Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2020 | 12(5): 15572–15586
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5044.12.5.15572-15586
#5044 | Received 04 May 2019 | Final received
12 February 2020| Finally accepted 20 March 2020
Avifaunal diversity of some
selected water bodies of Khanapur Taluka, Belagavi
District, Karnataka, India
Harsha D. Neelgund
1 & Girish Kadadevaru
2
1,2
Department of Zoology, Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad, Karnataka 580003, India.
1 harshad.neelgund@gmail.com,
2 kadadevarug@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: V. Gokula,
National College, Tiruchirappalli, India. Date
of publication: 26 April 2020 (online & print)
Citation: Neelgund, H.D. & G. Kadadevaru
(2020). Avifaunal
diversity of some selected water bodies of Khanapur
Taluka, Belagavi District, Karnataka, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 12(5): 15572–15586. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5044.12.5.15572-15586
Copyright: © Neelgund & Kadadevaru 2020. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any
medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: University
Grants Commission New Delhi( UGC,SAP II grants).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Harsha D. Neelgund is working as Assistant Professor at Department of
Zoology, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad,
affiliated to Karnatak University, Dharwad. He has
involved in teaching and research from last 12 years.His
areas of interest are limnology, plankton diversity and avian diversity. Girish Kadadevaru is working as Associate Professor in PG Department of
Studies in Zoology, at Karnatak University,
Dharwad, Karnataka. He has 29 years of
teaching and research experience. His research interests are in bioacoustics
and hydrobiology.
Author contribution: GK has played a crucial role in monitoring and guiding
the work. HN has carried out field survey, analysis and documentation.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to Mr Manjunath Hosamani
for his help during field work; Akshay Deshpande for
his assistance in preparation of manuscript; Chairman Department of Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad for necessary support to
conduct the research; Editor and referees for their valuable comments.
Abstract: An observation on avian species composition, density,
and diversity was carried out at three selected water bodies of Khanapur Taluka, Belagavi District, for a period of 11
months in 2014. During the study, a
total of 28 species belonging to 12 families from five orders were
recorded. Of these, Ciconiiformes
was represented by seven families followed by Coraciiformes
by two families while Anseriformes, Charadriiformes and Gruiformes
were represented by one family each.
Among the three water bodies studied, maximum species composition (26
species) was recorded from Nandgad pond which also
hosts Lesser Adjutant Stork and Wooly-necked Stork
categorized as ‘Vulnerable’ and Painted Stork, River Tern and Oriental White
Ibis as ‘Near Threatened’ by the IUCN Red List.
Bidi Minor Irrigation Tank stands second with 17 species while the
minimum was recorded at Hebbal Minor Irrigation Tank with 11 species. Based on our observation, a smaller habitat
with habitat heterogeneity can attract more assemblages of avifauna and also
result in increased species richness and diversity.
Keywords: Birds, richness, relative abundance, wetland birds.
INTRODUCTION
Birds occupy a significant position in ecology and
human society and play prominent and diverse roles as pollinators, seed
dispersers, pest controlling agents, bio-indicators of an ecosystem, and also
in religion & culture. Since time
immemorial, they have been a source of food, medicine, feathers for ornaments,
and amusements. Presently, they are
confronting various threats from climate change and human interferences such as
loss of habitat through inflow of domestic and industrial effluents,
agricultural runoffs, degradation of wetlands, agricultural expansion,
overgrazing of the grasslands, and urbanization leading to deforestation (Grimmett et al. 2011).
Diversity of avifauna is one of the most important ecological indicators
to evaluate the quality of habitats.
In Karnataka, most of the work is being concentrated
on survey, distribution, diversity studies, and status of avifauna. Rajashekara & Venkatesha (2010) recorded diversity and abundance of water
birds from Bangalore City lakes, Basavarajappa (2006)
has studied avifauna of agro-ecosystems from maidan region of Davangere. Diversity studies in and around Shivamogga
District has been carried out by workers like Nazneen et al. (2001) and Dinesh
et al. (2007) at Kuvempu University campus,
Shivamogga and checklist of avifauna from Gudavi Bird
Sanctuary by Dayananda (2009). Distribution
and diversity from Lakkavalli range forest of Bhadra
Wildlife Sanctuary by Harisha & Hosetti (2009) have studied diversity of Shivamogga
City. Assessment and status, diversity,
and threats of loss of wetlands of Davangere District
by Harisha & Hosetti
(2018). Barve
& Warrier (2013) have conducted a study on bird
diversity from Sharavathy landscape. Bhat et al. (2009) have studied diversity of
wetland bird species in Anekere wetland of Karkala. Manjunath
& Joshi (2012) have observed species composition, relative abundance and
avian classification based on feeding guilds around Chandrampalli
Dam of Chincholi from Gulbarga region. Birasal (2015) has
studied on occurrence of terrestrial birds in Haveri and neighboring
districts. Diversity, richness and
conservational threats of migratory wetland birds of Magadi
Bird Sanctuary, Gadag District was studied by Kaulgud et al. (2016).
Publications on avifaunal status and diversity from
Belagavi District can be traced from the surveys by Patil
& Hiragond (2013) along Ghataprabha
River near Shettihalli. The objective of the present work was to
study species composition, diversity, and status of the wetland birds in some
water bodies of Khanapur Taluk.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
Khanapur Taluk is located towards the western part of Belagavi
District of Karnataka. It is about 26km
away from district headquarters. The
total geographical area of the taluk is 1726.11km2 with geographical
co-ordinates of 15.63° N 74.52° E. It has an average area elevation of
649m. The study was carried out from
February to December 2014 from three lentic water bodies, namely, Bidi Minor
Irrigation Tank (MIT) (15.5830N, 74.6400E), Nandgad pond (15.5800N & 74.5830E),
and Hebbal MIT (15.7520N & 74.5630E) located on the
State Highway 93 of Khanapur Taluka (Figure 1). The two minor irrigation tanks were constructed by minor irrigation
department of Government of Karnataka while Nandgad
pond was constructed in 2010 under Jala Samvardhane Yojana Sangha, a registered society established
by the Department of Water Resources, Government of Karnataka for
community-based tank management.
Methods
Survey of birds was conducted early morning
06.00–09.30 h during the first week of every month from February to December,
2014. Observations of the birds were
made with the help of Olympus binocular (OLYMPUS 10X50 DPS I, Field 6.5o)
and CANON EOS 600D lens kit was used for photography. Birds observed during the study period were
classified into families and orders as per Grimmett
et al. (2011). The density of the birds
was counted using fixed-radius point count method with the expression; Density:
D^= n/a = n/kπw2, where, D = density, A = size of the survey region,
k = number of points in the region, n = number of birds counted, and a = kπw2,
the total size of the survey plots. Six
circular point count sites each with a 20-m radius were selected. The total area of each point count site
was 1,257m2. The density of
birds was expressed as total birds/ha.
The point count sites were selected based on the roosting, feeding
sites, and accessibility (Buckland et al. 2008) and during certain times counts
were made with the help of photographs taken during the study (Whitworth et al.
2007).
Relative abundance of all bird species was calculated
by the expression
No. of individuals of the species
Relative abundance = ––––––––––––––––––––––––– x 100
Total no. of individuals of all species
The diversity and evenness was calculated by using
Shannon-Weiner diversity index and the formulae are expressed as
s
H’ = - ∑ (Pi * In pi)
i = 1
where, pi = fraction of entire population
made up of species ‘i’, ln = natural log and ∑ = sum
from species 1 to species S. Shannon-Weiner evenness index: EH = H’/Hmax where, H’ = Shannon-Weiner
diversity index, and Hmax is the InS where S is the number of species encountered in the
group.
RESULTS
Species Composition, Abundance, Density and Relative
Abundance
During the study, a total of 28 species belonging to
12 families from five orders were recorded.
Of these, Ciconiiformes was represented with
seven families followed by Coraciiformes with two
families while Anseriformes, Charadriiformes,
and Gruiformes were represented with one family
each. Among them, family Ardeidae dominated with seven species, followed by Anatidae and Ciconiidae with four
species each. Families Charadriidae, Threskiornithidae, Alcedinidae, and Rallidae were
represented with two species each while Laridae, Phalacrocoracidae, Podicipedidae,
Cerylidae, and Jacanidae
were represented with one species each (Figure 2). Maximum species composition was recorded from
Nandgad pond with 26 species followed by 17 species
of birds from Bidi minor irrigation tank and 11 species from Hebbal minor
irrigation tank.
Site 1: Bidi Minor Irrigation Tank (MIT)
The species composition at Bidi MIT reveals a total of
17 species representing eight families belonging to four orders from this pond
(Table 1). Order Ciconiiformes
dominated with 12 species belonging to five families namely, Ardeidae represented with five species, Ciconiidae
with three species, Threskiornithidae with two
species, Laridae and Phalacrocoracidae
representing with one species each.
Order Anseriformes represented with two
species from family Anatidae and Order Charadriiformes also with two species belonging to family Charadriidae. Order Coraciiformes, however, was represented by only one species
belonging to family Cerylidae. The periodicity of Indian Spot-billed Duck in
this water body was found prominent as it was observed continuously for seven
months (March–October 2014) followed by Little Egret Egretta
garzetta and Cattle Egret Bubulcus
ibis that were recorded in five months.
Great Egret Casmerodius albus, Asian Openbill Stork Anastomus
oscitans, Painted Stork Mycteria
leucocephala, Eurasian Spoon Bill Platalea leucorodia,
Pied Kingfisher Cerylerudis travancoreensis were spotted only once during the study
period.
Asian Openbill Stork was the only migrant while
Bronze-winged Jacana Metopidius indicus
was recorded as a resident bird.
The rest of the birds were either
residents or local migrants. As per the
IUCN Red List, Lesser Adjutant Stork Leptoptilos
javanicus is categorized as ‘Vulnerable’, Painted
Stork Mycteria leucocephala,
River Tern Sterna aurantia and Oriental White
Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus
are Near Threatened (NT), and the remaining species are grouped as ‘Least
Concern’. All the birds that were
observed during the study period were of schedule IV of WPA, 1972 except
Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia which is included in Schedule I (Table 4).
At Bidi MIT, the abundance and density (birds/ha) of
Indian Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha of
Anatidae family was the maximum (72 individuals and
95.45 birds/ha) throughout the study period.
Statistics for other birds are provided in Table 1.
In this water body, Indian Spot-billed Duck showed the
highest relative abundance (41%) followed by Lesser Adjutant Stork (16%), and
Cattle Egret (12%). Minimum relative
abundance was recorded by Oriental White Ibis (9%) and River Tern (7%). The rest of the species like Little Egret,
Eurasian Spoonbill, Red-wattled Lapwing, and Little
Ringed Plover, Black-crowned Night Heron, Great Egret, Median Egret, Little
Cormorant recorded the least (1%) relative abundance (Figure 3).
The mean
density of Lesser Adjutant Stork (Leptoptilos
javanicus, 33.14 ± 19.50) was the maximum followed by Indian Spot-billed Duck (Anas
poecilorhyncha, 23.8 ± 28.94), Oriental White
Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus,
18.56 ± 8.57), Comb Duck (Sarkidiornis melanotos, 9.935 ± 4.823), Cattle Egret (Bubulcus
ibis, 9.542 ± 10.998), River Tern (Sterna aurantia,
8.83 ± 6.726), Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea
leucorodia, 6.62 ± 1.996), Great Egret (Casmerodius albus,
2.65 ± 0.799), Median Egret (Mesophoyx
intermedia, 2.645 ± 1.223) and Little Egret (Egretta
garzetta, 1.852 ± 1.071) while the minimum was
recorded by Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellius
indicus, 1.32 ± 0.637), Little Ringed Plover (Charadrius
dubius, 1.32 ± 0.556), Black-crowned Night
Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax),
and Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger) (1.32 ± 0.533), respectively. Asian Openbill Stork (Anastomus
oscitans), Painted Stork (Mycteria
leucocephala), and Pied Kingfisher
(Ceryle rudis travancoreensis) recorded mean density of 1.32 ± 0.397,
respectively (Table 5).
Diversity (H) and Equitability or Evenness (E)
During the 11 month study, the highest diversity
(H’=2.2315) was recorded during June, followed by July 2014 (H’=1.56064), while
it was minimum (H’=0.24491) in October 2014.
Highest evenness (EH=0.96968) was observed in July while it
was lowest (EH=0.32372) in November 2014. Diversity and evenness was zero during August
and December, 2014 as only one species was recorded
during this period (Table 6).
Site 2: Nandgad Pond
Twenty-six species of birds representing 12 families
were observed at Nandgad pond (Table-2). Maximum
species (16) were recorded in the month of June and minimum of one species in
December 2014. Out of 26 species, Order Ciconiiformes was represented by 17 species distributed in
seven families; Ardeidae represented with seven
species, Ciconiidae with four species and two species
from Threskiornithidae. Jacanidae, Laridae, Phalacrocoracidae, and Podicipedidae represented with one species each. Family Anatidae was
the only family from order Anseriformes with three
species. Coraciiformes
was represented with three species from two families, Alcedinidae
family with two species and one species from Cerylidae
family, Gruiiformes and Charadriiformes
represented by Rallidae with two species and Charadriidae with one species.
Avifauna of Nandgad pond is
similar to that of Bidi MIT except for the presence of the Wooly-necked
Stork Ciconia episcopus
categorized as ‘Vulnerable’ (Table 4).
Most of the species recorded maximum density during the post monsoon
season (November) (see Table 1).
The relative abundance of the birds at Nandgad pond shows that, Cattle Egret was highest with 18%
followed by Oriental White Ibis 12%,
Eurasian Coot recorded 7%, Bronze
winged Jacana 6%, Indian Spot bill Duck, Asian Open bill Stork and Eurasian
Spoon bill 5% each, Lesser Whistling Duck, Purple Swamp hen, Little Cormorant
and Wooly necked Stork 4% each, Red wattled
Lapwing, Little Egret, River tern, Pied Kingfisher recorded 2% each whereas,
Cotton Teal, Black crowned Night Heron, Great Egret, Indian Pond Heron, Lesser
Adjutant Stork, Painted Stork, Little Grebe, Common Kingfisher recorded 1% each
(Figure 4).
The maximum mean density at Nandgad
Pond was recorded by Oriental White Ibis
(Threskiornis melanocephalus,
18.996 ± 15.048), followed by others (Table 5).
Diversity (H) and Equitability or Evenness (EH)
Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H) and Equitability (EH)
of avifauna of Nandgad pond are given in Table 6.
Maximum diversity (H’=2.58955) was recorded in June followed by October
(H’=2.43694) and September (H’=2.31407) 2014.
Minimum was recorded during March (H’=0.75294) 2014. Highest evenness was recorded in October (EH=0.95009)
followed by June (EH=0.93398) and September (EH=0.90219)
2014 and minimum (EH=0.68535) during March 2014. Species richness was observed to be a maximum
of 16 species in June 2014 followed by April and November with 14 species each. Least species richness (1 species) was
recorded in December 2014.
Site 3: Hebbal Minor Irrigation Tank (MIT)
A total of 11 species belonging to nine families was
recorded from Hebbal MIT (Table 3).
Maximum species (6) were recorded during April and June while minimum of
one species during February, July and December 2014. Of which, Ciconiiformes
were represented with a maximum of seven species distributed into six families
i.e.: Ardeidae (2) and Ciconiidae,
Laridae, Phalacrocoracidae,
Podicipedidae, and Threskiornithidae
were represented with one species each.
Minimum numbers of species were represented from Charadriiformes
and Coraciiformes (Table 4).
The abundance and density (birds/ha) at Hebbal MIT was
comparatively less than other two water bodies (Table 3). Out of 11 species recorded, Indian
Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha of Anatidae was observed with the highest density (30
individuals and 39.77 birds/ha) in April and a minimum (8 and
10.60 birds/ha) in May 2014 (Table 3).
The relative abundance of all birds of Hebbal MIT
reveals that, Indian Spot-billed Duck was maximum (51%) followed by Oriental
White Ibis (12%) and Lesser Whistling Duck (11%). Little Grebe and Little Cormorant recorded 4%
each and Wooly necked Stork, Little Egret and Cattle
Egret (3% each) recorded minimum abundance.
White throated kingfisher and Red wattled
Lapwing recorded least relative abundance (Figure 5).
Maximum mean density was observed in Indian Spotbill Duck (25.185 ± 12.096) and followed by others (Table
5).
Diversity (H) and Equitability or Evenness (E)
Shannon-Weiner diversity index and Equitability of
avifauna of Hebbal MIT is given in Table 6.
Highest diversity (H’=1.79166) and equitability (EH=0.99994)
was observed in June, while minimum diversity (H’=1.06103) and evenness (EH=0.59217)
was recorded in April 2014. Diversity
and evenness was zero during February and December 2014, as only one species
was recorded.
Based on the monthly rainfall data, the rains had
begun in the month of April 2014 (63mm) and slightly fluctuated till June. Maximum rainfall (510mm) was recorded in July
2014 while the minimum (10mm) was in December 2014 (Figure 6).
DISCUSSION
Habitat heterogeneity, climatic conditions, rainfall
and vegetation cover are the factors that govern the composition, density,
abundance and diversity of the avifauna (Gonzalez et al. 2009 & Lorenzon et al. 2016). Habitat selection plays a prominent
role in bringing variations in the distribution of avifauna. The food resources, roosting and nesting
grounds for local and migratory species might influence their diversity and
distribution (Paracuellos 2006). In the present study the two minor irrigation
tanks are quite identical with respect to the water spread area and depth but
vary in vegetation cover. The eastern
side of the bund at Hebbal minor irrigation tank has Acacia auriculiformes trees in majority while at the western
side there is a hillock surrounded with shrubs and small tree species. The water body did not support any kind of
vegetation nor topographic variation that could attract birds other than
waterfowls and a few storks. Indian
Spot-billed Ducks recorded maximum density (30 individuals) and relative
abundance (51%) during mid-summer and Lesser Whistling Ducks (11%). Little cormorants, Little Grebe, Wooly-necked Stork, River Tern, and Oriental White Ibis
made an occasional presence. The species
composition and diversity at Hebbal MIT is considered to be fewer when compared
with the two other water bodies. Hence
the diversity and evenness was low during mid-summer while it gradually
increased during May and reached its maximum diversity, evenness and species
richness during the monsoon (June 2014).
No birds were recorded for the rest of the period. The minor irrigation tank just acted as
feeding grounds as it lacked proper vegetation cover and roosting sites as
well.
Bidi MIT is shallower than Hebbal MIT. It has a few elevated patches in the middle
of the tank. During the dry season the
water level recedes to expose land to form temporary islands. During mid-summer
(April) Indian Spotbill Ducks and Lesser Adjutant
Storks were recorded maximum with respect to their density and relative
abundance of 41% and 16% respectively when compared with the two other water
bodies. The diversity and evenness
appeared quite fluctuating along with the variation in the rainfall. During the onset of summer (March) the
diversity and evenness was quite low. A
slight increase in diversity and evenness was observed with the beginning of
the rains (65mm) in April but decreased again in May 2014 though there was an
increase in rainfall. In June, however, with a slight decline in rainfall
(63mm) the diversity and species richness rose to its highest value. In the month of July, the rainfall was 510mm
which was maximum during which there was decline of avifaunal diversity and
species richness.
Shallow water bodies with variations in depth might be
the factor for aggregation of birds compared to deeper tank and support more
species and greater densities (Helmers 1992; Colwell & Taft 2000). Nandgad pond is
smaller as well as shallower than other two water bodies and with varied
depths. It is not only surrounded by
orchards and paddy fields but also harbors rooted and
emergent plants. It provides suitable
site for the wetland birds with respect to their roosting, feeding and nesting
needs. Vegetation like Nymphea sp., Nymphoides
indica was more prevalent in most part of the
pond that attracted waders like, Bronze-winged Jacanas, egrets, herons, storks
and ibises. Submerged vegetation includes: Charasp.,
Vallisneria sp., Ceratophylum
spp that are preferred by Eurasian Coot, Purple Swamp
Hen. It also attracted swimming and
diving birds like Cotton Teal, Indian Spot-billed Duck, Little Cormorants as
well. High vegetation cover forms a
suitable habitat for breeding birds and also for overall species richness (Porej 2004). Cattle
Egret (Bubulcus ibis) reported with
highest relative abundance of 18% and was more frequently sighted. This is due to its ability of exploring
various kinds of feeding grounds and adaptability to different habitats as
suggested by Seedikkoya et al. (2007) & Patankar et al. (2007).
Based on the diversity values, maximum diversity was observed during
monsoon (June) in all three water bodies.
Nandgad Pond witnessed the highest diversity
and species richness. The increase in
avian diversity at Nandgad pond is attributed to the
heterogeneity in the flora that provides vegetation cover for feeding and
nesting purposes. This factor has
attracted high assemblages of wetland birds than in the two other minor
irrigation tanks. Similar observations
were also made by Kottawa-Arachchi
& Gamage (2015). The conditions at Nandgad pond appeared similar to Bidi minor irrigation tank
with respect to reduction of species richness and diversity status during
monsoon season. The species richness
reduced to half and a drastic decline was seen in the diversity and evenness
value in July and continued till August, 2014.
Increase in rains had flooded the floating vegetation and reduced the
riparian area of the pond which acted as roosting as well as feeding sites of
most of the birds. Similar observations
have been made by Canepuccia et al. (2007). The scenario gradually changed during the end
of the monsoon (September) with increase in diversity, evenness and species
richness. The post monsoon season (October) recorded a slight increase in
diversity and species richness while the birds were more evenly distributed
than in any other month. With the
decline of the rainfall the pond witnessed growth of Eleocharis
sp. and Cypersus sp. at the
riparian zone and submerged vegetation which resulted in the assemblage of
birds like Indian Spot-billed Duck, Eurasian coots, Oriental White Ibis, Red-wattled Lapwing, Asian Openbil
Stork, Wooly necked Stork, Purple Swamphen,
and Bronze-winged Jacana which depend on floating and emergent vegetation.
According to Paracuellos
(2006) & Gonzalez et al. (2009), in larger water bodies, with more habitat
types, all species have access to their preferred feeding zones in long shores
or wide inner areas of deep open water. In smaller water bodies, however, due
to the proximity of the shore to the centre of the pond, the birds that usually
feed close to the shore probably continue having available resources in shallow
waters with abundant emergent vegetation, whereas those which also frequently
select inner zones lose proportionally more feeding space and therefore, have
less resource availability. In the
present study, Nandgad pond with diverse emergent,
submerged and floating vegetation attracted more aggregation, diversity as well
as species richness of birds. Similar reports are made by Fairbairn &
Dinsmore (2001); Lorenzon et al. (2016).
CONCLUSION
The study on avifaunal diversity of three water bodies
of Khanapur Taluk suggests that water bodies support
a good number of residential, local migratory and migratory birds. The two minor irrigation tanks witness less
disturbances as they are away from the state highway whereas, Nandgad pond lies next to it and is prone to frequent
anthropocentric activities like; release of clay idols and other related wastes
during festivals, discharge of non-biodegradable wastes, washing clothes and
heavy vehicles, pumping of waters during the dry seasons. It also suffers from siltation, which results
in low water holding capacity.
Unscientific excavations at the riparian area can become a stress factor
on the pond ecosystem as well as the avifauna.
Proper attention is needed from the public as well as the local
governing bodies towards the protection and conservation of these habitats so
that they can be promising sites for resident as well as migratory birds and
other aquatic fauna. In addition there
is a need for assessment of water quality and trophic status, and
characteristic plankton population which influence the abundance and diversity
of the wetland birds.
Table 1. Species composition, monthly abundance and
density (birds/ha) of birds recorded at Bidi minor irrigation tank from February to December 2014. (N=305).
|
D |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
|
N |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
21 27.84 |
- |
- |
23 |
|
O |
- |
2 2.65 |
- |
- |
- |
28 37.12 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
30 |
|
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
|
A |
- |
2 2.65 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
|
J |
- |
2 2.65 |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
6 |
|
J |
- |
4 5.30 |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
2 2.65 |
1 1.32 |
3 3.97 |
- |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
17 |
|
M |
- |
18 23.86 |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
2 2.65 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 2.65 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
24 |
|
A |
12 15.90 |
72 95.45 |
- |
- |
- |
4 5.30 |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
49 64.96 |
- |
17 22.53 |
- |
- |
5 6.62 |
- |
160 |
|
M |
3 3.97 |
26 34.46 |
- |
- |
- |
2 2.65 |
- |
2 2.65 |
- |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
1 1.32 |
7 9.28 |
- |
- |
42 |
|
F |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
|
Common name |
Comb Duck |
Indian Spot-billed Duck |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
Little ringed Plover |
Black Crowned Night Heron |
Cattle Egret |
Great Egret |
Little Egret |
Median Egret |
Asian Openbill Stork |
Lesser
Adjutant Stork |
Painted Stork |
River Tern |
Little Cormorant |
Oriental white Ibis |
Eurasian Spoon bill |
Pied Kingfisher |
17 |
|
Family |
Anatidae |
Charadriidae |
Ardeidae |
Ciconiidae |
Laridae |
Phalacrocoracidae |
Threskiornithidae |
Cerylidae |
8 |
|||||||||
|
Order |
Anseriformes |
Charadriiformes |
Ciconiiformes |
Coraciiformes |
4 |
|||||||||||||
Note: The numerical values given in BOLD are
the abundance and those mentioned in decimal are the density values
(birds/ha).-Birds not found.
Table 2. Species composition, monthly abundance, and
density (birds/ha) of birds recorded at Nandgad Pond
from February to December 2014. (N=357).
|
D |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 2.65 |
|
N |
- |
12 15.90 |
2 2.65 |
4 5.30 |
- |
19 25.18 |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
18 23.86 |
- |
2 2.65 |
1 1.32 |
- |
7 9.28 |
|
O |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
2 2.65 |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 2.65 |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
|
S |
2 2.65 |
- |
4 5.30 |
2 2.65 |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
A |
- |
- |
3 3.97 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
6 7.95 |
- |
- |
- |
|
J |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
7 9.28 |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
|
J |
- |
5 6.62 |
4 5.30 |
- |
1 1.32 |
3 3.97 |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
3 3.97 |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
- |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
|
M |
- |
- |
- |
- |
4 5.30 |
9 11.93 |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
2 2.65 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
18 23.86 |
3 3.97 |
2 2.65 |
4 5.30 |
2 2.65 |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
|
M |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
12 15.90 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
F |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 3.97 |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 3.97 |
5 6.62 |
|
Common name |
Cotton Teal |
Indian Spot-billed Duck |
Lesser Whistling Duck |
Red wattled Lapwing |
Black Crowned Night Heron |
Cattle Egret |
Great Egret |
Grey Heron |
Little Egret |
Median Egret |
Indian Pond heron |
Asian Openbill Stork |
Lesser Adjutant Stork |
Painted Stork |
Wooly necked Stork |
|
Family |
Anatidae |
Charadriidae |
Ardeidae |
Ciconiidae |
|||||||||||
|
Order |
Anseriformes |
Charadriiformes |
Ciconiiformes |
||||||||||||
Table 2.. continued ..
|
D |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
|
N |
9 11.93 |
- |
4 5.30 |
- |
38 50.37 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 3.97 |
7 9.28 |
127 |
|
O |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
2 2.65 |
3 3.97 |
- |
- |
- |
2 2.65 |
4 5.30 |
1 1.32 |
22 |
|
S |
2 2.65 |
1 1.32 |
6 7.95 |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
5 6.62 |
1 1.32 |
28 |
|
A |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
2 2.65 |
14 |
|
J |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
6 7.95 |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
13 17.23 |
3 3.97 |
33 |
|
J |
2 2.65 |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
2 2.65 |
- |
2 2.65 |
- |
- |
30 |
|
M |
2 2.65 |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
20 |
|
A |
5 6.62 |
2 2.65 |
1 1.32 |
- |
2 2.65 |
6 7.95 |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
49 |
|
M |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
4 5.30 |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
17 |
|
F |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
15 |
|
Common name |
Bronze winged Jacana |
River Tern |
Little Cormorant |
Little Grebe |
Oriental white Ibis |
Eurasian Spoon bill |
Common Kingfisher |
White throated Kingfisher |
Pied Kingfisher |
Eurasian Coot |
Purple Swamp hen |
26 |
|
Family |
Jacanidae |
Laridae |
Phalacrocoracidae |
Podicipedidae |
Threskiornithidae |
Alcedinidae |
Cerylidae |
Rallidae |
12 |
|||
|
Order |
Ciconiiformes |
Coraciiformes |
Gruiformes |
5 |
||||||||
Note: The
numerical values given in BOLD are the abundance and those mentioned in
decimal are the density values (birds/ha).
- Birds not found
Table 3. Species composition, monthly abundance, and
density (birds/ha) of birds recorded at Hebbal minor irrigation tank from
February to December 2014. (N=74).
|
D |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 2.65 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
|
N |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
|
O |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
|
S |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
|
A |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
|
J |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 2.65 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
|
J |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
- |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
6 |
|
M |
8 10.60 |
8 10.60 |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
1 1.32 |
- |
- |
19 |
|
A |
30 39.77 |
- |
- |
- |
2 2.65 |
2 2.65 |
|
1 1.32 |
2 2.65 |
7 9.28 |
- |
44 |
|
M |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
|
F |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 1.32 |
- |
1 |
|
Common Name |
Indian Spot-billed Duck |
Lesser Whistling Duck |
Red wattled Lapwing |
Cattle Egret |
Little Egret |
Wooly necked Stork |
River Tern |
Little Cormorant |
Little Grebe |
Oriental white Ibis |
White throated Kingfisher |
11 |
|
Family |
Anatidae |
Charadriidae |
Ardeidae |
Ciconiidae |
Laridae |
Phalacrocoracidae |
Podicipedidae |
Threskiornithidae |
Alcedinidae |
9 |
||
|
Order |
Anseriformes |
Charadriiformes |
Ciconiiformes |
Gruiformes |
4 |
|||||||
Note: The numerical values given in BOLD are the
abundance and those mentioned in decimal are the density values (birds/ha). -
Birds not found.
Table 4. Status and Occurrence of wetland birds of
three water bodies of Khanapur Taluk.
|
Common name & Scientific name |
Residential status* |
IUCN Status* |
WPA, 1972 Schedule ** |
Bidi MIT |
Nandgad Pond |
Hebbal MIT |
|
Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
|
- |
- |
|
Cotton Teal Nettapus coromandelianus |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
- |
|
- |
|
Indian Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
|
|
|
|
Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
- |
|
|
|
Red wattled Lapwing Vanellius indicus |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
|
|
- |
|
Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius |
R/WM |
LC |
IV |
|
- |
- |
|
Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
|
|
- |
|
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis |
R/AM |
LC |
IV |
|
|
- |
|
Great Egret Casmerodius albus |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
|
|
- |
|
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea |
R/WM |
LC |
IV |
- |
|
- |
|
Little Egret Egretta garzetta |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
|
|
|
|
Median Egret Mesophoyx intermedia |
R/LM |
NR |
IV |
|
|
- |
|
Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
- |
|
- |
|
Asian Openbill Stork Anastomus oscitans |
M/LR/Ic |
LC |
IV |
|
|
- |
|
Lesser Adjutant Stork Leptoptilos javanicus |
R/LM |
VU |
IV |
|
|
- |
|
Painted stork Mycteria leucocephala |
R/LM |
NT |
IV |
|
|
- |
|
Wooly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus |
R/LM |
VU |
IV |
- |
|
|
|
Bronze winged Jacana Metopidius indicus |
R |
LC |
IV |
- |
|
- |
|
River Tern Sterna aurantia |
R/LM |
NT |
IV |
|
|
|
|
Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
|
|
|
|
Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
- |
|
|
|
Oriental White Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus |
R/LM |
NT |
IV |
|
|
|
|
Eurasian Spoon bill Platalea leucorodia |
R/LM |
LC |
I |
|
|
- |
|
Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis taprobana |
R/WM/SM |
LC |
IV |
- |
|
- |
|
White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
- |
|
|
|
Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis travancoreensis |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
|
|
- |
|
Eurasian Coot Fulica atra |
R/WM |
LC |
IV |
- |
|
- |
|
Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio |
R/LM |
LC |
IV |
- |
|
- |
Note:
LC—Least Concern | VU—Vulnerable | NT—Near Threatened | NR—Not Recognized |
Ra—Rare | Present; - Absent,
R—Resident | M—Migrant | LM—Local Migrant | WM—Winter
Migrant | Com—Common | LCom—Locally Common | VCom—Very Common |
MIT—Minor Irrigation Tank | *—Handbook of Indian Wetland Birds and their
Conservation, ZSI (2005) | ** Wildlife Protection Act, (1972) – Schedule
Species Birds Database.
Table 5. Mean density of birds recorded at three water
bodies of Khanapur Taluk from February to December
2014.
|
HEBBAL MIT |
SD |
- |
- |
12.096 |
3.196 |
0.397 |
- |
- |
0.533 |
- |
- |
0.799 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0.799 |
- |
1.086 |
0.616 |
0.856 |
2.769 |
- |
- |
0.397 |
- |
- |
- |
|
MEAN |
- |
- |
25.185 |
10.6 |
1.32 |
- |
- |
1.32 |
- |
- |
2.65 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2.65 |
- |
2.206 |
1.32 |
1.985 |
3.973 |
- |
- |
1.32 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
NANDGAD POND |
SD |
- |
0.799 |
4.925 |
2.280 |
1.786 |
- |
1.607 |
9.686 |
1.197 |
0.891 |
1.675 |
7.124 |
0.935 |
3.305 |
0.556 |
1.235 |
3.156 |
3.653 |
0.909 |
2.741 |
0.856 |
15.048 |
3.194 |
0.856 |
0.397 |
1.071 |
5.276 |
2.848 |
|
MEAN |
- |
2.65 |
6.29 |
4.305 |
3.533 |
- |
3.31 |
10.93 |
3.97 |
1.541 |
2.646 |
10.16 |
1.652 |
4.195 |
1.32 |
2.203 |
4.238 |
4.162 |
1.586 |
3.088 |
1.985 |
18.996 |
4.191 |
1.985 |
1.32 |
1.852 |
6.888 |
3.708 |
|
|
BIDI MIT |
SD |
4.823 |
- |
28.949 |
- |
0.637 |
0.556 |
0.533 |
10.998 |
0.799 |
- |
1.071 |
1.223 |
- |
0.397 |
19.550 |
0.397 |
- |
- |
6.726 |
0.533 |
- |
8.578 |
1.996 |
- |
- |
0.397 |
- |
- |
|
MEAN |
9.935 |
- |
23.86 |
- |
1.32 |
1.32 |
1.32 |
9.542 |
2.65 |
- |
1.852 |
2.645 |
- |
1.32 |
33.14 |
1.32 |
- |
- |
8.833 |
1.32 |
- |
18.56 |
6.62 |
- |
- |
1.32 |
- |
- |
|
|
Scientific Names |
Sarkidiornis melanotos |
Nettapus coromandelianus |
Anas poecilorhyncha |
Dendrocygna javanica |
Vanellius indicus |
Charadrius dubius |
Nycticorax nycticorax |
Bubulcus ibis |
Casmerodius albus |
Ardea cinerea |
Egretta garzetta |
Mesophoyx intermedia |
Ardeola grayii |
Anastomus oscitans |
Leptoptilos javanicus |
Mycteria leucocephala |
Ciconia episcopus |
Metopidius indicus |
Sterna aurantia |
Phalacrocorax niger |
Tachybaptus ruficollis |
Threskiornis melanocephalus |
Platalea leucorodia |
Alcedo atthis taprobana |
Halcyon smyrnensis |
Ceryle rudis travancoreensis |
Fulica atra |
Porphyrio porphyrio |
|
|
Common names |
Comb Duck |
Cotton Teal |
Indian Spot-bill Duck |
Lesser Whistling Duck |
Red wattled Lapwing |
Little Ringed Plover |
Black Crowned Night Heron |
Cattle Egret |
Great Egret |
Grey Heron |
Little Egret |
Median Egret |
Indian Pond heron |
Asian Openbill Stork |
Lesser Adjutant Stork |
Painted Stork |
Wooly-necked Stork |
Bronze winged Jacana |
River Tern |
Little Cormorant |
Little Grebe |
Oriental White Ibis |
Eurasian Spoon bill |
Common Kingfisher |
White throated Kingfisher |
Pied Kingfisher |
Eurasian Coot |
Purple Swamp Hen |
|
– indicates
birds not found.
Table 6. Analysis of diversity (H), equitability (EH),
and species richness (SR) from three water bodies of Khanapur
Taluk from February to December 2014.
|
D |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
N |
0.35565 |
0.32372 |
3 |
2.16523 |
0.82045 |
14 |
- |
- |
- |
|
O |
0.24491 |
0.35333 |
2 |
2.43694 |
0.95009 |
13 |
- |
- |
- |
|
S |
- |
- |
- |
2.31407 |
0.90219 |
13 |
- |
- |
- |
|
A |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1.53663 |
0.85761 |
6 |
- |
- |
- |
|
J |
1.56064 |
0.96968 |
5 |
1.64755 |
0.79230 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
J |
2.2315 |
0.93060 |
11 |
2.58955 |
0.93398 |
16 |
1.79166 |
0.99994 |
6 |
|
M |
0.8947 |
0.55591 |
5 |
1.59104 |
0.81763 |
7 |
1.19328 |
0.74143 |
5 |
|
A |
1.38641 |
0.71247 |
7 |
2.15257 |
0.81566 |
14 |
1.06103 |
0.59217 |
6 |
|
M |
1.25178 |
0.64328 |
7 |
0.75294 |
0.68535 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
|
F |
- |
- |
- |
1.73204 |
0.89009 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Diversity, Equitability & Sp.richness |
H |
EH |
SR |
H |
EH |
SR |
H |
EH |
SR |
|
Sites |
Bidi Minor Irrigation Tank |
Nandgad pond |
Hebbal Minor Irrigation Tank |
||||||
– indicates
birds not found.
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