Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26
November 2019 | 11(14): 14827–14844
Plant and
fungi diversity of Devi Pindiyan Valley in
Trikuta Hills of northwestern Himalaya, India
Sajan Thakur 1, Harish
Chander Dutt 2, Bikarma Singh 3, Yash Pal Sharma 4,
Nawang Tashi 5, Rajender Singh Charak 6, Geeta Sharma7,
Om Prakash Vidyarthi 8, Tasir Iqbal 9, Bishander Singh
10 & Kewal Kumar 11
1,2,4,5,7,9 Department of Botany, 6 Department
of Geography, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir 180006, India.
3 Plant Sciences (Biodiversity and
Applied Botany Division), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal
Road, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir 180001, India.
8 State Forest Research Institute,
Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir 180007, India.
10 Department of Botany, Veer Kunwar
Singh University, Arrah, Bihar 802301, India.
11 Department of Botany, Government
Degree College for Women, Udhampur, Jammu & Kashmir 182101, India.
1 sajan0007thakur@gmail.com, 2
hcdutt@rediffmail.com, 3 drbikarma@iiim.ac.in (corresponding
author),
4 yashdbm3@yahoo.co.in, 5 nawang7786@gmail.com,
6 rajsinghju@gmail.com, 7 geetaji@yahoo.com,
8 opsfrijk@gmail.com, 9 taseer83@gmail.com,
10 bishander85@gmail.com, 11 kewalkumar0@gmail.com
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4792.11.14.14827-14844
Editor: P.
Lakshminarasimhan, Botanical Survey of India, Pune, India. Date of publication: 26 November
2019 (online & print)
Manuscript details: #4792 | Received 02 January 2019
| Final received 22 October 2019 | Finally accepted 31 October 2019
Citation: Thakur, S., H.C. Dutt, B. Singh,
Y.P. Sharma, N. Tashi, R.S. Charak, G. Sharma, O.P. Vidyarthi, T. Iqbal, B.
Singh & K. Kumar (2019). Plant and
fungi diversity of Devi Pindiyan Valley in Trikuta Hills of northwestern
Himalaya, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(14): 14827–14844. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4792.11.14.14827-14844
Copyright: © Thakur et al. 2019. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Financial assistance received from
UGC-SAP DRS-II and CSIR.
Competing
interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Mr. Sajan Thakur, Mr. Nawang Tashi, Mr. Bishander Singh and Mr. Tasir
Iqbal are PhD research
scholars. Dr. Harish Chander Dutt works extensively in the area of
plant ecology and taxonomy. Dr. Bikarma
Singh is a higher plant taxonomist in the area of systematics, ecology,
ethnobotany, and plant natural products for value addition. Prof. Yash Pal Sharma has expertise in
mushrooms of Himalaya. Dr. Rajender Singh
Charak is a Cartographer and an expert in Cartography, Remote Sensing
and GIS. Prof. Geeta Sharma is an
expert in botany. Mr. Om Prakash
Vidyarthi is a chief conservator of forest and is known for tree talk. Dr. Kewal Kumar works in GDC Udhampur
and possesses expertise in botany.
Author contribution: BS, HCD and
YPS conceived the idea. ST, HCD, BS, YPS, NT, TQ, RSC, GS, KK and OPV
collected, identified, compiled and prepared the manuscript. BS provided the
native and non-native status of the species presented in the manuscript.
Acknowledgements:
We thank the headman and local
people of various localities of the region for their help in various ways. The
help received from Department of Forest, Government of J&K is also
acknowledged. This publication bears publication number CSIR-IIIM/IPR/0078.
Abstract: The Devi Pindiyan Valley, an abode of Goddess Vaishno
Devi, in Trikuta Hills (western Himalaya) is a unique hill-top land ecosystem
with a diverse regional mixed subtropical and temperate flora. Because of its
suitable geographic location, specific and unique habitat conditions, this
mountainous belt of Shivalik Himalaya has a large number of endemic and
threatened plant species. This study
presents information on the plant diversity of Devi Pindiyan Valley of Trikuta
Hills. Several line-transect (100m N-S and 100 E-W) surveys were conducted in
which nested quadrats of 10m × 10m were laid for trees, within which
interspersed two 5m × 5m sub-quadrats for shrubs and five 1m × 1m sub-quadrants
for herbs at different places for determination of floristic composition. In
the diverse habitats of this valley, we recorded 213 vascular plant species
belonging to 164 genera under 71 families. This study area also harbors rich
diversity of fungi, where the most visible 7 species of macrofungi belongs to 7
genera and 4 families were documented.
Out of the documented species, 35 species have been categorized as
threatened based on the latest IUCN Red list criteria, while 178 species are
included in the catalogue of world life. Engelhardtia spicata Lechen ex
Blume var. integra (Kurz) Manning ex Steenis has been categorized as
Least Concerned (LC) by IUCN Red List site. The species diversity indicates
the high conservation value of this area and documenting such an
ecologically rich ecosystem becomes a prerequisite for developing and
formulating conservation-cum-management strategies. Therefore, we recommend
there is need for ecological research in terms of biodiversity conservation on
Devi Pindiyan Valley and similar ecosystems.
Keywords:
Conservation status, Devi Pindiyan Valley, floristic composition, Shivalik
Himalaya.
Introduction
Himalayan eco-terrains are
globally recognized as a hub and repository of unique biological diversity in
Asia, and their distribution differs from tropical to alpine climate (Nayar
& Shastry 1987; Singh 2019). The species composition of the Himalayan hills
and mountains varies from place to place and these variations depend mainly on
different climatic factors coupled with differences in latitude, longitude, and
altitude (Singh 2015).The Indian Himalaya are home to more than 8,000 species
of vascular plants, of which 4,000 species are endemic and 1,748 are known for
their medicinal properties (Samant et al. 1998; Singh 2019a). The western Himalayan geographic region
extends from Jammu & Kashmir to the Kumaon belt of Uttarakhand State. The
Shivalik region of Jammu division is known for unique and endemic species whose
occurrence is due to favorable climatic conditions required for the growth and
dissemination of plant species (Singh 2019b). Review of literature reveals that
Jammu & Kashmir is home to about 4,439 species of plants (Singh et al.
1999), and out of these, 948 species are published to have medicinal and
aromatic value (Gairola et al. 2014). It is evident from the published work
that a lot of research has been carried out in this region by different plant
scientists to study biodiversity, ethnobotany, ecology, and data up-gradation
on environmental parameters (Sharma & Kachroo 1983; Kapur & Sarin 1990;
Swami & Gupta 1998; Kirn 2000; Kumar & Hamal 2009; Kumar et al. 2009, 2015;
Kumar & Sharma 2011; Bhellum & Magotra 2012; Bhatia et al. 2013, 2014;
Dar et al. 2014; Dutt et al. 2015; Kour et al. 2017; Pandita & Dutt 2017;
Singh et al. 2016, 2019).
Trikuta Hills in the Himalaya
are known for the holy pilgrimage of the shrine of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi and
more than 1.5 lakh people visit this place of worship every year from different
parts of the globe. This shrine mountain ecosystem has several steep slopes,
deep gorges and valleys, rich in different types of vegetation. Ecologically,
these hills can be characterized as sub-tropical to temperate mixed vegetation,
rich in Pinus, Quercus, Engelhardtia, and Cedrus as dominant tree
species. The elevation of this mountain ranges from 750 to 2,706m. Many sacred
rivers and small streams originate from these hills, and the higher reaches of
these hills are occasionally covered with snow during winter months. There are
several unexplored regions due to sacred beliefs and tough terrain in the
hills. In this study, we present the floral and fungal diversity of Devi
Pindiyan Valley with an aim to conserve species in this valley.
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Devi Pindiyan Valley of Trikuta Hill is situated 36km
from Jammu Town and 13km from Katra City (Reasi District) in Panthal forest
area. It lies between latitudes of 32.892 to 33.010N and longitudes of 74.986
to 74.995E and the elevation range of 860–1,360m (Figure 1). It covers approximately an area of 17.3 km2.
The study area is part of district Reasi of Jammu & Kashmir. This
mountainous belt falls in the Palaearctic Realm and the forest terrains are
rugged and the hills are characterized by moderate to steep slopes. The
vegetation components are characterized by typical subtropical and temperate
forests. The forest components as a whole are regarded as a sacred grove and
named Devi Pindiyan Shakti Pith. The upper ridges of Trikuta Hill experiences
winter snowfall which is responsible for the moderate temperature in summer and
cool weather in winter. December–January are the coldest months of the year
when minimum temperatures reach minus 4°C. The mean temperature in January is
about 8°C, and in May, the temperature rises between 35°C and 40°C. The annual
rainfall ranges between 3,200mm and 3,472mm, distributed over 60–90 rain days.
A number of seasonal streams that provide water to the local community for
domestic purposes originate from the forest reserve. River Jhajjar is one of
the important sacred perennial water system originating from Trikuta Hill which
runs through the valley. There are only four villages where an indigenous Dogri
speaking community of Duggar resides. Due to the remote location, typical physiography
and climate, the local people derive much of their livelihood from agriculture,
horticulture and floriculture. They
mostly depend on forest resources for food, shelter and medicine. Since the
region is known as a sacred place, some of them cultivate marigolds for sale in
the market which adds to their earnings.
Field Survey, Data Collection and Identification
Four field exploration tours were undertaken for
survey, collection and mapping of plant samples from six study sites in Devi
Pindiyan Valley from March 2017 till September 2018 with the help of experts
from the J&K Forest Department, CSIR-IIIM Jammu, and the University of
Jammu (Image 1). Several line-transect (100m N-S and 100m E-W) surveys were
conducted at different places for determination of floristic composition.
Nested quadrats of 10 × 10m were laid for trees, within which were interspersed
two 5 × 5m sub-quadrats for shrubs and five 1 × 1m sub-quadrats for herbs in
different growing seasons. GPS coordinates were recorded by using Garmin Oregon
650 GPS navigation device (Table 1). Data on habit, phenological characters and
associated species of plants were collected along with digital photographs.
Macro-fungi present in the area were also systematically collected,
photographed and preserved. Laboratory studies were conducted in the Department
of Botany, University of Jammu and RRLH Janaki Ammal Herbarium at CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu (CSIR-IIIM). Conventional herbarium
techniques proposed by Jain & Rao (1977) and Rao & Sharma (1990) were
followed. The accurate identification and authentication of plants was based on
the collected herbarium vouchers and photographs, which were used as unique
evidence and reference material for regional distribution. Proper identification
and naming of macro-fungi species was done through individual expertise and
online databases such as Index fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org) and Mycobank
(www.mycobank.org).
The species were enumerated and photographed through
non-invasive methods. The vouchers of the collected plants were identified by
comparing them physically with existing preserved specimens at the Herbarium of
the University of Jammu (HBJU) and Janaki Ammal Herbarium (RRLH) Jammu. Later,
all taxa were authenticated by using taxonomic keys and published floras
(Sharma & Kachroo 1983; Kapur & Sarin 1990; Swami & Gupta 1998).
The prepared herbarium sheets were deposited at the Herbarium of University of
Jammu (HBJU).
Systematization and Presentation
All plant species of Devi Pindiyan were systematically
arranged. Families were arranged as per Bentham and Hooker’s System of
Classification (Bentham & Hooker 1876). Habit of each plant species were
categorized as trees, shrubs, herbs and lianas. The correct ICN names of each
plant and macro-fungi species were carried out using web-based databases
(www.theplantlist.org, www.indexfungorum.org and www.mycobank.org). The threat
status of each species was determined using the online database of IUCN Red
List (www.iucnredlist.org) and presented as Critically Endangered, Endangered,
Vulnerable, Least Concern, Data Deficient and if similar information was not
available, then they were designated as NA.
Results
Forest Characterization
The intermediate climate between the subtropical and
the temperate vegetation along with the topography of the Devi Pindiyan Valley
is responsible for its unusual mixed type of vegetation. The forest belts
possess different types of very unique plant associations such as mixed
deciduous broad-leaved forests, lower pine association coupled with secondary
scrub parameters. This valley is dominated by species such as Sapium
sebiferum, Grewia optiva and Toona ciliata in mixed
broad-leaved areas. Pinus roxburghii,
Phoenix dactylifera, Trema politoria, and Debregeasia
longifolia at the upper hills mixed with pine vegetation. The secondary
scrubby layers are dominated by Woodfordia fruticosa, Justicia
adhatoda, Euphorbia royleana and Ehretia acuminata.
Floristic Composition and Analysis
A total of 213 plant species belonging to 165 genera
and 71 vascular plant families were collected from the Devi Pindiyan and
associated hills of Trikuta Mountain (Appendix 1). Out of a total of 213 plant
species, 204 were angiosperms (166 dicots and 38 monocots), one was gymnosperm
and the remaining eight were pteridophytes (Table 2). The highly represented families were Poaceae
(19 species), Lamiaceae (14 species), Fabaceae (13 species), Asteraceae &
Moraceae (12 species each), Solanaceae (9 species), Euphorbiaceae (8 species),
Rosaceae (7 species), Ranunculaceae (6 species) & Malvaceae, Pinaceae and
Pteridaceae (5 species each). Highly represented genera in the valley were Ficus
(10 species), Euphorbia & Solanum (5 species each), Rubus
(4 species), and Acacia & Datura (3 species each). A total of
95 plant species were herbaceous in habit, 48 were shrubby bushes, 54 were
trees and 16 were climbers. Some snapshots of species diversity are given in
Images 2 and 3.
Besides vascular plant diversity, this region also
exhibits macrofungal diversity, of which some are used as food or medicine by
the local inhabitants of the study area. While investigating, seven macro-fungi
were documented from the study area that include Ganoderma lucidum
(Curtis) P.Karst. (Ganodermataceae), Schizophyllum commune Fr.
(Schizophyllaceae), Termitomyces heimii Natarajan (Lyophyllaceae), Macrolepiota
procera Scop., Agaricus arvensis Schaeff., Calvatia gigantea
(Batsch) Lloyd, and Bovista minor Morgan (all Agaricaceae members). The
first two macro-fungi (Ganoderma lucidum and Schizophyllum commune)
are used as medicine by the local people, whereas the remaining were recorded
as being used as wild edible macro-fungi (Image 4).
Economically Valued Plants
Out of a total of 213 plant species collected from the
area, 76.05% (162 spp.) are reported in literature as high valued medicinal
plants (Samant et al. 1998; Bhatia et al. 2013, 2014; Gairola et al. 2014; Dutt
et al. 2015). Some abundantly growing medicinal plants of Devi Pindiyan Valley and
its associated mountain ranges include Achyranthes bidentata, Acacia
modesta, Artemisia nilagirica, Berberis lycium, Bergenia pacumbis, Cissampelos
pareira, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Colchicum luteum, Cryptolepis dubia, Datura
innoxia, Holarrhena pubescens, Micromeria biflora, Mentha longifolia, Ocimum
americanum, Plantago lanceolata, Sida rhombifolia, Valeriana jatamansi,
Verbascum thapsus, Viola canescens,and Zanthoxylum armatum.
While gathering oral information from local people, 26
species were recorded as edible and consumed as wild leafy vegetables, wild
fruits or seeds. Most abundantly growing plants under this category are Colocasia
esculenta, Debregeasia longifolia, Ficus spicata, Mentha spicata, Morus alba,
Murraya koenigii, Rubus ellipticus, Rubus niveus, Rumex hastatus, Zanthoxylum
armatum and Ziziphus jujuba. The study area is composed of nearly 55
timber yielding plants, with Engelhardtia spicata, Ficus semicordata, Ficus
racemosa, Mallotus philippensis, Kigelia africana, Melia azedarach, and Pinus
roxburghii being the most dominant tree species. We also recorded 10 plants
from the area as a source of dye such as Impatiens balsamina, Impatiens
bicolor, Geranium nepalensis, Acacia catechu, and Pistacia chinensis
(Figure 2).
Native and Non-Native Status
Of the total 213 investigated species, 124 species
representing 58.22% are native to the Palaearctic Realm and remaining 89
species (41.78%) are non-native to India and adjoining areas (Appendix 1). They
are either introduced, alien (invasive) or recorded from other regions as
native plants. They are European, African, Australian, or tropical American
origin plants escaped to have distribution in the study area (India) as
invasive or were introduced sometime in history. A total of 32 species (15.02%) are native to India or are
exclusively endemic to the Himalayan regions. Common endemic species to
Himalaya include Mimosa himalayana, Valeriana jatamansi, Neolitsea
umbrosa, Engelhardtia spicata, Colchicum luteum, Isachne himalaica, Colebrookea
oppositifolia, Ficus semicordata, Delphinium denudatum, Grewia optiva, Acacia
modesta, Begonia picta, Heracleum candicans, Selinum vaginatum, and
Euphorbia royleana. About 0.93%
species have nativity in Indo-Malayan regions.
There are several species which are of Chinese origin and have abundant
growth in the study area includes Ficus sarmentosa, Hedychium spicatum,
Pteris vittata, and Pistacia chinensis.
Threats and Conservation Perspectives
Human disturbance coupled with habitat fragmentation
have been identified as a major cause of biodiversity loss in many hotspots.
Destruction of forests has resulted in the degradation of the environment and
habitat of native species of the state. The rich genetic diversity has been
depleted and many plant species are facing the threat of extinction in their
natural habitats. Expansion of developmental activities (road/dam/city
construction), logging, mining and similar associated activities are major
threats to plant and animal species. The conservation status of all collected
and authenticated species were worked out following IUCN Red List website
(www.iucnredlist.org), and out of a total of 213 species, 34 species have been
categorized under one or other threat concern. Total 32 species were listed as
Least Concern (LC) species, 1 species each were categorized under Vulnerable
(V) category and Data Deficient (DD) and remaining 178 species were not
assessed as per IUCN classification (Figure 3)
Discussion
The endemic species with limited geographical ranges
are susceptible to extinction as they are extremely vulnerable to environmental
changes, while widely distributed species can cope with the changing
environment and anthropogenic disturbances (Rao et al. 2003). In this study, we
reviewed for the first time, and presented the plant diversity of unexplored
Devi Pindiyan Valley of Trikuta Hills in Shivalik Himalaya. In the diverse
habitats of this valley, we recorded 213 vascular plants of 164 genera under 71
families, and seven macro-fungal genera belonging to four families, indicating
that the flora of the surveyed region shows high diversity. In fact, while
surveying and exploring the interior belts, we often found a large number of
plant species from a certain small area, which were very different in habitat condition
from their surroundings. In addition to these, we were able to mark wide
variations in ecological conditions found within the explored area along with
variations in altitudes. According to the Botanical Survey of India, Jammu
& Kashmir in the western Himalaya is one such region which has been
floristically under-explored (Dar et al. 2012), and the present finding helps
to fill the data gap. Few research projects were previously conducted in the
area, and one of them was of Kapur (1982), who studied the phytoecology and
forest associations, but very little data on ecology was presented. Lesser
known species outside their natural habitat are facing threats of existence
seeing in vulnerable category and may slowly move towards the verge of
extinction due to unabated anthropogenic activities such as deforestation and
illicit extraction of valuable medicinal plants. Hence, such species need
immediate conservation measures and research on ecological restoration. Owing
to our extensive study efforts in the Devi Pindiyan, this documented research
will provide a good notion of the plant diversity and reasons for conservation
of this sacred place for the future.
Table1. Characterization of collecting sites from Devi
Pindiyan Valley of Trikuta Hill, Shivalik Himalaya.
|
Survey sites (Date of collection) |
Geographical coordinates |
Habitat characterized |
||
|
Latitude |
Longitude |
Elevation (m) |
||
|
Site 1 (14 March 2017) |
32.982o N |
74.986o E |
860 |
Tropical forests |
|
Site 2 (19 August 2017) |
32.987o N |
74.987o E |
1020 |
Mixed tropical and subtropical forests |
|
Site 3 (19 August 2017) |
32.994o N |
74.990o E |
1149 |
Mixed tropical and subtropical forests |
|
Site 4 (28 April 2018) |
32.999o N |
74.989o E |
1135 |
Mixed tropical and subtropical forests |
|
Site 5 (28 April 2018) |
33.004o N |
74.993o E |
1089 |
Mixed tropical and subtropical forests |
|
Site 6 (14 September 2018) |
33.010o N |
74.995o E |
1360 |
Mixed subtropical and temperate forests |
Table 2. Classification of vascular plants
distribution in Devi Pindiyan Valley.
|
Taxon |
Family |
Genus |
Species |
Total |
|
Lycophytes and Ferns |
5 |
6 |
8 |
8 |
|
Gymnosperms |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Angiosperms |
65 |
158 |
204 |
204 |
|
Monocotyledons |
12 |
33 |
38 |
38 |
|
Dicotyledons |
53 |
125 |
166 |
166 |
|
Total |
71 |
165 |
213 |
213 |
For
figures & images - - click here
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-018-1027-4
Singh B., P. Sultan, Q.P. Hassan,
S. Gairola & Y.S. Bedi (2016) Ethnobotany,
traditional knowledge, and diversity of wild edible plants and fungi: a case
study in the Bandipora district of Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Herbs
Spices and Medicinal Plants 22(3): 247–278.
Singh, D.K., B.P. Uniyal & R.
Mathu (1999). Jammu and Kashmir, pp. 905–974.
In: Mudgal, V. & P.K. Hajra (eds.). Floristic Diversity and Conservation
Strategies in India, Vol. 2. Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Dehradun, India.
Swami, A. & B.K. Gupta (1998).
Flora of Udhampur. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India,
455pp.
Appendix 1. List of plants in Devi Pindiyan
Valley of Trikuta Hills, Shivalik Himalaya.
|
|
Botanical
name |
Phenology
period |
Habit |
IUCN
status |
Nativity
status |
Voucher
no. |
|
|
DICOTS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ranunculaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. |
Clematis
barbellata Edgew. |
June–August |
Climber |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm and in Himalaya |
HBJU125 |
|
2. |
Clematis
gouriana Roxb. ex DC. |
September–December |
Climber |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU126 |
|
3. |
Delphinium
denudatum Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson |
May–September |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU151 |
|
4. |
Ranunculus
distans Royle |
June–August |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU206 |
|
5. |
Ranunculus
muricatus L. |
March–July |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native of Europe |
HBJU276 |
|
6. |
Thalictrum
foliolosum DC. |
August–December |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU226 |
|
|
Menispermaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
7. |
Cissampelos
pareira L. |
March–October |
Climber |
NA |
Native to
India |
HBJU124 |
|
8. |
Cocculus
laurifolius DC. |
March–August |
Climber |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU127 |
|
|
Berberidaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
9. |
Berberis
lycium Royle |
April–June |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU112 |
|
|
Papaveraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
10. |
Fumaria
indica Pugsley |
March–July |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU178 |
|
|
Violaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
11. |
Viola
odorata L. |
April–September |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native,
introduced from Europe |
HBJU290 |
|
12. |
Viola
canescens Wall. |
March–July |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU288 |
|
|
Malvaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
13. |
Bombax
ceiba L. |
November–March |
Tree |
NA |
Non-native
to India and introduced |
HBJU115 |
|
14. |
Grewia
asiatica L. |
March–September |
Tree |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU159 |
|
15. |
Grewia
optiva (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) J.R.Drumm. ex
Burret |
April–Septmber |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU184 |
|
16. |
Pterospermum
acerifolium (L.) Willd. |
December–July |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU203 |
|
17. |
Sida
rhombifolia L. |
September–January |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to New World (America & Oceania) |
HBJU263 |
|
|
Linaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
18. |
Reinwardtia
indica Dumort. |
April–January |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU246 |
|
|
Geraniaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
19. |
Geranium
nepalense Sweet |
April–October |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU156 |
|
20. |
Geranium
mascatense Boiss. |
February–May |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Himalaya) |
HBJU277 |
|
|
Balsaminaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
21. |
Impatiens
balsamina L. |
July–October |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to tropical America |
HBJU190 |
|
22. |
Impatiens
bicolor Royle |
May–October |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU191 |
|
|
Oxalidaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
23. |
Oxalis
corniculata L. |
February–October |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native of Europe |
HBJU228 |
|
|
Rutaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
24. |
Aegle
marmelos (L.) Corrêa |
October–January |
Tree |
NA |
Non-native
to India and introduced |
HBJU107 |
|
25. |
Murraya
koenigii (L.) Spreng. |
March–August |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU187 |
|
26. |
Zanthoxylum
armatum DC. |
April–October |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU239 |
|
|
Meliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
27. |
Melia
azedarach L. |
March–October |
Tree |
LC |
Non-native
to India, and native of Bangladesh |
HBJU180 |
|
28. |
Toona
ciliata M.Roem. |
January–August |
Tree |
LC |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU229 |
|
29. |
Toona
sinensis (AJuss.) M.Roem. |
May–January |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU281 |
|
|
Rhamnaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
30. |
Rhamnus
triquetra (Wall.) Brandis |
July–September |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU247 |
|
31. |
Ziziphus
jujuba Mill. |
May–October |
Tree |
LC |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU294 |
|
32. |
Ziziphus
oenopolia (L.) Mill. |
August–December |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU295 |
|
|
Sapindaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
33. |
Cardiospermum
halicacabum L. |
June–October |
Climber |
NA |
Non-native
to India and invasive |
HBJU149 |
|
34. |
Dodonaea
viscosa (L.) Jacq. |
January–August |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU160 |
|
|
Anacardiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
35. |
Cotinus
coggygria Scop. |
February–November |
Shrub |
LC |
Non-native
to India, and native of Southern Europe |
HBJU140 |
|
36. |
Lannea
coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. |
March–September |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU202 |
|
37. |
Mangifera
indica L. |
March–September |
Tree |
DD |
Native of
Indo-Malaya region, planted |
HBJU212 |
|
38. |
Pistacia
chinensis Bunge |
March–November |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Western China) |
HBJU233 |
|
|
Fabaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
39. |
Acacia
catechu (L.f.) Willd. |
April–September |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU101 |
|
40. |
Acacia
modesta Wall. |
May–October |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU102 |
|
41. |
Acacia
nilotica (L.) Delile |
March–August |
Tree |
LC |
Non-native
to India and native of Tropical America |
HBJU103 |
|
42. |
Bauhinia
vahlii Wight & Arn. |
April–August |
Climber |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU110 |
|
43. |
Bauhinia
variegata L. |
February–July |
Tree |
LC |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU111 |
|
44. |
Cassia
fistula L. |
April–July |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU119 |
|
45. |
Indigofera
cassioides DC. |
January–June |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU163 |
|
46. |
Indigofera
heterantha Wall. ex Brandis |
May–October |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU193 |
|
47. |
Lespedeza
gerardiana Wall. Ex Maxim. |
September–December |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU175 |
|
48. |
Mimosa
himalayana Gamble |
June–December |
Shrub |
NA |
Endemic to
Himalaya |
HBJU183 |
|
49. |
Pueraria
tuberosa (Willd.) DC. |
March–August |
Climber |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (India) |
HBJU204 |
|
50. |
Senna
occidentalis (L.) Link |
October–March |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to tropical South America |
HBJU217 |
|
51. |
Senna
tora (L.) Roxb. |
November–February |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to tropical South America |
HBJU218 |
|
|
Rosaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
52. |
Cotoneaster
nummularius Fisch. & C.A.Mey. |
May–October |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia, Himalaya) |
HBJU132 |
|
53. |
Prunus
cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don |
October–March |
Tree |
LC |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU199 |
|
54. |
Rubus
ellipticus Sm. |
March–May |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia, India) |
HBJU210 |
|
55. |
Rubus
niveus Thunb. |
May–September |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU250 |
|
56. |
Rubus
paniculatus Sm. |
June–October |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU251 |
|
57. |
Rubus
rosifolius Sm. |
March–July |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU211 |
|
58. |
Spiraea
bella Sims |
May–September |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU224 |
|
|
Saxifragaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
59. |
Bergenia
pacumbis (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) C.Y.Wu &
J.T.Pan |
June–August |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Himalaya) |
HBJU146 |
|
|
Myrtaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
60. |
Psidium
guajava L. |
May–September |
Tree |
NA |
Non-native,
introduced from Europe |
HBJU200 |
|
|
Lythraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
61. |
Woodfordia
fruticosa (L.) Kurz |
January–May |
Shrub |
LC |
Native to
Asia (Himalaya) |
HBJU292 |
|
|
Onagraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
62. |
Oenothera
rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton |
May–December |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU225 |
|
|
Begoniaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
63. |
Begonia
picta Sm. |
July–September |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU278 |
|
|
Apiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
64. |
Heracleum
candicans Wall. ex DC. |
May–September |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU244 |
|
65. |
Ligusticum
elatum (Edgew.) C.B.Clarke |
July–September |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU209 |
|
66. |
Selinum
vaginatum C.B.Clarke |
June–October |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU260 |
|
|
Araliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
67. |
Hedera
helix L. |
September–May |
Climber |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native of Europe |
HBJU185 |
|
|
Caprifoliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
68. |
Valeriana
jatamansi Jones |
April–September |
Herb |
NA |
Endemic to
Himalaya |
HBJU232 |
|
|
Adoxaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
69. |
Viburnum
nervosum D.Don |
April–October |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU286 |
|
|
Rubiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
70. |
Catunaregam
spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. |
March–June |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU120 |
|
71. |
Neolamarckia
cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser |
June–November |
Tree |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU312 |
|
72. |
Spermadictyon
suaveolens Roxb. |
September–March |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India, Native of Tropical America |
HBJU223 |
|
73. |
Wendlandia
heynei (Schult.) Santapau & Merchant |
March–August |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU236 |
|
|
Asteraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
74. |
Ageratum
conyzoides (L.) L. |
January–December |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native,
invasive to India and native from tropical America |
HBJU105 |
|
75. |
Artemisia
nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp. |
July–October |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU131 |
|
76. |
Bidens
biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff |
January–December |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native,
invasive to India and native to tropical America |
HBJU113 |
|
77. |
Cirsium
arvense (L.) Scop. |
June–October |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native,
invasive to India |
HBJU123 |
|
78. |
Erigeron
bonariensis L. |
May–October |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native,
invasive to India |
HBJU144 |
|
79. |
Inula
cuspidata (Wall. ex DC.) C.B. Clarke |
June–August |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU164 |
|
80. |
Launaea
procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal |
June–October |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU172 |
|
81. |
Parthenium
hyterophorus L. |
April–August |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
and invasive to India, and native of Tropical America |
HBJU253 |
|
82. |
Silybum
marianum (L.) Gaertn. |
February–September |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native,
Mediterranean and Africa |
HBJU264 |
|
83. |
Sonchus
arvensis L. |
July–September |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native of Europe |
HBJU272 |
|
84. |
Sonchus
oleraceus (L.) L. |
May–December |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to Palaearctic realm |
HBJU273 |
|
85. |
Taraxacum
campylodes G.E. Haglund |
September–March |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native,
introduced from Mediterranean and Africa |
HBJU268 |
|
|
Oleaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
86. |
Jasminum
grandiflorum L. |
August–January |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU168 |
|
87. |
Ligustrum
nepalense Wall. |
April–July |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU177 |
|
88. |
Olea
paniculata R.Br. |
April–November |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Himalaya) |
HBJU313 |
|
|
Apocyanaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
89. |
Carissa
spinarum L. |
April–June |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India, probably native of South Africa |
HBJU118 |
|
90. |
Cryptolepis
dubia (Burm.f.) M.R.Almeida |
March–November |
Climber |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU133 |
|
91. |
Holarrhena
pubescens Wall. ex G.Don |
April–December |
Tree |
LC |
Non-native
to India, and native of Africa |
HBJU188 |
|
|
Boraginaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
92. |
Cynoglossum
wallichii G.Don |
May–August |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU135 |
|
93. |
Cynoglossum
zeylanicum (Vahl ex Hornem.) Thunb. ex Lehm. |
April–October |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU136 |
|
94. |
Ehretia
acuminata R.Br. |
March–May |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU157 |
|
|
Convolvulaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
95. |
Ipomoea
purpurea (L.) Roth |
June–September |
Climber |
NA |
Non-native
and invasive to India |
HBJU165 |
|
96. |
Ipomoea
calophylla Fenzl |
August–November |
Climber |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU279 |
|
|
Solanaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
97. |
Datura
innoxia Mill. |
May–October |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to tropical America |
HBJU280 |
|
98. |
Datura
metel L. |
March–December |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to tropical America |
HBJU283 |
|
99. |
Datura
stramonium L. |
June–November |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native,
introduced from Europe |
HBJU148 |
|
100. |
Physalis
minima L. |
August–October |
Herb |
LC |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU195 |
|
101. |
Solanum
americanum Mill. |
June–January |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native of tropical America |
HBJU220 |
|
102. |
Solanum
hazenii Britton |
January–December |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU221 |
|
103. |
Solanum
torvum Sw. |
April–July |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native of West Indies |
HBJU222 |
|
104. |
Solanum
villosum Mill. |
July–November |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU284 |
|
105. |
Solanum
virginianum L. |
May–November |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU271 |
|
|
Scrophulariaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
106. |
Buddleja
crispa Benth. |
February–August |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU116 |
|
107. |
Verbascum
thapsus L. |
June–October |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, native of Europe |
HBJU274 |
|
|
Bignoniaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
108. |
Jacaranda
mimosifolia D.Don |
May–August |
Tree |
Vu |
Non-native,
introduced from America |
HBJU167 |
|
109. |
Kigelia
africana (Lam.) Benth. |
April–October |
Tree |
LC |
Non-native,
introduced from Europe |
HBJU170 |
|
|
Acanthaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
110. |
Dicliptera
bupleuroides Nees |
May–July |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU139 |
|
111. |
Justicia
adhatoda L. |
June–September |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU169 |
|
112. |
Lepidagathis
incurva Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don |
October–May |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU173 |
|
|
Verbenaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
113. |
Lantana
camara L. |
January–October |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
and invasive to India, and native of tropical America |
HBJU171 |
|
|
Lamiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
114. |
Ajuga
macrosperma Wall. ex Benth. |
January–November |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Himalaya) |
HBJU106 |
|
115. |
Colebrookea
oppositifolia Sm. |
January–March |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Himalaya) |
HBJU128 |
|
116. |
Elsholtzia
fruticosa (D.Don) Rehder |
August–October |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU158 |
|
117. |
Isodon
rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd |
July–October |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU166 |
|
118. |
Leucas
lanata Benth. |
August–September |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU176 |
|
119. |
Mentha
longifolia (L.) L. |
May–November |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native
to India, native to Europe |
HBJU181 |
|
120. |
Mentha
spicata L. |
July–November |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native
to India, native to Europe |
HBJU285 |
|
121. |
Micromeria
biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth. |
January–December |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU182 |
|
122. |
Nepeta
graciliflora Benth. |
June–August |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU245 |
|
123. |
Ocimum
americanum L. |
January–December |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native of tropical America |
HBJU287 |
|
124. |
Origanum
vulgare L. |
July–December |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native of Europe |
HBJU252 |
|
125. |
Scutellaria
scandens D.Don |
April–August |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU215 |
|
126. |
Thymus
vulgaris L. |
August–November |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native
to India, native to southern Europe |
HBJU227 |
|
127. |
Vitex
altissima L.f. |
June–November |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU235 |
|
|
Plantaginaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
128. |
Plantago
major L. |
June–September |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native,
introduced from Mediterranean and Africa |
HBJU289 |
|
129. |
Plantago
lanceolata L. |
May–August |
Herb |
Vu |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU198 |
|
|
Nyctaginaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
130. |
Mirabilis
jalapa L. |
June–November |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and introduced |
HBJU242 |
|
|
Amaranthaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
131. |
Achyranthes
bidentata Blume |
July–October |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to tropical Africa |
HBJU109 |
|
132. |
Chenopodium
album L. |
May–November |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native,
Introduced species from Mediterranean and Africa |
HBJU122 |
|
|
Polygonaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
133. |
Rumex
hastatus D.Don |
April–June |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU261 |
|
|
Lauraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
134. |
Neolitsea
umbrosa (Nees) Gamble |
March–May |
Tree |
NA |
Endemic to
Himalaya |
HBJU267 |
|
|
Proteaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
135. |
Grevillea
robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br. |
March–August |
Tree |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native of South Wales |
HBJU241 |
|
|
Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
136. |
Euphorbia
helioscopia L. |
January–July |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU161 |
|
137. |
Euphorbia
hirta L. |
June–December |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to tropical America |
HBJU162 |
|
138. |
Euphorbia
neriifolia L. |
June–September |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU179 |
|
139. |
Euphorbia
prostrata Aiton |
April–October |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU192 |
|
140. |
Euphorbia
royleana Boiss. |
May–July |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU194 |
|
141. |
Mallotus
philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg. |
March–August |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU258 |
|
142. |
Ricinus
communis L. |
June–December |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU248 |
|
143. |
Sapium
sebiferum (L.) Roxb. |
May–October |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU256 |
|
|
Phyllanthaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
144. |
Glochidion
heyneanum (Wight & Arn.) Wight |
June–November |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU240 |
|
145. |
Leptopus
cordifolius Decne |
May–August |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU254 |
|
|
Urticaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
146. |
Boehmeria
macrophylla Hornem. |
June–January |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU114 |
|
147. |
Debregeasia
longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd. |
August–February |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU137 |
|
148. |
Debregeasia
saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood |
March–July |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native of South America |
HBJU150 |
|
149. |
Urtica
dioica L. |
June–September |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU231 |
|
|
Cannabaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
150. |
Trema
politoria (Planch.) Blume |
May–October |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU282 |
|
|
Moraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
151. |
Ficus
arnottiana (Miq.) Miq. |
March–November |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU196 |
|
152. |
Ficus
auriculata Lour. |
March–August |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU197 |
|
153. |
Ficus
benghalensis L. |
April–October |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (India) |
HBJU201 |
|
154. |
Ficus
hispida L.f. |
June–October |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU207 |
|
155. |
Ficus
palmata Forssk. |
June–November |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU208 |
|
156. |
Ficus
pumila L. |
May–November |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU213 |
|
157. |
Ficus
racemosa L. |
June–November |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU214 |
|
158. |
Ficus
religiosa L. |
May–August |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU216 |
|
159. |
Ficus
sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. |
May–September |
Shrub |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (China) |
HBJU174 |
|
160. |
Ficus
semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. |
May–October |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Himalaya) |
HBJU234 |
|
161. |
Morus
alba L. |
April–August |
Tree |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU219 |
|
162. |
Morus
macroura Miq. |
March–May |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Himalaya) |
HBJU266 |
|
|
Ulmaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
163. |
Holoptelea
integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. |
May–October |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU189 |
|
|
Juglandaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
164. |
Engelhardtia
spicata Lechen ex Blume var. integra (Kurz)
Manning ex Steenis |
January–December |
Tree |
LC |
Endemic to
Himalaya |
HBJU143 |
|
|
Fagaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
165. |
Quercus
oblongata D.Don |
March–October |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU243 |
|
|
Salicaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
166. |
Flacourtia
indica (Burm.f.) Merr. |
January–July |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU237 |
|
|
GYMNOSPERMS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pinaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
167. |
Pinus
roxburghii Sarg. |
October–November |
Tree |
LC |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU270 |
|
|
MONOCOTS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cannaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
168. |
Canna
indica L. |
September–October |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU147 |
|
|
Zingiberaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
169. |
Hedychium
spicatum Sm. |
June–November |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (China) |
HBJU186 |
|
|
Dioscoreaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
170. |
Dioscorea
biloba (Phil.) Caddick & Wilkin |
August–November |
Climber |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeast India) |
HBJU154 |
|
171. |
Dioscorea
bulbifera L. |
July–November |
Climber |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU141 |
|
|
Smilaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
172. |
Smilax
aspera L. |
June–November |
Climber |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU262 |
|
|
Asparagaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
173. |
Agave
americana L. |
April–October |
Shrub |
NA |
Non-native,
introduced from Mexico |
HBJU104 |
|
174. |
Asparagus
adscendens Roxb. |
October–December |
Climber |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU142 |
|
175. |
Asparagus
racemosus Willd. |
October–January |
Climber |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Himalaya) |
HBJU108 |
|
|
Colchicaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
176. |
Colchicum
luteum Baker |
February–May |
Herb |
NA |
Endemic to
Himalaya |
HBJU152 |
|
|
Commelinaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
177. |
Commelina
benghalensis L. |
May–October |
Herb |
LC |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU130 |
|
178. |
Floscopa
scandens Lour. |
March–May |
Herb |
LC |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU155 |
|
|
Arecaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
179. |
Phoenix
dactylifera L. |
June–September |
Tree |
NA |
Non-native
to India, native of northern Africa |
HBJU230 |
|
|
Araceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
180. |
Colocasia
esculenta (L.) Schott |
February–September |
Herb |
LC |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU138 |
|
181. |
Sauromatum
venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth |
Apil–July |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native
to India, native of Africa |
HBJU257 |
|
|
Alismataceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
182. |
Sagittaria
graminea Michx. |
June–November |
Herb |
LC |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU255 |
|
|
Cyperaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
183. |
Cyperus
cyperoides (L.) Kuntze |
April–December |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native
to India, native of southeastern Australia |
HBJU310 |
|
184. |
Fimbristylis
quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth |
August–October |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU312 |
|
185. |
Fimbristylis
schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl |
January–December |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native
to India, native of Australia |
HBJU311 |
|
186. |
Cyperus sanguinolentus Vahl [=Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees] |
July–December |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to tropical Africa |
HBJU205 |
|
|
Poaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
187. |
Arundinella
pumila (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Steud. |
May–July |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to western Africa |
HBJU300 |
|
188. |
Brachiaria
ramosa (L.) Stapf |
May–October |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU305 |
|
189. |
Capillipedium
assimile (Steud.) A.Camus |
August–December |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU307 |
|
190. |
Chrysopogon
fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov. |
June–October |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to central Africa |
HBJU303 |
|
191. |
Cynodon
dactylon (L.) Pers. |
January–December |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and invasive |
HBJU134 |
|
192. |
Dactyloctenium
aegyptium (L.) Willd. |
May–October |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to South Africa |
HBJU309 |
|
193. |
Dendrocalamus
strictus (Roxb.) Nees |
November–June |
Tree |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (Southeastern Asia) |
HBJU153 |
|
194. |
Eragrostis
atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. ex Steud. |
May–September |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU298 |
|
195. |
Imperata
cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. |
April–August |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native to tropical America |
HBJU306 |
|
196. |
Isachne
himalaica Hook.f. |
June–December |
Herb |
NA |
Endemic to
Himalaya |
HBJU301 |
|
197. |
Oplismenus
burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv. |
July–October |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU249 |
|
198. |
Oplismenus
composites (L.) P.Beauv. |
September–November |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native of North America |
HBJU304 |
|
199. |
Paspalum
scrobiculatum L. |
May–December |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU302 |
|
200. |
Paspalum
vaginatum Sw. |
June–September |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native
to India, and native of western Australia |
HBJU296 |
|
201. |
Cenchrus
sieberianus (Schltdl.) Verloove |
July–September |
Herb |
LC |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU297 |
|
202. |
Pogonatherum
crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth |
May–September |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU308 |
|
203. |
Saccharum
spontaneum L. |
July–September |
Herb |
LC |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (India) |
HBJU291 |
|
204. |
Thysanolaena
latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda |
March–June |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India and American origin |
HBJU269 |
|
205. |
Brachiaria
setigera (Retz.) C.E.Hubb. [=Urochloa
setigera(Retz.) Stapf] |
July–September |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India |
HBJU299 |
|
|
PTERIDOPHYTES |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Selaginellaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
206. |
Selaginella
sp. |
November–January |
Herb |
NA |
- |
HBJU259 |
|
|
Adiantaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
207. |
Adiantum
lunulatum Burm.f. |
January–April |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (India) |
HBJU117 |
|
208. |
Adiantum
recurvatum (D.Don) Fraser-Jenk. |
December–April |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Himalaya |
HBJU121 |
|
|
Pteridaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
209. |
Cheilanthes
argentea (S.G.Gmel.) Kunze |
August–October |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU129 |
|
210. |
Pteris
linearis Poir. |
March–June |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India, and native of Europe |
HBJU238 |
|
211. |
Pteris
vittata L. |
January–April |
Herb |
LC |
Native to
Palaearctic realm (China) |
HBJU275 |
|
|
Blechnaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
212. |
Woodwardia
radicans (L.) Sm. |
July–September |
Herb |
NA |
Non-native
to India and native of Europe |
HBJU293 |
|
|
Aspleniaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
213. |
Asplenium
dalhousiae Hook. |
August–November |
Herb |
NA |
Native to
Palaearctic realm |
HBJU145 |
|
Note:
NA–IUCN status not assessed | LC—Least Concern | Vu—Vulnerable | DD—Data
Deficient | Native status worked out from Reddy et al. (2008). |
||||||