Studies on external genitalia of seven Indian species of the genus Spilarctia Butler (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) alongwith the description of a new species

 

Jagbir Singh Kirti 1 & Navneet Singh Gill 2

 

Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India

Email:1 prjagbir2005@gmail.com

 

 

Date of publication (online): 26 June 2010

Date of publication (print): 26 June 2010

ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)

 

Editor: Mohammad Hayat

 

Manuscript details:

Ms # o1898

Received 04 December 2007

Final revised received 11 February 2010

Finally accepted 15 March 2010

 

Citation: Kirti, J.S. & N.S. Gill (2010). Studies on external genitalia of seven Indian species of the genus Spilarctia Butler (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) alongwith the description of a new species.Journal of Threatened Taxa2(6): 948-960.

 

Copyright: © Jagbir Singh Kirti & Navneet Singh Gill 2010. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

 

Author Details: Jagbir Singh Kirti is working as a professor in the Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala. He is an eminent lepidopterist. He has been working on the taxonomy of Family Arctiidae since 1994. So far he has published 120 research papers, and completed five major research projects and working on three more projects.  Presently, he is working on the second major DST research project on the taxonomic revision of Indian Arctiidae (Part-ii).

Navneet Singh Gill is working as a lecturer in  entomology in the Department of Agriculture, Baba Farid College, Bathinda.  He has published 17 research papers and is presently, working as an organizing secretary of a National Conference on Agriculture to be held on September 2-3, 2010.

 

Author Contribution: The First author is the supervisor of the second author and has guided the second author in all research pursuits. He has interpreted the data collected by the junior author and brought it to conclusion.  The second author has made the collections and studied the collected material in respect of their genitalic and external morphological features besides writing other details of different species.

 

Acknowledgements: The authors are very grateful to Dr. Martin Honey, Natural History Museum (NHM) London, who rendered his help for the comparison of arctiid collections with the holotypes lying there.  Authors are also thankful to the Chief Conservators of Forests, DFOs and other staff of forest department of different states lying under Western Ghats for there cooperation during the collection-cum-survey tours.  The financial help given by Department of Science & Technology (DST), New Delhi in a project entitled “Taxonomic revision of Indian Arctiidae (Lepidoptera)” is also duly acknowledged.

 

Abstract: Seven species i.e. Spilarctia mona(Swinhoe), S. castanea (Hampson), S. bifascia Hampson, S. coorgensis sp. nov., S. obliqua(Walker), S. casigneta (Kollar) and S. todara (Moore) have been taxonomically treated from the Western Ghats of India. The external male and female genitalic structures of these species have been described and illustrated in detail.  A key to the studied species is also given.

 

Keywords: Arctiidae, Arctiinae, Lepidoptera, new species, Spilarctia, Western Ghats

 

 

Abbreviations: 1A - First anal vein; 2A - Second anal vein; AED - Aedeagus; AMP+HRP - Ampulla & Harpe (fused); ANT.APO - Anterior apophyses; CO - Costa; CRN - Cornuti; CRP.BU - Corpus Bursae; CU - Cucullus; CU1 - First cubital vein; CU2 - Second cubital vein; DU.BU - Ductus Bursae; DU.EJ - Ductus Ejaculatorius; FEN - Fenestrula; JX - Juxta; M1 - First median vein; M2 - Second median vein; M3 - Third median vein; PAP.A - Papilla Analis; PO.APO - Posterior apophyses; R1 - First radial vein; R2 - Second radial vein; R3 - Third radial vein; R4 - Fourth radial vein; R5 - Fifth radial vein; RS - Radial Sector; SA - Saccus; SC - Subcosta; SC+R1 - Stalk of SC + R1; SIG - Signum; SL - Sacculus; TG - Tegumen; UN - Uncus; VES - Vesica; VIN - Vinculum; VLA - Valvula; VLV - Valva.

 

 

For Figures - - click here

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Genus Spilarctia was established in 1875 by Butler on the type species Phalaena lutea Hufnagel, 1766, from Germany.  This genus was synonymised under SpilosomaStephens, 1828, by Hampson in 1894.  However, in 1901, Hampson described the genus Diacrisia Hübner, 1819, in a broader concept and synonymised 31 genera under it which also included both the genera i.e., Spilarctia Butler and Spilosoma Stephens.  Seitz (1910) introduced the division of the family Arctiidae into eight subfamilies and transferred the genus Spilarctia Butler under Spilosominae. Later, Daniel (1943) followed this division in spite of the fact that Strand (1919) treated Spilosominae as a synonym of Arctiinae.  Arora & Chaudhary (1982) and Arora (1983) followed the classification given by Seitz (1910).  Holloway (1988) used Spilosoma Curtis (=Spilosomoa Stephens) as a valid generic name. Koda (1988) brought out an important publication on the generic classification of subfamily Arctiinae of the Palearctic and Oriental regions based on the male and female genitalia.  He re-characterized the genus Spilosoma Curtis and Spilarctia Butler and provided suitable status to both these genera in this publication.  Kirti & Singh (1994) studied the genitalic structures of four Indian species i.e. Spilarctia multiguttata Walker, S. casignata Kollar, S. obliqua Walker and S. comma Walker.

In the present study a large sample of 43 representatives were collected from different localities of Western Ghats of India.  On close examination of morphological characters, seven species were separated.  Out of these, six species were identified from the relevant literature and by comparison with the collections preserved in different national museums viz., Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun and Natural History Museum (NHM), London.  One species could not be identified from these sources.  This species is described here as new to science.

 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

The material for the present study i.e., the adult moths of family Arctiidae were collected exclusively from fluorescent lights during night hours from different localities in the Western Ghats of India. The collected moths were killed with ethyl acetate vapors in the killing bottle.  The freshly killed specimens were pinned and stretched on adjustable wooden stretching boxes.  The pinned specimens were dried for 2-3 days in the improvised drying chambers. The properly dried specimens were then preserved in air tight wooden boxes, containing naphthalene balls as fumigants. To study wing venation permanent slides of fore and hind wings were made.  For this, the methodology given by Common (1970) and advocated by Zimmerman (1978) was followed.  For the study of external male and female genitalia, the entire abdomen of the preserved moths was removed, as cutting only the last few segments often damages constituent parts of male and female genitalia (Robinson 1976). The detached abdomen was put in 10% KOH for 12-14 hr. in order to soften chitin and dissolve muscles and other soft parts.  The KOH treated material was washed in distilled water and residual traces of KOH were later removed by putting it in 1% glacial acetic acid. The abdomen was dissected in 50% alcohol for taking out the genitalia and adhering unwanted material was cleared in the subsequent grades.  After proper dehydration, the material was cleared in clove oil and preserved in a ratio of 3:1 alcohol and glycerol.  The diagrams were drawn with the help of a graph eye piece fitted in a zoom binocular.

 

Genus SpilarctiaButler

Butler,1875,Cistula Entomolgica, 2: 39.

 

Type species: Phalaena lutea Hufnagel, 1766, Germany: Berlin; type deposited in Natural History Museum (NHM), London, subsequent designation by Kirby 1877 in Rye Zoo. Rec. 12 : 431.

Distribution: India; China; Korea; Japan; Nepal; Bhutan; Cambodia and Malaysia.

Diagnosis: Labial palpi porrect or porrectly rosteriform.  Antennae bipectinate in males, ciliated in females.  Forewing with vein R1 arising from cell; R2, R3, R4 and R5 from a common stalk; M1 from upper angle; M2 from or slightly beyond lower angle of cell.  Hindwing with vein Sc+R1 originating towards base of cell; Rs and M1 from upper angle; M2 from lower angle or towards middle of discocellulars.  Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs. Male genitalia with uncus moderately long, broad at base and gradually narrowing towards tip; acrotergite well developed; fenestrula absent; saccus present; valvae simple with costa narrow and linear, sometimes produced at proximal end; sacculus present, valvula and cucullus not clearly differentiated; juxta trapejoid; aedeagus moderately long and broad; vesica membranous with irroration of small spines; ductus ejaculatorius entering subapically.  Female genitalia with corpus bursae membranous, signum present or may be absent; ductus seminalis entering ductus bursae.

 

 

Spilarctia mona (Swinhoe) comb. nov.

(Figure 1)

 

Spilosoma mona Swinhoe, 1885, female, type locality  Mahabaleshwar, type depository NHM, London and examined by the junior author.

Spilosoma mona (Swinhoe) Hampson, 1894, Fauna Br. Ind. Moths, 2: 5.

Diacrisia mona (Swinhoe) Hampson, 1901, Cat. Lep. Phal., 3: 280.

Female genitalia: Corpus bursae rounded, membranous, three signa present; ductus bursae long and broad, well sclerotized; ductus seminalis entering corpus bursae; anterior apophyses shorter than posterior apophyses; papilla analis fringed with moderately long setae.

Wing expanse (Half): Female 26-30 mm.

Material examined: 1 female, 08.x.2005, Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra, 1320m; 1 female, 05.x.2005, Matheran, Maharashtra, 690m.

Remarks: Only three female specimens of mona Swinhoe were collected in 1885 by Swinhoe from Bombay and Mahabaleshwar.  Till date, no male representative of this species was studied and associated for mona Swinhoe except Kaleka (2005).  It seems that this Indian worker has wrongly identified the above said species collected from northeastern India, because, in the female genitalia of mona Swinhoe three signa are present whereas, Kaleka (2005) has mentioned that the signum is missing in this species.  Kaleka (2005) not only shifted it under genus Thanatarctia Butler on the basis of external male and female genitalic structures, but also provided wrong information in his publication that the species mona Swinhoe was studied by Koda (1988) under the genus Spilarctia Butler.

In the present study only two female representatives were collected from Mahabaleshwar and Matheran, which clearly point out that geographically the species is very much restricted.  The detailed study of morphological and female genitalic structures of species under reference confirms that it is better to place it under the genus Spilarctia Butler rather than under Thanatarctia Butler or Diacria Hübner.  Hence, the proper status of mona Swinhoe has been provided in the present work.

 

 

Spilarctia castanea (Hampson) comb. nov.

(Figure 2)

Spilosoma castanea Hampson, 1893: 9, male, type locality Sri Lanka, type depository NHM, London and examined by the junior author.

Spilosoma castaneum Hampson; Hampson, 1894, Fauna Br. Ind. Moths, 2: 8.

Diacrisia castanea (Hampson) Hampson, 1901, Cat. Lep. Het., 3: 304.

Male genitalia: Uncus moderately long and broad, sickle shaped, curved, setosed with small setae, well sclerotized; acrotergite well developed; fenestrula absent; tegumen longer than uncus, u-shaped; vinculum shorter than tegumen, broad u-shaped; saccus well developed. Valvae with costa narrow, produced to a small plough like structure, sclerotized; sacculus strongly sclerotized with small rod like outgrowth towards distal end; harpe+ampulla simple plate like; cucullus sclerotized, dolphin’s nose like; valvula not differentiated from cucullus, setosed with moderately long setae.  Transtilla membranous; juxta well developed, sclerotized plate like; aedeagus moderately long and broad, carina penis double spined; vesica membranous with two patches of small sclerotized spines; ductus ejaculatorius entering subapically.

Wing expanse (Half): Male 20mm.

Material examined: 1 male, 02.x.2005, Malshej Ghat, Maharashtra, 690m; 2 males, 05.x.2005, Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra, 1320m.

Remarks: The present species i.e., castanea Hampson was described under genus Diacrisia Hübner by Hampson in 1901.  Critical examination of its external genitalic structures revealed that it does not conform to the characterization of type species of Diacrisia Hübner. Therefore, the new combination for this species has been proposed by transferring it under Spilarctia Butler. The male genitalia of this taxon has been described and illustrated in detail for the first time. The species has also been recorded for the first time from India.

 

 

Spilarctia bifascia Hampson comb. rev.

(Figure 3)

 

Spilarctia bifascia Hampson, 1891: 8, male, type locality India (Nilgiri Hills); type depository NHM, London and examined by the junior author.

Spilosoma bifasciatum (Hampson) Hampson, 1894, Fauna Br. Ind. Moths, 2: 9.

Diacrisia obliqua (Walker) Hampson, 1901, Cat.Lep. Phal., 3: 289.

Male genitalia: Uncus strongly built, sickle shaped, setosed with fine setae, sclerotized, tip pointed; acrotergite well developed; fenestrula absent; tegumen longer than uncus, u-shaped; vinculum shorter than tegumen, v-shaped; saccus well developed.  Valvae with costa narrow and weakly sclerotized; sacculus sclerotized, produced to an outgrowth towards distal end; harpe+ampulla simple plate like; cucullus rounded; valvula simple, setosed with long setae.  Transtilla sclerotized bar like; juxta well developed, plate like; aedeagus long and moderately broad, almost straight; carina penis convex lens like with convex surface bearing small spines; vesica membranous with irroration of small spine, two patches of large spines present; ductus ejaculatorius entering subapically.

Wing expanse (Half): Male 22mm.

Material examined: 3 males, 25.xi.2003, Bhagamandala, Karnataka, 900m; 1 male, 12.ix.2004, Vallakadava, Kerala, 780m.

Remarks: The above said species bifascia Hampson was shifted under genus Diacrisia Hübner as a ‘form’ of Diacrisia obliqua Walker by Hampson in 1901.  But the detail examination of genitalic structures like shape of uncus, juxta, valvae and aedegus of bifascia Hampson clearly conform that it is better to place this taxa under genus Spilarctia Butler.  Therefore, the original status of this species has been revived in the present work and male genitalic structures are discussed and illustrated in detail for the first time.

 

 

Spilarctia coorgensis sp. nov.

(Figure 4)

 

Head with frons and vertex ochreous.  Antennae bipectinate in males; scape and pedicel ochreous; shaft and branches dark brown.  Eyes fuscus green with black spots or patches. Labial palpi porrect; laiden with crimson scales; third segment brown.

Thorax, collar and tegula ochreous, thorax with a small black streak.  Forewing with ground colour ochreous, slightly irrorated with crimson scales; costa suffused with crimson scales; a basal black spot; antemedial spot on vein 1A; a black speck at end of cell; an oblique series of postmedial spots on both sides of veins, not reaching costa; traces of submarginal series of black spots; underside with irroration of crimson scales; a black spot at end of cell; fringe ochreous; vein R1 from cell; R2, R3, R4 and R5 from a common stalk; M1 from upper angle; M2 slightly beyond angle; M3 from angle of cell; Cu1 near angle of cell; Cu2 from middle of cell.  Hindwing with ground colour ochreous; inner margin suffused with crimson scales; a black spot at end of cell; more or less complete series of submarginal spots; underside same; fringe ochreous; vein Sc+R1 originating before middle of cell; Rs and M1 from upper angle; M2 towards middle of discocellulars; M3 and Cu1 from lower angle; Cu2 from middle of cell. Legs black brown; coxae and trochanter suffused with crimson scales; hind tibia with two pair of spurs.

Abdomen crimson; dorsal and lateral series of black spots; underside and tuft ochreous.  Male genitalia with uncus strongly built, curved towards distal end, setosed with small setae, well sclerotized, tip pointed; acrotergite present; fenestrula absent; tegumen as long as uncus, broad u-shaped; vinculum longer than tegumen, v-shaped, well sclerotized; saccus developed.  Valvae simple with costa produced to an outgrowth towards proximal end; sacculus differentiated; harpe + ampulla simple plate like; cucullus and valvula not distinct; tip of valvae setosed with short setae.  Transtilla sclerotized; juxta well developed; aedeagus long and broad, curved; carina penis absent; vesica membranous with irroration of small spines; ductus ejaculatorius entering subapically.

Wing expanse (Half): Male 15mm.

Material examined:

Holotype:           Male, 30.vii.2004, Bhagamandala, Coorg, Karnataka, 150N & 750E, 900m, coll. N.S. Gill, PUPZOO/MUS-078.

Paratype: 2 males, 15.ix.2004, Vithura, Kerala, 10000’N & 76025’E, 120m, coll. N.S. Gill, PUPZOO/MUS-078a, PUPZOO/MUS-078b, Zoology Museum, Dept. of Zoology, Punjabi University.

Remarks: Morphologically the species under reference is closely allied to obliqua Walker.  But the perusal of external male genitalic structures reveals that it is a different species.  Its distinct male genitalic characters like shape of vinculum, juxta and valvae justify its status.

Etymology: The name of the species belong to the district of its type locality i.e., Coorg (Kodagu).

 

 

Spilarctia obliqua (Walker)

(Figure 5)

 

Spilosoma obliqua Walker, 1855: 3, female, type locality Japan, type depository NHM, London and examined by the junior author.

Diacrisia obliqua (Walker) Hampson, 1901, Cat. Lep. Phal., 3: 289.

Spilarctia obliqua (Walker) Koda, 1988, Tyo to Ga, 39(1): 67.

Material examined: 2 males, 27.ix.2005, Waghai, Gujarat, 180m; 1 male, 28.vii.04, Madikeri, Karnataka, 1100m; 1 male, 19.vii.2004, Ganeshgudi, Karnataka, 480m; 1 male, 28.ix.2003, Gudalur, Tamil Nadu, 900m; 3 males, 6.ix.2004, Rani, Kerala, 40m; 6 males, 4.ix.2004, Vithura, Kerala, 120m; 1 male, 7.ix.2004, Vadasserikkara, Kerala, 30m.

Remarks: The species has been discussed in considerable detail by many previous authors like Koda (1988) and Kirti & Singh (1994).  Hence, the description is being omitted in the present study, whereas the illustrations are given for the sake of comparison.

 

 

Spilarctia casigneta (Kollar)

(Figure 6)

 

Euprepia casigneta Kollar, 1844: 4, male, type locality India, type depository NHM, London and examined by the junior author.

Spilarctia sagittifera Moore, 1888, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1888: 394.

Spilosoma casignetum (Kollar) Hampson, 1894, Fauna Br. Ind. Moths, 2: 9.

Diacrisia casigneta (Kollar) Hampson, 1901, Cat. Lep. Phal., 3 : 291.

Spilarctia casigneta (Kollar) Koda, 1988, Tyo to Ga, 39(1): 66.

Male genitalia: Uncus strongly built, beak shaped, sclerotized, setosed with fine setae, tip pointed and slightly curved; acrotergite present; fenestrula absent; tegumen longer than uncus, broad u-shaped, corrugated at junction of uncus and tegumen; vinculum shorter than tegumen, v-shaped, well sclerotized; saccus developed. Valvae with costa linear, weakly sclerotized; sacculus well sclerotized; harpe+ampulla double ridged with suffusion of long setae; cucullus rounded; valvula simple.  Transtilla membranous; juxta well developed; aedeagus long and moderately broad, curved; carina penis represented by a strong sclerotized spine; vesica membranous with a well formed patch of spines; ductus ejaculatorius entering subapically.

Wing expanse (Half): Male 24-26 mm.

Material examined: 2 males, 19.iv.2003, Kodai Kanal, Tamil Nadu, 2133m; 1 male, 2.x.2003, Coonoor, Tamil Nadu, 1880m; 1 male, 13.ix.2004, Devikulum, Kerala, 1620m.

 

 

Spilarctia todara (Moore) comb. rev.

(Figure 7)

 

Spilosoma todara Moore, 1872, Sex : Female, Type locality : India, Type depository NHM, London and examined by the Junior Author.

Spilarctia todara (Moore) Cotes & Swinhoe, 1887, Cat. Moths India, 2: 42.

Spilosoma todarum Moore; Hampson, 1894, Fauna Br. Ind. Moths, 2: 7.

Diacrisia obliqua (Walker) Hampson, 1901, Lep. Cat. Phal., 3: 289.

Male genitalia: Uncus strongly built, sharply narrow towards tip, well sclerotized, setosed with short setae, tip pointed; acrotergite well developed; fenestrula absent; tegumen longer than uncus, broad u-shaped; vinculum shorter than tegumen, v‑shaped, sclerotized; saccus developed.  Valvae with costa narrow, linear, weakly sclerotized; sacculus sclerotized, produced to an outgrowth towards distal end; harpe+ampulla single ridged structure; cucullus rounded; valvula simple. Transtilla membranous; juxta well formed, dumble shaped; aedeagus long and moderately broad, almost straight; carina penis absent; vesica membranous with a sclerotization at base, cornuti in form of three patches of sclerotized spines; ductus ejaculatorius entering subapically.

Female genitalia: Corpus bursae triangular, membranous, signum absent; ductus bursae moderately long and broad, sclerotized; ductus seminalis entering at junction of ductus seminalis entering ductus bursae and corpus bursae; anterior apophyses shorter than posterior apophyses; papilla analis setosed with long and short setae.

Wing expanse (Half): Male 23mm;female 24mm.

Material examined: 1 male, 26.xi.2005, Kodanadu, Tamil Nadu, 1920m; 3 males, 1.x.2003, Coonoor, Tamil Nadu, 1880m; 1 male, 2.x.2003, Kotagiri, Tamil Nadu, 2020m; 1 male, 22.xi.2005, Kotagiri, Tamil Nadu, 2020m; 1 male, 13.ix.2004, Devikulum, Kerala, 1620m; 1 male, 14.ix.2004, Devikulum, Kerala, 1620m.

Remarks: The species under reference was shifted as a ‘form’ of obliqua Walker under genus Diacrisia Hübner by Hampson in 1901.  The present work deals with the detail study of its male and female genitalic structures which confirms its status as a distinct species.  Hence, the original combination of todara Moore with genus Spilarctia Butler has been revived.

 

 

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