Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2021 | 13(3): 17990–17998
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4769.13.3.17990-17998
#4769 | Received 15 November 2019 | Final
received 19 July 2020 | Finally accepted 27 February 2021
Changed avian assemblage of
Savitribai Phule Pune University campus in last four decades
Kiran Choudaj
1 & Varsha Wankhade
2
1,2 Department of Zoology, Centre for
Advanced Studies, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007,
India.
1 kiranchoudaj@gmail.com, 2 varsha3w@unipune.ac.in
(corresponding author)
Editor: S. Subramanya, University of
Agriculture Sciences, Bengaluru, India. Date
of publication: 26 March 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Choudaj,
K. & V. Wankhade (2021). Changed avian assemblage of
Savitribai Phule Pune University campus in last four decades. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(3): 17990–17998. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4769.13.3.17990-17998
Copyright: © Choudaj
& Wankhade 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Kiran Choudaj
is a recipient of CSIR-UGC NET Junior Research
Fellowship (University Grants Commission F.16-6
(DEC.2016)/2017(NET)).
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: Our special thanks to Sammer Bajaru for his assistance
in GIS. We are grateful to the Estate office, Savitribai Phule Pune University,
for permitting us to conduct a study on the university campus.
Abstract: Savitribai Phule Pune University
is known for its biodiversity in Pune.
In the present study, we have analyzed changes
which have occurred on the campus and surrounding area over the last 40
years. Of the 90 bird species reported
in the campus and Khadki pond in 1976, we failed to
notice 34 species in 2018. A major
reason for the decline in bird diversity could be changes in the campus habitat
from low scrub jungle, fallow lands and grassland to buildings, roads, and
exotic plantations. Increase in human
settlement surrounding the campus may also be a contributing factor. Replacing exotic plants by indigenous plant
species and control of land use can prevent further loss of biodiversity.
Keywords: Educational campus, exotic
plants, urbanization, loss of native flora.
Cities are under the pressure of
anthropogenic activities such as the construction of roads, buildings,
industries, increased human settlement, and pollution. Most of the cities in the world are
established in biodiversity rich regions.
As anthropogenic pressure increases in the cities, people start
intruding into naturally balanced
ecosystems surrounding them. Increase in
the human population and anthropogenic activities affect the diversity and
structure of biological communities (Vitousek 1994;
Maurer 1996). Urbanization causes long
term loss of native habitats (Simberloff 1986) and
creates human-specific environments (McKinney 2002). Though anthropogenic disturbance is great
within in cities, some places such as campuses of educational institutes are
comparatively less disturbed and more rich in biodiversity. The biodiversity of many educational
institutes is well documented, making them good places to study changes in
biodiversity over time. We noticed an
increase in anthropogenic activities in the campus of Savitribai Phule Pune
University (SPPU) when consultation of previous floral literature for Ganeshkhind (the surrounding region; Varadpande
1973) indicated drastic changes in vegetation.
Grassland-scrub vegetation and fallow land in the campus was diminished,
replaced with buildings, roads and exotic plantations. Birds are good indicators of biodiversity
change due to their sensitivity to environmental changes (Gregory 2006). In this study, we analyzed
the impact of vegetation change and anthropogenic activities on avian diversity
of Savitribai Phule Pune University campus and Khadki
pond.
Material and Methods
Study area
The study was carried out in Savitribai Phule Pune
University campus (18.5530 & 73.8240) and Khadki pond (18.5550N & 73.8310E)
which is adjacent to the university campus.
The campus is spread over 411 acres of land and contains buildings,
gardens, exotic plantations, agricultural land and a university pond (Image
1). The major area of the campus is
under the cover of exotic plantations; Dalbergia
melanoxylon (African Blackwood) and Gliricidia sepium (Gliricidia) are two dominant exotic plant species in the
campus. Alice garden is the oldest
garden in the campus, containing native and non-native tree species such as Ficus benghalensis,
Albizia saman,
Syzygium cumini,
Mangifera indica,
Polyalthia longifolia,
Eucalyptus citriodara, Kigelia
pinnata, Putranjiva
roxburghii, Delonix
regia, and Peltophorum
pterocarpum.
Agricultural land in the campus is mostly fallow in recent days, with
some utilized for horticulture. The
university pond is small and seasonal, containing plant species such as Hydrilla
sp., Ceratophyllum sp., Typha sp., Ipomoea
aquatica, Spirogyra sp., Chara sp., Hydrodictyon
sp. (Kulkarni et al. 2015). Khadki pond is a seasonal waterbody spread over 7.42 acres.
Data collection
We surveyed the complete area previously sampled by Goel (1976). Bird
survey was carried for one and a half years, from November 2014 to April 2015
and July 2017 to June 2018. Bird survey
was carried out in all three seasons (Monsoon, winter, and summer) and the complete
study area was surveyed at least once per season. Other than regular surveys, opportunistic
birds seen were also considered for preparing a checklist. Bird surveys were carried out by a single
observer in the between 07.00h and 11.00h.
Birds were observed using binoculars (Olympus 10 × 50X
magnification). Audiovisual
cues were used for bird identification.
For identification of birds, feeding guild and residential status we
used field guides of Grimmett et al. (1999), Ali
(2002), and Kazmierczak & Perlo
(2000). For bird taxonomy and
nomenclature, we followed Praveen et al. (2016).
Results
In 1976, Goel listed 91 bird
species for the university campus and nearby area of Khadki
pond. From this checklist we observed
only 56 species in the current survey. Gallus
gallus domesticus (Linnaeus,
1758), a domestic fowl, is not listed in the checklist of birds of India
prepared by Praveen et al. (2016), thus we considered only 90 bird species from
the previous checklist when preparing a new one. In addition to the previous checklist, we
found 16 new bird species in the campus, making a total of 106 bird species
listed from Savitribai Phule Pune University campus and Khadki
pond. All the birds observed are
classified into 17 orders and 53 families, of which 56% birds belonged to order
Passeriformes (Table 1 & 2). The
richness of insectivore, carnivore and omnivore birds has declined more
compared to frugivore and granivore birds (Figure 1,
Table 1). The richness of both resident
and migratory birds has decreased compared to 1976 (Figure 2, Table 1).
Discussion
In 1976, 17% of the entire area of university campus
was occupied by buildings, roads, and gardens, the major part of rest of the
area was thinly wooded low scrub jungle interspersed with various trees (Goel 1976). There
were also fallow lands, three patches of trees, flower nursery and citrus
garden. But thinly wooded low scrub
jungle, fallow lands, flower nursery, citrus garden are no longer found on the
campus, where a majority of the total area is covered with buildings, sports
complexes, roads and exotic plantations (Image 2). Currently it is noted that there has been
increase in buildings, sports complexes, concrete fence and gardens containing
exotic grass and ornamental plant species.
Major construction work took place over open spaces and grassy patches,
and many old trees of Ficus benghalensis were cut down for constructing sports
complexes. Concrete fencing and
gardening along the roads have cleared native vegetation. These activities have contributed to a
decrease in the richness of avifauna which depend on low scrub jungle,
grasslands, and fallow lands.
World biodiversity is facing the threat of exotic
plants due to increased trade and transport.
Exotic plantations in natural habitats gradually displace birds typical
to that habitat (Daniels et al. 1990) and support generalist bird species (Zurita et al. 2006).
Significantly less arthropod mass is supported by exotic plants compared
to a native plantation, and fewer birds prefer exotic plants (Herrera &
Dudley 2003; Flanders et al. 2006; Hickman et al. 2006; Ortega et al.
2006). Natural vegetation in the campus
is replaced by exotic plants; Dalbergia melanoxylon and Gliricidia
sepium are dominant exotic plants in the campus. Gliricidia sepium is
known herbicidal plant; it has nematicidal and
insecticidal activity (Nazali et al. 2008). Gliricidia
sepium could have reduced herb, shrub and grass
cover, reduced invertebrate and vertebrate fauna depending on it, and
ultimately it might have affected the bird species diversity. Khadki pond was a
perennial pond (Goel 1976), now transformed into
seasonal pond (Image 3) that has been overtaken by natural vegetation due to
blockage of water channels. The pond is
surrounded by a plantation of exotic plant species Acacia mearnsii (Australian acacia) and Euclyptus
globulus, and because of these changes the number of aquatic bird species
has declined in Khadki pond. In addition to the above mentioned
disturbances, there has also been a tremendous increase in human settlements in
the area surrounding the campus, which might act as a barrier between campus
and surrounding hilly regions. Pune is
the eighth largest and fastest growing metropolis in India. From 1967 to 1998, area under human settlements
in Pune city increased by 2.4 times, while area under agriculture and
grassland-scrub decreased by 31% and 39% respectively (Nalavade
2000–2001). In 2000, 40% (60% in 1950)
of total Pune urban area was under agriculture, 40% (15% in 1950) under human
habitation, 6% (7% in 1950) under forest, 3% (0% in 1950) under plantations
(Dixit et al. 2000–2001). We also
noticed that richness of both resident and migratory birds declined and it is
because of the unsuitability of the habitat.
Urbanization was the main cause for encroachment of all the natural
habitats in Pune urban area and thus bird diversity has declined in all habitat
types (Ingalhalikar et al. 2000–2001).
It is, thus, concluded that increased anthropogenic
activities in the university campus and surroundings has led to a decrease in
bird diversity. Replacing exotic
plantation with indigenous plants and restricting anthropogenic activities
could prevent further biodiversity loss in the campus. Further studies are needed to check the impact
of Gliricidia sepium
the most planted exotic plant species on the plateaus in the Pune urban area
through urban joint forest management programme, on the native biodiversity on
a larger scale.
Table 1. List of avifauna recorded in the campus of
Savitribai Phule Pune University and Khadki pond in
1976 and its present status in 2018.
|
Order/Family/Scientific
name |
Common
name |
Food
habit/ Guild |
Residential
status |
Present
status |
|
Phoenicopteriformes: Podicipedidae |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas,
1764) |
Little
Grebe |
C |
R |
× |
|
Columbiformes: Columbidae |
|
|
|
|
2 |
Columba
livia (J.F. Gmelin,
1789) |
Rock Pigeon |
G |
R |
_ |
3 |
Streptopelia chinensis (Scopoli, 1786) |
Spotted
Dove |
G |
R |
× |
4 |
Streptopelia
senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Laughing
Dove |
G |
R |
_ |
5 |
Treron phoenicopterus
(Latham, 1790) |
Yellow-legged
Green Pigeon |
F |
R |
× |
|
Caprimulgiformes: Apodidae |
|
|
|
|
6 |
Cypsiurus balasiensis (J.E. Gray, 1829) |
Asian Palm
Swift |
I |
R |
_ |
7 |
Apus
affinis
(J.E. Gray, 1830) |
Indian
House Swift |
I |
R |
_ |
|
Cuculiformes: Cuculidae |
|
|
|
|
8 |
Centropus sinensis (Stephens,
1815) |
Greater Coucal |
C |
R |
_ |
9 |
Clamator jacobinus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Pied Cuckoo |
C |
SM |
× |
10 |
Eudynamys scolopaceus (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Asian Koel |
O |
R |
_ |
11 |
Cacomantis merulinus (Scopoli, 1786) |
Plaintive
Cuckoo |
C |
WM |
× |
12 |
Hierococcyx varius (Vahl,
1797) |
Common Hawk
Cuckoo |
O |
R |
× |
|
Gruiformes: Rallidae |
|
|
|
|
13 |
Amaurornis phoenicurus (Pennant,
1769) |
White-breasted
Waterhen |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Pelecaniformes :Ardeidae |
|
|
|
|
14 |
Ardeola grayii (Sykes, 1832) |
Indian Pond
Heron |
C |
R |
_ |
15 |
Bubulcus
ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Cattle
Egret |
C |
R |
_ |
|
Charadriiformes : Charadriidae |
|
|
|
|
16 |
Charadrius dubius (Scopoli,
1786) |
Little
Ringed Plover |
C |
R |
× |
17 |
Vanellus
indicus (Boddaert,
1783) |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
C |
R |
_ |
18 |
Vanellus malabaricus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Yellow-wattled Lapwing |
C |
R |
× |
|
Rostratulidae |
|
|
|
|
19 |
Rostratula benghalensis (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Greater
Painted-snipe |
O |
R |
× |
|
Jacanidae |
|
|
|
|
20 |
Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scopoli, 1786) |
Pheasant-tailed
Jacana |
O |
R |
× |
|
Scolopacidae |
|
|
|
|
21 |
Tringa glareola (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Wood
Sandpiper |
C |
WM |
× |
22 |
Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Common
Sandpiper |
C |
WM |
× |
23 |
Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767) |
Common
Greenshank |
C |
WM |
× |
24 |
Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Common
Snipe |
C |
WM |
× |
|
Turnicidae |
|
|
|
|
25 |
Turnix suscitator (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) |
Barred
Buttonquail |
O |
R |
× |
|
Accipitriformes: Accipitridae |
|
|
|
|
26 |
Accipiter
badius (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) |
Shikra |
C |
R |
_ |
27 |
Milvus
migrans (Boddaert, 1783) |
Black Kite |
C |
R |
_ |
|
Strigiformes: Strigidae |
|
|
|
|
28 |
Athene
brama (Temminck, 1821) |
Spotted
Owlet |
C |
R |
_ |
|
Bucerotiformes: Bucerotidae |
|
|
|
|
29 |
Ocyceros birostris (Scopoli, 1786) |
Indian Grey
Hornbill |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Upupidae |
|
|
|
|
30 |
Upupa epops (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Common
Hoopoe |
I |
R |
_ |
|
Piciformes: Picidae |
|
|
|
|
31 |
Dendrocopos mahrattensis (Latham,
1801) |
Yellow-fronted
Pied Woodpecker |
I |
R |
_ |
|
Ramphastidae |
|
|
|
|
32 |
Psilopogon haemacephalus
(Statius Muller, 1776) |
Coppersmith
Barbet |
F |
R |
_ |
|
Coraciiformes: Meropidae |
|
|
|
|
33 |
Merops orientalis (Latham,
1801) |
Green
Bee-eater |
I |
R |
_ |
|
Coraciidae |
|
|
|
|
34 |
Coracias benghalensis (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Indian
Roller |
C |
R |
× |
|
Alcedinidae |
|
|
|
|
35 |
Halcyon
smyrnensis
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
White-throated
Kingfisher |
C |
R |
_ |
|
Falconiformes: Falconidae |
|
|
|
|
36 |
Falco
tinnunculus
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
Common
Kestrel |
C |
R |
× |
|
Psittaciformes: Psittaculidae |
|
|
|
|
37 |
Psittacula cyanocephala (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Plum-headed
Parakeet |
G, F |
R |
_ |
38 |
Psittacula krameri (Scopoli,
1769) |
Rose-ringed
Parakeet |
G, F |
R |
_ |
|
Passeriformes:
Campephagidae |
|
|
|
|
39 |
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Small
Minivet |
I |
R |
_ |
40 |
Coracina javensis (Horsfield, 1821) |
Large Cuckooshrike |
O |
R |
× |
|
Vangidae |
|
|
|
|
41 |
Tephrodornis pondicerianus
(J.F. Gmelin, 1789) |
Common Woodshrike |
I |
R |
× |
|
Oriolidae |
|
|
|
|
42 |
Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Eurasian
Golden Oriole |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Aegithinidae |
|
|
|
|
43 |
Aegithina tiphia (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Common Iora |
I |
R |
_ |
|
Dicruridae |
|
|
|
|
44 |
Dicrurus macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817) |
Black Drongo |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Laniidae |
|
|
|
|
45 |
Lanius vittatus
(Valenciennes 1826) |
Bay-backed
Shrike |
C |
R |
× |
46 |
Lanius schach (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Long-tailed
Shrike |
C |
R |
_ |
|
Corvidae |
|
|
|
|
47 |
Dendrocitta vagabunda (Latham,
1790) |
Rufous
Treepie |
O |
R |
_ |
48 |
Corvus splendens (Vieillot, 1817) |
House Crow |
O |
R |
_ |
49 |
Corvus macrorhynchos (Wagler, 1827) |
Large-billed
Crow |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Nectariniidae |
|
|
|
|
50 |
Leptocoma zeylonica (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Purple-rumped Sunbird |
O |
R |
_ |
51 |
Cinnyris asiaticus (Latham,
1790) |
Purple
Sunbird |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Ploceidae |
|
|
|
|
52 |
Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Baya
Weaver |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Estrildidae |
|
|
|
|
53 |
Euodice malabarica (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Indian Silverbill |
G |
R |
_ |
54 |
Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Scaly-breasted
Munia |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Passeridae |
|
|
|
|
55 |
Passer
domesticus
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
House
Sparrow |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Motacillidae |
|
|
|
|
56 |
Anthus rufulus (Vieillot,
1818) |
Paddyfield
Pipit |
I |
R |
× |
57 |
Motacilla cinerea (Tunstall, 1771) |
Grey
Wagtail |
I |
WM |
_ |
58 |
Motacilla citreola (Pallas,
1776) |
Citrine
Wagtail |
I |
WM |
× |
59 |
Motacilla
alba (Linnaeus, 1758) |
White
Wagtail |
I |
WM |
_ |
60 |
Motacilla maderaspatensis
(J.F. Gmelin, 1789) |
White-browed
Wagtail |
I |
R |
_ |
61 |
Motacilla
flava (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Western
Yellow Wagtail |
I |
WM |
_ |
|
Fringillidae |
|
|
|
|
62 |
Erythrina
erythrina
(Pallas, 1770) |
Common Rosefinch |
O |
WM |
× |
|
Paridae |
|
|
|
|
63 |
Parus cinereus (Vieillot, 1818) |
Cinereous
Tit |
O |
R |
_ |
64 |
Machlolophus xanthogenys (Vigors, 1831) |
Black-lored Tit |
O |
R |
× |
|
Sylviidae |
|
|
|
|
65 |
Sylvia
hortensis (Gmelin, 1789) |
Western
Orphean Warbler |
O |
WM |
× |
66 |
Curruca curruca (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Lesser
Whitethroat |
O |
WM |
× |
|
Alaudidae |
|
|
|
|
67 |
Ammomanes phoenicura (Franklin,
1831) |
Rufous-tailed
Lark |
O |
R |
× |
68 |
Eremopterix
griseus (Scopoli,
1786) |
Ashy-crowned
Sparrow Lark |
O |
R |
× |
69 |
Mirafra erythroptera (Blyth,
1845) |
Indian Bushlark |
O |
R |
× |
|
Cisticolidae |
|
|
|
|
70 |
Prinia socialis (Sykes,
1832) |
Ashy Prinia |
I |
R |
_ |
71 |
Prinia inornata (Sykes,
1832) |
Plain Prinia |
O |
R |
_ |
72 |
Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant,
1769) |
Common
Tailorbird |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Hirundinidae |
|
|
|
|
73 |
Cecropis daurica (Laxmann,
1769) |
Red-rumped Swallow |
I |
R |
_ |
74 |
Hirundo smithii (Leach, 1818) |
Wire-tailed
Swallow |
I |
R |
_ |
75 |
Ptyonoprogne rupestris (Scopoli, 1769) |
Eurasian
Crag Martin |
I |
WM |
_ |
76 |
Ptyonoprogne concolor (Sykes,
1832) |
Dusky Crag
Martin |
I |
R |
_ |
|
Pycnonotidae |
|
|
|
|
77 |
Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Red-whiskered
Bulbul |
O |
R |
_ |
78 |
Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Red-vented
Bulbul |
O |
R |
_ |
79 |
Pycnonotus luteolus (Lesson,
1841) |
White-browed
Bulbul |
O |
R |
× |
|
Sylviidae |
|
|
|
|
80 |
Chrysomma sinense (J.F. Gmelin,
1789) |
Yellow-eyed
Babbler |
O |
R |
× |
|
Zosteropidae |
|
|
|
|
81 |
Zosterops palpebrosus
(Temminck,1824) |
Oriental
White-eye |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Leiothrichidae |
|
|
|
|
82 |
Argya malcolmi (Sykes,
1832) |
Large Grey
Babbler |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Sturnidae |
|
|
|
|
83 |
Pastor
roseus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Rosy
Starling |
O |
WM |
× |
84 |
Sturnia pagodarum (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) |
Brahminy
Starling |
O |
R |
_ |
85 |
Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Common Myna |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Muscicapidae |
|
|
|
|
86 |
Saxicoloides fulicatus (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Indian
Robin |
C |
R |
_ |
87 |
Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Oriental
Magpie Robin |
I |
R |
_ |
88 |
Cyornis tickelliae (Blyth,
1843) |
Tickell’s
Blue Flycatcher |
I |
R |
_ |
89 |
Phoenicurus ochruros (S.G. Gmelin, 1774) |
Black
Redstart |
C |
WM |
× |
90 |
Monticola
solitarius (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Blue Rock
Thrush |
I |
WM |
× |
I—Insectivore | G—Granivore
| F—Frugivore | C—Carnivore | O—Omnivore | R—Resident | WM—Winter migratory |
SM—Summer migratory | _—Recorded at the study site in 2018 | ×—Not recorded at
the study site in 2018.
Note:
Birds those feed exclusively on insects are classified into insectivore; birds
those feed on insects, invertebrates and vertebrates are classified as
carnivore.
Table 2. List of bird species newly recorded in the
campus of Savitribai Phule Pune University and Khadki
pond in 2018.
|
Order/Family/Scientific
name |
Common name |
Food habit/
Guild |
Residential
status |
Present
status |
|
Anseriformes: Anatidae |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Anas
poecilorhyncha (J.R.Forster, 1781) |
Indian
Spot-billed Duck |
H |
R |
_ |
|
Galliformes: Phasianidae |
|
|
|
|
2 |
Pavo cristatus (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Indian
Peafowl |
O |
R |
_ |
3 |
Francolinus pondicerianus
(J.F. Gmelin, 1789) |
Grey
Francolin |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Pelecaniformes :Ardeidae |
|
|
|
|
4 |
Ardea
intermedia (Wagler,
1829) |
Intermediate Egret |
C |
R |
_ |
5 |
Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Little
Egret |
C |
R |
_ |
|
Phalacrocoracidae |
|
|
|
|
6 |
Microcarbo niger (Vieillot,
1817) |
Little
Cormorant |
P |
R |
_ |
|
Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae |
|
|
|
|
7 |
Tringa ochropus (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Green
Sandpiper |
C |
WM |
_ |
|
Coraciiformes: Alcedinidae |
|
|
|
|
8 |
Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Common
Kingfisher |
C |
R |
_ |
|
Psittaciformes: Psittaculidae |
|
|
|
|
9 |
Psittacula eupatria (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Alexandrine
Parakeet |
G, F |
R |
_ |
|
Passeriformes:
Rhipiduridae |
|
|
|
|
10 |
Rhipidura aureola (Lesson,
1831) |
White-browed
Fantail |
I |
R |
_ |
|
Monarchidae |
|
|
|
|
11 |
Terpsiphone paradisi (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Indian
Paradise-flycatcher |
I |
R |
_ |
|
Dicaeidae |
|
|
|
|
12 |
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
(Latham, 1790) |
Pale-billed
Flowerpecker |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Acrocephalidae |
|
|
|
|
13 |
Acrocephalus dumetorum (Blyth,
1849) |
Blyth’s
Reed Warbler |
O |
WM |
_ |
|
Sturnidae |
|
|
|
|
14 |
Acridotheres fuscus (Wagler,
1827) |
Jungle Myna |
O |
R |
_ |
|
Muscicapidae |
|
|
|
|
15 |
Ficedula parva (Bechstein,
1792) |
Red-breasted
Flycatcher |
I |
WM |
_ |
16 |
Saxicola caprata (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Pied Bushchat |
I |
R |
_ |
I—Insectivore | G—Granivore
| F—Frugivore | C—Carnivore | P—Piscivore | H—Herbivore | O—Omnivore |
R—Resident | WM—Winter migratory.
Note:
Birds that feed exclusively on insects are classified as insectivore; birds
those feed on insects, invertebrates and vertebrates are classified as
carnivore.
For
figures & images - - click here
References
Ali, S. (2002). The Book of Indian Birds. Oxford University Press, Delhi, 326pp.
Daniels, R.J.R., M. Hegde & M.
Gadgil (1990). Birds of the man-made ecosystems: the plantations. Proceedings
of Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Science) 99(1): 79–89.
Dixit, A., S. Nalavade
& G. Utkarsh (2000–2001). Pune urban
biodiversity: a case of millennium ecosystem assessment. Journal of
Ecological Society 13/14: 8–13.
Flanders, A.A., W.P. Kuvlesky Jr., D.C. Ruthwen III,
R.E. Zaiglin, R.L. Bingham, T.E. Fulbright, F.
Hernandez, L.A. Brennan & J.H. Vega Rivera (2006). Effects of invasive exotic grasses on south Texas
rangeland breeding birds. The Auk 123(1): 171–182.
Goel, S.C. (1976). The birds of the campus of Poona University. Journal of University of Poona (Science
and Technology) 48: 109–118.
Gregory, R. (2006). Birds as biodiversity indicators for Europe. Significance:
106–110.
Grimmett, R., C. Inskipp & T. Inskipp (1999). Pocket Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India, 384pp.
Herrera, A.M. & T.L. Dudley (2003).
Reduction of riparian arthropod
abundance and diversity as a consequence of giant reed (Arundo
donax) invasion. Biological Invasions 5:
167–177.
Hickman, K.R., G.H. Farley, R. Chanell & J.E. Steier (2006). Effects of old world bluestem (Bothriochloa
ischaemum) on food availability and avian
community composition within mixed grass prairie. The Southwestern
Naturalist 51(4): 524–530.
Ingalhalikar, S., R. Purandare, S. Nalavade & S. Dhole (2000–2001). Bird diversity changes of Pune Urban Area. Journal
of Ecological Society 13/14: 59–70.
Kazmierczak, K. & B.V. Perlo
(2000). A Field Guide to the Birds of
India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the Maldives. Om Book Service, New Delhi, 352pp.
Kulkarni, M.R., S. Padhye, A.I. Vanjare, S.S. Jakhalekar, Y.S. Shinde, S.V. Paripatyadar,
S.D. Sheth, S. Kulkarni, S.K. Phuge,
K. Bhakare, A.S. Kulkarni, K. Pai
& H.V. Ghate (2015). Documenting the fauna of a small temporary pond from
Pune, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7(6): 7196–7210. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o4190.7196-210
Maurer, B.A. (1996). Relating human population growth to the loss of
biodiversity. Biodiversity Letters 3:1–5.
McKinney, M.L. (2002). Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation. Bioscience
52(10): 883–890.
Nalavade, S.B. (2000–2001). Changing geography of Pune urban area. Journal of
Ecological Society 13/14: 5–7.
Nazali, R., M. Akhter, S. Ambreen, A.H. Solangi
& N. Sultana (2008).
Insecticidal, nematicidal and antibacterial
activities of Gliricidia sepium. Pakistan journal of Botany 40(6):
2625–2629.
Ortega, Y.K., K.S. McKelvey &
D.L. Six (2006). Invasion of an exotic forb
impacts reproductive success and site fidelity of a migratory songbird. Oecologia 149: 340–35.
Praveen, J., R. Jayapal & A. Pittie (2016). A checklist of the birds of India. Indian BIRDS
11 (5&6): 113–172.
Simberloff, D. (1986). Are we on the verge of a mass extinction in tropical
rain forests? pp. 165–180. In: Elliott, D.K. (ed.). Dynamics of Extinction.
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Varadpande, D.G. (1973). The flora of Ganeshkhind,
Poona. Journal of University of Poona (Science and Technology) 47: 97.
Vitousek, P.M. (1994). Beyond global warming: ecology and global change. Ecology
75: 1861–1876.
Zurita, G.A., N. Reyb, D.M.
Varela, M. Villagra & M.I. Bellocq
(2006). Conversion of the Atlantic forest
into native and exotic tree plantations: Effect on bird communities from the
local and regional perspectives. Forest Ecology and Management 235:
164–173.