshitra Reef, Ashaba
Island (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et
al. 2016; Apte & Desai 2017); present study |
|
Family: Embletoniidae Pruvot-Fol, 1954 |
||
|
47 |
Embletonia gracilis Risbec, 1928 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
Family: Arminidae Iredale & O'Donoghue, 1923
(1841) |
||
|
48 |
Armina cinerea (Farran, 1905) |
Pirotan Island (Narayanan 1969); Gulf of Kachchh
(Rao & Sastry 2005); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et
al. 2016) |
|
49 |
Dermatobranchus fortunatus (Bergh, 1888) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; Apte & Desai
2017); Pirotan Island, Narara Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat
(Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
50 |
Dermatobranchus semistriatus Baba, 1949 |
Okha, Kyu Island-Okha Mandal (Narayanan 1969); Gulf
of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015;
Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
Family: Janolidae Pruvot-Fol, 1933 |
||
|
51 |
Janolus toyamensis Baba & Abe, 1970 |
Kyu Island-Okha Mandal (Eliot 1909); Ashaba Island
(Parasharya 2012); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al.
2016); Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017); present study |
|
Family: Tethydidae Rafinesque, 1815 |
||
|
52 |
Melibe viridis (Kelaart, 1858) |
Kyu Island-Okha Mandal (Eliot 1909; Hornell 1909);
Gulf of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005; Apte & Desai 2017); Poshitra
Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015;
Raghunathan et al. 2016); Dwarka, Okha (Apte & Desai 2017); present study |
|
Family: Samlidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken,
Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, Saito, Lundin, Schrödl & Picton, 2017 |
||
|
53 |
Samla bicolor (Kelaart, 1858) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; Poriya et al.
2015); Poshitra Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Mangrol, Veraval, Diu
(Poriya et al. 2015); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al.
2016; Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
Family: Eubranchidae Odhner, 1934 |
||
|
54 |
Eubranchus virginalis (Baba, 1949) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
Family: Lomanotidae Bergh, 1890 |
||
|
55 |
Lomanotus vermiformis Eliot, 1908 |
Poshitra Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Gulf
of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
Family: Trinchesiidae F. Nordsieck, 1972 |
||
|
56 |
Phestilla lugubris (Bergh, 1870) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; Apte & Desai
2017); Pirotan Island, Goose Island (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat (Venkataraman
et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); present study |
|
57 |
Phestilla minor Rudman, 1981 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
58 |
Trinchesia yamasui (Hamatani, 1993) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; Apte & Desai
2017); Poshitra Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat (Venkataraman
et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); present study |
|
Family: Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827 |
||
|
59 |
Baeolidia salaamica (Rudman, 1982) |
Gujarat (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
60 |
Baeolidia palythoae Gosliner, 1985 |
Mangrol, Veraval, Diu (Poriya et al. 2015); Gujarat
(Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
61 |
Anteaeolidiella cacaotica (Stimpson, 1855) |
Poshitra Reef
(Parasharya 2012) |
|
62 |
Anteaeolidiella poshitra Carmona, Bhave, Salunkhe, Pola, Gosliner &
Cervera, 2014 |
Poshitra Reef (Carmona et al. 2014; Apte & Desai
2017); Gujarat (Raghunathan et al. 2016); present study |
|
Family: Facelinidae Bergh, 1889 |
||
|
63 |
Phidiana militaris (Alder & Hancock, 1864) |
Dona Reef (Narayanan 1969; Burn & Narayanan
1970); Adatra, Okha (Rudman 1980); Gulf of Kachchh (Subba Rao & Sastry
2005; Apte et al. 2010; Poriya et al. 2015); Poshitra Reef, Ashaba Island
(Parasharya 2012); Mangrol, Veraval, Diu (Poriya et al. 2015); Gujarat
(Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016; Apte & Desai 2017);
present study |
|
64 |
Facelina lineata Eliot, 1905 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
65 |
Cratena lineata (Eliot, 1905) |
Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Gulf of Kachchh
(Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
66 |
Cratena poshitraensis Bharate, Padula, Apte & Shimpi, 2020 |
Poshitra Reef (Bharate et al. 2020); present study |
|
67 |
Pteraeolidia ianthina (Angas, 1864) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; GEER 2014a,b);
Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015;
Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
68 |
Pteraeolidia semperi (Bergh, 1870) |
Kyu Island-Okha Mandal (Eliot 1909); Gulf of
Kachchh, Dwarka, Okha (Apte & Desai 2017); present study |
|
69 |
Noumeaella isa Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1970 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
70 |
Sakuraeolis gujaratica Rudman, 1980 |
Adatra, Okha (Rudman 1980); Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et
al. 2010; GEER 2014a,b; Poriya et al. 2015; Apte & Desai 2017); Poshitra
Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Diu (Poriya et al. 2015); Gujarat
(Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); present study |
|
Family: Facelinidae Bergh, 1889 (=Myrrhinidae Bergh,
1905) |
||
|
71 |
Phyllodesmium serratum (Baba, 1949) |
Gulf of Kachchh, Dwarka, Okha (Apte & Desai
2017) |
|
Family: Bullidae Gray, 1827 |
||
|
72 |
Bulla ampulla Linnaeus, 1758 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Gideon et al. 1957); Bet Dwarka
(Menon et al. 1961); Pirotan Island (Menon et al. 1961; Surya Rao et al.
2004); Sikka, Mithapur Reef (Rao et al. 2004); Gulf of Kachchh (Rao &
Sastry 2005; Apte et al. 2010; GEER 2013, 2014a,b); Gujarat (Venkataraman et
al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
Family: Haminoeidae Pilsbry, 1895 |
||
|
73 |
Haminoea tenera (A. Adams, 1850) |
Bet Dwarka, Pirotan Island (Menon et al. 1961); Gulf
of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015;
Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
74 |
Smaragdinella calyculata (Broderip & G. B. Sowerby I, 1829) |
Okha (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
75 |
Haloa natalensis (Krauss, 1848) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005); Poshitra
Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012) |
|
76 |
Lamprohaminoea ovalis (Pease, 1868) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; Poriya et al.
2015; Apte & Desai 2017); Mangrol (Poriya et al. 2015); Porbandar (Apte
& Desai 2017); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al.
2016) |
|
Family: Aglajidae Pilsbry, 1895 (1847) |
||
|
77 |
Philinopsis speciosa Pease, 1860 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017); Present
study |
|
Family: Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809 |
||
|
78 |
Aplysia argus Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830 |
Bet Dwarka, Pirotan Island, Sikka (Narayanan 1969);
Gulf of Kachchh (Rao 2003; Rao & Sastry 2005; Apte et al. 2010; GEER
2013, 2014a); Dwarka (Raghunathan et al. 2004); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al.
2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016; Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
79 |
Aplysia oculifera A. Adams & Reeve, 1850 |
Gulf of Kutch (GEER 2014b; Poriya et al. 2015);
Dwarka, Mangrol, Veraval, Kodinar, Diu (Poriya et al. 2015); Kalubhar Island,
Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); present study |
|
80 |
Aplysia parvula Mörch, 1863 |
Veraval, Diu, Mahuva (Raghunathan et al. 2004);
Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
81 |
Aplysia cornigera G. B. Sowerby I, 1869 |
Gujarat (Rao 2003; Venkataraman et al. 2015;
Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
82 |
Aplysia rudmani Bebbington, 1974 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005) |
|
83 |
Stylocheilus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) |
Okha (Apte 2013); Gujarat (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
Family: Oxynoidae Stoliczka, 1868 (1847) |
||
|
84 |
Oxynoe viridis (Pease, 1861) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
85 |
Lobiger viridis Pease, 1863 |
Poshitra Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Gulf
of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
Family: Plakobranchidae Gray, 1840 |
||
|
86 |
Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1840) |
Pirotan Island, Goose Island, Kalubhar Island,
Poshitra Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Gulf of Kachchh (GEER 2013,
2014a,b); Gujarat (Apte & Desai 2017); present study |
|
87 |
Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1858 |
Kyu Island-Okha Mandal (Eliot 1909); Bet Dwarka,
Poshitra Reef (Narayanan 1969); Gulf of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005);
Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
88 |
Elysia pusilla (Bergh, 1871) |
Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et
al. 2016; Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
89 |
Elysia expansa (O'Donoghue, 1924) |
Gujarat (Apte & Desai 2017); present study |
|
90 |
Elysia obtusa Baba, 1938 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; GEER 2014b);
Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
|
91 |
Elysia hirasei Baba, 1955 |
Gujarat (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
92 |
Elysia thompsoni Jensen, 1993 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; Apte & Desai
2017); Goose Island, Kalubhar Island (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat (Venkataraman
et al. 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016); present study |
|
93 |
Elysia tomentosa K. Jensen, 1997 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte et al. 2010; GEER 2014a,b);
Pirotan Island, Goose Island, Narara Reef, Kalubhar Island, Poshitra Reef,
Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015;
Raghunathan et al. 2016; Apte & Desai 2017); present study |
|
94 |
Plakobranchus ocellatus van Hasselt, 1824 |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017) |
|
Family: Limapontiidae Gray, 1847 |
||
|
95 |
Sacoproteus smaragdinus (Baba, 1949) |
Poshitra Reef (Apte et al. 2015); Gulf of Kachchh
(Apte & Desai 2017) |
Table 2. Synonyms of accepted sea slugs fauna recorded
from Gujarat coast.
|
|
Current Name |
Synonymised Name |
|
1 |
Hydatina zonata (Lightfoot, 1786) |
Hydatina velum (Gmelin, 1791) |
|
2 |
Doriopsis granulosa Pease, 1860 |
Doris granulosa (Pease, 1860) |
|
3 |
Jorunna funebris (Kelaart, 1859) |
Kentrodoris funebris (Kelaart, 1859) |
|
4 |
Carminodoris grandiflora (Pease, 1860) |
Hoplodoris grandiflora (Pease, 1860) |
|
5 |
Otinodoris raripilosa (Abraham, 1877) |
Asteronotus raripilosus (Abraham, 1877); Hoplodoris desmoparypha Bergh,
1880 |
|
6 |
Taringa sublutea (Abraham, 1877) |
Taringa caudata (Farran, 1905) |
|
7 |
Sebadoris nubilosa (Pease, 1871) |
Thordisa crosslandi Eliot, 1904 |
|
8 |
Goniobranchus tinctorius (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) |
Chromodoris tinctoria (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) |
|
9 |
Goniobranchus petechialis (Gould, 1852) |
Chromodoris petechialis (Gould, 1852) |
|
10 |
Goniobranchus fidelis (Kelaart, 1858) |
Chromodoris krishna Rudman, 1973 |
|
11 |
Goniobranchus bombayanus (Winckworth, 1946) |
Chromodoris bombayana (Winkworth, 1946) |
|
12 |
Mexichromis mariei (Crosse, 1872) |
Chromodoris mariei (Crosse, 1872) |
|
13 |
Phyllidiella zeylanica (Kelaart, 1859) |
Phyllidia zeylanica Kelaart, 1859 |
|
14 |
Bornella stellifera (A. Adams & Reeve [in A. Adams], 1848) |
Bornella digitata A. Adams & Reeve, 1850 |
|
15 |
Armina cinerea (Farran, 1905) |
Linguella cinerea Farran, 1905 |
|
16 |
Janolus toyamensis Baba & Abe, 1970 |
Antiopella indica (Eliot, 1909); Janolus indica (Eliot, 1909) |
|
17 |
Melibe viridis (Kelaart, 1858) |
Melibe rangi Bergh, 1875 |
|
18 |
Samla bicolor (Kelaart, 1858) |
Flabellina bicolor (Kelaart, 1858) |
|
19 |
Phestilla lugubris (Bergh, 1870) |
Tenellia lugubris (Bergh, 1870) |
|
20 |
Phestilla minor Rudman, 1981 |
Tenellia minor (Rudman, 1981) |
|
21 |
Trinchesia yamasui (Hamatani, 1993) |
Cuthona yamasui Hamatani, 1993 |
|
22 |
Anteaeolidiella cacaotica (Stimpson, 1855) |
Anteaeolidiella foulisi (Angas, 1864) |
|
23 |
Phidiana militaris (Alder & Hancock, 1864) |
Hervia militaris (Alder & Hancock, 1864); Eolis militaris
Alder & Hancock, 1864 |
|
24 |
Haloa natalensis (Krauss, 1848) |
Haminoea natalensis (Krauss, 1848) |
|
25 |
Lamprohaminoea ovalis (Pease, 1868) |
Haminoea ovalis Pease, 1868 |
|
26 |
Aplysia argus Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830 |
Aplysia benedicti Eliot, 1899 |
|
27 |
Sacoproteus smaragdinus (Baba, 1949) |
Stiliger smaragdinus Baba, 1949 |
Table 3. Checklist of misidentified sea slugs of
Gujarat coast.
|
|
Species |
References |
Comment |
Distribution |
|
1 |
Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 |
Dwarka (Raghunathan et al. 2004); Gulf of Kachchh
(Apte et al. 2010; GEER 2014b); Gujarat (Venkataraman et al. 2015;
Raghunathan et al. 2016; Apte & Desai 2017) |
Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 misidentified from India. True identity is given as Aplysia argus
rüppell & leuckart, 1830 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Aplysiidae) from
Lakshadweep, with notes on its taxonomy in India (Chandran et al. 2016) |
Red Sea (Eales 1960; Bebbington 1974, 1977); Greece
(Zenetos et al. 2005); (Çinar 2006; Yokes 2008; Ayas & Ağilkaya 2017);
Mediterranean Sea (Schembri 2008; Valdés et al. 2013); Turkey Israel
(Pasternak & Galil 2010) |
|
2 |
Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789 |
Gujarat (GSBTM, 2015; Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
No occurrence in India |
Florida (Heilprin 1887; Golestani et al. 2019);
Egypt (Eales 1960); Israel (Susswein et al. 1987; Golestani et al. 2019);
Massachusetts to Brazil (Rosenberg et al. 2009); Brazil (Golestani et al.
2019) |
|
3 |
Stylocheilus longicauda (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) |
Okha (Apte 2013 ) |
Species is actually Stylocheilus striatus
(Quoy & Gaimard 1832) |
Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Ramakrishna et al.
2010; Apte & Desai 2017); southwestern coast of India (Chinnadurai et al.
2014) |
|
4 |
Philinopsis taronga (Allan, 1933) |
Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012 ) |
No occurrence in India |
Australia (Allan 1933; Burn 2006; Zamora-Silva &
Malaquias 2018); New Zealand (Rudman 1972; Morley & Hayward 2015) |
|
5 |
Haminoea alfredensis (Bartsch, 1915) |
Gujarat (Raghunathan et al. 2016) |
No occurrence in India |
South Africa (Bartsch 1915; Macnae 1962; Gosliner
1987; Oskars et al. 2019); Oceania (Oskars et al. 2019) |
|
6 |
Haminoea elegans Gray, 1825) |
Sikka, Bhadreshwar, Salaya, Pirotan Island,
Porbandar (Rao et al. 2004) |
No occurrence in India |
Brazil (Marcus 1957); Jamaica (Thompson 1977);
Central Africa, Congo, Cuba, Florida, Mexico (Martinez & Ortea 1997);
Bermuda to Brazil; E. Atlantic (Rosenberg et al. 2009) |
|
7 |
Haminoea galba Pease, 1861 |
Pirotan Island (Gideon et al. 1957) |
No occurrence in India |
Hawaii (Kay 1979) |
|
8 |
Haminoea hydatis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005) |
True identity is Haminoea natalensis (Krauss,
1848) |
Mediterranean Sea (Linnaeus 1758); United Kingdom
(Leach 1852); Portugal (Adams 1869); Italy (Alvarez et al. 1993, Castriota et
al. 2005); France (Oskars & Malaquias 2019) |
|
9 |
Retusophiline lima (T. Brown, 1827) |
Gulf of Kachchh (GEER 2014b) |
No occurrence in India |
Massachusetts (Couthouy 1838); Scotland (Brown 1827;
Ohnheiser & Malaquias 2013); Norway
(Ohnheiser & Malaquias 2013); United Kingdom (Ohnheiser &
Malaquias 2013) |
|
10 |
Hypselodoris capensis (Barnard, 1927) |
Mithapur Reef |
True identity is Hypselodoris carnea (Bergh,
1889) |
South Africa (Barnard 1927; Gosliner 1987; McPhail
et al. 1998; Gosliner & Johnson 1999; Johnson & Gosliner 2012) |
|
11 |
Atagema alba (O'Donoghue, 1927) |
Narara Reef, Kalubhar Island (Parasharya 2012) |
No occurrence in India |
California (O'Donoghue 1927; MacFarland 1966;
Bertsch & Gosliner 1986); Mexico (Bertsch & Gosliner 1986) |
|
12 |
Carminodoris bifurcata Baba, 1993 |
Poshitra Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012) |
No occurrence in India |
Hawaii (Kay & Young 1969; Fahey & Gosliner
2003); Japan (Baba 1993); Okinawa Island, Philippines (Fahey & Gosliner
2003) |
|
13 |
Cratena capensis Barnard, 1927 |
Poshitra Reef (Parasharya 2012) |
Endemic to South Africa, No occurrence in India |
South Africa (Barnard 1927; Macnae 1954; Gosliner
1987) |
|
14 |
Cratena peregrina (Gmelin, 1791) |
Poshitra Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012) |
No occurrence in India |
Italy (Martin 2003; Willis et al. 2017); Croatia,
Crveni Otok, France, Spain, Andalucia (Padula et al. 2014) |
|
15 |
Knoutsodonta brasiliensis (Alvim, Padula & Pimenta, 2011) |
Gulf of Kachchh (Apte & Desai 2017) |
No occurrence in India |
Brazil (Alvim et al. 2011) |
|
16 |
Oxynoe panamensis Pilsbry & Olsson, 1943 |
Poshitra Reef, Ashaba Island (Parasharya 2012) |
No occurrence in India |
Panama (Pilsbry & Olsson 1943); California,
Mexico (Lewin 1970) |
References
Adams, H. (1869). Description of a new genus and fourteen new species
of marine shells. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
(1869): 272–275.
Allan, J.K. (1933). Opisthobranchs from Australia. Records of the
Australian Museum 18(9): 443–450. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.18.1933.747
Alvarez, L.A., F.J. Garcia & G. Villani (1993). A new Mediterranean species of Haminaea Leach,
1820 (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Cephalaspidea). Journal of Molluscan
Studies 59: 339–345.
Alvim, J., V. Padula & A.D. Pimenta (2011). First record of the genus Onchidoris
(Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Onchidorididae) from the South Atlantic Ocean, with
the description of a new species from Brazil. Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91: 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541000202X
Apte, D. (2013). A first record of the benthic form of Stylocheilus
longicauda (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Anaspidea: Aplysiidae) from Gujarat
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