Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October
2019 | 11(13): 14631–14642
Camera trap survey of mammals
in Cleopatra’s Needle Critical Habitat in Puerto Princesa
City, Palawan, Philippines
Paris N. Marler
1 , Solomon Calago 2, Mélanie Ragon 3 & Lyca Sandrea G. Castro 4
1,2 Centre
for Sustainability PH, Inc. PENRO Road, Puerto Princesa
City, 5300 Palawan, Philippines.
3 1321 Route de
Deyrier, 74350 Cruseilles,
France.
4 Western
Philippines University-Puerto Princesa Campus, Sta.
Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines.
1 pariscsph@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 solomoncsph@gmail.com, 3 ragon.melanie.r@gmail.com,
4 lycasandrea_castro@yahoo.com
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5013.11.13.14631-14642
|
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6E79FC3B-C503-4CA4-820C-CB3752D014E5
Editor: Giovanni Amori, CNR -
Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Roma, Italy. Date
of publication: 26 October 2019 (online & print)
Manuscript details: #5013 | Received 16 April 2019 |
Final received 06 June 2019 | Finally accepted 26 September 2019
Citation: Marler, P.N., S. Calago,
M. Ragon & L.S.G. Castro (2019). Camera trap survey of mammals in Cleopatra’s Needle
Critical Habitat in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan,
Philippines. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(13): 14631–14642. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5013.11.13.14631-14642
Copyright: © Marler et al. 2019. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s)
and the source of publication.
Funding: IdeaWild,
Centre for Sustainability
PH, Inc., Southsea Exclusive
Philippines, Inc.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Paris N. Marler graduated from the University of
California, Berkeley and is currently
a researcher with Centre for
Sustainability PH, Inc. Her past research involved
conservation and ecology of Cycas micronesica. Solomon Calago is the senior field officer and co-founder at Centre
For Sustainability Philippines, Inc. He
is an expert cave spelunker and leads the cave spelunking team with research
and cave assessments. He also leads
tree-climbing and cone collection for tree propagation in the Saving the Almaciga Tree Project.
He assists with any education and assessment research. Mélanie Ragon has a license degree in rural planning and
geography in the University of Lyon 3.
Her master work (in sustainable tourism) focused on the touristic
potentiality of the rural places in France.
Lyca Sandrea G. Castro
is a faculty at the College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Western
Philippines University.
Author contribution: PM—conceptualized study, collected and analyzed data, wrote final version
of manuscript. SC—collected data, translated in the field. MR—collected and analyzed
data. LC—supervised study, helped in the revision of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: We thank the following: Batak and Tagbanua
residents in the communities (sitios) Kalakwasan and Tagnaya for allowing us to pursue this study in their
forest; the Barangays Tanabag, Concepcion, and Binduyan for their support; Wing Wing
Sican, Anito Dinampo, Jobert Alisin, and Adono Mutin for their valuable work as porter guides throughout
this study; Centre for Sustainability PH, Inc. and Southsea Exclusive
Philippines, Inc. for providing personnel and resources necessary for this
project; Idea Wild for the camera traps used in this study; the Palawan Council
for Sustainable Development Staff (PCSDs) for the permits necessary to conduct
this fieldwork and the College of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences at Western
Philippine University (WPU) for the personnel and faculty support for this
project.
Abstract: A camera trap survey was
conducted in the recently protected Cleopatra’s Needle Critical Habitat (CNCH)
in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines from
February to May 2015 at 39 camera trap sites.
A bait of common pig’s blood was used at 36 sites, while the three
remaining sites were surveyed without a bait and monitored a stream with a
latrine site or mud bath with tracks.
Seven native species were detected and three of these species were
endemic to the island province. Species
included: Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus philippinensis, Palawan Porcupine Hystrix
pumila, Collared Mongoose Urva
semitorquata, Palawan Stink Badger Mydaus marchei,
Palawan Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi, Asian
Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus, and Malay Civet Viverra
tangalunga.
Analysis of the activity patterns of the three most commonly captured
species revealed predominantly nocturnal activity for the Common Palm Civet,
Palawan Porcupine, and Palawan Stink Badger.
The Philippine Palm Civet showed occasional diurnal activity. The seven photo-captured species appeared
most common, or were at the least recorded, below 750m. Five species (the Philippine Palm Civet,
Palawan Porcupine, Collared Mongoose, Palawan Stink Badger, and Palawan Leopard
Cat) were also recorded above 1000m. The
CNCH supports two threatened species, the Palawan Porcupine and the Asian
Small-clawed Otter, which are listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, and the
Collared Mongoose is listed as Near Threatened.
The Palawan Leopard Cat is considered Vulnerable within the Philippines,
although it has yet to be assessed by the IUCN.
This documentation highlights the biodiversity significance within the
newly protected critical habitat and the need to support ongoing conservation
efforts within the critical habitat.
Keywords: Activity patterns, camera trap,
carnivores, Felidae, Herpestidae, Hystricidae,
Mephitidae, Mustelidae, Viverridae.
Abbreviations: CNCH—Cleopatra’s Needle Critical
Habitat | IUCN—International Union for the Conservation of Nature | SD—Secure Digital.
Introduction
The seven carnivore species inhabiting Palawan,
Philippines belong to five families: Viverridae, Herpestidae, Mephitidae, Felidae,
and Mustelidae (Esselstyn
et al. 2004). One porcupine species
(family Hystricidae) also inhabits this island
province (Esselstyn et al. 2004). Of these eight species, four are endemic to
Palawan: Palawan Porcupine Hystrix pumila Günther, 1879; Palawan Stink Badger Mydaus marchei Huet, 1887; Palawan Leopard Cat Prionailurus
bengalensis heaneyi
Groves, 1997; and Palawan Bearcat Arctictis
binturong whitei Allen, 1910. The remaining four species are indigenous:
Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus philippinensis Jourdan, 1837; Collared Mongoose Urva semitorquata Gray, 1846; Malay Civet Viverra
tangalunga Gray, 1832;
and Asian Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus Illiger, 1815. Researchers have reported the occurrence and
morphology of these species in Palawan since the early 20th century
(Allen 1910; Sanborn 1952; Rabor et al. 1986; Heaney
et al. 1998; Esselstyn et al. 2004; Castro &
Dolorosa 2006; Santiago-Flores et al. 2010; Manalo et al. 2016). Veron et al. (2015a
& b) recently conducted molecular analyses of U. semitorquata
and P. philippinensis in Palawan, resulting in
some taxonomic changes.
Deforestation and mining are widespread in Palawan,
evident in the 11% of forest loss between 2000 and 2005 and over 300 pending
mining applications in 2008 (Mallari et al. 2011). Increased human immigration to Palawan has
put greater stress on the land to sustain agriculture for the growing human
population (Shivley & Martinez 2001). These mounting environmental pressures have
been inadequately studied, but may have devastating effects on the habitats of
the island’s native species. We need
ongoing ecological research to increase our understanding of how Palawan’s
wildlife will respond to the accumulating anthropogenic changes and how we can
protect Palawan’s wildlife.
In 2017, as part of a collaborative effort by the
Centre for Sustainability PH, Inc., the City Government of Puerto Princesa, and the Palawan Council for Sustainable
Development, the Cleopatra’s Needle Critical Habitat (CNCH) in northeast Puerto
Princesa City, Palawan was legally proclaimed, as per
the Philippine Wildlife Act. This effort
has safeguarded the native species occupying this forest from deforestation,
while ensuring the rights of access for the Batak and Tagbanua
indigenous people communities living within the critical habitat. Prior surveys of mammals within this
newly-protected forest have been limited in sampling time and extent (Esselstyn et al. 2004; Marler et
al. 2018).
In this study we aimed to document the eight target
mammal species within the CNCH and observe patterns in the activity times of
these species using baited and unbaited camera traps
over a four-month period. The findings
from this study contributed to the 2017 protection of the CNCH and will help
guide future mammal research in this forest.
We provide elevational occurrence and for the first time, activity
patterns for several species of mammals in Palawan.
Materials and Methods
Study Area
The CNCH is situated in Puerto Princesa
City, Palawan, Philippines, approximately 50km north of the city proper (Figure
1b). Seven ‘barangays’ (Tagalog:
smallest political districts in the Philippines) that comprise the
41,350-hectare critical habitat include: Binduyan,
Concepcion, Langogan, New Pangangan,
San Rafael, Tagabinet, and Tanabag. The centerpiece of
the CNCH is Cleopatra’s Needle Mountain (10.1230N & 118.9950E
1,593m; Figure 2). The CNCH is adjacent
to the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National
Park, which extends to the west coast of the island. The CNCH is bordered by the Sulu Sea to the
southeast. Major vegetation types in the
CNCH include: lowland tropical/evergreen forest, lower montane forest, mossy
forest, swamp forest, beach forest, and cultivated land for perennial and
annual crops (Fernando et al. 2008).
This study was conducted between February and May of 2015 in three
political districts within the CNCH: Binduyan,
Concepcion, and Tanabag. Study sites spanned lowland tropical forest
(0–~900 m), lower montane forest (~900–~1100 m), and mossy forest (~1100–~1593
m) (Table 1).
Methods
Camera trapping was conducted using Bushnell Trophy
Cams (Model 119537C and Model 119436C).
These trail cameras use a passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor, wherein
cameras are triggered when heat passes within the detection cone of the
infrared sensor. The cameras use built
in infrared LED’s to capture low light images and a color
flash to capture brighter, daytime images.
Model 119537C was capable of recording photographs or videos, while
Model 119436C was capable of recording photographs followed by a video.
When camera model 119537C was used, it was set to take
three photographs; when camera model 119436C was used, it was set to take three
photographs followed by a 10-second video.
A 32GB secure digital (SD) card was used in each camera. Cameras functioned for 24-hour cycles with a
five-second trigger time between trigger events. Cameras were deployed at 39 locations
throughout the critical habitat for a total of 12,152 trapping hours (Table 1). Thirty sites in three transects were referred
to as the ‘transect sites;’ six sites set randomly were referred to as the
‘opportunistic baited sites;’ and three sites set near a stream or mud bath
were referred to as the ‘unbaited sites’ (Figure
2).
For the transect sites, 10 cameras were set along each
of the three 10-kilometer transects.
Each transect extended from the southern border of the critical habitat
towards the peak of Cleopatra’s Needle Mountain (Figure 2), with one camera
trap positioned at the peak. These sites
employed the same methods used for the CNCH sites in Marler
(2016). We followed regular trail routes
created by hunters and by almaciga tree Agathis philippinensis
Warb. resin collectors to reach pre-selected UTM
coordinates (Gerber et al. 2010; Gerber et al. 2012). We created our own trails only when there
were no existing trails. Camera trap
sites were established near signs of animal presence (such as animal trails,
droppings, or dig marks in the ground) at least 10m from the trail (O’Brien et
al. 2003; Ancrenaz et al. 2012; Meek 2012). New coordinates were recorded using a Garmin etrex handheld GPS unit at each camera trap site. Camera traps were strapped to large trees
30-------------–40 cm from the ground with 150ml of domestic pig’s blood bait
placed 2m in front of each camera trap (Thorn et al. 2009; Gerber et al. 2011;
Meek 2012). This bait is likely to
attract the carnivores in the forest, however, H. pumila
is herbivorous and A. binturong whitei
is mostly frugivorous, so they are unlikely to be strongly attracted to this bait. From the GPS coordinates recorded in the
field, camera traps were ultimately spaced 1.05 km± 0.1 km (mean -± standard
deviation) away from the next camera in each transect (O’Brien et al. 2003; Ancrenaz et al. 2012).
These sites were surveyed for 21–39 nights.
Six opportunistic baited sites were surveyed east of
the transect sites in Binduyan. Camera trap site selection was performed in
the field at random, but the sites were similarly selected near signs of animal
presence (O’Brien et al. 2003; Ancrenaz et al. 2012;
Meek 2012). Once a site was selected,
the coordinates were recorded, and the camera traps were strapped to large
trees with a pig’s blood bait, following the procedure for the transect sites. These sites were surveyed for 11–14 nights.
For the unbaited sites, two
sites were selected near streams with A. cinereus
spraints and one site was selected near a mud bath (1165 masl)
created by Palawan Bearded Pigs Sus ahoenobarbus Huet, 1888 (Anito Dinampo and Pedro Mutin 2015
pers. comm.). The coordinates for these
locations were recorded. Camera traps
were strapped to large trees or sturdy logs at 40–90 cm above the ground and 1m
away from the stream to best attain images of the stream or mud bath
nearby. No bait was used in these locations. These sites were surveyed for 7–37 nights.
Upon retrieval of the camera traps in the field, SD
cards were securely packed. The SD cards
were observed for the presence of the eight target species and labeled accordingly from a computer in the lab. Photo-captures were recorded from the
photographs and videos of the target species: if a species triggered the camera
within a one-hour time frame, it was considered one photo-capture, regardless
of the number of individuals in the image.
The photo-captures were used to create time activity patterns for
mammals with 4% or more of the target species photo-captures, following
Sreekumar & Nameer (2018) who excluded carnivores
under 4% of photo-captures from their time activity analysis. Photo-captures of the same species at the
same camera-trap location within a one-hour time frame were considered one
independent event; multiple species photo-captured in one image were each
considered an independent event. We
examined the independent events at various elevations across the camera trap
array.
Results
A total of 8,963 images and videos were recorded among
38 sites during the study period, as one camera within the transect sites
malfunctioned. Seven of our target
species were detected in 2,328 images and videos, with the following percentage
of photo-captures: P. philippinensis (50%), H.
pumila (42%), M. marchei
(4%), U. semitorquata (3%), P.b. heaneyi (2%), A.
cinereus (1%), and V. tangalunga
(<1%) (Images 1–7, Table 2).
Time activity patterns were analyzed
for P. philippinensis, H. pumila and M. marchei. We used 2,189 images for this analysis
(Figure 3), which resulted in 318 independent time stamps. All three species
were active throughout the night between 18.00–06.00 h. Paradoxurus
philippinensis, however, showed activity as late
as 10.00h in the morning and as early as 16.00h in the afternoon, with peak
activity occurring near crepuscular hours between 04.00–06.00 h and 18.00–22.00
h. Hystrix
pumila was active into crepuscular hours, with
three peaks in activity occurring from 01.00–02.00 h, 19.00–20.00 h, and
22.00–23.00 h. Mydaus
marchei was only found to be active at night,
with stark peaks in activity between 00.00–01.00 h and 19.00–20.00 h.
Urva semitorquata was recorded eight times between 16:00 and 18:00 and
three times during the day (06.54h, 09.33h and 14.41h). Prionailurus
bengalensis heaneyi was
recorded five times at night and twice after dawn (06.34h and 07.34h). Aonyx cinereus was recorded once at night, once at 16.51h,
and twice after dawn (06.01h and 06.36h).
Viverra tangalunga
was recorded twice at 05.47h and 06.39h.
The independent events recorded for each species at
various elevation ranges are found in Table 3.
Paradoxurus philippinensis
was found at every elevation range where we had camera traps and appeared most
common between 250m and 1,000m. Hystrix pumila was
documented up to 1,165m, but was more common below 1,000m. Urva
semitorquata was photo-captured between 251m and
1,000m and twice at the peak of Cleopatra’s Needle Mountain. Mydaus marchei was more readily found between zero and 750m,
with one record at 1,233m. Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi was found
between zero and 1,250m, but was more common at elevations above 1,000m. Aonyx cinereus was recorded from the two camera trap sites by
streams at 382m and 120m. Viverra tangalunga
was recorded twice at 403m and 962m.
Discussion
We recorded P. philippinensis,
H. pumila, M. marchei,
V. tangalunga, U. semitorquata,
P.b. heaneyi,
and A. cinereus using camera traps within the
CNCH. The three most commonly
photographed species, P. philippinensis, H.
pumila, and M. marchei,
exhibited predominantly nocturnal activity.
The remaining species represented too small a percentage of the
photo-captures to visualize activity patterns.
Three ecological studies (Allen 1910; Rabor 1986; Esselstyn et al.
2004) recorded Arctictis binturong whitei in Palawan.
But in this study, we were unable to photo-capture this species probably
because they are not attracted to pig’s blood as bait. Our lack of photo-captures might also be due
to our camera trap positioning on the forest floor. Arctictis
binturong whitei is largely arboreal (Wemmer & Murtaugh 1981),
hence arboreal positioned camera traps could increase the probability of
photo-captures. Previous studies have
recorded A. binturong using terrestrial camera traps in forests outside
of the Philippines (Azlan & Lading 2006; Mathai
et al. 2010), but these detections were limited.
We photo-captured multiple individuals in one
photograph for H. pumila, U. semitorquata and A. cinereus. Two and three H. pumila
individuals were photo-captured in a single image. Two U. semitorquata
individuals were photo-captured in a single image. Four and six A. cinereus
individuals were photo-captured in a single image. Further data collection
could help us determine average family size for these gregarious species within
the CNCH.
The time activity patterns visualized for P. philippinensis, H. pumila,
and M. marchei are similar throughout the
night (Figure 4). Palawan lacks large
mammals (Reis & Garong 2001), which could give
the mammals in our study greater freedom to range without the danger of being
preyed on. The CNCH carnivores may have
less competition for resources that would otherwise be present in forests with
larger predators. Further studies analyzing the time activity patterns of carnivores within
the CNCH could prove mutually exclusive activity at specific hours by species
with similar diets.
Species Accounts
Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus
philippinensis: This civet is the most common
carnivore in Palawan (Esselstyn et al. 2004), with
widespread sightings in published surveys (Allen 1910; Sanborn 1952; Esselstyn et al. 2004; Marler et
al. 2018) and the most photo-captures among mammals in this study. Paradoxurus
philippinensis’ primarily nocturnal activity
contributes to other nocturnal observations for P. hermaphroditus,
a close relative (Chetana & Ganesh 2007; Gray
& Phan 2011). The occasional diurnal
activity observed here was also reported by Mathai et al. (2010) for P. hermaphroditus in Borneo. We photo-captured this species across the
elevation ranges, which mirrors this civet’s common occurrence from sea level
up to 2400m within the Philippines (Heaney et al. 2010).
Palawan Porcupine Hystrix
pumila: This porcupine is endemic to the Palawan
Faunal Region where it holds a Vulnerable listing in the IUCN Red List due to
threats of habitat loss and hunting for the pet and bushmeat trade (Clayton
2018). Hystrix
pumila is thought to be locally common, with
several sightings during surveys in Palawan (Sanborn 1952; Heaney et al. 1998; Esselstyn et al. 2004; Manalo et al. 2016). This species had the highest record of
independent events in our study, even though it was not attracted to our pig’s
blood bait due to its herbivorous diet.
This implies that it is relatively common in the CNCH and bait is not
required to obtain a large number of images.
Our observations indicate that H. pumila
is primarily nocturnal with some crepuscular activity, which is similar to the
findings in Esselstyn et al. (2004) with reported
activity for this species at dusk and night. Although H. pumila
was documented up to 1,165m in our study, we found it was more common below
1000m. Previous accounts also indicate
it is common from sea level to above several hundred meters in elevation from
disturbed to lowland forests (Heaney et al. 2010).
Palawan Stink Badger Mydaus
marchei: This badger is endemic to and has a
stable, widespread population in Palawan (Widmann
2015). This species has been reported in
past surveys by sight and by smell (Sanborn 1952; Kruk 2000; Esselstyn et al 2004; Marler et
al. 2018). Mydaus
marchei is known to be nocturnal (Kruuk 2000) but has also been reported in the daytime (Grimwood 1976). Our
findings support nocturnal activity for this species. Mydaus
marchei is common in second growth and disturbed
forests in Palawan (Heaney et al. 2010), suggesting it is primarily found in
lowland areas where agriculture and land-modification occur. Our observations predominantly occurred in
lowland tropical forest below 750m, with one sighting at 1233m.
Malay civet Viverra
tangalunga: Scant information exists within the
literature for V. tangalunga in Palawan (Allen
1910; Esselstyn et al. 2004), though there have been
several sightings during surveys in other Philippine islands (Rickart 1993; Heaney et al. 1999). Surveys of this species in Sulawesi, Malaysia
and Borneo confirmed that it is primarily nocturnal with occasional daytime
activity (Colón 2002; Jennings et al. 2005, 2010; Mathai et al 2010). Our two sightings occurred around dawn. This
species is found from sea level to 1600m in the Philippines (Heaney et al.
2010), hence, our limited data contributes to this elevational range of
occurrence.
Collared mongoose Urva
semitorquata: Urva
semitorquata is listed by the IUCN as Near
Threatened due to habitat reduction from deforestation (Mathai et al. 2015);
however, specific threats to the Palawan populations have yet to be
assessed. This mongoose is only known to
occur in Palawan and Busuanga islands in the
Philippines (Heaney et al. 1998); few published sightings of 1 to 3 individuals
per study exist in Palawan (Allen 1910; Sanborn 1952; Rabor
et al. 1986). The diurnal observations
reported in our study were consistent with diurnal observations of U. semitorquata in Borneo (Cheyne et al. 2010; Brodie
& Giordano 2011). This species is
known at low elevations in Palawan, near rivers (Heaney et al. 2010). We predominantly found this species between
250m and 1,000m, however, we photo-captured this species twice at the peak of
Cleopatra’s Needle. Further elevational studies for U. semitorquata
could support an expansion of its known elevational range on Palawan.
Palawan Leopard Cat Prionaillurus
bengalensis heaneyi:
This leopard cat subspecies is only found in Palawan (Groves 1997) where it
holds a Vulnerable listing within the Philippines (Department of Environment
& Natural Resources 2017; Gonzalez et al. 2018). The subspecies has not yet been assessed by
the IUCN. Published records of P.b. heaneyi are
sparse (Allen 1910; Sanborn 1952; Rabor et al. 1986; Esselstyn et al 2004; Marler et
al. 2018). Activity patterns for this
subspecies do not exist, but activity pattern studies for P. bengalensis in Borneo and Thailand confirmed that the
species is nocturnal (Grassman et al. 2005; Cheyne
& Macdonald 2011; Lynam et al. 2013) with some
crepuscular activity (Grassman et al. 2005). Saxena & Rajanshi
(2014) also observed diurnal activity in India.
Our photo-captures were at night and dawn. Leopard cats are found from 0m to 1,500m
within the Philippines (Heaney et al. 2010).
We similarly recorded this species from low to high elevations, with
more photo-captures above 1,000m.
Asian Small-clawed Otter Aonyx
cinereus: This otter is only found in Palawan
within the Philippines. The IUCN lists
this species as Vulnerable and the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (2017) lists this species as Endangered within the Philippines. This species has been reported by sight and
by their droppings within Palawan (Esselstyn et al.
2004; Castro & Dolorosa 2006; Marler et al.
2018). Aonyx
cinereus studies in Malaysia reveal nocturnal and
crepuscular activity (Foster-Turley 1992).
Our few sightings reflected this activity pattern with one sighting in
the late afternoon. Aonyx cinereus is believed to
occur in lower portions of rivers in Palawan (Heaney et al. 2010), which is
reflected in our findings at our unbaited sites
beside rivers.
Conclusion
Primary forest is at risk of being converted and lost
as mining pressures (Mallari et al. 2011) and anthropogenic land modification (Shivley & Martinez 2001) increase in Palawan. This habitat loss coupled with hunting
pressures for various species (Castro & Dolorosa 2006; Clayton 2018) and
lack of proper environmental law enforcement (Castro & Dolorosa 2006) makes
conservation work on the island a high priority. The seven species observed here appeared most
common, or were at least recorded, below 750m in lowland tropical forest. This lowland area is prime location for land
modification, such as agriculture and logging, and is thus a crucial area to
protect. The protection of the CNCH in
2017 was monumental for Palawan’s wildlife and indigenous communities. We need to support the ongoing research to
understand the species within the CNCH and develop management strategies to
ensure their survival.
Table 1. Camera trap effort and elevational occurrence
for the study sites in the Cleopatra’s Needle Critical Habitat.
Study location |
Camera trap effort |
Trap-nights per elevation Unit (m) |
|||||||
Trap-nights |
Hours |
0–250 |
251–500 |
501–750 |
751–1000 |
1001–1250 |
1251–1500 |
1501–1593 |
|
Transect sites |
769 |
8,456 |
129 |
280 |
96 |
144 |
96 |
0 |
24 |
Opportunistic baited sites |
73 |
1,752 |
0 |
11 |
23 |
39 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Unbaited sites |
81 |
1,944 |
7 |
37 |
0 |
0 |
37 |
0 |
0 |
Total |
923 |
12,152 |
136 |
328 |
119 |
183 |
133 |
0 |
24 |
Table 2. Recorded mammals with their family, common,
scientific, and local names with their corresponding IUCN status.
Family |
Common name |
Scientific name |
Local name |
IUCN Red List status |
Hystricidae |
Palawan Porcupine |
Hystrix pumila |
Durian |
Vulnerable (Clayton 2018) |
Mustelidae |
Asian Small-clawed Otter |
Aonyx cinereus |
Dungon |
Vulnerable (Wright et al. 2015) |
Herpestidae |
Collared Mongoose |
Urva semitorquata |
|
Near Threatened (Mathai et al. 2015) |
Viverridae |
Common Palm Civet |
Paradoxurus philippinensis |
Musang/ Alamid |
Least Concern (Duckworth et al. 2016a) |
Malay Civet |
Viverra tangalunga |
Musang/ Tinggalong/ Tangalung |
Least Concern (Duckworth et al. 2016b) |
|
Mephitidae |
Palawan Stink Badger |
Mydaus marchei |
Pantot |
Least Concern (Widmann
2015) |
Felidae |
Palawan Leopard Cat |
Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi |
Singgarong |
Not Yet Assessed |
Table 3. Independent events for each recorded species
at each elevational range within the Cleopatra’s Needle Critical Habitat.
|
Independent events by elevation (meters) |
|
||||||
Species |
0–250 |
251–500 |
501–750 |
751–1000 |
1001–1250 |
1251–1500 |
1501–1593 |
Total |
Common Palm Civet |
6 |
74 |
22 |
16 |
7 |
0 |
4 |
129 |
Palawan Porcupine |
18 |
47 |
44 |
21 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
134 |
Collared Mongoose |
0 |
7 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
12 |
Palawan Stink Badger |
2 |
9 |
5 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
17 |
Palawan Leopard Cat |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
Malay Civet |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
Asian Small-clawed Otter |
12 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
For
figures & images – click here
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