Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2019 | 11(15): 14989–14997

An assessment of bird communities across Ujjani and its five satellite wetlands in Solapur District of Maharashtra, India

Shraddha Prabhakar Karikar ¹, Subhash Vitthal Mali ², Kulkarni Prasad ³ & Aphale Priti ⁴

^1,4 Department of Environmental Science, Fergusson College (Autonomous), affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.

² Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.

³ School of Ecology, Society and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Social Innovation, Partnership and Co-creation; MIT-World Peace University, Pune 411038, India.

¹ shraddhakarikar@gmail.com (corresponding author), ² subhash.environment@gmail.com, ³ prasad.kulkarni@mitwpu.edu.in, ⁴ aphale.priti@gmail.com

doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4741.11.15.14989-14997 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:167D431E-0D06-40A7-AC2E-3023FA6F175D

Editor: M. Zafar-ul Islam, National Wildlife Research Center, Saudi Arabia. Date of publication: 26 December 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #4741 | Received 03 December 2018 | Final received 20 November 2019 | Finally accepted 29 November 2019

Citation: Karikar, S.P., S.V. Mali, K. Prasad & A. Priti (2019). An assessment of bird communities across Ujjani and its five satellite wetlands in Solapur District of Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(15): 14989–14997. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4741.11.15.14989-14997

Copyright: © Karikar et al. 2019. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: This study is partially funded by Board of College and University Development (BCUD), Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Dr. Shraddha Prabhakar Karikar worked on habitat conservation of wetlands, aquatic bird communities and their preference analysis by applying various statistical models. Dr. Subhash Vitthal Mali worked on conservation biology of Malabar Giant Squirrel, species recovery of endangered medicinal plants, joint forest management, environmental impact assessments and environment management of industrial projects. Dr. Prasad Anil Kulkarni is interested in change detection mapping of Mangrove Ecosystem of Raigad Coast, Maharashtra. Ecosystem monitoring and its conservation related research. Life member of Indian Society of Remote Sensing. Member IUCN-CEC-1176(2017-20), Fellow of United Nations University for International Course on Mangroves Biodiversity and Ecology. Ms. Priti Vinayak Aphale is interested in habitat ecology studies and conservation related research. Worked on sacred groves of Maval Tahsil, Pune Maharashtra, India since 2012 with special reference to community participation in conservation.

Author contribution: SPK-—contributed in research idea development and its implementation on field, sample collection and analysis. SVM—contributed in designing of experiments and provided critical remarks on manuscript. PAK—provided inputs for deciding study area and sampling sites. Also contributed in technical aspects for wetland mapping. PVA—contributed in wetland ecosystem monitoring, field data collection and identification of bird species.

Acknowledgements: We are sincerely gratified to our family members for their constant support and encouragement. We are appreciative to local communities of Kumbhargaon and Bhadalwadi for their support during the field surveys. We are thankful to Mr. Rahul Kale, Advt. Mahesh Kahnerkar, Mr. Mahesh Ekale and students of Fergusson College for their support during the fieldwork. We are grateful to BCUD, SPPU, Pune for funding this research. We thank Dr. Ashwini Rane for her off-field support.

Abstract: Ujjani wetland is a potential Ramsar site in Maharashtra, India with several satellite wetlands associated with it. The present study contributes to single large or several small habitat conservation theories by assessing wetland bird communities. Aquatic bird communities were assessed using area search and point count methods at Kumbhargaon (Ujjani), Bhadalwadi, Madanwadi, Palasdev, Pimple and Ravangaon wetlands between October 2011 and September2012. These are representative satellite wetlands around Ujjani. One-hundred-and-ten species of wetland birds across 12 orders and 29 families were recorded. Out of these, 66 were resident and 44 were found to be migrants. These birds represent 23% mudflat feeder, 16% upland feeder, 14% marsh feeder, 12% bird of prey, 11% surface feeder and fish eaters, while divers and wet meadow feeders were represented with 8.5% and 5% of the species, respectively. Among the birds recorded, Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus, Common Pochard Aythya farina, and Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga belong to the Vulnerable category; while Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata, Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster, Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa, Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus, Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor, Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala, River Tern Sterna aurantia, and Great Thick-knee Esacus recurvirostris represent Near Threatened category on the IUCN Red List. The presence of these bird species underlines the importance and conservation priorities of a major as well as smaller satellite wetlands. Anthropogenic activities such as cattle grazing, fishing, sand and soil mining, land encroachment, urban development and tourism were observed as some of the threats to this wetland ecosystem as well as bird communities.

Keywords: Aquatic birds, Ramsar site, SLOSS, wetland bird communities.

Introduction

Wetlands are distinct zones intermediate between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem where the water table is usually at or near the surface of the land and is covered by shallow water (Semeniuk & Semeniuk 1995). Wetlands are the most productive ecosystems in the world (Mitsch et al. 2009). Natural and man-made reservoirs form small heterogenous water patches in their vicinity. Such small wetlands associated with large streams are called satellite wetlands (Bedford 1996; Novitski et al. 1996; Patten et al. 2008).

Wetlands maintain the health of the environment and support a rich biodiversity. They complete habitat requirements of various water birds. Birds are excellent indicators of wetland health (Kumar & Gupta 2013). Habitat protection is important to conserve bird communities associated with it.

Large wetlands normally receive all the importance while smaller and isolated wetlands receive least attention and are often neglected from conservation priorities. Many studies have focused on major and larger wetlands while very few scientific investigations have been undertaken on comparatively small, isolated and not so well-known wetlands. In the absence of such studies, smaller and isolated wetlands are neglected from appearing in conservation priorities even if they are located in the vicinity of a major wetland.

On a theoretical conservation perspective, single large or several small (SLOSS) habitats debate is well known; many ecologists argue for one large habitat while an equal number of scientists advocate for many small habitats (Ma et al. 2010). It was argued that species richness increases with habitat area and hence larger block of habitat would support more species than any of the smaller blocks. Further, Simberloff & Abele (1976) contested that if the smaller protected area had unshared species, then it is possible that two smaller reserves could have more species than a single large reserve.

Before we take any stand on such perspectives, it is primarily required to initiate studies that compares a large wetland and many smaller ones. Such studies can help in deciding conservation priorities in fragmented habitats. In this context, the present study explores the status of bird communities harboured at one large wetland and several small satellite wetlands associated with it. Ujjani wetland and its satellite wetlands were assessed for this work.

The Ujjani Dam is an earthen-cum-masonry gravity dam located on river Bhima. The Bhima River is a tributary of river Krishna that originates in the ranges of the Western Ghats. This dam is amongst the largest dams in Maharashtra, situated near Ujjani Village of Solapur District. The dam was primarily built for irrigating water -scarce fields. It is located at 18.299⁰N & 74.763⁰E, 465m. This region is a plain expanse with negligible slope and the reservoir is spread across 348 km² (Mahabal et al. 2011). It has more of shallow areas at the fringe parts of the reservoir, that provide a distinctive habitat for the avifauna. The Ujjani wetland is a potential Ramsar site in Maharashtra (Samant 2002; Islam & Rahmani 2008).

Material and Methods

Study area

The Ujjani wetland has a huge expanse and to overcome practical difficulty in sampling, Kumbhargaon (18.266⁰N & 74.805⁰E, 494m), a representative location of Ujjani wetland was selected for sampling as it covers very shallow to very deep-water areas. As Ujjani wetland is dam backwater, similar type of five man-made satellite wetlands, viz., Bhadalwadi (18.234⁰N & 74.781⁰E, 511m), Madanwadi (18.285⁰N & 74.707⁰E, 515m), Ravangaon (18.330⁰N & 74.613⁰E, 556m), Pimple (18.247⁰N & 74.729⁰E, 516m), and Palasdev (18.211⁰N & 74.865⁰E, 507m) associated with Ujjani wetland was selected for the present study. In order to know the exact location of these wetlands, satellite imagery was superimposed on the toposheet. A map of these sites was prepared to indicate relative locations of these wetlands with respect to Ujjani with the help of QGIS 2.18 (Image 1).

Bird survey

The study was conducted between October 2011 and September 2012. Counts were conducted near the wetland where all or most of the surface area and edge were visible (Bibby et al. 2000). The survey duration includes the time required to thoroughly scan a wetland. Sampling was conducted using area search and point count method. Point counts were taken for areas where visibility is obstructed like marshy area and upland vegetation. No two-point counts were taken within a distance of 200m. Care was taken to ensure that birds were recorded only once (Bibby et al. 2000, Weller 1999). Area search methods were used for areas with clear visibility like open water. The accessible edges of wetlands were walked around to detect any unseen birds. The birds were observed during the peak hours of their activity from sunrise to 10.00h and 16.00–18.00 h using Olympus (8 x 40 mm, 10 x 50 mm) binoculars. Identification of birds was done using field guides (Ali & Ripley 1995; Grimmett et al. 2013), and only those species with confirmed identity were recorded and reported.

Data classification and analysis

Recording and listing of these birds were done using standard common and scientific names (Praveen et al. 2016). Residential status of the birds as resident and migrants had been assigned with reference to the study area on the basis of presence or absence method. The status of the recorded bird species was established on the basis of frequency of sightings (Kumar & Gupta 2009) as Abundant (A) recorded 9–10 times out of 10 visits, Common (C) recorded 7–8 times out of 10 visits, Frequent (F) recorded 5-6 times out of 10 visits, Occasional (O) recorded 3–5 times out of 10 visits, Rare(R) recorded 0–2 times out of 10 visits (Therivel & Morris 1995).

Birds were delineated in eight feeding categories as bird of prey, fish eaters, divers, mudflat feeder, marsh feeder, wet meadow, surface feeder ducks, and upland feeders (Gole 1993).

To compare wetlands, a cluster analysis was performed on the presence of bird communities. Cluster analysis was performed using Jaccard’s similarity measure and a paired group method by PAST 3 software (Field & McFarlane 1968; Day & Edelsbrunner 1984; Washington 1984; Hartzell et al. 2007). The conservation status of the observed species was listed using the IUCN Red List, 2016 ver3.1 (IUCN 2016).

Results and Discussion

One-hundred-and-ten species of wetland bird genera belonging to 12 orders and 29 families were recorded from Kumbhargaon (Ujjani) and its satellite wetlands between October 2011–September 2012.

The checklist of birds observed, identified and recorded in the region along with their family and resident status is provided in Table 1. It was observed that Anatidae (16 species) followed by Scolopacidae (14 species) were the most represented families of the study area (Figure 1); whereas, Anhingidae, Dicruridae, Falconidae, Gruidae, Meropidae, Pandionidae, Podicipedidae, Recurvirostridae, and Rostratulidae were represented by just a single genus and least represented.

Among the recorded species 66 species were resident and 44 migratory. Relative abundance studies revealed that six species were abundant, 21 species were common, 46 species were frequent, 25 occasional and 12 were rare. Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus, Common Pochard Aythya farina and Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga were found to belong to the Vulnerable category of the IUCN and their number is found to be decreasing globally; while Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata, Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster, Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa, Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus, Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor, Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala, River Tern Sterna aurantia, and Great Thick-knee Esacus recurvirostris represent the Near Threatened (NT) category of IUCN Red List.

Feeding class-wise distribution of observed species indicated that mudflat feeders were most common with 23% species, followed by upland feeders with 16%, marsh feeders with 14%, bird of prey with 12 %, surface feeders and fish eaters each with 11%, while divers and wet meadow feeders were represented with 8.5% and 5% of the species, respectively (Figure 2).

Relative abundance analysis indicates Common Coot Fulica atra as most abundant at Kumbhargoan (Ujjani) and Palasdev while Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster and Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata were least abundant. The Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala and Rosy Starling Pastor roseus were found to be most abundant at Bhadalwadi wetland and Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata, Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus were least abundant. At Madanwadi wetland Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos, Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius showed highest relative abundance and Eurasian Thick-knee Burhinus oedicnemus, Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo recorded the lowest. The Common Coot Fulica atra and Brahminy Starling Sturnia pagodarum were found to be most abundant at Pimple and Ravangaon wetland respectively while Great Egret Ardea alba and Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus were found to be least abundant.

When Shannon-Weiner diversity and evenness across satellite wetlands were calculated, it was found to be 3.5, 0.37 at Kumbhargoan (Ujjani) followed by 3.5, 0.38 at Palasdev; 3.1, 0.42 at Madanwadi, 2.6, 0.45 at Pimple, 2.5, 0.22 at Bhadalwadi, and 2.2, 0.33 Ravangaon wetland at p<0.05.

Jaccard’s similarity index was calculated from the record of occurrence of the bird species across these wetlands. It was observed that, Kumbhargaon (Ujjani) and Palasdev were most similar wetlands with index value of 0.88, while Kumbhargaon (Ujjani) and Ravangaon were most dissimilar in their species composition with index value of 0.36. Kumbhargaon (Ujjani) and Bhadalwadi was more similar with index value of 0.59 followed by Kumbhargaon (Ujjani) and Madanwadi with reported value of 0.49. Kumbhargaon (Ujjani) and Pimple to were among least similar wetlands with value of 0.4. It reveals that, out of five associated wetlands of Ujjani reservoir; Palasdev, Bhadalwadi and Madanwadi wetlands show high resemblance and similarity for the inhabitation of wetland bird communities. Bird communities harboured by Ujjani and Ravangaon wetland were fairly distinct. Detailed cluster analysis paired (UPGMA) of Jaccard’s similarity Index of each wetland was shown in Figure 3.

Present study provides checklist of wetland bird communities at Ujjani as well as its five satellite wetlands. Of the 110 bird species recorded at Kumbhargoan (Ujjani) wetland, 94 were recorded at Palasdev, while 59, 54, 31, and 29 species were reported at Bhadalwadi, Madanwadi, Pimple, and Ravangaon wetlands, respectively. Vital base line information on the presence and abundance of bird communities based on sightings were collected. Ujjani and other wetlands have shallow water expanse resulting in rich abundance and diversity of bird communities. The wetland bird communities are in general heterogeneous in their feeding habitat (Kumar & Gupta 2013). The diversity of the wetland birds observed at other satellite wetlands may indicate a presence of a wide spectrum of feeding niches. In the present study agriculture fields surrounding the Kumbhargaon (Ujjani) wetland and satellite wetlands with scattered plants, viz., Acacia species, Zizyphus species, and Tamarindus species, probably provide diverse roosting and foraging habitation grounds to the bird communities.

A comparison of bird communities of main wetlands with its satellite wetlands revealed that, some of the satellite wetlands support an almost equal number of bird species to that of the main wetland. Also, all these satellite wetlands together share, more than 95% of the total bird species composition of Ujjani wetland. Presence of the threatened bird species highlights the significance of the wetland as an important conservation site (Islam & Rahmani 2004, 2008) and wintering ground for wetland birds. From conservation priorities both large as well as small wetlands are important. Reduction in existing anthropogenic activities like cattle grazing, fishing, sand and soil mining, land encroachment, urban development, and tourism would improve conservation status of bird communities. Detailed studies on physical characterization of wetlands and habitat preference by bird communities are necessary to understand the role of satellite wetlands in the conservation of avifauna.

Table 1. Status of birds recorded at Ujjani and its satellite wetlands, Maharashtra.

	Family & Species	Wetland	Month	Resident status	Abundance	Red List Status
	Accipitridae
1	Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
2	Black Kite Milvus migrans	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
3	Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
4	Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga	Uj	Feb	M	O	VU
5	Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela	Uj, Bh, Pa, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
6	Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus	Uj, Bh, Pa	Dec–Feb	M	F	LC
7	Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus	Uj, Pa	Dec–Feb	M	R	LC
8	Bonelli's Eagle Aquila fasciata	Uj, Ra	Nov–Feb	R	O	LC
9	Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax	Uj, Ma, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	O	LC
10	Short-toed Snake Eagle Circaetus gallicus	Uj, Bh, Pa, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	O	LC
11	Shikra Accipiter badius	Uj, Pa	Sep–Dec	R	O	LC
	Alaudidae
12	Indian Bushlark Mirafra erythroptera	Uj, Ma, Pa, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
13	Rufous-tailed Lark Ammomanes phoenicura	Uj, Ma	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
	Alcedinidae
14	Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
15	Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis	Uj, Bh, Pa	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
16	White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
	Anatidae
17	Indian Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
18	Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos	Uj, Pa	Oct–Mar	R	R	LC
19	Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica	Uj, Bh, Pa	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
20	Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula	Uj, Bh, Pa	Nov–Feb	M	O	LC
21	Eurasian Wigeon Mareca penelope	Uj, Bh, Pa	Nov–Mar	M	O	LC
22	Gadwall Mareca strepera	Uj, Bh, Pa	Nov–Feb	M	F	LC
23	Garganey Spatula querquedula	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Oct–Mar	R	F	LC
24	Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus	Uj, Pa	Nov–Mar	M	F	LC
25	Cotton Teal Nettapus coromandelianus	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa	Oct–Jan	R	O	LC
26	Northern Pintail Anas acuta	Uj, Bh, Pa	Nov–Feb	M	F	LC
27	Northern Shoveler Spatula clypeata	Uj, Bh, Pa	Nov–Mar	M	O	LC
28	Common Pochard Aythya ferina	Uj, Bh, Pa	Jan–Feb	M	R	VU
29	Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina	Uj, Pa	Jan–Feb	M	R	LC
30	Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa	Nov–Mar	M	F	LC
31	Common Teal Anas crecca	Uj, Bh, Pa, Pi	Nov–Feb	R	F	LC
32	Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa	Dec–Jan	M	R	LC
	Anhingidae
33	Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa	Oct–Feb	R	R	NT
	Ardeidae
34	Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
35	Great Egret Ardea alba	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
36	Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
37	Little Egret Egretta garzetta	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
38	Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa	Jan–Dec	R	O	LC
39	Grey Heron Ardea cinerea	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Oct–May	R	C	LC
40	Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
41	Striated Heron Butorides striata	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
42	Purple Heron Ardea purpurea	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
	Burhinidae
43	Eurasian Thick-knee Burhinus oedicnemus	Uj, Ma, Pa, Pi	Jan–Dec	R	O	LC
44	Great Thick-knee Esacus recurvirostris	Uj, Bh, Pa	Jan–Dec	R	R	NT
	Charadriidae
45	Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi,Ra	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
46	Yellow-wattled Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus	Uj, Ma, Pa	Jan–Dec	R	O	LC
47	Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus	Uj, Ma	Nov–Feb	R	O	LC
48	Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius	Uj, Ma, Pa, Pi	Jan–Dec	R	A	LC
	Ciconiidae
49	Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans	Uj, Bh, Pa	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
50	Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala	Uj, Bh, Pa	Jan–Dec	R	C	NT
51	European White Stork Ciconia ciconia	Uj, Pa	Nov–Jan	R	F	LC
52	Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa	Oct–Dec	R	O	VU
	Dicruridae
53	Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
	Falconidae
54	Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus	Uj, Pa, Ra	Nov–Feb	M	C	LC
	Glareolidae
55	Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola	Uj, Ma	Oct–May	M	F	LC
56	Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum	Uj, Ma	Oct–May	M	F	LC
57	Little Pratincole Glareola lactea	Uj, Ma, Pa	Jan–Dec	R	A	LC
	Gruidae
58	Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo	Uj	Jan	M	O	LC
	Hirundinidae
59	Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Oct–Jan	M	C	LC
60	Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Oct–Jan	M	F	LC
	Jacanidae
61	Bronze-winged Jacana Metopidius indicus	Uj, Bh	Jul	R	R	LC
62	Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus	Uj, Bh	Aug	R	R	LC
	Laniidae
63	Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
64	Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach	Uj, Pa, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
	Laridae
65	Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus	Uj, Pa	Nov–Feb	M	F	LC
66	Brown-headed Gull Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus	Uj, Pa	Nov–Feb	M	F	LC
67	Pallas's Gull Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus	Uj, Pa	Dec–Jan	M	O	LC
68	Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia	Uj, Pa	Dec–Mar	M	F	LC
69	Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica	Uj, Pa	Dec–Mar	M	F	LC
70	River Tern Sterna aurantia	Uj, Pa	Dec–Mar	M	F	NT
71	Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida	Uj, Pa	Jan–Mar	R	F	LC
	Meropidae
72	Green Bee-eater, Merops orientalis	Uj, Bh, Pa, Pi, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
	Motacillidae
73	Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola	Uj, Ma,	Nov–Feb	M	F	LC
74	Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea	Uj, Ma, Pa	Nov–Feb	M	C	LC
75	White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis	Uj, Ma, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
76	Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava	Uj, Pa	Nov–Feb	M	C	LC
77	White Wagtail Motacilla alba	Uj	Jan–Feb	M	F	LC
	Pandionidae
78	Osprey Pandion haliaetus	Uj, Pa	Dec–Feb	M	O	LC
	Phalacrocoracidae
79	Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa,	Oct–Jan	R	F	LC
80	Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	A	LC
81	Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	A	LC
82	Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus	Uj, Pa	Jan–Feb	M	O	LC
83	Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor	Uj, Pa	Feb–Mar	M	R	NT
	Podicipedidae
84	Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi	Jan–Dec	R	A	LC
	Rallidae
85	Common Coot Fulica atra	Uj, Bh, Pa, Pi	Jan–Dec	R	A	LC
86	Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi	Jul–Oct	R	F	LC
87	Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
88	White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi	Jul–Oct	R	F	LC
	Recurvirostridae
89	Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus	Uj, Ma, Pa, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
	Rostratulidae
90	Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis	Uj, Pa	Jan–Dec	R	O	LC
	Scolopacidae
91	Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata	Uj, Bh	Nov–Mar	R	R	NT
92	Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa	Uj, Pa	Nov–Feb	M	F	NT
93	Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia	Uj, Ma, Pa	Nov–Mar	M	F	LC
94	Common Redshank Tringa totanus	Uj, Ma, Pa	Oct–Mar	R	F	LC
95	Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus	Uj, Pa	Oct–Par	R	O	LC
96	Ruff Calidris pugnax	Uj, Pa	Nov–Dec	R	R	LC
97	Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos	Uj, Ma, Pa	Nov–May	M	F	LC
98	Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus	Uj, Pa	Nov–May	M	F	LC
99	Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis	Uj, Pa	Nov–Jan	M	O	LC
100	Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola	Uj, Pa	Jan–Apr	M	O	LC
101	Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa	Nov–Feb	M	F	LC
102	Pintail Snipe Gallinago stenura	Uj, Pa	Nov–Feb	M	O	LC
103	Little Stint Calidris minuta	Uj, Ma, Pa, Pi	Oct–Mar	M	F	LC
104	Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii	Uj, Bh	Jan–Feb	M	O	LC
	Sturnidae
105	Rosy Starling Pastor roseus	Uj, Bh, Pa	Dec–Feb	M	F	LC
106	Brahminy Starling Sturnia pagodarum	Uj, Ma, Pa, Ra	Jan–Dec	R	C	LC
	Threskiornithidae
107	Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa	Sep–Oct	R	F	NT
108	Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa	Oct–Jan	M	O	LC
109	Indian Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa	Uj, Bh, Ma, Pa, Pi	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC
110	Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia	Uj, Bh, Pa	Jan–Dec	R	F	LC

Uj—Ujjani | Bh—Bhadalwadi | Ma—Madanwadi | Pa—Palasdev | Pi—Pimple | Ra—Ravangaon | R—Resident | M—Migratory | LC—Least Concerned | NT—Near Threatened | VU—Vulnerable | A—Abundant | C—Common | F—Frequent | O—Occasional | R—Rare.

For figures & image - - click here

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