Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 17 February 2020 | 12(2): 15256–15261
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5227.12.2.15256-15261
#5227 | Received 19 July 2019 | Final
received 15 October 2019 | Finally accepted 18 January 2020
New record on Asiatic Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii Vigors & Horsfield, 1827
(Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae): photographic evidence of its westernmost distribution
in Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Nepal
Narayan Prasad Koju 1, Bijay Bashyal 2, Bishnu
Prasad Pandey 3, Shankar Thami 4, Man Kumar Dhamala 5 & Satya Narayan Shah 6
1 Center
for Post Graduate Studies, Nepal Engineering College, Pokhara University,
Nepal.
1 Department of Psychology,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
1,2,5 Central Department of
Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
1 Naaya Aayam Multi-disciplinary Institute (NAMI College), Jorpati, Kathmandu, Nepal.
3,4,6 Gaurishankar
Conservation Area Project, National Trust for Nature Conservation (GCAP/NTNC),
Nepal.
1 npkoju.2003@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 bijay.bashyal049@gmail.com, 3 pandeyb@gmail.com,
4 thamishankar@gmail.com,
5 mkdhamala@cdes.edu.np, 6
satyashah6@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: Angie Appel, Wild Cat Network, Bad Marienberg, Germany. Date
of publication: 17 February 2020 (online & print)
Citation: Koju, N.P., B. Bashyal, B.P.
Pandey, S. Thami, M.K. Dhamala & S.N. Shah (2020). New record on
Asiatic Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae):
photographic evidence of its westernmost distribution in Gaurishankar
Conservation Area, Nepal. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 12(2): 15256–15261. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5227.12.2.15256-15261
Copyright: © Koju et al. 2020. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Gaurishankar Conservation Area Project/National Trust for Nature Conservation
(GCAP/NTNC) and University Grant Commission
Nepal.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Gaurishankar
Conservation Area Project/National Trust for Nature Conservation (GCAP/NTNC)
and University Grant Commission Nepal for permission and fund to conduct
research. We acknowledge technical
support and suggestions from William V. Bleisch
(China Explore and Research Society), Randall Kyes
(University of Washington), Naresh Kusi (Resources
Himalaya), and the reviewers. We are
thankful to the porters (local guide), people of Lapchi
Village and Lamas of ‘Chora Gephel
Ling’ monastery for the cooperation.
Abstract: The Asiatic Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii
is poorly known in Nepal and was previously recorded only twice in the eastern
part of the country. We conducted a
camera trap survey in the Lapchi Valley (32km2)
of Gaurishankar Conservation Area (GCA), a protected
area in north-central Nepal, from October 2018 to April 2019. Eleven cameras
were deployed to record mammalian diversity in a 2×2 km2 grid across
Lapchi block of GCA.
During the study period, four photos and three videos (each of 10
seconds length) of Asiatic Golden Cats were recorded at an elevation of 2,540m
at a single camera trap station. This is
the first photographic record of Asiatic Golden Cat in this region of Nepal
extending the distribution of the species further west in the Himalaya. A more detailed study on its distribution,
population size and behaviour is warranted in the
near future to implement appropriate conservation measures.
Keywords: Camera trap survey, capture
rate, Himalaya, Lapchi Valley, small wild cats,
threatened species.
The Asiatic Golden Cat Catopuma
temminckii is one of the 12 wild felid species
recorded in Nepal (Lamichhane et al. 2016), where it
is the least studied species and listed as Data Deficient in the National Red
List (Jnawali et al. 2011). It is a shy and elusive mammal with characteristic
markings such as two distinctive mustache-like white facial stripes,
longitudinal markings on the forehead, two white stripes lining the inner rims
of the eyes and a white underside on the tail (Jnawali
et al. 2011). Its global population has
been assessed as Near Threatened and it is thought to be decreasing due to
extensive habitat loss and poaching across its range (McCarthy et al.
2015). It is listed on Appendix I of the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(McCarthy et al. 2015). To date, the cat
is known to occur in the foothills of the Himalaya (Ghimirey & Pal 2009; Bashir et al.
2011; Rai et al. 2019), China (Jutzeler et al. 2010), and southeastern
Asia (Grassman et al. 2005; Johnson et al. 2009; Than Zaw et al. 2014; Pusparini et al. 2014) (Figure 1). According to the IUCN Red List, the
distribution of the Asiatic Golden Cat is limited up to Makalu Barun National Park in eastern Nepal (McCarthy et al.
2015).
Recent camera trap studies provided important
records of the species’ occurrence in eastern Nepal (Rai et al. 2019), in
Bhutan (Tempa et al. 2013; Dhendup
2016; Dhendup et al. 2016), and in northeastern India
(Choudhury 2007; Lyngdoh et al. 2011; Gouda et al.
2016; Nadig et al. 2016; Chatterjee et al. 2018;
Mukherjee et al. 2019; Ghose et al. 2019; Nijhawan et al. 2019).
Currently, there is a lack of research and conservation action as a
result of which very little is known about the species in Nepal (Jnawali et al. 2011).
The results of this study contribute important new information about its
occurrence in the Himalaya of central Nepal.
Study area
The present study was conducted to assess the
distribution and activity patterns of wildlife in Lapchi
Valley of Gaurishankar Conservation Area (GCA) as
part of a biodiversity monitoring program funded by National Trust for Nature
Conservation (NTNC) in the frame of GCA project. GCA was declared as conservation area in
January 2010. It comprises sub-tropical
to nival bio-climatic zones with 16 major vegetation
types and a faunal diversity of 235 bird, 34 mammal, 16 fish, 14 snake, 10
amphibian, and eight lizard species (NTNC 2013). Musk Deer Moschus
leucogaster, Assam Macaque Macaca
assamensis, Snow Leopard Panthera
uncia, and Leopard Cat Prionailurus
bengalensis are some of the nationally threatened
species living in GCA (NTNC 2013). Major
precipitation in the area includes rain during the summer monsoon from June to
August and snow in winter from January to March (NTNC 2013).
GCA is divided into six blocks, namely Gumba, Lambagar/Lapchi, Rolwaling, Bigu/Kalinchowk, Marbu-Khare, and Gumdel/Marbu (NTNC 2013).
The study area in Lambagar/Lapchi
Block extends across Bigu Rural Municipality of Dolakha District and is surrounded by China in the west,
north, and east (Figure 2). The Lapchi Block consists of four vegetation types, namely, Betula
utilis forest, mixed forest of Abies spectabilis, Betula
utilis, Rhododendron campanulatum,
and Juniperus indica,
Rhododendron forest dominated by R. campanulatum,
and alpine scrub dominated by Rhododendron shrubs (NTNC 2013). Sherpa people are the main residents of this
area. They rear domestic Yak Bos grunniens as their livelihood and implement a shifting
grazing system (NTNC 2013).
Materials and Methods
During October 2018, a total of 11 camera
traps (Bushnell Trophy Model #119537C and Model #119405C) were deployed at elevations of 2,200–4,200 m across
the Lapchi Block.
The block was divided into a grid of 2×2km2 cells, and camera
traps were deployed on the basis of accessibility and resource availability
with a distance of at least 2km from each other. The infrared cameras are motion and heat
sensitive at a range up to 15m. During
the study period, two cameras were lost and one malfunctioned, leaving a total
of eight cameras functioning for the duration of the study. Indirect signs such as faecal
droppings, fur remains, latrine, and tracks of mammals were considered for
selecting suitable sites for camera trap placement.
Camera model #119537C was set to take
photographs, and model #119405C was set to hybrid mode for taking both
photographs and videos simultaneously.
All camera traps were active for 24 hours and set to take three images
at an interval of one second between consecutive images and one minute between
triggers. The camera traps were placed
at a height of 30–40 cm above ground.
Consecutive images of individuals of the same species at an interval of
30 minutes between triggering events, different individuals of same or
different species in successive photographs, and non-consecutive photos of
individuals of the same species at the same site were considered independent
events. Blank images and images from
which species could not be identified were not included in the analysis. Photo capture rate index (PCRI) is defined as
independent events per camera trap days ×100 (Carbone et al. 2001).
Results
Our study in Lapchi
Valley lasted from 22 October 2018 to 6 April 2019 with a total survey effort
of 1,476 camera trap days. The Asiatic
Golden Cat was photographed (Image 1) at a single camera trap station in
altogether three independent events (PCRI 0.20), consisting of four photographs
and three videos of 10 seconds each (Video
1).
This station was deployed in a mixed hardwood forest comprising Acer,
Betula alnoides, Abies
spectabilis, Tsuga
dumosa, Rhodendron
campanulatum, Litsea
oblonga and other associated plants. This camera trap was active for a total of
188 camera trap days and recorded altogether 239 independent events (Table
1). These events show the cat coming
from uphill on a wildlife trail that was also frequented by Assam Macaque,
rodents, birds, and ungulates.
Discussion
We report the first photographic record of an
Asiatic Golden Cat in GCA, Nepal. This
record indicates that the species occurs farther west than previously recorded
(McCarthy et al. 2015), extending its distribution by about 130km farther west
in the Himalaya. Interestingly, Schaller
(1980) reported a direct observation of the cat in Lapchi
Valley. The results of our survey
corroborates this sighting after nearly 40 years, and provide important
information on the overall distribution and occurrence of the Asiatic Golden
Cat.
In Nepal, it is thought to also occur along
mid-hills and within Annapurna Conservation Area as far west as Rara National Park (Jnawali et
al. 2011). To date, it has, however, not
been documented in the western Nepal Himalayas.
A study conducted in the eastern mid-hills of Annapurna Conservation
Area using camera trap and indirect sign surveys did not yield any evidence for
the Asiatic Golden Cat in that area (Appel et al. 2012). Its occurrence in Nepal was previously
authenticated only in eastern Himalaya, namely, in Makalu Barun
National Park (Ghimirey & Pal 2009), Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale area in the Himalayan foothills (Rai
et al. 2019), and in the Kangchenjunga Landscape (Lama et al. 2019).
In Lapchi Valley,
the Asiatic Golden Cat moved along a wildlife trail in a hardwood forest that
was also repeatedly used by Long-tailed Mountain Shrew, Assam Macaque, Kalij Pheasant and other birds. We therefore assume, that these species are
potential prey of the Asiatic Golden Cat.
Its prey spectrum is thought to consist of rodents, primates, snakes,
lizards, and birds (Nowell & Jackson 1996).
Scat samples of Asiatic Golden Cat collected by Kawanishi
& Sunquist (2008) in a protected area in
peninsular Malaysia contained remains of murids, small reptiles, Tragulus, and Dusky Leaf Monkey Trachypithecus
obscurus.
As shown in Table 2, the PCRI of the Asiatic
Golden Cat in our study area was similar to PCRI values obtained in Bhutan’s
Royal Manas National Park (Tempa
et al. 2013), Nepal’s Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale area (Rai
et al. 2019), and India’s Buxa Tiger Reserve (Ghose et al. 2019), but higher than in Makalu Barun National Park (Ghimirey et
al. 2012). In contrary, in areas where
survey effort exceeded 3,400 camera trap days, the Asiatic Golden Cat was
recorded at PCRI values of 0.48 and higher (Johnson et al. 2009; Haidir et al. 2013; Pusparini et
al. 2014; Mukherjee et al. 2016). This
highlights the importance of increasing survey effort in GCA, both spatially
and temporally, for obtaining meaningful data on the Asiatic Golden Cat in this
area.
Gaurishankar Conservation Area is an area of high biodiversity, however, there are
several threats to its ecological sustainability. The Lapchi Valley
is part of an ancient trade route to Tibet.
Two hydropower projects have been proposed to be constructed, and the
government of Nepal is planning to open a road linking the border of Nepal and
China, which would run through this valley.
Such infrastructure development activities usually entail an increase in
human presence, which in turn might lead to an increase of illegal hunting and
poaching in the area. Heinen & Leisure (1993) recorded nine coats made from
furs of Asiatic Golden Cat in tourist shops of Kathmandu, which were thought to
have originated in India. Hunting and
trapping for fur (Heinen & Leisure 1993), habitat loss and degradation, and
human-wildlife negative interaction are the major threats to the Asiatic Golden
Cat in the country (Jnawali et al. 2011).
In Nepal, no research activities have
specifically targeted the Asiatic Golden Cat.
To date, the records of the species in Nepal come in the form of
anecdotal data from camera trap studies focused on other species. The finding from our study indicates that the
Himalaya in Nepal likely serve as an important habitat core at the western
extent of the species’ range. Owing to
the lack of information on the species in Nepal, and the importance of this
area in the global distribution of the species, it is imperative that there be
targeted studies of the species in the country, with a particular focus on its
distribution, population status, habitat requirements and general ecology in
Nepal.
Table 1. Details of Asiatic
Golden Cat recorded in Lapchi Valley of Gaurishankar Conservation Area, with independent images of
other species recorded at this location (27.9900N, 86.2000E;
2,540m).
|
Date and time |
Other species recorded at this location |
|
15.ii.2019, 02.02h |
Assam Macaque (n=36), Long-tailed Mountain Shrew Soriculus
macrurus (n=18), Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata
(n=1) Birds: Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus
caeruleus (n=35), Kalij
Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos
(n=11), Yellow-billed Blue Magpie Urocissa
flavirostris (n=1) Ungulates: Himalayan Goral Naemorhedus
goral (n=55), Himalayan Serow Capricornis thar
(n=30), Himalayan Tahr Hemitragus
jemlahicus (n=23), Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak
(n=23), Domestic Yak (n=3) |
|
21.ii.2019, 18.21h |
|
|
26.ii.2019, 18.00h |
Table 2. Photocapture
rates of Asiatic Golden Cat in selected survey areas in Asia.
|
Study area |
Total camera trap days |
Independent events |
Photo capture rate index (PCRI) |
Source |
|
Gaurishankar Conservation Area,
Nepal |
1,476 |
3 |
0.20 |
This study |
|
Makalu Barun
National Park, Nepal |
1,184 |
1 |
0.08 |
Ghimirey et al. 2012 |
|
Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale area, Nepal |
406 |
1 |
0.25 |
Rai et al. 2019 |
|
Buxa Tiger Reserve,
West Bengal, India |
2,366 |
6 |
0.25 |
Ghose et al. 2019 |
|
Royal Manas
National Park, Bhutan |
2,036 |
3 |
0.15 |
Tempa et al. 2013 |
|
Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve,
Sikkim, India |
6,278 |
25 |
0.5 (0.34–0.66) |
Bashir et al. 2011 |
|
Eaglenest Wildlife
Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India |
8,044 |
39 |
0.48 |
Mukherjee et al. 2016 |
|
Nam Et-Phou Louey
National Protected Area, Laos |
8,499 |
48 |
0.56 |
Johnson et al. 2009 |
|
Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia |
3,452 |
25 |
0.72 |
Pusparini et al. 2014 |
|
Kerinci Seblat landscape, Sumatra, Indonesia |
9,255 |
123 |
1.33 |
Haidir et al. 2013 |
For
figures & image - - click here
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