Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2020 | 12(9): 16077–16098
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4912.12.9.16077-16098
#4912 | Received 25 February 2019 | Final
received 16 May 2020 | Finally accepted 16 June 2020
A checklist of angiosperm flora
of low elevation lateritic hills of northern Kerala, India
K.A. Sreejith 1, V.B.
Sreekumar 2, P. Prashob 3, S. Nita 4, M.P.
Prejith 5 & M.S. Sanil 6
1–6 Forest Ecology & Biodiversity
Conservation Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur,
Kerala 680653, India
1 sreejith@kfri.res.in, 2 sreekumar@kfri.res.in
(corresponding author), 3 prashobbotany@gmail.com, 4 nita.shashidharan@gmail.com,
5 prejimad88@gmail.com, 6 sanilmadambi2010@gmail.com
Editor: Sanjaykumar R. Rahangdale, PDEA’s A. W. Arts,
Science & Commerce College, Pune, India. Date of publication: 26 June 2020 (online & print)
Citation:
Sreejith, K.A., V.B. Sreekumar, P. Prashob, S. Nita, M.P. Prejith & M.S.
Sanil (2020). A checklist of angiosperm flora of low elevation
lateritic hills of northern Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(9): 16077–16098. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4912.12.9.16077-16098
Copyright: © Sreejith et al. 2020. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this
article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the
source of publication.
Funding: KFRI Plan Grants
(652/12) supported by KSCSTE, Thiruvananthapuram.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Dr. K.A. Sreejith, is a Senior Scientist at KFRI involved in field
oriented studies of tropical forests in Western Ghats especially on long term
monitoring permanent plots. Dr. V.B. Sreekumar, Senior Scientist in
Forest Botany Department working in the field of floristics, plant systematics,
phylogenetics, genetic diversity assessments and long term changes in phenology
and seed dispersal of angiosperms. Dr. P.
Prashob, S. Nita, M.P. Prejith and M.S.
Sanil were working as project staff in the lateritic hillocks of
northern Kerala on different aspects dealing with diversity, distribution and
ecology of flora and fauna.
Author contribution: KAS—contributed to field survey, identification and
paper writing; VBS—contributed to field survey, identification and paper
writing; PP—contributed to field survey and identification; NS—contributed to
paper writing; MPP—contributed to field survey; MSS—contributed for preparation
of herbarium and paper writing.
Acknowledgements: We express our sincere thanks to the Director, Kerala
Forest Research Institute for support, encouragement and facilities
provided. We are also thankful to the
Kerala State Council for Science, Technology & Environment and the
Government of Kerala for providing financial support under plan grants (Project
No KFRI RP 652/12).
Abstract: An inventory to prepare the
checklist of angiosperm species in the lateritic hillocks of northern Kerala
was conducted in five sampling sites during April 2013–March 2015. In total, we recorded 364 genera with 535 species,
of which 334 are native and 201 are non-native.
Native species were represented in 102 families, namely, Poaceae (28),
Fabaceae (25), Acanthaceae (22), Rubiaceae (17) Euphorbiaceae (14),
Commelinaceae (11), Phyllanthaceae (7), etc., whereas, non-native species were
represented in 99 families. Among the
native species herbs are the predominant habit with 147 species (44%). Out of the 72 endemic species, three taxa
namely, Syzygium travancoricum, Santalum album and Hopea ponga
are red listed species documented from the study area. Twenty-seven invasive species were also
recorded and major threats to the laterite ecosystems are by Lantana camara,
Mikania micrantha, Pennisetum polystachyon, Ipomoea spp., and Senna
spp. Most part of the laterite has been
converted to plantations, building sites and mining sites. The indiscriminate mining for laterite, soil
and demolishing the hillocks have severely threatened the very existence of the
flora.
Keywords: Endemism, floristic inventory,
lateritic plateau, microhabitats.
Introduction
Francis Hamilton-Buchanan from Angadipuram in Kerala,
India in the 1800s, while on a journey through the regions of Mysore, Canara,
and Malabar (Buchanan 1807; Narayanaswamy 1992) came across a type of weathered
substance. This substance used in
building material, consisted of indurated clay, full of cavities and
pores. It had large quantities of iron
in the form of red and yellow ochre.
Soft when fresh, this could be cut with any iron instrument; but if
exposed, it hardened and resisted air and water. This came to be known as laterite. This unique geological formation is reported
to occur from Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh in central India,
the Eastern Ghats regions of Odisha, from parts of Assam, and more
(Raychaudhuri 1981).
Floristic studies in lateritic plateaus have reported
occurrence of many endemic species and habitat-specific flora (Bachulkar 1983;
Yadav & Sardesai 2002; Watve 2013; Rahangdale & Rahangdale 2014)
throughout the Western Ghats, India.
Some of the new species discovered from laterite
ecosystems in India include Rotala malabarica Pradeep, Joseph &
Sivar. (Pradeep et al. 1990), Nymphoides krishnakesara Joseph &
Sivar. (Joseph & Sivarajan 1990), Justicia ekakusuma Pradeep &
Sivar. (Pradeep & Sivarajan 1991), Lepidagathis keralensis Madhu.
& Singh (Madhusoodanan & Singh 1992), Eriocaulon sivarajanii R.
Ansari & N.P. Balakr. (Ansari & Balakrishnan 2009), and Eriocaulon
madayiparnese Swapna, Rajesh, Manju & Prakashkumar (Swapna et al.
2012). There are so many new discoveries
from the plateau ecosystems from the Western Ghats and especially from
lateritic ones. Therefore, the basaltic
as well as lateritic plateaus are inhabited by a great diversity of flora. The plateaus are very species rich, for
example the Durgawadi Plateau in Maharashtra of three square kilometer area has
more than 600 angiospermic taxa of which 150 are endemic and also 105 faunal
members (Rahangdale & Rahangdale 2018), which indicates the extent of
species richness on the isolated hillocks or plateaus in the Western Ghats.
Some other taxa also described from laterite habitats,
especially from the Western Ghats and adjoining areas are: Ceropegia
attenuata Hook. var. mukambikae (Diwakar & Singh 2011) from
Mookambika Hills, Karnataka, Ceropegia anantii (Yadav et al. 2004),
Dipcadi concanense (Dalzell) Baker (Prabhugaonkar et al. 2009), both from
low elevation laterites of the Konkan region in Maharashtra, and Ceropegia
mahabalei Hemadri & Ansari var. hemalatae (Rahangdale &
Rahangdale 2012) from basaltic plateaus of high elevation from the Western
Ghats, Maharashtra.
Recent reports of new angiosperm species like Lindernia
madayiparense Ratheesh, Sunil & Nandakumar, Eriocaulon madayiparense
Swapna, Rajesh, Manju & Prakashkumar, Eriocaulon kannurense Sunil,
Ratheesh & Nandakumar, and Rotala khaleeliana Sunil, Ratheesh
& Nandakumar from the lateritic hills in northern Kerala highlights
the importance of these ecosystems in terms of floral diversity and species
richness. Though many endemic and new
species have been reported from the lateritic hills of northern Kerala, floral
inventory of these ecosystem are limited (Jayarajan 2004; Balakrishnan et al.
2010). Hence, this study was undertaken
to document floristic composition and to highlight the significance of these
ecosystem in the laterite hills of low elevations of northern Kerala.
Materials and methods
Study Site
The lateritic regions are a unique feature of northern
Kerala and are found from Malappuram District in the south and extend upwards
to southern Karnataka towards the north.
For the present study, intensive surveys were conducted in three
lateritic hillocks of Cherupara, IT park, and Kookanam of the Kavvayi Basin
(12.087–12.262 0N & 75.179–75.236 0E), spread across
Kannur and Kasargod districts.
Additionally, lateritic hills of Ariyittapara and Madayipara were also
selected. Madayipara (12.031 0N
& 75.258 0E) is a popular and typical lateritic plateau in Kannur
District and lies on the north bank of Kuppam River, located in Madayi
Village. Ariyittapara (12.2480N
& 75.2800E) is a lesser known hillock in Cheemeni, Kasargod
(Figure 1). The altitude gradient of the
selected sites ranges from 23m to about 140m.
The vegetation in these midland hillocks support scrub jungles, cashew
plantations, grasslands, and aquatic & semiaquatic plants.
Data Collection
Field surveys were conducted in the five selected
sampling sites from April 2013 to March 2015. Survey frequency was thrice a
month during the months of June to September for extensive representation of
monsoon ephemeral plants that are characteristic of lateritic hillocks and
monthly for the remaining months of the year.
The collected plant specimens were processed using standard herbarium
techniques, identified with the aid of regional floras (Hooker 1872–1897;
Gamble 1915–1935; Ramachandran & Nair 1988; Sasidharan 2004, 2007) and
deposited at the Kerala Forest Research Institute Herbarium (KFRI). A checklist was prepared based on the APG IV
system of classification and the families and species are arranged
alphabetically. Information such as
habit, endemism, Red List category if any of each taxon is also provided.
Results
During the present study a total of 535 species
belonging to 364 genera of 102 families were recorded from the study area
(Table 1). Eight predominant families
(i.e., with number of species ≥ 15 in each family), namely Poaceae (57
species), Fabaceae (56 species), Acanthaceae (23 species), Rubiaceae (23
species), Malvaceae (22), Euphorbiaceae (21 species), Asteraceae (16) and
Convolvulaceae (16 species) were listed. Families with the greatest number of
genera included Fabaceae (39 genera), Poaceae (35 genera), Euphorbiaceae (12
genera), Acanthaceae (17 genera), Rubiaceae (16 genera) and Asteraceae (15
genera).
Of the flora documented 2.25% were magnoliids, 21.75%
were monocots and the remaining 76% were eudicots comprising rosids (39.8%) and
asterids (36.2%). Among the native
species of lateritic hills of northern Kerala, herbaceous species were the
predominant habit (147 species: 44% of the total) followed by trees (87
species, 26% of the total), climbers (55 species, 16%), and shrubs (45 species,
14%) (Figure 4). Out of the 535 species,
334 are native and 201 are non-native species.
Native species were represented in 102 families, namely Poaceae (28),
Fabaceae (25), Acanthaceae (22), Rubiaceae (17), Euphorbiaceae (14), etc.
(Figure 2). Families with the greatest
number of genera in the native species are Fabaceae (27), Poaceae (16),
Acanthaceae (17), Rubiaceae (13), Euphorbiaceae (9), etc. (Figure 3). Whereas, non-native species were represented
in 99 family and dominated by Poaceae (32), Fabaceae (27), Malvaceae (17),
Convolvuvaceae (11), etc. Twenty-seven
invasive species were recorded and major threats to the laterite ecosystems are
by Lantana camara L., Mikania micrantha Kunth, Pennisetum
polystachyon Schult., Ipomoea spp., and Senna spp.
Of the 334 native species reported, Asparagus
fysonii Macbr., Eriocaulon cuspidatum Dalz., Neanotis rheedei (Wall.
ex Wight & Arn.) Lewis are listed as Endangered; Capparis baducca
L., Cyanotis burmanniana Wight, Ischaemum burmanicum Bor., and Murdannia
lanuginosa (Wall. ex Clarke) Bruckn. as Vulernable (Sasidharan 2007);
whereas Syzygium travancoricum Gamble is listed as Critically Endangered
(CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants, India 1998), Hopea ponga (Dennst.)
Mabb. as Endangered (Ashton 1998) and Santalum album L. are listed as
Vulnerable (Arunkumar et al. 2019).
Important plant species images are also provided (Image 1–4).
Discussion
The alteration in wet and dry spells creates unique
microhabitats that support the varied biota in it. The microhabitats and larger area could be
the reasons for accommodating more angiosperms (Rahangdale & Rahangdale
2014). Most of the lateritic flora is
adapted to the various microhabitats and each microhabitat is unique in its
edaphic properties, water availability, and species composition. This makes such floristic studies
ecologically significant. Floral
inventories as provided here contribute to understanding and highlighting the
ecological significance of the landscape.
The current inventory adds to the floristic knowledge of lateritic hills
in these areas. The floristic
composition may differ from site to site, but in general these (Table 1) were
the frequent families recorded during the study in the lateritic hills in
northern Kerala.
Also, of the seven new species recorded from lateritic
hills of northern Kerala over the years, only two species were observed during
the current study. These are Justicia
ekakusuma Pradeep & Sivar. and Rotala malabarica Pradeep et
al. Most of the lateritic exposed areas
have been converted into industrial and residential areas. Infrastructure developments lead to mining
and extraction of more lateritic hills and the soil from the mining are used to
fill wetland and paddy field which again utilized for building and
infrastructure development. This series
of events in turn seriously affected the natural environment of the lateritic
biotopes in northern Kerala (Sreejith et al. 2016). The indiscriminate mining for laterite &
soil and demolishing the hillocks have severely threatened the very existence
of the biota, culture, and the water availability in most areas (Balakrishnan
et al. 2010). Currently, these systems
in the lateritic hills are undergoing severe degradation, destruction,
alteration through various activities such as mining, shifting to monoculture
plantation, rapid infrastsructure development, and from alien invasive species. Since only a small portion of this landscape
remains undisturbed, an urgent intervention from concerned authorities to
formulate and implement strict guidelines & policies to conserve the
species-rich lateritic biotope, to evolve & implement site-specific
restoration, and conservation programmes are to be initiated & implemented
to protect the floristically rich lateritic hillocks of northern Kerala.
Table 1. Angiosperm plant species from lateritic hills of
northern Kerala, India.
|
|
Taxon |
Life form |
Phyto-geographic distribution |
Voucher number |
|
|
Family:
Piperaceae |
|
||
|
1 |
Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth |
Herb Ex |
Native of Tropical America; now Pantropica |
KFRI 28939 |
|
2 |
Piper longum L. |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaysia |
# |
|
3 |
Piper nigrum L. |
Climber |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka, cultivated elsewhere |
# |
|
|
Family: Aristolochiaceae |
|
||
|
4 |
Aristolochia indica L. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaysia |
KFRI 28967 |
|
5 |
Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou |
Shrub |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
|
Family:
Myristicaceae |
|
||
|
6 |
Knema attenuata Warb. |
Tree W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28993 |
|
|
Family: Annonaceae |
|
||
|
7 |
Polyalthia korinti (Dunal) Thwaites |
Shrub |
Southern India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22366 |
|
8 |
Uvaria narum Wall. |
Climber |
Southern India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22361 |
|
|
Family: Lauraceae |
|
||
|
9 |
Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Nees |
Tree |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28920 |
|
10 |
Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm. f.) J.Presl |
Tree W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28625 |
|
11 |
Cinnamomum verum Presl |
Tree |
Southwestern India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
12 |
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya and China |
# |
|
|
Family: Araceae |
|
||
|
13 |
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson |
Herb |
India, Sri Lanka, and Pacific Islands |
KFRI 22345 |
|
14 |
Ariopsis peltata Nimmo |
Herb |
India and western Malaysia |
KFRI 22330 |
|
15 |
Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz.) Fisch. ex Wydler |
Herb |
India extending to Bangladesh |
KFRI 22312 |
|
16 |
Pothos scandens L. |
Climber |
India to Malaysia and Madagascar |
KFRI 28966 |
|
17 |
Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume |
Herb |
Indo-Malaysia |
KFRI22386 |
|
18 |
Typhonium roxburghii Schott |
Herb |
Southern Asia from India through New Guinea |
KFRI 22378 |
|
|
Family: Hydrocharitaceae |
|
||
|
19 |
Blyxa octandra (Roxb.) Planch. ex Thwaites |
Herb |
Indo-Malesia to Australia |
# |
|
20 |
Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. |
Herb |
Indo-Malesia to Pacific Islands and East Asia |
KFRI 28919 |
|
|
Family: Burmanniaceae |
|
||
|
21 |
Burmannia coelestis D.Don |
Herb |
Indo-Malesia |
# |
|
|
Family: Dioscoreaceae |
|
||
|
22 |
Dioscorea alata L. |
Climber I |
India |
KFRI 28974 |
|
23 |
Dioscorea bulbifera L. |
Climber |
Paleotropics |
KFRI 28947 |
|
24 |
Dioscorea hispida Dennst. |
Climber |
Southern and southeastern Asia |
KFRI 22380 |
|
25 |
Dioscorea oppositifolia L. |
Climber |
Indo-Malesia and China |
# |
|
26 |
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. |
Climber |
Indo-Malesia and China |
KFRI 28975 |
|
27 |
Dioscorea wallichii Hook. f. |
Climber |
India, Myanmar and Thailand |
# |
|
|
Family: Pandanaceae |
|
||
|
28 |
Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. |
Shrub Ex |
Native of Indonesia |
KFRI 28629 |
|
|
Family:
Colchicaceae |
|
||
|
29 |
Gloriosa superba L. |
Climber |
Paleotropics |
KFRI 28682 |
|
30 |
Iphigenia indica (L.) A. Gray ex Kunth |
Herb |
Indo-Malesia to Australia |
# |
|
|
Family: Smilacaceae |
|
||
|
31 |
Smilax zeylanica L. |
Climber |
Indo-Malesia |
KFRI 22324 |
|
|
Family: Orchidaceae |
|
||
|
32 |
Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & McCann |
Herb |
India, Sri Lanka and Seychelles |
# |
|
33 |
Bulbophyllum sterile (Lam.) Suresh |
Herb |
Peninsular India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Myanmar |
KFRI 28647 |
|
34 |
Dendrobium ovatum (L.) Kranz. |
Herb W |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
35 |
Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume |
Herb |
Indo-Malesia |
# |
|
36 |
Zeuxine longilabris (Lindl.) Trimen |
Herb |
Indo-Malesia |
# |
|
|
Family: Hypoxidaceae |
|
||
|
37 |
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. |
Herb |
Indo-Malesia |
# |
|
|
Family: Asparagaceae |
|
||
|
38 |
Dracaena terniflora Roxb. |
Shrub |
India and southeastern Asia |
KFRI 28945 |
|
39 |
Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. |
Shrub Ex |
Native to central America; introduced in other parts
of Tropics |
KFRI 22391 |
|
|
Family: Arecaceae |
|
||
|
40 |
Areca catechu L. |
Tree |
Cultivated from India to the Solomon Islands and
less commonly in Africa and Tropical America |
# |
|
41 |
Caryota urens L. |
Tree |
Indo-Malesia |
# |
|
42 |
Cocos nucifera L. |
Tree |
Cultivated throughout the tropics |
# |
|
|
Family: Commelinaceae |
|
||
|
43 |
Commelina benghalensis L. |
Herb |
Africa, India, China, Japan, and Malaysia |
KFRI 28968 |
|
44 |
Commelina diffusa Burm. f. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 22370 |
|
45 |
Commelina erecta L. |
Herb |
India, Africa, and Australia |
# |
|
46 |
Commelina wightii Raiz. |
Herb W |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
47 |
Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D. Don ex Sweet |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28940 |
|
48 |
Cyanotis burmanniana Wight |
Herb W,VU |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
49 |
Cyanotis cristata (L.) D. Don |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
KFRI 28959 |
|
50 |
Cyanotis fasciculata (B.Heyne ex Roth) Schult. &
Schult.f. |
Herb |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28969 |
|
51 |
Cyanotis papilionacea (Burm. f.) Schult. & Schult. f. |
Herb PI |
Peninsular India |
# |
|
52 |
Murdannia crocea (Griff.) Faden |
Herb PI,VU |
Peninsular India |
KFRI 28970 |
|
53 |
Murdannia lanuginosa (Wall. ex Clarke) Brueckn. |
Herb PI,VU |
Peninsular India |
KFRI 22371 |
|
54 |
Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and Africa |
KFRI 28929 |
|
55 |
Murdannia semiteres (Dalz.) Sant. |
Herb PI |
Peninsular India |
KFRI 28939 |
|
|
Family: Pontederiaceae |
|
||
|
56 |
Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl |
Herb |
India to China, Malaysia, and Japan |
# |
|
|
Family: Marantaceae |
|
||
|
57 |
Stachyphrynium spicatum (Roxb.) Schum. |
Herb W |
Southern Western Ghats |
KFRI 28643 |
|
|
Family: Costaceae |
|
||
|
58 |
Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
|
Family: Zingiberaceae |
|
||
|
59 |
Curcuma oligantha Trimen |
Herb |
Southern India, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar |
KFRI 22316 |
|
60 |
Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. |
Herb |
Cultivated and naturalised in Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 22311 |
|
61 |
Globba sessiliflora Sims |
Herb |
India to Thailand |
# |
|
62 |
Zingiber
zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. |
Herb |
India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia |
KFRI 22306 |
|
|
Family: Eriocaulaceae |
|
||
|
63 |
Eriocaulon cuspidatum Dalz. |
Herb W,EN |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
64 |
Eriocaulon heterolepis Steud. |
Herb W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28949 |
|
65 |
Eriocaulon lanceolatum Miq. ex Koernicke |
Herb SI |
Southern India |
# |
|
66 |
Eriocaulon madayiparense Swapna, Rajesh, Manju & Prakashkumar |
Herb W |
Southern Western Ghats (Kerala) |
# |
|
67 |
Eriocaulon parviflorum (Fyson) R. Ansari & N.P. Balakr. |
Herb PI |
Peninsular India |
KFRI 28950 |
|
68 |
Eriocaulon xeranthemum Mart. |
Herb |
Tropical Africa and India |
KFRI 28948 |
|
|
Family: Cyperaceae |
|
||
|
69 |
Cyperus castaneus Willd. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya to Northern Australia |
KFRI 28946 |
|
70 |
Cyperus compressus L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28973 |
|
71 |
Cyperus distans L. f. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 22381 |
|
72 |
Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
73 |
Kyllinga nemoralis (J. R & G. Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalz. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
|
Family: Poaceae |
|
||
|
74 |
Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
KFRI 28695 |
|
75 |
Apluda mutica L. |
Herb |
Tropical Asia and Australia |
KFRI 28637 |
|
76 |
Apocopis mangalorensis (Hochst. Ex steud.) Henrard |
Herb |
Peninsular India |
KFRI 28639 |
|
77 |
Arundinella cannanorica V.J.Nair, Sreek. & N.C.Nair |
Herb W |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
78 |
Arundinella leptochloa (Steud.) Hook. f. |
Herb |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
79 |
Arundinella metzii Hochst. Ex Miq. |
Herb W |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
80 |
Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. |
Herb |
Tropics and subtropics |
# |
|
81 |
Bhidea fischeri Sreek. & B.V.Shetty |
Herb SI |
Southern India |
|
|
82 |
Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf |
Herb |
Africa and Tropical Asia |
# |
|
83 |
Brachiaria reptans (L.) C.A.Gardner & C.E.Hubb. |
Herb |
Tropical Asia; now introduced throughout the tropics |
# |
|
84 |
Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28990 |
|
85 |
Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. |
Herb |
Asia and Africa |
KFRI 28649 |
|
86 |
Chloris barbata Sw. |
Herb Ex |
Native of tropical Africa |
# |
|
87 |
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. |
Herb |
Tropical Asia and Australia |
# |
|
88 |
Chrysopogon hackelii (Hook.f.) C.E.C. Fisch. |
Herb PI |
Peninsular India |
KFRI 28638 |
|
89 |
Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) Wats. |
Herb |
India and southeastern Asia |
# |
|
90 |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. |
Herb |
Tropical and warm temperate regions of the world |
# |
|
91 |
Cyrtococcum trigonum (Retz.) A. Camus |
Herb |
Southeastern Asia, Sri Lanka, and peninsular India |
KFRI 28661 |
|
92 |
Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) Willd. |
Herb Ex |
Native of South America |
# |
|
93 |
Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
94 |
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
95 |
Dimeria bialata C.E.C. Fisch. |
Herb SI |
Southern India |
KFRI 28637 |
|
96 |
Dimeria hohenackeri Hochst. ex Miq. |
Herb PI |
Peninsular India |
# |
|
97 |
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link |
Herb |
Tropical Asia and Africa |
KFRI 28938 |
|
98 |
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
99 |
Eragrostis patula (Kunth) Steud. |
Herb |
Tropical Africa and southern India |
KFRI 28636 |
|
100 |
Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. |
Herb |
Southeastern Asia, India, and Africa |
# |
|
101 |
Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
102 |
Eragrostis amabilis (L.)
Wight & Arn. |
Herb |
Paleotropics; introduced in America |
# |
|
103 |
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. |
Herb |
Cosmopolitan |
# |
|
104 |
Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Ktze. |
Herb |
Tropical Asia |
KFRI 28631 |
|
105 |
Ischaemum burmanicum Bor. |
Herb VU |
Myanmar and India |
# |
|
106 |
Ischaemum commutatum Hack. |
Herb |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28658 |
|
107 |
Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr. |
Herb |
America, Australia, southeastern Asia, and India |
# |
|
108 |
Ischaemum molle Hook.f. |
Herb |
India and Pakistan |
# |
|
109 |
Ischaemum muticum L. |
Herb |
Australia, China, southeastern Asia to Polynesia,
Sri Lanka, and India |
KFRI 28635 |
|
110 |
Ischaemum pappinisseriensis Ravi N. Mohanan & R. Rajesh |
Herb SI |
South India |
# |
|
111 |
Ischaemum timorense Kunth |
HerbEx |
America, Java, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand, and Taiwan |
# |
|
112 |
Ischaemum tumidum Stapf ex Bor |
Herb PI |
Peninsular India |
# |
|
113 |
Microchloa indica (L.f.) P. Beauv. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
114 |
Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28698 |
|
115 |
Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
116 |
Oryza rufipogon Griff. |
Herb |
India, Sri Lanka, and tropical Australia |
# |
|
117 |
Oryza sativa L. |
Herb |
Widely cultivated |
# |
|
118 |
Panicum brevifolium L. |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
119 |
Panicum notatum Retz. |
Herb |
Southern and southeastern Asia |
# |
|
120 |
Panicum repens L. |
Herb |
Tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres |
# |
|
121 |
Paspalum scrobiculatum L. |
Herb |
India and Pakistan |
# |
|
122 |
Pennisetum polystachyon Schult. |
Herb Ex |
Paleotropics |
KFRI 28937 |
|
123 |
Perotis indica (L.) Ktze. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
124 |
Pseudanthistiria umbellata (Hack.) Hook. f. |
Herb |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
125 |
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
126 |
Sacciolepis interrupta (Willd.) Stapf |
Herb |
Tropics of southeastern Asia, and Africa |
KFRI 28622 |
|
127 |
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
128 |
Spodiopogon rhizophorus (Steud.) Pilg. |
Herb |
Southwestern India |
# |
|
129 |
Sporobolus diandrus (Retz.) P.Beauv. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya to Australia |
# |
|
130 |
Themeda triandra Forssk. |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
|
Family: Menispermaceae |
|
||
|
131 |
Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
132 |
Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. |
Climber |
India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28627 |
|
133 |
Diploclisia glaucascens (Blume) Diels |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya and China |
# |
|
134 |
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. |
Climber |
Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar |
# |
|
|
Family: Ranunculaceae |
|
||
|
135 |
Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. |
Climber |
Southeastern Asia |
KFRI 28621 |
|
|
Family: Crassulaceae |
|
|
|
|
136 |
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken |
Herb Ex |
Originally from tropical Africa; now pantropical |
KFRI 28934 |
|
|
Family:
Vitaceae |
|
||
|
137 |
Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. |
Climber |
Southern Asia |
KFRI 28663 |
|
138 |
Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya, China, and Australia |
KFRI 28653 |
|
139 |
Cissus latifolia Lam. |
Climber |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 23321 |
|
140 |
Cissus javana DC. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
141 |
Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya, China, and Australia |
KFRI 28685 |
|
142 |
Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. |
Shrub |
Southern and southeastern Asia |
# |
|
|
Family: Fabaceae |
|
||
|
|
Sub Family: Caesalpinioideae |
|
||
|
143 |
Cassia fistula L. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
144 |
Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
KFRI 28925 |
|
145 |
Chamaecrista nictitans subsp. patellaria (Collad.) Irwin
& Barneby |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
146 |
Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. |
TreeEx |
Native of Madagascar; now cultivated throughout the
tropics |
# |
|
147 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K.Heyne |
Tree Ex |
Native of Sri Lanka, Andamans, Malaya peninsula and
northern Australia |
# |
|
148 |
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. |
Shrub Ex |
Pantropical |
# |
|
149 |
Senna hirsuta (L.) Irwin & Barneby |
Shrub Ex |
Native of tropical America |
# |
|
150 |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link |
Shrub Ex |
Native of South America; naturalised in Asia |
# |
|
151 |
Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby |
Tree Ex |
Native of southeastern Asia; now widely cultivated |
# |
|
152 |
Senna tora (L.) Roxb. |
Herb Ex |
Native of South America |
KFRI 28921 |
|
153 |
Tamarindus indica L. |
TreeEx |
Native of tropical Africa; introduced and widely
grown in India and other parts of tropics |
KFRI 28679 |
|
|
Sub Family: Mimosoideae |
|
||
|
154 |
Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaysia |
# |
|
155 |
Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. |
Climber |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
156 |
Acacia auriculiformis Benth. |
Tree Ex |
Native of Tropical Australia |
KFRI 28910 |
|
157 |
Adenanthera pavonina L. |
Tree Ex |
Sri Lanka, Himalaya, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia,
and China |
KFRI 28675 |
|
158 |
Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
159 |
Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. |
Tree Ex |
Native of central and South America; widely planted
in the tropics as avenue tree |
# |
|
160 |
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. |
Tree |
India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
161 |
Mimosa pudica L. |
Herb Ex |
Native of South America; now pantropical |
# |
|
162 |
Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28925 |
|
|
Sub Family: Papilionoideae |
|
||
|
163 |
Abrus precatorius L. |
Climber |
Pantropical |
KFRI 22389 |
|
164 |
Aeschynomene americana L. |
Herb Ex |
Central America; now introduced and naturalised in
some parts of Peninsular India |
# |
|
165 |
Aeschynomene aspera L. |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
166 |
Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya to Polynesia |
KFRI 28927 |
|
167 |
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. |
Tree |
Tropical Asia |
KFRI 28915 |
|
168 |
Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars |
Herb |
Tropical Asia; introduced in Africa |
# |
|
169 |
Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. |
Climber Ex |
Introduced form tropical Asia; now wild in southern
India |
KFRI 28903 |
|
170 |
Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. |
Climber Ex |
Pantropical |
# |
|
171 |
Centrosema molle Benth. |
Climber Ex |
Native of America; introduced in India |
KFRI 28909 |
|
172 |
Clitoria ternatea var. pleniflora Fantz |
Climber Ex |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28907 |
|
173 |
Clitoria ternatea L. |
Climber Ex |
Widely cultivated in the tropics, probably native of
South America |
# |
|
174 |
Crotalaria pallida Aiton |
Shrub |
Pantropical |
KFRI 22393 |
|
175 |
Crotalaria quinquefolia L. |
Herb |
Tropical Asia; introduced in Jamaica and West Indies |
KFRI 28676 |
|
176 |
Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. |
Climber W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28962 |
|
177 |
Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 22395 |
|
178 |
Derris trifoliata Lour. |
Climber |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
179 |
Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
KFRI 28913 |
|
180 |
Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC. |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya, China, and Japan |
# |
|
181 |
Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and China |
KFRI 28914 |
|
182 |
Desmodium scorpiurus (Sw.) Desv. |
Herb Ex |
Native of America; introduced and naturalised in the
pacific regions of Asia |
KFRI 28908 |
|
183 |
Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and Australia |
KFRI 28902 |
|
184 |
Erythrina variegata L. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya, China, and Africa |
KFRI 28677 |
|
185 |
Geissaspis cristata Wight & Arn. |
Herb |
Southwestern India to Indo-China, Sri Lanka, and
China |
# |
|
186 |
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. |
Tree Ex |
Native of South America; Introduced and now widely
grown in India |
# |
|
187 |
Indigofera trifoliata L. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya, China and Australia |
KFRI 28916 |
|
188 |
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. |
Climber |
India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28917 |
|
189 |
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28911 |
|
190 |
Pseudarthria viscida (L.) Wight & Arn. |
Shrub |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28623 |
|
191 |
Smithia conferta Smith |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya to Australia |
# |
|
192 |
Spatholobus parviflorus (DC.) Kuntze |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28678 |
|
193 |
Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston |
Shrub |
Sri Lanka, India, Africa, and Madagascar |
# |
|
194 |
Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya to Pacific Islands, and China |
# |
|
195 |
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28680 |
|
196 |
Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28912 |
|
197 |
Zornia gibbosa Span. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya to Australia and China |
# |
|
|
Family: Polygalaceae |
|
||
|
198 |
Polygala elongata Klein ex Willd. |
Herb |
India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
199 |
Salomonia ciliata (L.) DC. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and Australia |
# |
|
200 |
Xanthophyllum arnottianum Wight |
Tree W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 22359 |
|
|
Family: Rhamnaceae |
|
||
|
201 |
Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. |
Climber |
Tropical Asia and Australia. Throughout the hotter
parts of India |
# |
|
202 |
Ziziphus rugosa Lam. |
Shrub |
India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar |
# |
|
203 |
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. |
Tree Ex |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
|
Family: Ulmaceae |
|
||
|
204 |
Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28667 |
|
|
Family:Cannabaceae |
|
|
|
|
205 |
Celtis philippensis Blanco |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya to Australia and Tropical Africa |
KFRI 22322 |
|
206 |
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume |
Tree |
Tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia |
KFRI 28666 |
|
|
Family: Moraceae |
|
||
|
207 |
Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. |
Tree |
Paleotropics |
KFRI 28645 |
|
208 |
Ficus arnottiana (Miq.) Miq. |
Tree |
India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28691 |
|
209 |
Ficus benghalensis L. |
Tree |
Indian subcontinent; widely grown as avenue tree |
# |
|
210 |
Ficus callosa Willd. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
211 |
Ficus exasperata Vahl |
Tree |
Eastern Africa, Arabia, India, and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
212 |
Ficus heterophylla L.f. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya and China |
KFRI 28692 |
|
213 |
Ficus hispida L.f. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya to Australia |
KFRI 28992 |
|
214 |
Ficus racemosa L. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya to Australia |
# |
|
215 |
Ficus religiosa L. |
TreeEx |
Eastern Himalaya; naturalised in India |
# |
|
216 |
Ficus tinctoria G. Forst. ssp. gibbosa (Blume)
Corner |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
|
Family: Urticaceae |
|
||
|
217 |
Elatostema cuneatum Wight |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28634 |
|
218 |
Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
219 |
Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. |
Herb Ex |
South America; now introduced into other tropical
regions |
# |
|
220 |
Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Bennett |
Herb |
Tropical Asia |
# |
|
|
Family: Cucurbitaceae |
|
||
|
221 |
Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C.Jeffrey |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya, China, and Africa |
# |
|
222 |
Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya and China |
KFRI 28928 |
|
223 |
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) Roem. |
Climber |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
224 |
Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya to Australia |
# |
|
225 |
Trichosanthes nervifolia L. |
Climber |
Southwestern India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22373 |
|
226 |
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya to Australia and eastern Asia |
KFRI 28933 |
|
|
Family:
Celastraceae |
|
||
|
227 |
Loeseneriella arnottiana (Wight) A.C.Sm. |
Climber |
Southern India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
228 |
Lophopetalum wightianum Arn. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28958 |
|
229 |
Salacia chinensis L. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28923 |
|
230 |
Salacia fruticosa Wall. |
Climber W |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
|
Family:
Connaraceae |
|
||
|
231 |
Connarus monocarpus L. |
Climber |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28931 |
|
232 |
Connarus wightii Hook.f. |
Shrub W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28943 |
|
233 |
Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Alston |
Climber |
India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Malaysia |
KFRI 22372 |
|
|
Family: Oxalidaceae |
|
||
|
234 |
Biophytum reinwardtii (Zucc.) Klotzsch. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and China |
# |
|
235 |
Oxalis corniculata L. |
Herb |
Cosmopolitan |
KFRI 28648 |
|
|
Family: Rhizophoraceae |
|
||
|
236 |
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya and Australia |
KFRI 28935 |
|
237 |
Rhizophora mucronata Lam |
Tree |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
|
Family: Ochnaceae |
|
||
|
238 |
Gomphia serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28646 |
|
|
Family:
Achariaceae |
|
||
|
239 |
Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.-Ham.) Oken |
Tree W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28922 |
|
|
Family: Violaceae |
|
||
|
240 |
Hybanthus ennaespermus (L.) F.Muell. |
Herb |
Sri Lanka, India, China, Madagascar, Africa, and
tropical Australia |
KFRI 28980 |
|
|
Family: Passifloraceae |
|
||
|
241 |
Passiflora foetida L. |
Climber Ex |
Native of tropical America; now naturalised in
India, China, and Africa |
KFRI 28659 |
|
242 |
Turnera subulata Smith |
Shrub Ex |
Native of Tropical Americ |
KFRI 28670 |
|
|
Family: Salicaceae |
|
||
|
243 |
Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. |
Shrub |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
|
Family: Euphorbiaceae |
|
||
|
244 |
Acalypha indica L. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and tropical Africa |
# |
|
245 |
Acalypha paniculata Miq. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and tropical Africa |
KFRI 28951 |
|
246 |
Agrostistachys borneensis Becc. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
247 |
Croton caudatus Geisel. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28905 |
|
248 |
Croton persimilis Muell.-Arg. |
Tree |
India to China |
# |
|
249 |
Euphorbia deccanensis V.S.Raju |
Herb SI |
Southern India |
KFRI 28953 |
|
250 |
Euphorbia heterophylla L. |
Herb Ex |
Native of central America; now a pantropical weed |
KFRI 22385 |
|
251 |
Euphorbia hirta L. |
Herb Ex |
Native of tropical America; now pantropical |
# |
|
252 |
Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. |
Herb |
India and Myanmar |
KFRI 28904 |
|
253 |
Euphorbia thymifolia L. |
Herb |
Tropical Asia |
# |
|
254 |
Falconeria insignis Royle |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
255 |
Jatropha curcas L. |
Shrub Ex |
Native of tropical America; now widespread in
paleotropics |
KFRI 28960 |
|
256 |
Jatropha gossypifolia L. |
Shrub Ex |
Native of South America, planted elsewhere in the
tropics |
# |
|
257 |
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. |
Tree |
India, Sri Lanka, and Andamans |
# |
|
258 |
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.Arg. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya and Australia |
# |
|
259 |
Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Muell.Arg. |
Shrub |
India, China, and Malaysia |
KFRI 22387 |
|
260 |
Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth. |
Herb |
Tropical Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, and
Myanmar |
# |
|
261 |
Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Muell. Arg. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya to Australia |
KFRI 28906 |
|
262 |
Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Muell.Arg. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya to Australia |
# |
|
263 |
Ricinus communis L. |
Shrub Ex |
Native of tropical Africa; now cultivated throughout
tropics |
# |
|
264 |
Tragia involucrata L. |
Herb |
India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28674 |
|
|
Family:Linaceae |
|
||
|
265 |
Hugonia mystax Cav. |
Climber |
India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
|
Family: Phyllanthaceae |
|
||
|
266 |
Antidesma acidum Retz. |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya and southern China |
KFRI 28979 |
|
267 |
Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya to Australia and southern China |
KFRI 22383 |
|
268 |
Aporosa cardiosperma (Gaertn.) Merr. |
Tree |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28672 |
|
269 |
Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch. |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28961 |
|
270 |
Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
271 |
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume |
Shrub PI |
Peninsular India |
KFRI 28952 |
|
272 |
Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle |
Shrub |
Tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia |
# |
|
273 |
Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A. Juss. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
274 |
Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. |
Herb |
Tropics |
# |
|
275 |
Phyllanthus emblica L. |
Tree |
Throughout the tropics |
# |
|
276 |
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. |
Shrub |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
277 |
Phyllanthus urinaria L. |
HerbEx |
Native of tropical eastern Asia; now a
circumtropical weed |
KFRI 28673 |
|
|
Family: Combretaceae |
|
||
|
278 |
Combretum latifolium Blume |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
279 |
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
280 |
Terminalia catappa L. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya to northern Australia and Polynesia,
commonly planted in the tropics |
# |
|
281 |
Terminalia paniculata Roth |
Tree PI |
Peninsular India |
KFRI 28931 |
|
|
Family: Lythraceae |
|
||
|
282 |
Rotala malabarica Pradeep, Joseph & Sivar. |
Herb SI |
Southern India |
# |
|
283 |
Rotala malampuzhensis R.V. Nair |
Herb W |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
|
Family: Onagraceae |
|
||
|
284 |
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
285 |
Ludwigia octovalvissubsp. sessiliflora (Michx.) P.H. Raven |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
|
Family: Myrtaceae |
|
||
|
286 |
Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston |
Tree |
Western Ghats and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28991 |
|
287 |
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels |
Tree W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28995 |
|
288 |
Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
289 |
Syzygium travancoricum Gamble |
Tree W, EN |
Southern Western Ghats |
KFRI 28994 |
|
290 |
Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
|
Family: Melastomataceae |
|
||
|
291 |
Melastoma malabathricum L. |
ShrubEx |
Southeastern Asia |
# |
|
292 |
Memecylon randerianum S.M. Almeida & M.R. Almeida |
Shrub W |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
293 |
Memecylon umbellatum Burm.f. |
Shrub |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
294 |
Osbeckia muralis Naud. |
Herb W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28998 |
|
|
Family: Burseraceae |
|
||
|
295 |
Garuga pinnata Roxb. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 22360 |
|
|
Family: Anacardiaceae |
|
||
|
296 |
Anacardium occidentale L. |
Tree Ex |
Native of South America; now widely cultivated in
Asia and Africa |
# |
|
297 |
Holigarna arnottiana Hook. f. |
Tree W |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
298 |
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya and China |
KFRI 22317 |
|
299 |
Mangifera indica L. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
|
Family: Sapindaceae |
|
||
|
300 |
Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. |
Shrub |
Southern India, Sri Lanka, and southeastern Asia |
KFRI 28632 |
|
301 |
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. |
Climber |
Pantropical |
# |
|
302 |
Sapindus trifoliatus L. |
Tree |
Southern Asia |
# |
|
303 |
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
|
Family: Rutaceae |
|
||
|
304 |
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa |
Tree |
India and Sri Lanka; widely cultivated in
southeastern Asia, Malaysia, tropical Africa and the United States |
KFRI 28934 |
|
305 |
Citrus medica L. |
Shrub Ex |
Probably indigenous in India; not exactly known |
# |
|
306 |
Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tanaka |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
307 |
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28620 |
|
308 |
Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) Hartley |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
309 |
Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
310 |
Zanthoxylum rhetsa DC. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 22342 |
|
|
Family: Meliaceae |
|
||
|
311 |
Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A.Juss.) Benth. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya to Pacific Islands |
# |
|
312 |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28628 |
|
313 |
Naregamia alata Wight & Arn. |
Herb PI |
Peninsular India |
# |
|
|
Family: Malvaceae |
|
||
|
314 |
Abutilon indicum(L.) Sweet |
Shrub |
Tropics and subtropics |
# |
|
315 |
Bombax ceiba L. |
Tree |
Tropical Asia and New Guinea |
# |
|
316 |
Corchorus aestuans L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28671 |
|
317 |
Corchorus capsularis L. |
HerbEx |
Cultivated in most tropical countries |
# |
|
318 |
Grewia nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi |
Shrub |
Tropical Asia |
# |
|
319 |
Grewia tiliifolia Vahl |
Tree |
Tropical Africa, India to Indo-China |
# |
|
320 |
Helicteres isora L. |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya, China and Australia |
# |
|
321 |
Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff. |
Shrub |
Palaeotropics |
KFRI 28639 |
|
322 |
Hibiscus surattensis L. |
Shrub |
Pantropical |
# |
|
323 |
Melochia corchorifolia L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28618 |
|
324 |
Pterospermum diversifolium Blume |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
325 |
Pterospermum rubiginosum Heyne ex
Wall. |
Tree W |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
326 |
Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. |
Tree |
Southern Asia and Myanmar |
KFRI 28619 |
|
327 |
Sida acuta Burm. f. |
Shrub |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28626 |
|
328 |
Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borss. Waalk. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
329 |
Sida cordifolia L. |
Shrub |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28690 |
|
330 |
Sida rhombifolia L. |
Shrub |
Pantropical |
# |
|
331 |
Sterculia guttata Roxb. ex G. Don |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
332 |
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. |
Shrub |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28650 |
|
333 |
Urena lobata L. |
Shrub |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28996 |
|
334 |
Urena sinuata L. |
Shrub |
Pantropical |
# |
|
335 |
Waltheria indica L. |
Shrub |
Pantropical |
# |
|
|
Family: Dipterocarpaceae |
|
||
|
336 |
Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb. |
Tree W, VU |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28976 |
|
337 |
Vateria indica L. |
Tree W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28932 |
|
|
Family: Capparaceae |
|
||
|
338 |
Capparis baducca L. |
Shrub W,VU |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28957 |
|
339 |
Capparis sepiaria L. |
Shrub |
Pantropical |
# |
|
340 |
Capparis zeylanica L. |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya and China |
# |
|
|
Family: Cleomaceae |
|
||
|
341 |
Cleome rutidosperma DC. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 22362 |
|
342 |
Cleome viscosa L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
|
Family: Opiliaceae |
|
||
|
343 |
Cansjera rheedei J.F. Gmel. |
Climber |
India through Malaya to Hong Kong and northern
Australia |
# |
|
|
Family: Santalaceae |
|
||
|
344 |
Santalum album L. |
Tree VU |
Peninsular India and Malaysia |
# |
|
|
Family: Loranthaceae |
|
||
|
345 |
Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Etting. |
Shrub |
Peninsular India |
# |
|
346 |
Helicanthes elastica (Desr.) Danser |
Shrub W |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
347 |
Macrosolen parasiticus (L.) Danser |
Shrub |
Southwestern India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28637 |
|
348 |
Scurrula parasitica L. |
Shrub |
Southern and southeastern Asia |
# |
|
|
Family: Plumbaginaceae |
|
||
|
349 |
Plumbago zeylanica L. |
Shrub |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28660 |
|
|
Family: Droseraceae |
|
|
|
|
350 |
Drosera indica L. |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
KFRI 28977 |
|
|
Family: Ancistrocladaceae |
|
||
|
351 |
Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex J.Graham |
Climber |
Southern India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22302 |
|
|
Family: Caryophyllaceae |
|
||
|
352 |
Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
|
Family: Amaranthaceae |
|
||
|
353 |
Achyranthes aspera L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 22301 |
|
354 |
Achyranthes bidentata Blume |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya to Australia and eastern Asia |
KFRI 22392 |
|
355 |
Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. |
Herb |
Widespread in the tropics and subtropics |
KFRI 22375 |
|
356 |
Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson |
HerbEx |
Native of tropical America; getting naturalised in
Asia |
KFRI 22353 |
|
357 |
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze |
Herb Ex |
Native of tropical America |
KFRI 22399 |
|
358 |
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex. DC. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 22376 |
|
359 |
Amaranthus spinosus L. |
Herb Ex |
Originally from America; now found in warmer regions
of the world |
KFRI 22397 |
|
360 |
Amaranthus viridis L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 22343 |
|
361 |
Celosia argentea L. |
Herb |
Cosmopolitan |
KFRI 22331 |
|
362 |
Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28964 |
|
363 |
Gomphrena celosioides Mart. |
Herb Ex |
Originally from South America; now widespread in the
tropics |
KFRI 22352 |
|
|
Family: Aizoaceae |
|
||
|
364 |
Trianthema portulacastrum L. |
Herb |
Tropics of the world |
KFRI 22363 |
|
|
Family: Nyctaginaceae |
|
||
|
365 |
Boerhavia diffusa L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
|
Family: Molluginaceae |
|
||
|
366 |
Glinus oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
367 |
Mollugo pentaphylla L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
368 |
Mollugo stricta L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
|
Family: Portulacaceae |
|
||
|
369 |
Portulaca oleracea L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28699 |
|
|
Family: Cactaceae |
|
||
|
370 |
Cereus pterogonus Lem. |
ShrubEx |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28936 |
|
|
Family: Cornaceae |
|
||
|
371 |
Alangium salviifolium subsp. hexapetalum (Lam.)
Wang. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI22314 |
|
|
Family: Balsaminaceae |
|
||
|
372 |
Impatiens balsamina L. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya; introduced into many countries |
KFRI 22318 |
|
373 |
Impatiens chinensis L. |
Herb |
India and China |
KFRI 22303 |
|
374 |
Impatiens flaccida Arn. |
Herb |
Southern India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22315 |
|
375 |
Impatiens minor (DC.) Bennet |
Herb PI |
Peninsular India |
KFRI 22320 |
|
|
Family: Lecythidaceae |
|
||
|
376 |
Careya arborea Roxb. |
Tree |
Tropical Asia |
KFRI 28636 |
|
|
Family: Sapotaceae |
|
||
|
377 |
Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) H. J. Lam |
Tree |
India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22339 |
|
378 |
Mimusops elengi L. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
|
Family: Ebenaceae |
|
||
|
379 |
Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 29000 |
|
380 |
Diospyros candolleana Wight |
Tree PI |
Peninsular India |
KFRI 28978 |
|
|
Family: Rubiaceae |
|
||
|
381 |
Benkara malabarica (Lam.) Tirveng. |
Shrub |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28700 |
|
382 |
Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28657 |
|
383 |
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. |
Shrub |
Tropical Asia and Africa |
# |
|
384 |
Chassalia curviflora var. ophioxyloides (Wall.) Deb
& Krishna |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
385 |
Hedyotis cyanantha Kurz |
Shrub |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
386 |
Ixora brachiata Roxb. |
Shrub W |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
387 |
Ixora coccinea L. |
Shrub |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22357 |
|
388 |
Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. |
Herb Ex |
Tropical Africa and America; now common in southern
India |
# |
|
389 |
Morinda citrifolia L. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya to Australia |
# |
|
390 |
Mussaenda frondosa L. |
Shrub PI |
Peninsular India |
# |
|
391 |
Neanotis hohenackeri Daniel & Vajr. |
Herb I |
India |
# |
|
392 |
Neanotis rheedei (Wall. & Arn.) W.H. Lewis |
Herb W, En |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28936 |
|
393 |
Neanotis tubulosa (G. Don) Mabb. |
Herb |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
394 |
Oldenlandia corymbosa L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
|
|
395 |
Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. |
Herb |
Tropical Africa and Asia |
# |
|
396 |
Ophiorrhiza mongus L. |
Herb |
India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
397 |
Pavetta indica L. |
Shrub |
India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
398 |
Psychotria flavida Talbot |
Shrub W |
Southern Western Ghats |
# |
|
399 |
Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson |
Tree |
Indo-Malaysia and China |
# |
|
400 |
Spermacoce alata Aubl. |
Herb Ex |
Native of Tropical America; now established in
Tropical Africa and Asia |
# |
|
401 |
Spermacoce articularis L. f. |
Herb |
Tropical Asia and Africa |
KFRI 22346 |
|
402 |
Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaysia and Tropical Africa |
# |
|
403 |
Spermacoce pusilla Wall. |
Herb |
India and Myanmar |
# |
|
|
Family: Gentianaceae |
|
||
|
404 |
Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. |
Herb |
Tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia |
KFRI 28923 |
|
405 |
Hoppea fastigiata (Griseb.) Clarke |
Herb |
Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar |
# |
|
|
Family: Loganiaceae |
|
||
|
406 |
Mitrasacme indica Wight |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya to Australia and eastern Asia |
KFRI 28641 |
|
407 |
Strychnos nux-vomica L. |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28638 |
|
408 |
Strychnos vanprukii Craib |
Climber W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28999 |
|
|
Family: Apocynaceae |
|
||
|
409 |
Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.) G.Don |
Climber |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22349 |
|
410 |
Allamanda cathartica L. |
Climber Ex |
Native of Tropical America; now naturalised in the
tropics of the world |
KFRI 22332 |
|
411 |
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. |
Tree |
Southern and southeastern Asia to Australia |
# |
|
412 |
Catharanthus pusillus (Murr.) G. Don |
Herb |
India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
413 |
Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R.Almeida |
Climber |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
414 |
Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don |
Tree |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28956 |
|
415 |
Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya and Australia |
KFRI 28935 |
|
416 |
Kamettia caryophyllata (Roxb.) Nicolson & Suresh |
Climber W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 22326 |
|
417 |
Plumeria rubra L. |
TreeEx |
Native of tropical America; widely naturalised
elsewhere in the tropics |
# |
|
418 |
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz |
Herb |
Southern and southeastern Asia |
KFRI 28965 |
|
419 |
Tabernaemontana alternifolia L. |
Tree W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI22384 |
|
420 |
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. |
Shrub Ex |
Native of southern Himalaya |
# |
|
421 |
Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. |
Tree |
India, Myanmar, and Timor |
KFRI 28955 |
|
|
Family: Boraginaceae |
|
||
|
422 |
Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. |
Tree |
Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and northern Africa |
KFRI 22356 |
|
423 |
Heliotropium indicum L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
424 |
Heliotropium keralense Sivar. & Manilal |
Herb W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 22354 |
|
425 |
Heliotropium
marifolium J.Koenig ex
Retz. |
Herb |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22305 |
|
|
Family: Convolvulaceae |
|
||
|
426 |
Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya, China, and Mauritius |
KFRI 28954 |
|
427 |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaysia and China |
KFRI 22374 |
|
428 |
Erycibe paniculata Roxb. |
Climber |
India, Himalaya, and Andaman Islands |
KFRI 22369 |
|
429 |
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28938 |
|
430 |
Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. |
HerbEx |
Native of tropical America; naturalised in Africa
and Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28971 |
|
431 |
Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh |
Climber |
Asia, Africa, and South America |
KFRI 28941 |
|
432 |
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet |
Climber Ex |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
433 |
Ipomoea hederifolia L. |
Climber Ex |
Native of tropical America; now naturalised in
tropical Asia |
# |
|
434 |
Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. |
Climber |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28930 |
|
435 |
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth |
Climber Ex |
Native of South America; now naturalised in tropics |
# |
|
436 |
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. |
Climber |
Pantropical |
# |
|
437 |
Ipomoea pileata Roxb. |
Climber |
Tropical Africa and Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28942 |
|
438 |
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall.f. |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
439 |
Merremia umbellata (L.) Hall.f. |
Climber |
Pantropical |
# |
|
440 |
Merremia vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hall.f. |
Climber |
Indo-China and China |
KFRI 28944 |
|
441 |
Neuropeltis malabarica Ooststr. |
Climber W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28972 |
|
|
Family: Solanaceae |
|
||
|
442 |
Capsicum annuum L. |
Shrub Ex |
Native to West Indies; widely cultivated all over
the world |
# |
|
443 |
Datura stramonium L. |
Shrub Ex |
Widely distributed in most parts of the temperate
regions of the world |
# |
|
444 |
Physalis angulata L. |
Herb Ex |
Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia |
KFRI 28981 |
|
445 |
Solanum americanum Mill. |
Herb Ex |
Cosmopolitan |
# |
|
446 |
Solanum torvum Sw. |
Shrub |
Throughout the tropics |
KFRI 28655 |
|
|
Family: Oleaceae |
|
||
|
447 |
Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P.S.Green |
Tree PI |
Peninsular India |
# |
|
448 |
Jasminum azoricum L. |
ClimberEx |
Native to the Azores Islands |
# |
|
449 |
Jasminum malabaricum Wight |
Climber W |
Western Ghats |
# |
|
450 |
Olea dioica Roxb. |
Tree I |
India |
KFRI 28662 |
|
|
Family: Gesneriaceae |
|
||
|
451 |
Rhynchoglossum notonianum (Wall.) Burtt |
Herb |
Southwestern India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
|
Family: Plantaginaceae |
|
||
|
452 |
Dopatrium junceum(Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Benth. |
Herb |
Eastern tropics |
# |
|
453 |
Limnophila repens (Benth.) Benth. |
Herb |
Tropical Asia |
KFRI 22337 |
|
454 |
Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small |
HerbEx |
Native of tropical America; naturalised in India |
KFRI 22328 |
|
455 |
Microcarpaea minima (Koenig ex Retz.) Merr. |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
456 |
Scoparia dulcis L. |
Herb Ex |
Native of tropical America; now pantropical |
# |
|
|
Family:Linderniaceae |
|
||
|
457 |
Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
458 |
Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell. |
Herb |
Africa, America, and tropical &subtropical Asia |
# |
|
459 |
Lindernia hyssopioides (L.) Haines |
Herb |
Southeastern Asia, Malaysia and China |
# |
|
460 |
Lindernia viscosa (Hornem.) Merr. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and China |
# |
|
|
Family: Martyniaceae |
|
||
|
461 |
Martynia annua L. |
Shrub Ex |
Tropical and subtropical America; naturalised in
Indian subcontinent |
# |
|
|
Family:
Pedaliaceae |
|
||
|
462 |
Pedalium murex L. |
Herb |
Tropical Africa, Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan |
KFRI 28698 |
|
463 |
Sesamum indicum L. |
Herb |
Tropical Africa and Asia |
KFRI 28630 |
|
464 |
Sesamum radiatum Schum. & Thonn. |
Herb Ex |
Native of tropical western Africa; now widely spread |
# |
|
|
Family: Acanthaceae |
|
||
|
465 |
Acanthus ilicifolius L. |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya and Australia |
KFRI 22229 |
|
466 |
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. |
Herb |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22301 |
|
467 |
Asystasia dalzelliana Sant. |
Herb |
Tropical Asia and Africa |
KFRI 22341 |
|
468 |
Asystasia gangetica (L.) Anders. |
Herb |
Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, Arabia, and Africa |
KFRI 22329 |
|
469 |
Barleria cristata L. |
ShrubEx |
Indo-Malaya and southern China |
KFRI 22351 |
|
470 |
Barleria prionitis L. |
Shrub |
Tropical Africa and Asia |
KFRI 22355 |
|
471 |
Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I. Darbysh. |
Herb |
India, Myanmar, and tropical Africa |
KFRI 22350 |
|
472 |
Dipteracanthus prostratus(Poir.) Nees |
Herb I |
India |
KFRI 22338 |
|
473 |
Eranthemum capense L. var. capense Hook. f. |
Herb |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22336 |
|
474 |
Gymnostachyum febrifugum Benth. |
Herb W |
Southern Western Ghats |
# |
|
475 |
Haplanthodes neilgherryensis (Wight) Majumdar |
Herb W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 22394 |
|
476 |
Justicia adhatoda L. |
Shrub |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 22390 |
|
477 |
Justicia ekakusuma Pradeep & Sivar. |
Herb SI |
Southern India |
KFRI 22382 |
|
478 |
Justicia japonica Thunb. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and eastern Africa |
KFRI 22313 |
|
479 |
Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don |
Herb |
India, Myanmar, and China |
KFRI 22353 |
|
480 |
Lepidagathis keralensis Madhu. & Singh |
Herb SI |
Southern India |
KFRI 22340 |
|
481 |
Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet |
Herb |
Indo-Malaysia, China, and Africa |
KFRI 22400 |
|
482 |
Pseuderanthemum malabaricum Gamble |
Herb |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22396 |
|
483 |
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz |
Herb |
India, Sri Lanka, Java, and Madagascar |
KFRI 22358 |
|
484 |
Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees |
Herb |
India, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar |
KFRI 22329 |
|
485 |
Staurogyne glutinosa Kuntze |
Herb |
India and Bangladesh |
KFRI 22341 |
|
486 |
Strobilanthes heyneanus Nees |
Shrub |
India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 22334 |
|
487 |
Strobilanthes perfoliata Anders. |
Shrub W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 22367 |
|
|
Family: Bignoniaceae |
|
||
|
488 |
Millingtonia hortensis L.f. |
Tree |
Southeastern Asia and Malaysia |
KFRI 22358 |
|
489 |
Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K.Schum. |
Tree |
India and Myanmar |
KFRI 22304 |
|
490 |
Stereospermumtetragonum DC. |
Tree |
Indo-China and Malaysia |
KFRI 28937 |
|
|
Family: Lentibulariaceae |
|
||
|
491 |
Utricularia cecilii P.Taylor |
Herb W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28918 |
|
492 |
Utricularia graminifolia Vahl |
Herb |
India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
493 |
Utricularia lazulina P.Taylor |
Herb W |
Western Ghats |
KFRI 28683 |
|
494 |
Utricularia malabarica Janarth. & A.N Henry |
Herb SI |
South India |
# |
|
495 |
Utricularia reticulata Smith |
Herb |
India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
496 |
Utricularia striatula Smith |
Herb |
Paleotropics |
KFRI 28640 |
|
497 |
Utricularia uliginosa Vahl |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya, China, and Australia |
# |
|
|
Family: Verbenaceae |
|
||
|
498 |
Lantana camara L. |
Shrub Ex |
Native of tropical America, widely naturalised in
the tropics and subtropics |
# |
|
499 |
Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene |
Herb |
Tropics and subtropics |
KFRI 28664 |
|
500 |
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl |
Shrub |
Pantropical |
KFRI 28665 |
|
|
Family: Lamiaceae |
|
||
|
501 |
Anisochilus carnosus (L. f.) Wall. |
Herb |
Southern India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar |
# |
|
502 |
Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and China |
KFRI 28644 |
|
503 |
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. |
Shrub Ex |
Originally from America now pantropical |
|
|
504 |
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
505 |
Leucas biflora (Vahl) Sm. |
Herb |
Peninsular India and Sri Lanka |
KFRI 28681 |
|
506 |
Ocimum americanum L. |
Herb Ex |
Paleotropics |
# |
|
507 |
Platostoma hispidum (L.) A.J.Paton |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya |
# |
|
508 |
Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigrahi) Press |
Herb SI |
Southern India |
KFRI 28642 |
|
509 |
Pogostemon purpurascens Dalz. |
Herb SWI |
Southwestern India |
# |
|
510 |
Pogostemon quadrifolius (Benth.) F.Muell. |
Herb I |
India |
# |
|
511 |
Symphorema involucratum Roxb. |
Climber |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 22323 |
|
|
Family: Orobanchaceae |
|
||
|
512 |
Centranthera indica (L.) Gamble |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya, China, and Australia |
# |
|
513 |
Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Hochst.)
Benth. |
Herb I |
India |
# |
|
514 |
Sopubia trifida Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and China |
# |
|
515 |
Striga angustifolia (D. Don) Saldanha |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 28933 |
|
516 |
Striga asiatica (L.) Ktze. |
HerbEx |
Southeastern Asia and Africa |
# |
|
517 |
Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke |
Herb |
From tropical and southern Africa through Arabia to
India and Sri Lanka |
# |
|
|
Family: Menyanthaceae |
|
||
|
518 |
Nymphoides krishnakesara Joseph & Sivar. |
Herb W |
Southern Western Ghats |
KFRI 28997 |
|
|
Family: Asteraceae |
|
||
|
519 |
Acanthospermum hispidum DC. |
Herb Ex |
Pantropical |
KFRI 22309 |
|
520 |
Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. |
Herb Ex |
Pantropical |
KFRI 22325 |
|
521 |
Bidens pilosa L. |
Herb Ex |
Pantropical |
KFRI 22310 |
|
522 |
Blumea membranacea DC. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya |
KFRI 22365 |
|
523 |
Blumea oxyodonta DC. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and southern China |
KFRI 22308 |
|
524 |
Cosmos caudatus Kunth |
Herb Ex |
West Indies and central America; introduced in India |
KFRI 22307 |
|
525 |
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
526 |
Elephantopus scaber L. |
Herb |
Pantropical |
# |
|
527 |
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC. |
Herb |
Tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia |
KFRI 22347 |
|
528 |
Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. |
Herb |
Indo-Malaya and Africa |
KFRI 22335 |
|
529 |
Mikania micrantha Kunth |
Climber Ex |
Pantropical |
# |
|
530 |
Phyllocephalum phyllolaenum (DC.) Narayana |
Herb I |
India |
KFRI 22344 |
|
531 |
Sphagneticola trilobata (L.)
Pruski |
Herb Ex |
Native of tropical America |
KFRI 22368 |
|
532 |
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. |
Herb Ex |
Native of West Indies; naturalised in India, China,
Malaysia, and Polynesia |
KFRI 22319 |
|
533 |
Tridax procumbens (L.) L. |
Herb Ex |
Native of tropical America; now widespread
throughout tropics and subtropics |
# |
|
534 |
Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. |
Herb |
Pantropics |
# |
|
|
Family: Apiaceae |
|
||
|
535 |
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. |
Herb |
Tropical Asia and Africa |
# |
#—not accessed due to restriction in collection |
EN—Endangered | Ex—exotic | I—endemic to India | PI—endemic to peninsular India
| SI—endemic to southern India | SWI—endemic to southwestern India |
VU—Vulnerable | W—endemic to Western Ghats.
For figures
& images - - click here
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