Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2020 | 12(8): 15864–15880
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5032.12.8.15864-15880
#5032 | Received 27 April 2019 | Final
received 26 February 2020 | Finally accepted 24 April 2020
Floristic composition and
distribution pattern of herbaceous plant diversity in fallow lands of the
central districts of Punjab, India
Jashanpreet Kaur 1, Rajni Sharma
2 & Pushp
Sharma 3
1,2 Department of Botany, 3 Department
of Plant Breeding and Genetics,
College of Agriculture, Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India.
1 jashan2705@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 rajnisharma-fnr@pau.edu, 3 pushp20@pau.edu
Abstract: This study explores the change in
composition of herbaceous plants with change in season and site in the fallow
lands of central districts of Punjab, India.
Overall 41 plant species were reported from studied sites. Poaceae and
Asteraceae were recorded as dominant families with seven and six plant species,
respectively. Density and IVI values of
perennial plant species were recorded to be the maximum from July to September
and for annuals maximum values were from February to March and from July to
September. Diversity indices like
Shannon Wiener index, evenness index, Menhinick
index, and Simpson diversity index values showed variation with season and
site. Similarity index value between
studied sites was recorded to be the minimum in July (0.45) which indicates a
maximum value of dissimilarity index in this month. The information generated in this study can
be exploited by researchers for conservation of natural plant diversity and
timely assessments of such areas help to study climate change.
Keywords: Diversity, index, month, site,
species, weeds.
Editor: P. Lakshminarasimhan, Botanical Survey of India, Pune, India. Date of
publication: 26 May 2020 (online & print)
Citation:
Kaur, J., R. Sharma & P. Sharma (2020).
Floristic composition and distribution pattern of
herbaceous plant diversity in fallow lands of the central districts of Punjab,
India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(8): 15864–15880. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5032.12.8.15864-15880
Copyright: © Kaur et al. 2020. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Jashanpreet Kaur was postgraduate student at Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana and she has great interest in plant diversity
evaluation along with their taxonomy. She had done the detailed study on
herbaceous plants in different landuse systems of
Punjab during her masters. Dr. Rajni
Sharma currently working as professor in department of botany of Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana and she has been working in research project
of plant diversity evaluation of Punjab. Dr.
Pushp Sharma is Physiologist of oilseeds at
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and she is working in research fields
of abiotic stresses.
Author contribution: JK conducted field trips, collected and compiled data
related plant diversity. RS planned the outline of this research work and
provides necessary guidelines for research. PS helped in statistical analysis.
Acknowledgements: The help provided by the taxonomists of the University
Dr Tarundeep Kaur and Antul
Choudary in identification of plant species is
gratefully acknowledged.
Introduction
India is one of the mega-diverse
centers of the world.
About 8.07% land in India and
61ha land in Punjab is reported as
fallow lands in 2013–2014 according to a report prepared by the Directorate of
Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare in
2016. Throughout the year, the fallow
lands are covered with green herbaceous plants.
Plant diversity is functional and a structural unit of biotic component
of the ecosystem and subjected to change on interaction with a number of biotic
and abiotic factors. The study of
diversity of an area helps to assess ecosystem health as species distribution
has both complementary and supplementary behavior. Naturally growing plants species in
ecosystems are diverse to such an extent that most species are not documented
till now and sometimes some species become extinct without being identified
(Hubbell & Foster 1986). Losing even
a few plant species in a diverse ecosystem can reduce the biomass production
and impair regulatory, promoting and supporting services of the ecosystem. The concept of wild species evolved when
humans started growing plants deliberately for food (Shah et al. 2006). Documentation of composition of the plant
diversity of fallow lands and their economic importance has not been done
systematically. Thus people are not
aware about the economic value of herbaceous plants growing in fallow lands and
they overlook them as weeds. So
phytosociological surveys of these areas after regular intervals are important
to document the variability of plant diversity.
This helps in environmental monitoring as a small change in
environmental conditions affect diversity of plant species because some plant
species are unable to bear transformations.
The distribution of plants depends on their genetic makeup and
environmental factors such as light, temperature, and edaphic factors like soil
composition, texture, and pH (Curtis 1959; Phillips 1959; Misra
1968). This paper focuses on naturally
growing herbaceous plant diversity, composition, and their distribution pattern
in fallow lands to draw attention of researchers so that they can explore the
economic importance and conservation of these plant species. The documentation of plants diversity of the
fallow lands of Punjab has not been done so far.
Materials
and methods
Study site
The present study was carried
throughout year (January–December 2017) in fallow lands of two central
districts of Punjab, viz,. site 1 Ludhiana
(30°54’14.886”N, 75°49’0.4836”E) and site 2 Sangrur (30°40’59.7504’’N &
75°49’ 41.1672’’E) districts (Figure 1, Image 1). The distance between two districts (sites)
was 30km. At each district about 10
fallow lands were explored. The fallow
lands selected for the present investigation were with almost negligible
anthropogenic disturbances.
The climate of both areas is
typical subtropical with long dry season from end of September to early June
and wet season from July to early September along with hot desiccating
winds. The average temperature ranged
from 5°C to 35°C and maximum rainfall received during August was 131.4mm and
97mm for site 1 and site 2, respectively.
Methods
Areas were explored by quadrat
method. The size and number of quadrats
to be laid down were determined by species area curve (Misra
1968). For the present investigation, 15
fixed quadrats (1mÎ1m) were laid randomly in three replications to study
ground-level herbaceous vegetation at each study site. Areas were surveyed after 30 days throughout
the year commencing from January to December 2017. Shrubs and herbs were documented in the
present investigation. The documented
plant species were grouped into dicots and monocots (Images 1–41).
A species composition study was
carried out by computing various phytosociological characters for each month by
standard formulae. Calculations were
done using Microsoft Excel 7 and values were counter checked using
Paleontological Software (PAST) version 3.
Density / m2 (Curtis
1959)
Total number of individuals of the plant species in all quadrats
Density =
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Total number of quadrats studied
IVI – Importance Value Index
(Phillips 1959)
IVI = Relative density + Relative
frequency + Relative Dominance
Density of individual plant species x 100
Relative density = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Density of all the
species
Frequency of individual plant species x 100
Relative frequency =
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Frequency
of all the species
Basal area of plant species x 100
Relative dominance = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Basal area of all the species
(Here Basal area = πd2 /4)
Shannon Wiener index (Shannon
& Wiener 1963)
Shannon Wiener index (H) = - Σ [
Pi (ln Pi )]
Number of individuals of one plant species
Here Pi =
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Total number of all individuals of plant
species
Menhinick index (Menhinick
1964)
Menhinick index = S / √n
S = Number of taxa
n = Number of individuals
Evenness index (Pielou 1977)
Evenness
index = H / ln S
Here H = Shannon wiener diversity index
S = Total number of species
Similarity index (Sorenson 1948)
Similarity index (S) = 2C/ (A+ B)
Here A = Number of species in one
system
B = Number of species in
another system
C = Number of species common in both
systems
Dissimilarity index (Sorenson
1948)
Dissimilarity index = 1- S
Here S = Similarity index
Simpson diversity index (Simpson
1949)
Simpson diversity index = {1- Σ ni (ni
-1)} / N(N-1)
Here N = Number of plants of the
species
ni =
Number of plants of a species
Identification of plant species
was done with the help of regional floras and taxonomists of the university.
Statistical measures for mean and standard deviation was carried out using
software SPSS version 16.
Results
a) Species diversity and distribution
Overall 41 species belonging to
19 families were documented from both study sites; 32 were dicots whereas
monocots were represented by only nine plant species (Table 1). The fallow land of site 2 was represented by
32 plant species and site 1 by 31 plant species. Twenty-two plant species were common to both
sites and 10 plant species were confined to site 2 while nine were confined
only to site 1. Artemisia scoparia, Conyza bonariensis, Croton bonplandianus,
Euphorbia hirta, Ipomoea pestigridis, Gnaphalium
purpureum, Polygonum plebeium, Stellaria media, and Xanthium strumarium were confined to site 1; Abutilon indicum, Cenchrus biflorus, C. catharticus,
C. setiger, Dactyloctenium
aegyptium, Digitaria
sanguinalis, Poa
annua, Sida cordifolia, Sesamum indicum, and Tribulus
terestris were confined to site 2; however, the
rest of the plant species were common at both locations. Poaceae (Table 2)
with seven plant species was dominant at site 2 while Asteraceae dominated with
six plant species at site 1.
b) Density and IVI at two
locations
Density values on both study
sites were recorded between 0.07–10.5.
In the case of perennial plant species, the maximum value (10.5) was
observed for Parthenium hysterophorus in
September at site 2. At site 1, however,
the value of this species varied between 1.00–3.53. At site 1, the maximum density was for Chenopodium
album (7.6) in August. Among
annuals, the maximum value was observed for Anagallis
arvensis (2.13) in March at site 2 and for Coronopus
didymus (3.26) in April at site 1. For species that are confined to a particular
study site, maximum density values were recorded for Artemisia scoparia (2.67) in site 1 and Digitaria
sangunalis (2.93) in site 2 (Appendix 1).
Importance Value Index (IVI)
values of the two study sites ranged from 0.26 to 106. Among perennials, Chenopodium album
(106) showed a maximum value in site 2 while in site 1 values of this index for
C. album was below 50.
Similarly for site 1, Achyranthes
aspera showed maximum values, i.e., 82.9 while in Site 2 values of IVI for
this species were below 50. Among
annuals, a maximum value of 71.4 was observed at site 2 for Anagallis
arvensis in January. Malva parviflora
was recorded to have maximum IVI, i.e., 11.2 at site 1 in January. Artemisia scoparia
which was confined to site 1 showed maximum density (27) in September while Cenchrus biflorus
recorded only at site 2 showed a maximum density, i.e., 8.03 in November
(Appendix 2).
c) Raunkiaer’s
frequency distribution classes
In Raunkiaer’s
frequency distribution classes curve for site 1 (Figure 2), a number of plant
species included in class A decreased up to June followed by an increase in the
number of species with a slight decrease in the month of September and
October. In frequency distribution class
B maximum number of species were recorded in March (12 species) and after
March, the species number started decreasing.
For class C maximum numbers of plant species were recorded; eight in
April with a slight decrease thereafter.
For class D the maximum number of plant species was four, recorded in
the month of December and in the rest of the months, the number of species for
this class distribution was between 1 and 0.
Very less number of plant species was recorded for class E. In January, March–May and November–December
no plant species were recorded in this category.
In Raunkiaer’s
frequency distribution classes curve for site 2 (Figure 3), the maximum species
were recorded in class A and B. In class
A the maximum number of plant species was eleven each recorded in March,
September and October. In class B, a
maximum number of plant species, i.e., seven were recorded in January after
that the number of individuals having frequency in this range decreased with a
slight increase in December (4). For
frequency class C the number of plant species recorded were 2 or 3 and in April
no plant species were recorded for this class. In frequency class D, the
maximum number of plant species was six in February. In frequency class E the number of plant
species decreased from March to December.
d) Diversity Indices
Values of all diversity indices
showed variation for each month (Figure 4).
Shannon Wiener index represents entropy in plant community. The values recorded for this index were between
1.73–2.69 at both studied locations. The highest value of this index was reported
in March (2.47) from site 1 while in December (2.69) from site 2.
Simpson Diversity index (Table
3) measures diversity of community by taking into consideration dominant
taxa. This index values recorded between
0.81–0.93 from both study sites. From
site 1 the highest value (0.91) was recorded in January and February, however,
from site 2 the highest value (0.93) was recorded in February only.
Evenness index indicated
evenness of plant species in particular community. The values for this index was recorded as
highest in December at both site 2 (0.88) and site 1 (0.70). In site 2 the highest value of 0.70 was also
recorded in the month of February.
Species Richness index (Menhinick index) value
was recorded between 0.82–1.95 and maximum value of this index was recorded
in January for both Site 2 (1.95) and Site 1 (1.75).
Sorenson similarity index
predicts similarity between study sites (Figure 3). The highest values of this index were
recorded (0.76) in February then values started decreasing and became the
lowest in July (0.45) after which value of this index started increasing. Dissimilarity index value was recorded to be
the highest in July (0.55).
Discussion
In the present investigation,
the difference in the number of individuals between systems, confinement of
plant species to particular systems and difference in dominance of plant
species may be due to environment, mainly edaphic or some other factors. Literature studies by many workers on a
number of plant species and dominant families in different land use systems
like Hailu (2017) recorded 58 plant species in rangelands of Ethiopia and 70
plant species (herbs, shrubs, and trees) were recorded by Kaur (2015) in
the wasteland of Amritsar. Kaur et al.
(2017) reported Asteraceae as the dominant family in Doaba
region of Punjab while Poaceae was reported as the
dominant family in the wasteland of Amritsar by Kaur (2015).
Among the perennials, density
values were a maximum up to 10.5 in September at site 2 while at site 1, the
maximum values were up to 7.6 recorded in August. The density values for annuals were below
three at both studied locations. Higher
density values at site 2 might be due to difference in fertility of soil or
other environmental factors.
Analysis of IVI indicated status and pattern
of variation of dominant plant species. Chenopodium
album at site 2 and Achyranthes
aspera at site 1 were identified as important species throughout the year
because their IVI values were higher than 50.
Differences in IVI values of two study sites might be due to changes in
surrounding conditions and anthropogenic activities. Similarly, Hailu (2017) worked out the IVI
values of rangelands with two different management practices and concluded
75.29 as maximum IVI value for the herbaceous species named Eragrostis
aspera.
In Raunkiaer’s
frequency distribution classes, there was absence of frequency class E at site
1 in January, March, April, May, November, and December whereas at site 2 class
C was non-existent in April. Missing of
classes indicates the heterogeneity in species diversity of study sites which
might be due to biotic factors (Iqbal 2008).
Raunkiaer’s frequency classes were also used
by Mishra et al. (2004) to study effects of anthropogenic disturbances on plant
diversity and community structures in Meghalaya, India.
Shannon Wiener index typical
values lies between 0 to 3.5. In the
present study, the index value ranged from 1.73 to 2.69. Higher values were recorded at site 2 fallow
land which indicated higher number of plant species. Pramanik & Das
(2015) calculated Shannon Wiener index to study vegetation of Buxa Tiger Reserve, Gorumara
national parks and recorded variation in values from 1.40 to 0.009.
Simpson diversity index
indicates diversity of dominant plant species. As values in the present study
were less than 1 so we can conclude study sites were not dominated by single
plant species. Index values were maximum in month of January (0.91) and
February (0.91) at site 1 whereas in February (0.93) at site 2. Iqbal (2008)
computed this index for urban localities of Krachi
with values from 1.36 to 4.54.
Overall mean values of Evenness
index were maximum at site 2 revealing evenness in distribution of individuals
of species. With respect to months,
species were evenly distributed in February at site 2 and in December at site
1. Similarly, Ismail et al. (2015) used
evenness index for herbaceous vegetation of two localities Rashad and Alabassia of Sudan and values reported by him ranged from
1.11 to 1.35.
From Menhinick
index values, it is concluded highest species richness was present at site
2. Maximum species richness was recorded
in January at both sites in Punjab.
Conclusions
The present documentation of
species suggests that fallow lands which are considered as waste lands have
enormous economic plant wealth. Punjab
being an agrarian state more stress is laid on use of land for cultivation
purposes but there is dire need to explore and document rich plant wealth in
fallow lands for medicinal or other economic values. By consulting the literature of medicinal
plants, it was concluded that all the plants documented in the study possess
medicinal values but due to a lack of awareness and research on these plant
species they are considered of no use.
Table 1. Floristic composition of fallow lands of two
locations (Ludhiana and Sangrur) in Punjab.
|
Plant species |
Family |
Group |
Site 1 |
Site 2 |
|
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet |
Malvaceae |
Dicot |
- |
+ |
|
Achyranthes aspera L. |
Amaranthaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Ageratum conyzoides L. |
Asteraceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Anagallis arvensis L. |
Primulaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. |
Asteraceae |
Dicot |
+ |
- |
|
Boerhavia diffusa L. |
Nyctaginaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton |
Apocynaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Cannabis sativa L. |
Malvaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link |
Fabaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. |
Poaceae |
Monocot |
- |
+ |
|
Cenchrus catharticus Delile |
Poaceae |
Monocot |
- |
+ |
|
Cenchrus setiger Vahl |
Poaceae |
Monocot |
- |
+ |
|
Chenopodium album L. |
Chenopodiacae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist |
Asteraceae |
Dicot |
+ |
- |
|
Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. |
Brassicaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Croton bonplandianus Baill. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
- |
|
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. |
Poaceae |
Monocot |
+ |
+ |
|
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. |
Poaceae |
Monocot |
- |
+ |
|
Dicliptera brachiata (Pursh) Spreng. |
Acanthaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. |
Poaceae |
Monocot |
- |
+ |
|
Euphorbia hirta L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
- |
|
Gnaphalium purpureum L. |
Asteraceae |
Dicot |
+ |
- |
|
Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. |
Fabaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
- |
|
Malva parviflora L. |
Malvaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Medicago polymorpha L. |
Fabaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Parthenium hysterophorus L. |
Asteraceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Poa annua L. |
Poaceae |
Monocot |
- |
+ |
|
Polygonum plebeium R.Br |
Polygonaceae |
Monocot |
+ |
- |
|
Sesamum indicum L. |
Pedaliaceae |
Dicot |
- |
+ |
|
Sida acuta Burm.f. |
Malvaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Sida cordifolia L. |
Malvaceae |
Dicot |
- |
+ |
|
Sisymbrium irio L. |
Brassicaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Spergula arvensis L. |
Caryophyllaceae |
Monocot |
+ |
+ |
|
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. |
Caryophyllaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
- |
|
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.. |
Fabaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Trianthema portulacastrum
L. |
Aizoaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Tribulus terrestris L. |
Zagophyllaceae |
Dicot |
- |
+ |
|
Urena lobata L. |
Malvaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Veronica agrestris L. |
Plantginaceae |
Dicot |
+ |
+ |
|
Xanthium strumarium L. |
Asteraceae |
Dicot |
+ |
- |
Table 2. Distribution of number of plant species among
families in fallow lands of Ludhiana and Sangrur in Punjab.
|
|
Family |
Site 1 |
Site 2 |
|
1 |
Asteraceae |
6 |
2 |
|
2 |
Poaceae |
1 |
7 |
|
3 |
Malvaceae |
4 |
6 |
|
4 |
Fabaceae |
4 |
4 |
|
5 |
Brassicaceae |
2 |
2 |
|
6 |
Caryophyllaceae |
2 |
1 |
|
7 |
Amaranthaceae |
1 |
1 |
|
8 |
Primulaceae |
1 |
1 |
|
9 |
Nyctaginaceae |
1 |
1 |
|
10 |
Apocynaceae |
1 |
1 |
|
11 |
Chenopodiaceae |
1 |
1 |
|
12 |
Acanthaceae |
1 |
1 |
|
13 |
Aizoacae |
1 |
1 |
|
14 |
Plantaginaceae |
1 |
1 |
|
15 |
Euphorbiaceae |
2 |
0 |
|
16 |
Convolvulaceae |
1 |
0 |
|
17 |
Polygonaceae |
1 |
0 |
|
18 |
Pedalliaceae |
0 |
1 |
|
19 |
Zagophyllaceae |
0 |
1 |
Table 3. Monthly Community characteristics of fallow
lands at both sites.
|
|
Fallow land (Site 1) |
Fallow land (Site 2) |
||||||
|
Parameter Month |
Shannon Wiener index |
Simpson diversity index |
Evenness index |
Menhinick index |
Shannon Wiener index |
Simpson diversity index |
Evenness index |
Menhinick index |
|
January |
2.33±0.35 |
0.91±0.01 |
0.77±0.11 |
1.71±0.15 |
2.13±0.2 |
0.85±0.59 |
0.56±0.11 |
1.95±0.21 |
|
February |
2.46±0.12 |
0.91±0.01 |
0.81±0.04 |
1.47±0.15 |
2.68±0.18 |
0.93±0.02 |
0.70±0.07 |
1.77±0.06 |
|
March |
2.47±0.12 |
0.89±0.01 |
0.80±0.04 |
1.47±0.11 |
2.56±0.27 |
0.90±0.04 |
0.65±0.12 |
1.52 ±0.15 |
|
April |
2.03±0.10 |
0.86±0.02 |
0.77±0.34 |
1.08±0.22 |
2.45±0.23 |
0.88±0.05 |
0.63±0.13 |
1.34±0.09 |
|
May |
1.73 ±0.7 |
0.81±0.12 |
0.81±0.21 |
1.11±0.16 |
2.09 ±0.22 |
0.85±0.04 |
0.64±0.04 |
1.24 ±0.16 |
|
June |
1.86 ±0.15 |
0.82±0.02 |
0.72±0.06 |
1.20 ±0.22 |
2.02±0.18 |
0.82 ±0.05 |
0.52 ±0.09 |
1.10 ±0.16 |
|
July |
2.02±0.04 |
0.85±0.13 |
0.67±0.15 |
1.38±0.30 |
1.73±0.23 |
0.85 ±0.05 |
0.50±0.11 |
1.32 ±0.14 |
|
August |
2.04±0.12 |
0.86±0.00 |
0.75 ±0.06 |
1.30±0.24 |
2.16±0.45 |
0.85±0.05 |
0.52 ±0.11 |
1.23±0.12 |
|
September |
2.11±0.06 |
0.87±0.00 |
0.73±0.02 |
1.41 ±0.05 |
2.34±0.26 |
0.87±0.04 |
0.55 ±0.12 |
1.23 ±0.09 |
|
October |
2.22±0.09 |
0.87±0.00 |
0.77 ±0.04 |
0.82±0.02 |
2.49±0.41 |
0.89±0.03 |
0.59 ±0.07 |
1.41 ±0.03 |
|
November |
2.08±0.11 |
0.87±0.00 |
0.77±0.04 |
0.83±0.00 |
2.28±0.18 |
0.88±0.02 |
0.63 ±0.07 |
0.83 ±0.04 |
|
December |
2.34±0.09 |
0.89±0.00 |
0.88±0.02 |
1.46±0.07 |
2.69±0.16 |
0.91±0.00 |
0.70±0.04 |
1.64 ±0.09 |
|
Mean |
2.14±0.25 |
0.87±0.32 |
0.77±0.90 |
1.27±0.30 |
2.30±0.36 |
0.87±0.05 |
0.60±0.10 |
1.38±0.31 |
(Mean ± Standard deviation).
Appendix 1. Variation in monthly density of plant
species in fallow land at site 1 (L) and
site 2 (Sangrur) from January–December
2017: L—Site 1 | S—Site 2 | *—indicates absence of plant species | 0—indicates
completion of life-cycle of plant | L—Ludhiana | S—Sangrur.
|
|
Month |
Jan |
Feb |
March |
April |
May |
June |
July |
Aug |
Sept |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
||||||||||||
|
|
Plant species |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
|
1 |
Abutilon Indicum (L.) Sweet |
* |
1.4 |
* |
1.4 |
* |
0.8 |
* |
0.8 |
* |
0.8 |
* |
1 |
* |
1.4 |
* |
1.4 |
* |
1.4 |
* |
1.4 |
* |
1.4 |
* |
1.4 |
|
2 |
Achyranthes
aspera L. |
1.86 |
4.34 |
2.53 |
2.67 |
2.53 |
2.07 |
1.93 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
1.07 |
0 |
0.87 |
0 |
0.87 |
0 |
1.87 |
0 |
2.07 |
0 |
1.87 |
0 |
1.8 |
|
3 |
Ageratum conyzoides L. |
0.8 |
0.27 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
0.73 |
0.53 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
4 |
Anagallis arvensis L. |
1.07 |
1 |
1.67 |
1.07 |
1.53 |
2.13 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
5 |
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
1.67 |
* |
1.67 |
* |
1.87 |
* |
2.33 |
* |
2.27 |
* |
1.31 |
* |
2.27 |
* |
2.67 |
* |
|
6 |
Boerhavia diffusa L. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.67 |
0.6 |
0.67 |
0.6 |
0.67 |
0.87 |
0.67 |
0.87 |
0.67 |
0.8 |
0.67 |
0.73 |
0 |
0 |
|
7 |
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton |
0.13 |
0.27 |
0.13 |
0.27 |
0.13 |
0.73 |
0.13 |
0.73 |
0.13 |
0.87 |
0.13 |
1.13 |
0.13 |
0.27 |
0.27 |
0.27 |
0.27 |
0.27 |
0.23 |
0.27 |
0.27 |
0.27 |
0.27 |
0.27 |
|
8 |
Cannabis sativa L. |
1.8 |
0.8 |
6 |
2.2 |
6 |
6.27 |
3.87 |
1 |
3.4 |
3.47 |
3.4 |
0.53 |
3 |
6.07 |
3 |
6.07 |
2.73 |
6.07 |
2.03 |
3.53 |
2.73 |
3.53 |
2.06 |
1.27 |
|
9 |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link |
1.2 |
0.87 |
1.2 |
0.6 |
1.2 |
1 |
2.47 |
0 |
0.87 |
0.67 |
0.87 |
0.8 |
0.87 |
1.93 |
0.87 |
1.93 |
0.93 |
2.8 |
0.75 |
2.8 |
0.93 |
2.6 |
0.93 |
2.53 |
|
10 |
Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. |
* |
0.74 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
4.67 |
* |
0.8 |
* |
0.8 |
* |
0.87 |
* |
0.87 |
* |
0.87 |
* |
1.33 |
|
11 |
Cenchrus catharticus Delile |
* |
0.54 |
* |
0.74 |
* |
0 |
* |
2.07 |
* |
0 |
* |
1.8 |
* |
0.27 |
* |
0.27 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.4 |
* |
0.4 |
|
12 |
Cenchrus setiger Vahl |
* |
0 |
* |
1.06 |
* |
1.87 |
* |
2.6 |
* |
0.8 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
|
13 |
Chenopodium album L. |
0.33 |
0 |
1.2 |
2.07 |
1.2 |
1.07 |
1.13 |
1.73 |
0 |
3.13 |
0 |
5.27 |
1.33 |
7.6 |
1.33 |
7.6 |
1.2 |
7.6 |
1 |
5.33 |
1.13 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
|
14 |
Conyza Bonariensis (L.) Cronquist |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0.07 |
* |
0.07 |
* |
0.07 |
* |
0.07 |
* |
0.08 |
* |
0.07 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
15 |
Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. |
0.53 |
0.2 |
1.8 |
0.74 |
1.8 |
1.93 |
3.26 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.87 |
|
16 |
Croton bonplandianus Baill. |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0.07 |
* |
0.2 |
* |
0.03 |
* |
0.23 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
17 |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. |
4 |
1.8 |
4 |
2.13 |
4.67 |
2.27 |
4.67 |
2.87 |
4.67 |
1.8 |
4.67 |
1.93 |
0.67 |
1.8 |
4.67 |
1.8 |
4.67 |
1.8 |
4.67 |
1.8 |
4.67 |
1.8 |
4.67 |
1.8 |
|
18 |
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0.53 |
* |
0.53 |
* |
0.53 |
* |
0.53 |
* |
0.2 |
* |
0 |
|
19 |
Dicliptera brachiata (Pursh) Spreng. |
0.27 |
0.33 |
0.27 |
0.34 |
0.27 |
0.33 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.33 |
0 |
0.28 |
0.4 |
0.33 |
0.4 |
0.34 |
0.4 |
|
20 |
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
* |
2.93 |
* |
2.93 |
* |
2.93 |
* |
2.8 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
|
21 |
Euphorbia hirta L. |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0.13 |
* |
0.13 |
* |
0.13 |
* |
0.16 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
22 |
Gnaphalium purpureum L. |
0.13 |
* |
0.2 |
* |
0.2 |
* |
0.2 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
23 |
Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. |
0 |
0 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.67 |
0.2 |
1 |
0.2 |
0.47 |
0.2 |
0.47 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
24 |
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.67 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
25 |
Malva Parviflora L. |
0.93 |
0.27 |
1.33 |
0.8 |
1.53 |
0.53 |
0 |
0.27 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.87 |
1.54 |
|
26 |
Medicago polymorpha L. |
0.4 |
0.34 |
0.47 |
0.4 |
0.27 |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
27 |
Parthenium hysterophorus L. |
1 |
0.74 |
1 |
2.73 |
1 |
3.53 |
1 |
3.53 |
1 |
1.4 |
1 |
6.07 |
2.33 |
10.5 |
2.33 |
10.5 |
2.47 |
10.5 |
1.23 |
7.53 |
1.73 |
3.6 |
1.73 |
3.2 |
|
28 |
Poa annua L. |
* |
0 |
* |
0.4 |
* |
1.27 |
* |
1.27 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
|
29 |
Polygonum plebeium R.Br |
0 |
* |
0.07 |
* |
0.07 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
30 |
Sesamum Indicum L. |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.27 |
|
31 |
Sida acuta Burm.f. |
2.13 |
0 |
2.13 |
1.93 |
2.13 |
1.93 |
2.27 |
1.93 |
1.13 |
0.33 |
1.13 |
0.2 |
1.33 |
2.6 |
1.33 |
2.6 |
1.27 |
2.6 |
1 |
2.67 |
1.53 |
1.33 |
1.53 |
1.33 |
|
32 |
Sida Cordifolia L. |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0.27 |
* |
0.27 |
* |
0.87 |
* |
0.87 |
* |
0.53 |
* |
0.53 |
|
33 |
Sisymbrium irio L. |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.33 |
1.87 |
0.33 |
1.73 |
0.33 |
1.73 |
0 |
0.8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
|
34 |
Spergula
arvensis L. |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1.07 |
1.13 |
1.2 |
0 |
1.2 |
0 |
1.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1.2 |
|
35 |
Stellaria media (L.)
Vill. |
0.8 |
* |
1.6 |
* |
0.8 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0.27 |
* |
|
36 |
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0.13 |
0.6 |
0.13 |
0.6 |
0.13 |
0.73 |
0.13 |
0.73 |
0.13 |
0.73 |
0.13 |
0.73 |
0.13 |
0.73 |
0.13 |
0 |
|
37 |
Trianthema portulacastrumL. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1.07 |
0.47 |
0.6 |
0 |
0.6 |
0.13 |
1 |
0.13 |
1 |
0.13 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
38 |
Tribulus terrestris L. |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0.33 |
* |
0.8 |
* |
0.8 |
* |
0.93 |
* |
0.93 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
|
39 |
Urena lobata L. |
0.13 |
0.67 |
0.13 |
0.4 |
0.13 |
0.67 |
0.13 |
0.73 |
0.27 |
0.8 |
0.27 |
0.33 |
0.27 |
0.47 |
0.27 |
0.2 |
0.13 |
0.6 |
0.13 |
0.53 |
0.13 |
0.33 |
0.13 |
0.33 |
|
40 |
Veronica agrestris L. |
0.4 |
0.8 |
1.06 |
0.8 |
1.07 |
0.4 |
0 |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
41 |
Xanthium strumarium L. |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0.2 |
* |
0.2 |
* |
0.2 |
* |
0.67 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
Appendix 2. Variation in monthly Importance Value
Index(IVI) of plant species in fallow land at Site 1(L) and Site 2(S),
January–December 2017.
|
|
Month |
Jan |
Feb |
March |
April |
May |
June |
July |
August |
September |
October |
November |
December |
||||||||||||
|
|
Plant species |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
L |
S |
|
1 |
Abutilon Indicum (L.) Sweet |
* |
86.2 |
* |
42.6 |
* |
44.5 |
* |
35.1 |
* |
30.8 |
* |
25 |
* |
24.3 |
* |
23.7 |
* |
22.9 |
* |
26.3 |
* |
67.2 |
* |
48.6 |
|
2 |
Achyranthes aspera L. |
82.9 |
52.2 |
72.9 |
23.1 |
71.6 |
15 |
70.4 |
13.9 |
5.35 |
18.1 |
5.26 |
11.7 |
43.7 |
8.6 |
57.4 |
8.91 |
58.8 |
11.2 |
64.7 |
10.4 |
63.1 |
18.5 |
69.4 |
16.5 |
|
3 |
Ageratum conyzoides L. |
6.96 |
5.06 |
4.27 |
6.01 |
4.22 |
4.63 |
3.46 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
4 |
Anagallis arvensis L. |
13.3 |
71.4 |
13.9 |
28.5 |
11.4 |
14.4 |
0 |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
5 |
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
12 |
* |
11.9 |
* |
24.1 |
* |
27.4 |
* |
27 |
* |
26.1 |
* |
22.9 |
* |
24.5 |
* |
|
6 |
Boerhavia diffusa L. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.43 |
8.81 |
1.68 |
5.57 |
1.5 |
6.58 |
1.59 |
6.18 |
1.53 |
7.23 |
1.61 |
10.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
7 |
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton |
8.95 |
15.8 |
6.14 |
8.74 |
6.06 |
14.3 |
7.52 |
10.8 |
26.2 |
11.3 |
25.6 |
9.61 |
9.51 |
5.94 |
16.3 |
5.99 |
16.7 |
5.81 |
15.6 |
6.97 |
15.4 |
13.3 |
15.3 |
2.94 |
|
8 |
Cannabis sativa L. |
19.4 |
13.1 |
33.5 |
15.2 |
31.6 |
30.9 |
34.7 |
36.1 |
13.5 |
29.5 |
13.3 |
25.4 |
30.9 |
23.3 |
28.8 |
23.8 |
26.4 |
21.6 |
25.7 |
17.4 |
21 |
31.3 |
20 |
63.2 |
|
9 |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link |
18.8 |
18.7 |
14.2 |
5.77 |
12 |
10.5 |
28.7 |
10.3 |
12 |
10.3 |
11.9 |
8.27 |
20.1 |
12.9 |
18.5 |
13.1 |
17.9 |
14.9 |
17.2 |
16.8 |
16 |
31.8 |
16 |
19.3 |
|
10 |
Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. |
* |
10.4 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
5 |
* |
5.13 |
* |
4.89 |
* |
5.09 |
* |
8.03 |
* |
7.1 |
|
11 |
Cenchrus catharticus Delile |
* |
12.7 |
* |
5.62 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
5.28 |
* |
3.11 |
* |
3.23 |
* |
3.73 |
* |
3.77 |
* |
6.71 |
* |
5.18 |
|
12 |
Cenchrus setiger Vahl |
* |
0 |
* |
7.17 |
* |
9.76 |
* |
9.34 |
* |
3.17 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
|
13 |
Chenopodium album L. |
13.9 |
0 |
28.5 |
61.3 |
28.3 |
44.5 |
33 |
68.5 |
0 |
106 |
0 |
102 |
54 |
99.5 |
45 |
100 |
42.3 |
7.17 |
39.5 |
88 |
37 |
0 |
31.8 |
0 |
|
14 |
Conyza Bonariensis (L.) Cronquist |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0.61 |
* |
1.62 |
* |
1.56 |
* |
1.62 |
* |
1.55 |
* |
1.28 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
15 |
Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. |
5.94 |
5.5 |
15.4 |
7.88 |
13.3 |
11.8 |
26.9 |
11.9 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
8.91 |
|
16 |
Croton bonplandianus Baill. |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
1.68 |
* |
3.43 |
* |
3.84 |
* |
5.24 |
* |
4.82 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
17 |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. |
33.7 |
15.5 |
24.3 |
12.2 |
24.1 |
11 |
36.1 |
11.6 |
3.02 |
10.9 |
2.98 |
9.07 |
42.9 |
6.47 |
40.4 |
6.64 |
40.7 |
6.19 |
39.9 |
6.94 |
33.8 |
11 |
36.5 |
9.91 |
|
18 |
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
4.62 |
* |
4.71 |
* |
4.29 |
* |
4.37 |
* |
3.16 |
* |
0 |
|
19 |
Dicliptera brachiata
|
4.32 |
7.39 |
3.33 |
4.28 |
2.77 |
6.14 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5.45 |
0 |
5.29 |
3.63 |
5.18 |
5.87 |
4.82 |
4.57 |
|
20 |
Digitaria sanguinalis |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
13.2 |
* |
13.4 |
* |
12.3 |
* |
12.8 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
|
21 |
Euphorbia hirta L. |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
1.8 |
* |
1.74 |
* |
1.81 |
* |
1.76 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
22 |
Gnaphalium purpureum L. |
2.75 |
* |
2.37 |
* |
1.8 |
* |
2.17 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
23 |
Indigofera linifolia |
0 |
0 |
2.25 |
5.64 |
2.19 |
4.71 |
3.09 |
6.76 |
1.25 |
11.4 |
1.23 |
9.4 |
4.84 |
4.58 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
24 |
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0.61 |
* |
4.13 |
* |
3.97 |
* |
1.55 |
* |
3.21 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
25 |
Malva Parviflora L. |
11.2 |
6.57 |
9.95 |
8.23 |
10.6 |
6.86 |
0 |
5.32 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
9.73 |
15 |
|
26 |
Medicago polymorpha
|
6.09 |
11.6 |
4.42 |
19.7 |
2.99 |
24.6 |
0 |
24 |
0 |
15.4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
31.4 |
0 |
24.5 |
|
27 |
Parthenium hysterophorus L. |
7.97 |
8.13 |
5.66 |
3.09 |
4.82 |
4.27 |
11.1 |
3.98 |
1.71 |
15.41 |
1.7 |
36.29 |
24.4 |
36.67 |
22.8 |
37.22 |
24.7 |
34.44 |
20 |
31.2 |
18.6 |
31.86 |
18.3 |
24.5 |
|
28 |
Poa annua L. |
* |
0 |
* |
5.41 |
* |
8.78 |
* |
8.39 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
|
0 |
* |
0 |
|
29 |
Polygonum plebeium R.Br |
0 |
* |
1.01 |
* |
0.94 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
|
30 |
Sesamum Indicum L. |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
3.36 |
* |
3.48 |
* |
3.24 |
* |
3.32 |
|
5.08 |
* |
3.88 |
|
31 |
Sida acuta Burm.f. |
33.6 |
0 |
24.1 |
26.2 |
21.5 |
7.67 |
32.9 |
6.77 |
23.3 |
7.56 |
22.8 |
26.3 |
25.1 |
20 |
22 |
20.5 |
21.4 |
19.3 |
23.5 |
21.8 |
23.3 |
29.1 |
22.4 |
21 |
|
32 |
Sida Cordifolia L. |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
3.12 |
* |
3.4 |
* |
5.96 |
* |
6.2 |
|
8.02 |
* |
6.83 |
|
33 |
Sisymbrium irio L. |
3.02 |
7.19 |
2.78 |
15.2 |
1.83 |
13.5 |
5.86 |
12.9 |
0 |
10.6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
11.9 |
15.8 |
|
34 |
Spergula arvensis L. |
10.5 |
0 |
8.41 |
6.96 |
7.33 |
11.4 |
0 |
11.1 |
0 |
16.6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
11.1 |
|
35 |
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. |
9.56 |
* |
13 |
* |
6.76 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
4.16 |
* |
|
36 |
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5.91 |
0 |
5.72 |
0.26 |
7.51 |
0.26 |
5.63 |
2.03 |
5.72 |
1.88 |
5.91 |
1.76 |
5.53 |
1.7 |
5.76 |
1.8 |
6.89 |
0 |
0 |
|
37 |
Trianthema portulacastrum L. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
9.49 |
0 |
5.14 |
0 |
5.27 |
1.75 |
5.83 |
1.69 |
6.07 |
1.79 |
0 |
1.66 |
0 |
|
38 |
Tribulus terrestris L. |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
4.34 |
* |
6.15 |
* |
6.24 |
* |
7.07 |
* |
7.23 |
|
0 |
* |
0 |
|
39 |
Urena lobata L. |
1.54 |
10.4 |
1.22 |
4.59 |
1.24 |
4.83 |
1.75 |
5.44 |
1.44 |
10.9 |
1.4 |
3.68 |
4.12 |
2.98 |
3.89 |
1.67 |
2.06 |
4.03 |
2 |
4.08 |
2.08 |
6.33 |
1.75 |
4.93 |
|
40 |
Veronica agrestris L. |
5.48 |
71.4 |
9.57 |
5.73 |
8.84 |
3.7 |
0 |
2.1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
41 |
Xanthium strumarium L. |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
3.76 |
* |
3.46 |
* |
3.4 |
* |
3.27 |
* |
0 |
* |
0 |
* |
Ludhiana—Site 1 |
Sangrur—Site 2 | *—indicates absence of plant species | 0—indicates completion
of life-cycle of plant.
For
figures & images – click here
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