Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2019 | 11(14): 14908–14911

New recruitment of staghorn corals in the Gulf of Mannar – the emergence of a resilient coral reef

Koushik Sadhukhan ¹, Ramesh Chatragadda ², T. Shanmugaraj ³ & M.V. Ramana Murthy ⁴

^1,2,3 National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), NCCR Field Office, Mandapam Camp, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu 623519, India.

⁴ National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Pallikaranai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600100, India.

¹ sadhukhan.1985@gmail.com (corresponding author),

² chrameshpu@gmail.com, ³ raj@nccr.gov.in, ⁴ mvr@nccr.gov.in

doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4767.11.14.14908-14911

Editor: M. Nithyanandan, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Salmiya, Kuwait. Date of publication: 26 November 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #4767 | Received 16 December 2018 | Final received 31 July 2019 | Finally accepted 01 October 2019

Citation: Sadhukhan, K., R. Chatragadda, T. Shanmugaraj & M.V.R. Murthy (2019). New recruitment of staghorn corals in the Gulf of Mannar – the emergence of a resilient coral reef. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(14): 14908–14911. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4767.11.14.14908-14911

Copyright: © Sadhukhan et al. 2019. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES),

Government of India; National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR).

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: The authors thank the secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India and Director, NCCR, MoES, Government of India for the financial support and facilities. We are thankful to the field assistants for the field support.

Coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar (GoM) have faced severe disturbances from the ever increasing human pressure which resulted in the rapid decline of marine biodiversity and biomass of the coastal ecosystems over the past few decades. Despite severe climatic and non-climatic stresses, scleractinian coral Acropora sp. in GoM exhibits new recruitment of coral colonies in recent times. The genus Acropora is commonly called staghorn corals for the antler like colony form (Johnson et al. 2011). Bleaching succeptibility among coral taxa depends on the resistance capacity of corals to subsequent bleaching episodes and broad geographic ranges, and staghorn corals are thought to be one of the most vulnerable species in scleractinian family (IUCN 2009). Acropora sp. and other corals reproduce both sexually and asexually and both are important to restore a degraded reef area (Zayasu et al. 2018). Acropora corals can grow fast by asexual reproduction method called fragmentation, which leads to the swift recovery of the degraded reef system. They contribute significantly to the reef growth (5.23cm²/month) and form dense colonies which supports in island formation, coastal protection and fisheries (Bruckner 2002; Johnson et al. 2011). GoM Marine National Park has fringing type coral reefs which are distributed in 21 offshore islands ranging in between Rameswaram and Tuticorin (ENVIS 2015). During the 1998 coral bleaching event, shallow water coral reefs of GoM faced a severe mortality of 75% leading to a significant reduction in the live coral cover especially of Acropora spp. (Venkataraman 2000; Kumaraguru et al. 2003). Post bleaching assessment stated that recovery was too slow and live coral coverage increased to 36.98% during 2003–2005 (Edward et al. 2018). Thereafter, during 2009, live coral coverage was further increased to 42.85%. But coral bleaching in 2010 resulted in mass mortality of corals in GoM that reduce the coral cover upto 33.20% and in 2011, coral again started recovering and percentage of live coral cover increased to 38.86% (Edward et al. 2012). It was indicated that the recovery potential of a reef primarily depends on the successful sexual reproduction followed by coral recruitment and survival of the coral larvae (Vermeij et al. 2009). Therefore, an occurrence of new recruitment of corals brings back the reef to its previous state and maintains a healthy reef ecosystem. This study mainly describes the in situ observation on new recruitment of staghorn corals at selected sites of the GoM and also indicates possible resilient factors linked to this new recruitment.

The National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) team carried out several underwater surveys in Hare Island, and Manoli & Manoliputti islands of the Mandapam group, GoM from August 2018 to October 2018. Newly recruited corals distributed in different sites were marked with GPS location (Hare Island northern side: 09.206⁰N, 79.084⁰E; Hare Island southern side: 09.190⁰N, 79.075⁰E; Manoli & Manoliputti northern side: 09.219⁰N, 79.134⁰E; Manoli & Manoliputti southeastern side: 09.206⁰N, 79.140⁰E) and also photographed. Line intercept transect and quadrat sampling methods (English et al. 1997) were performed at the new recruitment sites. For detailed assessment, a 20-meter long flexible underwater tape was laid on selected reef areas, roughly parallel to shoreline with three replicates at each site and covering an area 20m × 2m (1m on each side of the transect line) for each transect. A total of four sites were selected and 12 transects and 36 quadrats (1m × 1m) were employed to estimate the live coral cover and recruitment density.

Recruitment of Acropora sp. was encountered at northern and southern sides of Hare Island, northern and southeastern sides of Manoli & Manoliputti Islands. The recruitment of different growth forms of Acropora such as Acropora branching (ACB), Acropora tabular (ACT), and Acropora digitate (ACD) were found on the dead Acropora branches and coral rubbles. The southern side of Hare Island, has several dead patches of coral comprising Acropora rubbles, and dead colonies of massive and submassive corals with algal growth. In Manoli & Manoliputti, many dead patches of massive corals were encountered and heavy sedimentation was also observed. Among the staghorn coral species, Acropora formosa and Acropora hyacynthus represented the maximum recruitment at both the study sites. The average coral cover of Hare Island and Manoli & Manoliputti Island was 58.4% and 51.5% of which Acropora sp. represented live coverage of 48.1% and 15.6%, respectively (Figure 1). The size of each individual coral colony ranges from 0.9 to 8.2 cm.

Tropical reefs are increasingly impacted by multiple stressors that result in landscape loss of coral cover primarily due to adult coral mortality, aborted reproduction effort as well as unsuccessful recruitment at the disturbed habitat (Connell 1997; Graham et al. 2015). Reef resilience can protect these disturbances either by resisting change or by rapidly recovering to their pre-disturbed state (Holbrook et al. 2018). Reefs in GoM were challenged by intensive coral mining during the 1980s before the Indian Ocean tsunami event, which might have resulted in the destruction of Acropora sp. forming rubbles in the benthic substrate. After the Tsunami, the coral mining was completely stopped in GoM (Edward et al. 2008). We observed many new Acropora colonies (0.5–2 cm) on Hare Island coming up on largely undisturbed dead corals and rubbles (Image 1a). The percentage cover of live coral in Mandapam group of GoM has also significantly increased from the earlier report of 22.69% in 2016 (Edward et al. 2018) to 58.6% in the present study (Figure 1). We don’t have a direct observation on coral spawning and larval settlement, but the emergence of new coral communities following disturbances indicates a function of multiple processes including coral recruitment, growth and survival of new recruits. As per the earlier report, the coral spawning of Acropora sp. mainly happened here during March every year (Raj & Edward 2010). Earlier studies also revealed that recruitment to reef habitats is dependent on the ability of juveniles to find a suitable substratum to settle and metamorphose (Graham et al. 2011). The reef structure of Manoli & Manoliputti is mainly made of rubbles and dead massive coral with algal growth. But on the southeastern side of Manoliputti Island we observed a significant density (12–20 colonies/m²) of new recruits of Acropora formosa (Image 1b). The northern side of the Hare Island has a major settlement of Acropora formosa, A.humilis and A.digitifera whose colonies range 1.3–15.5 cm (Image 1c).

In degraded reefs, many negative driving forces also result in the mortality of post larval settlement of corals (Harrington et al. 2004). The major threat to successful coral recruitment is the excessive growth of algae on which coral planula may have settled, but later suffered severe mortality (Vermeij et al. 2009). In our observation, we have noticed that new recruits have high competition against the growth of native algal species Turbinaria sp. and Caulerpa sp. on the reef substrate (Image 1d). An earlier study also reported that GoM has faced heavy sedimentation ranging from 1.97 mg/cm2/day to 12.31 mg/cm2/day that was found to be the highest during the month of August and lowest during the month of April (Mathews & Edward 2006; Kumar et al. 2014). Despite high sediment deposition at the northern side and southeastern side of Manoli & Manoliputti Island, we have observed that the new recruitment of corals in this region is high. Staghorn corals play an important role in reef formation but are easily susceptible to environmental and anthropogenic stress (Johnson et al. 2011). The density of coral recruits is on the rise in Gulf of Mannar. The average density of coral recruits in GoM has increased from 4.1/m² in 2003–2005 to 7.7/m² in 2011 (Edward et al. 2012). In the present study, recruitment density was found to be the highest on the southeastern side of Manoli & Manoliputti Island with 12–20 colonies/m². Observation on the coral reproduction in GoM is rare, but studies using the experimental set up were carried out to assess the recruitment rate of coral spats in Krusadai Reef complex (Raj et al. 2014; Marimuthu et al. 2018). Coral recruitment is one of the indicators of coral reef health in marine protected areas, and also provide a positive sign of coral reef recovery of a degraded ecosystem (Acosta et al. 2011). The findings reported here suggest that increased percentage of coral cover brings a new hope for the researcher to find out the possible driving forces for the successful post larval settlement and survival of new recruits, which results in better conservation and management plan for the coral reefs of GoM Marine National Park. Therefore, NCCR initiated long term monitoring plan of the selected reef areas to assess the growth and survivability of newly recruited corals and investigate factors for reef resilience.

For image & figure - - click here

References

Acosta, A., L.F. Duenas & V. Pizarro (2011). Review on Hard Coral recruitment (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) in Colombia. Universitas scientiarum 16(3): 200–218.

Bruckner, A.W (2002). Proceedings of the Caribbean Acropora Workshop: Potential application of the U.S. Endangered Species Act as a conservation strategy. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-24, Silver Spring, MD.s, 199pp.

Connell, J.H. (1997). Disturbance and recovery of coral assemblages. Coral Reefs 16: S101–S113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380050246

Edward, J.K.P., G. Mathews, J. Patterson, R. Ramkumar, D. Wilhelmsson, J. Tamelander & O. Linden (2008). Status of coral reefs of the Gulf of Mannar, southeastern India. Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean Status (CORDIO) - Status Report, 45–55pp.

Edward, J.K.P., G. Mathews, K.D. Raj, T. Thinesh, J. Patterson, J. Tamelander & D. Wilhelmsson (2012). Coral reefs of Gulf of Mannar, India – Signs of Resilience. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia – 18F_3. http://www.icrs2012.com/proceedings/manuscripts/ICRS2012_18F_3.pdf

Edward, J.K.P., G. Mathwes, D. Raj, R.L. Laju, M.S. Bharath, A. Arasamuthu, P.D. Kumar, D.S. Bilgi & H. Malleshappa (2018). Coral mortalty in Gulf of Mannar, southeastern India, due to bleaching caused by elevated sea temperature in 2016. Current Science 114(9): 1967–1972.

English, S., C. Wilkinson & V. Baker (1997). Survey Manual for Tropical Marine resource. Australian Institute of Marine Sciences, Townsville, Australia, 390pp.

ENVIS (2015). Database on Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. Department of Environment and Forest, Government of Tamilnadu, 74pp.

Graham, N.A.J., K.L. Nash & J.T. Kool (2011). Coral reef recovery dynamics in a changing world. Coral Reefs 30: 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-010-0717-z

Graham, N.A.J., S. Jennings, M.A. MacNeil, D. Mouillot & S.K. Wilson (2015). Predicting climate-driven regime shifts versus rebound potential in coral reefs. Nature 518: 94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14140

Harrington, L., K. Fabricius, G.D. Ath & A. Negri (2004). Recognition and Selection of Settlement substrata determine post settlement survival in corals. Ecology 85(12): 3428–3437. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0298

Holbrook, S.J., T.C. Adam, P.J. Edmunds, R.J. Schmitt, R.C. Carpenter, A.J. Brooks, H.S. Lenihan & C.J. Briggs (2018). Recruitment Drives Spatial Variation in reef Recovery Rates of resilient Coral Reefs. Scientific reports 8(1): 7338–7348. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25414-8

IUCN (2009). Staghorn Corals and Climate Change. Better to burn out than to pHade away. Available online https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/fact_sheet_red_list_staghorn_corals.pdf

Johnson, M.E., D.S. Gilliam, M.W. Millar, C. Lustic, L. Larson, K. Nedimyer, E. Bartels, I.B. Baums, D. Lirman & S. Schopmeyer (2011). Carribean Acropora – Restoration Guide: Best Practice for propagation and population enhancement, 64pp.

Kumaraguru, A.K., K. Jayakumar & C.M. Ramakritinan (2003). Coral bleaching 2002 in the Palk Bay, Southeast coast of India. Current Science 85: 1787–1793.

Kumar, J.S.Y., S. Geetha & R. Sornaraj (2014). Seasonal Changes of Sedimentation Rates and Sediment Characteristics Status in the Gulf of Mannar Coral Island, India. International Letters of Natural Sciences 6: 8–24. https://doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILNS.6.8

Mathews G. & J.K.P. Edward (2006). Effect of sedimentation and pollution in the reefs of Thoothukudi coast of Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India, pp. 837–841. In: Proceedings of 10^th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan.

Marimuthu, N., P. Ramchandran, M. Sathish, N. Dinesh & R. Ramesh (2018). Recruitment pattern of Scleractinian coral spats on neighbouring artificial substrates at Kurusadai Reef Complex, Gulf of Mannar, India. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 22(1): 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2018.1435941

Raj, K.D. & J.K.P. Edward (2010). Observations on the reproduction of Acropora corals along the Tuticorin coast of the Gulf of Mannar, southeastern India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Science 39(2): 219–226.

Raj, K.D., K. Mathews & J.K.P. Edward (2014). Sexual reproduction of hard corals in Gulf of Mannar – A sign of reef recovery. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Indian Biodiversity congress, Chennai, Perspectives on Biodiversity of India 2(1): 100–107.

Venkataraman, K. (2000). Status of coral reefs of Gulf of Mannar, India. Proceedings of the 9^th International Coral Reef Symposium, October 23-27, 2000, Bali, Indonesia.

Vermeij, M.K.J., J.E. Smith, C.M. Smith, R.V. Thurver & S.A. Sandin (2009). Survival and settlement success of coral planulae: independent and synergistic effects of macroalgae and microbes. Oecologia 159: 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1223-7

Zayasu, Y., N. Satoh & C. Shinzato (2018). Genetic diversity of farmed and wild populations of the reef building coral, Acropora tenuis. Restoration Ecology 26(6): 1195–1202. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12687