Journal of Threatened Taxa
| www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2019 | 11(8): 13992–14009
A checklist of mammals of Tamil
Nadu, India
Manokaran
Kamalakannan 1 & Paingamadathil
Ommer Nameer 2
1 Mammal
& Osteology section, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore,
Kolkata, West Bengal 700053, India.
2 Centre
for Wildlife Studies, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University,
Thrissur, Kerala 680656, India.
1 kamalakannanm1@gmail.com, 2 nameer.po@kau.in (corresponding author)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4705.11.8.13992-14009
| ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F3525FB1-FE83-4504-8017-175E189F78DD
Editor: H.N.
Kumara, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON),
Coimbatore, India. Date of
publication: 26 June 2019 (online & print)
Manuscript details: #4705 | Received 17 November 2018 | Final received 02
June 2019 | Finally accepted 11 June 2019
Citation: Kamalakannan,
M. & P.O. Nameer (2019). A checklist of mammals of Tamil
Nadu, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 11(8): 13992–14009; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4705.11.8.13992-14009
Copyright: © Kamalakannan
& Nameer 2019. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Dr. M. Kamalakannan is specialized in mammal
taxonomy; he is currently working as Senior Zoological Assistant at the Mammal
& Osteology Section of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India. His research
interests lie on the taxonomic studies of mammal components housed in the
National Zoological Collections, ZSI. He also specialized in identification of
confiscated materials of mammals. He holds a PhD in Zoology for working on the
tricho-taxonomy of Indian mammals. Dr. P.O. Nameer is Professor and Head of
Centre for Wildlife Studies, KAU. His research interests include the taxonomy,
biogeography and ecology of vertebrates except fishes.
Author contribution: Both the authors contributed
equally in compiling the information, designed and prepared the
manuscript.
Acknowledgements: MK is grateful to Dr. Kailash Chandra, director of the
Zoological Survey of India, for all the necessary facilities and
encouragements. PON, thank the Dean,
College of Forestry for encouragement and support.
Abstract: A checklist of mammals of Tamil Nadu State is
presented in this paper. Accepted English names, scientific binomen, prevalent
vernacular names in Tamil, IUCN conservation status, Indian Wildlife
(Protection) Act schedules, the appendices in the CITES, endemism, the
distribution of species in India, the Western Ghats & plains of Tamil Nadu,
and the complete bibliography pertaining to the 132 species of mammals of Tamil
Nadu are given.
Keywords: CITES, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, Tamil name,
vernacular name, Western Ghats.
Abbreviations: IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature;
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: categories (CR - Critically Endangered; EN
- Endangered; VU - Vulnerable; NT - Near Threatened; LC - Least Concern; NA -
Not Assessed); END - Endemism; IWPA - Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
(Schedule I, II, III, IV, and V); CITES - Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Appendix I, II and III); TN - Tamil
Nadu; KL - Kerala: AP - Andhra Pradesh; WG - Western Ghats; PI - Peninsular
India
Tamil abstract: தமிழ்நாட்டில் காணப்படும் பாலூட்டி விலங்கினங்களின் பட்டியல் இப்பிரதியில் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இவ்விலங்குகளின் சரியான
ஆங்கில பெயர், அறிவியல் பெயர், வழக்கமான தமிழ் பெயர், சிறப்பின தன்மை, பன்னாட்டு
இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கத்தின் செம்பட்டியல் (IUCN Red List), இந்திய வனவிலங்கு (பாதுகாப்பு) சட்ட அட்டவணை மற்றும் அருகிய இன காட்டு விலங்குகள் மற்றும் தாவரங்களின் பன்னாட்டு வர்த்தகம் பற்றிய மாநாடு பட்டியல் (CITES) ஆகியவை
குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. மேலும், இவ்விலங்குகள் இந்தியாவின் மற்ற மாநிலங்களில் காணப்படுதல்
மற்றும் தமிழக மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலைகள் மற்றும் அதன் சமவெளிகளில் காணப்படுதல் ஆகியவையும் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. தமிழ்நாட்டில் காணப்படும் மொத்தம் 132 பாலூட்டி இனங்களின் முழு அறிவியல்
குறிப்புகள் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
Introduction
Taxonomic accounts on the mammals of Tamil Nadu were
carried out along with other Indian mammals by many authors, viz., Jerdon
(1867), Blanford (1888-1891), Pocock (1939, 1941), Bates & Harrison (1997),
Nameer (2000), and systematic review done by Ellerman & Morrison-Scott
(1951), Prater (1971), Corbet & Hill (1992), Menon (2003, 2014), and
Johnsingh & Manjrekar (2013, 2015).
Notably, the Mammal Survey of India of Bombay Natural History Society
conducted the systematic mammal survey in different regions of India including
Tamil Nadu from 1912 to 1923 and the results were published by Thomas
(1914–1924), Wroughton (1913–1921), Ryley (1913–1914), Hinton (1918–1923), and
Lindsay (1926). Sathasivam (1996, 1998)
published regional checklists of mammals together for Tamil Nadu and Kerala
states where he listed 168 species; however, he did not mention any separate
list for Tamil Nadu State alone.
Moreover, after 1998, no updated checklist of mammals is available for
Tamil Nadu State despite many taxonomic and biogeographic revisions (Bates
& Harrison 1997; Agrawal 2000; Johnsingh 2001; Nameer et al. 2001; Molur et
al. 2005; Sridhar et al. 2008; Molur & Singh 2009), new records on smaller
mammals (Pradhan et al. 1997; Vanitharani et al. 2003, 2005; Vanitharani 2006),
molecular phylogeny studies on primates (Karanth et al. 2008; Nag et al. 2011),
and on the genus Hemitragus (Ropiquet & Hassanin 2005) in Tamil Nadu
and its neighbouring states. Therefore,
we provide the updated checklist along with the distribution and conservation
status of mammalian species of Tamil Nadu State based on the recorded evidence.
Methods
The taxonomic arrangement of the species was primarily
based on Wilson & Reeder (2005) and further updated using Wilson &
Mittermeier (2009) and nomenclature of the species as per the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The distribution of species in India (outside
of Tamil Nadu State), and the current conservation status as per the IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species, mammal species listed in the different schedules of
the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and the appendices of the Convention
on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
are also provided.
Results and Discussion
As Sathasivam (1996, 1998) provided a combined
regional checklist of mammals for Tamil Nadu and Kerala, determining the mammal
species only for Tamil Nadu is not possible from these checklists. Of the 168 species of mammals (136
terrestrial and 32 marine) provided by Sathasivam (1996, 1998), there are 29
species neither found in Tamil Nadu nor in Kerala, and 12 species found only in
Kerala, but not in Tamil Nadu (Table 1).
The nomenclatures of 11 species (Table 2) have been changed as per
Wilson & Reeder (2005) and ICZN. Two
species, namely Sahyadri Forest Rat Rattus satarae and Lenis
Woolly Bat Kerivoula lenis (Vanitharani et al. 2003; Molur et
al. 2005) have been included in the present checklist (Table 4), which were not
listed in the earlier checklist. The current
checklist also has additional details such as the updated nomenclature of
species and their systematic account, prevalent vernacular names in Tamil,
conservation status as per IUCN, IWPA and CITES, endemism, the distribution of
species in India and the Western Ghats and plains of Tamil Nadu, and the
complete bibliography for all species.
A total of 132 (108 terrestrial and 24 marine) species
of mammals belonging to 12 orders and 37 families are listed in the present
checklist (Table 4). Of the 108 terrestrial
mammal species, 32 species are found only in the Western Ghats region of Tamil
Nadu and remaining species are found both in the Western Ghats and the plains
of Tamil Nadu. The order Chiroptera
represents a maximum number of species (35 species) followed by Rodentia (28
species) and these two taxa jointly account for 47 percent of the total
mammalian fauna in Tamil Nadu (Fig. 1; Table 3). A total of 32 species of marine mammals
including Platanista gangetica Ganges River Dolphin have been reported
from Indian waters so far (Kumaran 2002, 2012; Nameer 2016), of which, 24
species are distributed in Tamil Nadu State along the Bay of Bengal and the
Indian Ocean. Out of 51 known endemic
species of mammals in India (Johnsingh & Nameer 2015), 22 species are found
in the Tamil Nadu, and 14 of which are endemic to the Western Ghats. Elvira Rat Cremnomys elvira, a
Critically Endangered species found in Tamil Nadu State until now is known only
from its type locality of Kurumbapatti, Salem District, in the Eastern
Ghats of Tamil Nadu. The genera namely Anathana,
Latidens, and Nilgiritragus are monotypic and found only in the
Tamil Nadu and its neighbouring states across the Western Ghats. The Nilgiri Tahr Nilgiritragus hylocrius,
the only wild goat endemic to the southern Western Ghats in Kerala and
Tamil Nadu, was accorded the status of State Animal of Tamil Nadu
(Gazette Notification of the Government of Tamil Nadu, 1988).
The checklist of mammals of any particular region
needs to be periodically updated as the number of species changes due to new
discoveries, taxonomic revisions and molecular phylogeny studies (Wilson &
Reeder 2005). Recently, Nameer (2015,
2016) provided a comprehensive checklist of mammals of Kerala, and the
information on mammals of both Tamil Nadu (present checklist) and Kerala
together will help in understating the mammal diversity of southern Western
Ghats. Moreover, the present checklist
would help the researchers and state forest and wildlife managers to plan
conservation strategies to manage the mammals in Tamil Nadu.
Table 1. List of mammal species as mentioned by
Sathasivam (1996, 1998) and their present systematic and distribution status.
|
Name of the species as mentioned by Sathasivam
(1996, 1998) |
Present systematic and distribution status |
References |
|
ORDER PRIMATES Family Cercopithecidae |
|
|
1. |
Semnopithecus entellus Common or Hanuman Langur |
Semnopithecus entellus split into seven species in India, of which two
species (S. hypoleucos and S. priam) are known from TN |
Karanth et al. (2008); Nag et al. (2011) |
|
ORDER RODENTIA Family Sciuridae
|
|
|
2. |
Funambulus layardi Layard's Striped Squirrel |
Restricted to Sri Lanka |
Molur et al. (2005) |
|
Family Muridae |
|
|
3. |
Mus dunni Dunn’s Mouse |
Synonyms of Mus terricolor; it is difficult
to define, as it is often confused with Mus booduga |
Musser & Carleton (2005) |
4. |
Rattus norvegicus Brown Rat or Norway Rat |
Not native to India |
Ruedas (2016) |
5. |
Rattus ranjiniae |
Distribution records from KL, not from TN |
Molur et al. (2005) |
|
ORDER EULIPOTYPHLA Family Soricidae |
|
|
6. |
Suncus montanus |
Suncus montanus is restricted to Sri Lanka; the species found in TN
is Suncus niger |
Molur & Singh (2009) |
7. |
Suncus stoliczkanus Anderson's Shrew |
No distribution either in TN or KL |
Molur et al. (2005) |
8. |
Suncus etruscus Indian Pygmy Shrew |
Distribution records from KL, not from TN |
Molur et al. (2005) |
9. |
Crocidura horsfieldi Horsfield's Shrew |
No distribution either in TN or KL |
Molur et al. (2005) |
|
ORDER CHIROPTERA Family Rhinopomatidae |
|
|
10. |
Rhinopoma hardwickii Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat |
No distribution records from TN |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
11. |
Rhinopoma microphyllum Greater Mouse-tailed Bat |
Doubtful record |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
12. |
Rhinopoma muscatellum Small Mouse-tailed Bat |
No distribution either in TN or KL |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
|
Family Emballonuridae |
|
|
13. |
Taphozous saccolaimus Pouch-bearing Bat |
Distribution records from KL, not from TN |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
14. |
Taphozous theobaldi Theobald's Tomb Bat |
Distribution records from KL, not from TN |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
|
Family Rhinolophidae |
|
|
15. |
Rhinolophus affinis Intermediate Horseshoe Bat |
No exact locality |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
16. |
Rhinolophus luctus Great Eastern or Woolly Horseshoe Bat or Large
Leaf-Bat |
Distribution records from KL, not from TN |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
17. |
Rhinolophus pusillus Least Horseshoe Bat |
Distribution records from KL, not from TN |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
18. |
Rhinolophus beddomei Lesser Woolly Horeshoe Bat |
Distribution records from KL, not from TN |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
|
Family Hipposideridae |
|
|
19. |
Hipposideros galeritus Cantor's Leaf-nosed Bat or Fawn Leaf-nosed Bat |
No distribution records from TN |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
20. |
Hipposideros lankadiva Kelaart's Leaf-nosed Bat |
No distribution either in TN or KL |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
21. |
Hipposideros hypophyllus Kolar Leaf-nosed Bat |
No distribution either in TN or KL |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
|
Family Molossidae |
|
|
22. |
Otomops wroughtoni Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat |
No distribution either in TN or KL |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
|
Family Vespertilionidae |
|
|
23. |
Tylonycteris pachypus Bamboo Bat or Flat-headed Bat |
Distribution records from KL, not from TN |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
24. |
Myotis hasseltii Van Hasselt's Bat |
No distribution either in TN or KL |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
25. |
Kerivoula hardwickii Hardwicke's Forest Bat |
No distribution either in TN or KL |
Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al.
(2002) |
|
ORDER CARNIVORA Family Canidae |
|
|
26. |
Canis lupus Indian Gray Wolf |
Known only from historic records |
Prater (1971) |
|
Family Mustelidae
|
|
|
27. |
Lutra lutra Common or Eurasian Otter |
Known only from historic records |
Jerdon 1867; Blanford 1888–1891; Pocock 1941; Prater
1971 |
|
Family Viverridae |
|
|
28. |
Viverra civettina Malabar Civet |
Known only from historic records from KL. However,
recent studies have ruled out the distribution from KL and TN. |
Nandini & Mudappa (2010) |
|
Family Herpestidae |
|
|
29. |
Herpestes javanicus Small Asian Mongoose |
No distribution either in TN or KL |
Patou et al. (2009) |
|
Family Felidae |
|
|
30. |
Prionailurus viverrinus Fishing Cat |
Known only from historic records and recent studies
ruled out its presence from southern India. |
Mukherjee et al. (2012); Janardhanan et al. (2014) |
|
ORDER ARTIODACTYLA Family Bovidae |
|
|
31. |
Boselaphus tragocamelus Nilgai |
Known only from historic records |
Prater (1971); Sankar and Johnsingh (2015) |
|
Order CETACEA Family Delphinidae |
|
|
32. |
Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser's Dolphin |
No records from India |
Sathasivam (2000) |
33. |
Orcaella brevirostris Irrawady Dolphin |
No distribution either in TN or KL; there was a
record of one live animal stranded on the Chennai coast after cyclone |
Sathasivam (2000) |
34. |
Feresa attenuata Pygmy Killer Whale |
Distribution records from KL, not from TN |
Nameer (2015) |
35. |
Mesoplodon ginkgodens Gingko-toothed Beaked or Japanese Beaked Whale |
Distribution records from KL, not from TN |
Nameer (2015) |
|
Family Ziphiidae |
|
|
36. |
Mesoplodon pacificus Longman's Beaked Whale |
No records from India |
Sathasivam (2000) |
37. |
Mesoplodon densirostris Blainville's Beaked Whale |
No records either from TN or KL |
Sathasivam (2000) |
38. |
Hyperoodon planifrons Southern Bottlenose Whale |
No records either from TN or KL |
Sathasivam (2000) |
39. |
Tursiops truncatus Bottlenose Dolphin or Bottle-nosed Dolphin |
The species reported from India is Tursiops
aduncus not T. truncatus |
Wang et al. (2014) |
40. |
Delphinus delphis Common Dolphin |
The species reported from India is Delphinus
capensis not D. delphis |
Jayasankar et al. (2008) |
|
Family Balaenidae |
|
|
41. |
Balaena glacialis Black or Northern Right Whale |
No records either from TN or KL |
Sathasivam (2000) |
Table 2. Mammal species as mentioned by Sathasivam
(1996, 1998) and their current nomenclature as per Wilson & Reeder (2005)
and ICZN.
|
Name of the species as mentioned by Sathasivam
(1996, 1998) |
Current nomenclature as per Wilson & Reeder (2005) and ICZN |
1. |
Cremnomys blanfordi Blanfords' Rat or White-tailed Wood Rat |
Madromys blanfordi Blanford’s Rat |
2. |
Paraechinus micropus Pale or Indian Hedgehog |
Paraechinus nudiventris Bare-bellied Hedgehog |
3. |
Pipistrellus affinis Chocolate Bat |
Falsistrellus affinis Chocolate Pipistrelle |
4. |
Pipistrellus dormeri Dormer's Bat |
Scotozous dormeri
Dormer's Pipistrelle |
5. |
Tadarida plicata Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat |
Chaerephon plicatus Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat |
6. |
Ursus ursinus Sloth Bear |
Melursus ursinus
Sloth Bear |
7. |
Martes flavigula Nilgiri Marten or Nilgiri Yellow-throated Marten |
Martes gwatkinsii
Nilgiri Marten |
8. |
Moschiola meminna Indian Mouse-Deer or Chevrotain |
Moschiola indica Indian Chevrotain
|
9. |
Cervus unicolor Sambar |
Rusa unicolor Sambar |
10. |
Hemitragus hylocrius Nilgiri Tahr |
Nilgiritragus hylocrius Nilgiri Tahr |
11. |
Kogia simus Dwarf Sperm Whale |
Kogia sima Dwarf Sperm Whale |
Table 3. A total number of mammalian species of Tamil
Nadu in different orders of class Mammalia and their conservation status as per
the IUCN, IWPA and CITES.
Order of class Mammalia |
No. of species |
Chiroptera |
35 |
Rodentia |
28 |
Cetacea |
23 |
Carnivora |
21 |
Artiodactyla |
9 |
Primates |
6 |
Eulipotyphla |
5 |
Lagomorpha |
1 |
Scandentia |
1 |
Pholidota |
1 |
Proboscidea |
1 |
Sirenia |
1 |
IUCN Red List Threatened Species (2019) |
|
Critically Endangered |
1 |
Endangered |
14 |
Vulnerable |
17 |
Near Threatened |
8 |
Least Concern |
82 |
Data Deficient |
9 |
Not Assessed |
1 |
Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 |
|
Schedule I |
22 |
Schedule II |
38 |
Schedule III |
5 |
Schedule IV |
2 |
Schedule V |
25 |
CITES (2017) |
|
Appendix I |
21 |
Appendix II |
25 |
Appendix III |
11 |
Table 4. Checklist of mammals of Tamil Nadu.
|
English name |
Species name |
Authority |
Tamil name (தமிழ் பெயர்) |
Vernacular name |
WG /
Plains of TN |
END |
IUCN |
IWPA |
CITES |
TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS (நில பாலூட்டிகள்) |
||||||||||
|
I. ORDER PROBOSCIDEA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. Family Elephantidae (elephants) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Asiatic Elephant
(Indian Elephant)1 |
Elephas maximus |
Linnaeus, 1758 |
யானை |
Yāṉai |
Both |
|
EN |
I |
I |
|
II. ORDER SCANDENTIA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. Family Tupaiidae
(tree shrews) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
Madras Treeshrew
(Indian Tree Shrew)2 |
Anathana ellioti |
(Waterhouse, 1850) |
சென்னை மர மூஞ்சூறு |
Ceṉṉai Mara Mūñcūṟu |
Both |
PI |
LC |
|
II |
|
III. ORDER PRIMATES |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. Family Lorisidae
(lorises) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
Gray Slender Loris
(Highland Slender Loris)3 |
Loris lydekkerianus
|
Cabrera, 1908 |
தேவாங்கு |
Tēvāṅku |
Both |
|
LC |
I |
II |
|
4. Family Cercopithecidae (old world monkeys) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
Bonnet Macaque (Zati)4 |
Macaca radiata |
(E. Geoffroy, 1812) |
குரங்கு |
Kuraṅku |
Both |
PI |
LC |
II |
II |
5 |
Lion-tailed Macaque (Wanderoo)5 |
Macaca silenus
|
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
சிங்க-வால் குரங்கு |
Ciṅka-vāl Kuraṅku |
WG |
WG |
EN |
I |
I |
6 |
Black-footed Gray Langur (Malabar Sacred Langur)6 |
Semnopithecus hypoleucos |
Blyth, 1841 |
கருப்பு-கால் சாம்பல் நிற குரங்கு |
Karuppu-kāl Cāmpal Niṟa Kuraṅku |
WG |
WG |
VU |
|
I |
7 |
Tufted Gray Langur
(Coromandel Sacred Langur)7 |
Semnopithecus priam |
Blyth, 1844 |
நூற்குஞ்சமுள்ள சாம்பல் நிற குரங்கு |
Nūṟkuñcamuḷḷa Cāmpal Niṟa Kuraṅku |
Both |
|
NT |
|
I |
8 |
Nilgiri Langur
(Nilgiri Leaf Monkey)8 |
Semnopithecus johnii |
(J. Fischer, 1829) |
கருங்குரங்கு |
Karuṅkuraṅku |
WG |
WG |
VU |
I |
II |
|
IV. ORDER RODENTIA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. Family Sciuridae
(squirrels) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
Indian Giant Squirrel (Malabar Giant Squirrel)9 |
Ratufa indica |
(Erxleben, 1777) |
மலபார் அணில் |
Malapār Aṇil |
Both |
PI |
LC |
II |
II |
10 |
Grizzled
Giant Squirrel (Sri Lankan Giant
Squirrel)10 |
Ratufa macroura
|
Pennant, 1769 |
நரைத்த அணில் |
Naraitta Aṇil |
Both |
|
NT |
I |
II |
11 |
Indian Giant Flying Squirrel (Large Brown Flying Squirrel)¹¹ |
Petaurista philippensis |
(Elliot, 1839) |
இந்திய பறக்கும் அணில் |
Intiya Paṟakkum Aṇil |
Both |
|
LC |
II |
|
12 |
Travancore Flying Squirrel¹² |
Petinomys fuscocapillus |
(Jerdon, 1847) |
திருவாங்கூர் பறக்கும் அணில் |
Tiruvāṅkūr Paṟakkum Aṇil |
WG |
|
NT |
I |
|
13 |
Indian Palm Squirrel
(Three-striped Palm Squirrel)¹³ |
Funambulus palmarum
|
(Linnaeus, 1766) |
மூன்று பட்டைக்கோடிட்ட அணில் |
Mūṉṟu Paṭṭaikkōṭiṭṭa Aṇil |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
14 |
Nilgiri Palm Squirrel (Dusky Palm Squirrel)14 |
Funambulus sublineatus |
(Waterhouse, 1838) |
மங்கிய பட்டைக்கோடிட்ட அணில் |
Maṅkiya Paṭṭaikkōṭiṭṭa Aṇil |
WG |
|
VU |
|
|
15 |
Jungle Palm Squirrel
(Western Ghats Striped Squirrel)15 |
Funambulus tristriatus |
(Waterhouse, 1837) |
ஜங்கிள் பட்டைக்கோடிட்ட அணில் |
Jaṅkiḷ Paṭṭaikkōṭiṭṭa Aṇil |
WG |
WG |
LC |
|
|
|
6. Family Platacanthomyidae (spiny dormouse) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
Spiny Tree Mouse
(Spiny Dormouse)16 |
Platacanthomys lasiurus |
Blyth, 1859 |
முள் மர எலி |
Muḷ Mara Eli |
WG |
WG |
VU |
V |
|
|
7. Family Muridae (rats and mice) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
Indian Gerbil (Antelope Rat)17 |
Tatera indica
|
(Hardwicke, 1807) |
இந்திய கெர்பில் எலி |
Intiya Kerpil Eli |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
18 |
Lesser Bandicoot Rat
(Indian Mole Rat)18 |
Bandicota bengalensis |
(Gray, 1835) |
சிறிய பெருச்சாளி |
Ciṟiya Peruccāḷi |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
19 |
Greater Bandicoot Rat (Large Bandicoot Rat)18 |
Bandicota indica
|
(Bechstein, 1800) |
பெரிய பெருச்சாளி |
Periya Peruccāḷi |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
20 |
Cutch Rock Rat19 |
Cremnomys cutchicus |
Wroughton, 1912 |
கட்ச் பாறை எலி |
Kaṭc Pāṟai Eli |
Plains |
PI |
LC |
V |
|
21 |
Large Rock Rat (Elvira Rat)20 |
Cremnomys elvira |
(Ellerman, 1946) |
பெரிய பாறை எலி |
Periya Pāṟai Eli |
Plains |
TN |
CR |
V |
|
22 |
Indian Bush Rat18 |
Golunda ellioti
|
Gray, 1837 |
இந்திய புதர் எலி |
Intiya Putar Eli |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
23 |
Blanford’s Rat
(White-tailed Wood Rat)21 |
Madromys blanfordi
|
(Thomas, 1881) |
வெள்ளை வால் எலி |
Veḷḷai Vāl Eli |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
24 |
Common Metad
(Soft-furred Field Rat)21 |
Millardia meltada
|
(Gray, 1837) |
மெட்டடு எலி |
Meṭṭaṭu Eli |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
25 |
Little Indian Field Mouse (Common Indian Field
Mouse)18 |
Mus booduga |
(Gray, 1837) |
இந்திய சிறிய கள சுண்டெலி |
Intiya Ciṟiya Kaḷa
Cuṇṭel |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
26 |
Cook’s Mouse
(Ryley’s Spiny Mouse)23 |
Mus cookii |
Ryley, 1914 |
குக்கி-ன் சுண்டெலி |
Kukki-ṉ Cuṇṭeli |
WG |
|
LC |
V |
|
27 |
Bonhote’s Mouse
(Servant Mouse)24 |
Mus famulus |
Bonhote, 1898 |
வேலைக்கார சுண்டெலி |
Vēlaikkāra Cuṇṭeli |
WG |
WG |
EN |
V |
|
28 |
House Mouse18 |
Mus musculus |
Linnaeus, 1758 |
வீட்டு சுண்டெலி |
Vīṭṭu Cuṇṭeli |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
29 |
Phillips’s Mouse (Wroughton’s Small Spiny Mouse)25 |
Mus phillipsi |
Wroughton, 1912 |
பிலிப்ஸ்-ன் சுண்டெலி |
Pilips-ṉ Cuṇṭeli |
Plains |
PI |
LC |
V |
|
30 |
Flat-haired Mouse
(Brown Spiny Mouse)26 |
Mus platythrix
|
Bennett, 1832 |
பழுப்பு முள் சுண்டெலி |
Paḻuppu Muḷ Cuṇṭeli |
Both |
PI |
LC |
V |
|
31 |
Elliot’s Spiny Mouse
(Rock-loving Mouse)27 |
Mus saxicola |
Elliot, 1839 |
பாறை வாழ் சுண்டெலி |
Pāṟai Vāḻ Cuṇṭeli |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
32 |
Common House Rat (Black Rat)28 |
Rattus rattus |
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
வீட்டு எலி |
Vīṭṭu Eli |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
33 |
Sahyadris Forest Rat29 |
Rattus satarae |
Hinton, 1918 |
ஷயாத்ரிக்கள் வன எலி |
Ṣayātrikkaḷ Vaṉa Eli |
WG |
WG |
VU |
V |
|
34 |
Nilgiri Long-tailed Tree Mouse (Nilgiri vandeleuria)30 |
Vandeleuria nilagirica |
Jerdon, 1867 |
நீலகிரி நீண்ட வாலுடைய மர எலி |
Nīlakiri Nīṇṭa Vāluṭaiya Mara Eli |
WG |
WG |
EN |
V |
|
35 |
Asiatic Long-tailed Tree Mouse (Common Vandeleuria)18 |
Vandeleuria oleracea |
(Bennett, 1832) |
ஆசிய நீண்ட வாலுடைய மர எலி |
Āciya Nīṇṭa Vāluṭaiya Mara Eli |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
|
8. Family Hystricidae (porcupines) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
Indian Crested Porcupine (Indian porcupine)31 |
Hystrix indica |
Kerr, 1792 |
முள்ளம்பன்றி |
Muḷḷampaṉṟi |
Both |
|
LC |
IV |
|
|
V. ORDER LAGOMORPHA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9. Family Leporidae (hares) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
37 |
Black-naped
Hare (Indian Hare)31 |
Lepus nigricollis
|
F. Cuvier, 1823 |
காட்டு முயல் |
Kāṭṭu muyal |
Both |
|
LC |
IV |
|
|
VI. ORDER EULIPOTYPHLA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10. Family Erinaceidae (hedgehogs) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
38 |
Bare-bellied Hedgehog (Madras Hedgehog)32 |
Paraechinus nudiventris |
(Horsfield, 1851) |
முள்ளெலி |
Muḷḷeli |
Both |
TN, KL & AP |
LC |
|
|
|
11. Family Soricidae
(shrews) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
39 |
Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrew33 |
Feroculus feroculus
|
(Kelaart, 1850) |
கீலார்ட்-ன் நீண்ட விரல் மூஞ்சூறு |
Kīlārṭ-ṉ Nīṇṭa Viral Mūñcūṟu |
WG |
|
EN |
|
|
40 |
Day’s Shrew34 |
Suncus dayi |
(Dobson, 1888) |
டே-ன் மூஞ்சூறு |
Ṭē-ṉ Mūñcūṟu |
WG |
WG |
EN |
|
|
41 |
Nilgiri Highland Shrew35 |
Suncus niger |
Horsfield, 1851 |
நீலகிரி மேட்டு மூஞ்சூறு |
Nīlakiri Mēṭṭu Mūñcūṟu |
WG |
WG |
NA |
|
|
42 |
Asian Musk Shrew
(House Shrew)36 |
Suncus murinus
|
(Linnaeus, 1766) |
ஆசிய கஸ்தூரி மூஞ்சூறு |
Āciya Kastūri Mūñcūṟu |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
|
VII. ORDER CHIROPTERA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12. Family Pteropodidae (flying foxes) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
43 |
Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Common Short-nosed Fruit Bat)37
|
Cynopterus brachyotis |
(Müller, 1838) |
சிறிய குறுகிய-மூக்கு பழ வெளவால் |
Ciṟiya Kuṟukiya-mūkku Paḻa Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
44 |
Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Short-nosed Indian
Fruit Bat)38 |
Cynopterus sphinx
|
(Vahl, 1797) |
பெரிய குறுகிய-மூக்கு பழ வெளவால் |
Periya Kuṟukiya-mūkku Paḻa Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
45 |
Lesser Dawn Bat
(Common Nectar Bat)39 |
Eonycteris spelaea |
(Dobson, 1871) |
மலர்த் தேன் வெளவால் |
Malart Tēṉ Veḷavāl |
WG |
|
LC |
V |
|
46 |
Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat40 |
Latidens salimalii
|
Thonglongya, 1972 |
சலீம் அலி-ன் பழ வெளவால் |
Calīm Ali-ṉ Paḻa Veḷavāl |
WG |
WG |
EN |
I |
|
47 |
Indian Flying Fox
(Greater Indian Fruit Bat)38 |
Pteropus giganteus
|
(Brünnich, 1782) |
இந்திய பெரிய பழ வெளவால் |
Intiya Periya Paḻa Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
II |
48 |
Leschenault’s Rousette (Shortridge’s Rousette)38 |
Rousettus leschenaultii |
(Desmarest, 1820) |
லீஸ்செனால்டு-ன் ரூசெட்டே வெளவால் |
Līsceṉālṭu-ṉ Rūceṭṭē Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
V |
|
|
13. Family Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49 |
Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat41 |
Rhinolophus lepidus
|
Blyth, 1844 |
பிளைத்-ன் குதிரை லாட வெளவால் |
Piḷait-ṉ Kutirai Lāṭa Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
50 |
Rufous Horseshoe Bat42 |
Rhinolophus rouxii
|
Temminck, 1835 |
ரூஃபஸ் குதிரை லாட வெளவால் |
Rūḥpas Kutirai Lāṭa Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
|
14. Family Hipposideridae (old world leaf-nosed bats) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51 |
Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat (Bi-coloured Leaf-nosed Bat)43 |
Hipposideros ater
|
Templeton, 1848 |
மங்கிய இலை மூக்கு வெளவால் |
Maṅkiya Ilai Mūkku Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
52 |
Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bat (Fulvus Roundleaf Bat)44 |
Hipposideros fulvus
|
Gray, 1838 |
ஃபுல்வுஸ் இலை மூக்கு வெளவால் |
Ḥpulvus Ilai Mūkku Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
53 |
Pomona Leaf-nosed Bat (Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat)45 |
Hipposideros pomona
|
K. Andersen, 1918 |
பொமோனா இலை மூக்கு வெளவால் |
Pomōṉā Ilai Mūkku Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
54 |
Schneider’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Schneider’s Roundleaf Bat)46 |
Hipposideros speoris |
(Schneider, 1800) |
ஸ்னைடர-ன் இலை மூக்கு வெளவால் |
Sṉaiṭara-ṉ Ilai Mūkku Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
|
15. Family Megadermatidae (false vampire bats) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55 |
Greater False Vampire Bat (Indian False Vampire Bat)47 |
Megaderma lyra
|
É. Geoffroy, 1810 |
பெரிய காட்டேரி வெளவால் |
Periya Kāṭṭēri Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
56 |
Lesser False Vampire Bat (Common Asian Ghost Bat)48 |
Megaderma spasma
|
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
சிறிய காட்டேரி வெளவால் |
Ciṟiya Kāṭṭēri Veḷavāl |
WG |
|
LC |
|
|
|
16. Family Emballonuridae (sac-winged bats) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
57 |
Long-winged Tomb Bat49 |
Taphozous longimanus
|
Hardwicke, 1825 |
நீண்ட சிறகு கல்லறை வெளவால் |
Nīṇṭa Ciṟaku Kallaṟai Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
58 |
Black-bearded Tomb Bat50 |
Taphozous melanopogon |
Temminck, 1841 |
கருப்பு-தாடி கல்லறை வெளவால் |
Karuppu-tāṭi Kallaṟai Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
59 |
Naked-rumped Tomb Bat51 |
Taphozous nudiventris |
Cretzschmar, 1830 |
திறந்த ரம்ப்டு கல்லறை வெளவால் |
Iṟanta Rampṭu Kallaṟai Veḷavāl |
Plains |
|
LC |
|
|
|
17. Family Molossidae (free-tailed bats) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
60 |
Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat (Wrinkle-lipped Bat)52 |
Chaerephon plicatus |
(Buchannan, 1800) |
மடிப்பு-உதடு வாலற்ற வெளவால் |
Maṭippu-utaṭu Vālaṟṟa Veḷavāl |
Plains |
|
LC |
|
|
61 |
Egyptian Free-tailed Bat (Egyptian Nyctinome)53 |
Tadarida aegyptiaca
|
(E. Geoffroy, 1818) |
எகிப்திய வாலற்ற வெளவால் |
Ekiptiya Vālaṟṟa Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
|
18. Family Vespertilionidae (evening bats) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
62 |
Tickell’s Bat54 |
Hesperoptenus tickelli |
(Blyth, 1851) |
டிக்கிள்ஸ்-ன் வெளவால் |
Ṭikkiḷs-ṉ Veḷavāl |
WG |
|
LC |
|
|
63 |
Greater Asiatic Yellow House Bat (Asiatic Greater Yellow House Bat)55 |
Scotophilus heathii
|
(Horsfield, 1831) |
ஆசிய பெரிய மஞ்சள் வீட்டு வெளவால் |
Āciya Periya Mañcaḷ Vīṭṭu Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
64 |
Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat (Lesser Asian House Bat)55 |
Scotophilus kuhlii
|
Leach, 1821 |
ஆசிய சிறிய மஞ்சள் வீட்டு வெளவால் |
Āciya Ciṟiya Mañcaḷ Vīṭṭu Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
65 |
Kelaart’s Pipistrelle56 |
Pipistrellus ceylonicus |
(Kelaart, 1852) |
கீலார்டு-ன் பீபீஸ்டுர்லே வெளவால் |
Kīlārṭu-ṉ Pīpīsṭurlē Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
66 |
Indian Pipistrelle
(Little Indian Bat)57 |
Pipistrellus coromandra |
(Gray, 1838) |
இந்திய பீபீஸ்டுர்லே வெளவால் |
Intiya Pīpīsṭurlē Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
67 |
Least Pipistrelle
(Indian Pygmy Bat)38 |
Pipistrellus tenuis |
(Temminck, 1840) |
மீச்சிறு பீபீஸ்டுர்லே வெளவால் |
Mīcciṟu Pīpīsṭurlē Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
68 |
Dormer’s Pipistrelle
(Dormer’s Bat)38 |
Scotozous dormeri
|
Dobson, 1875 |
டோர்மெர்-ன் பீபீஸ்டுர்லே வெளவால் |
Ṭōrmer-ṉ Pīpīsṭurlē Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
69 |
Chocolate Pipistrelle (Grizzled Pipistrelle)58 |
Falsistrellus affinis |
(Dobson, 1871) |
சாக்லேட் பீபீஸ்டுர்லே வெளவால் |
Cāklēṭ Pīpīsṭurlē Veḷavāl |
WG |
|
LC |
|
|
70 |
Horsfield’s Myotis
(Lesser Large-tooth Bat)59 |
Myotis horsfieldii
|
(Temminck, 1840) |
ஹார்ஸ்ஃபியெல்டு-ன் மீயோடிஸ் வெளவால் |
Hārsḥpiyelṭu-ṉ Mīyōṭis Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
71 |
Burmese Whiskered Myotis (Large Brown Myotis)60 |
Myotis montivagus
|
(Dobson, 1874) |
பர்மிஸ் மீசைடைய மீயோடிஸ் வெளவால் |
Parmis Mīcaiṭaiya Mīyōṭis Veḷavāl |
WG |
|
LC |
|
|
72 |
Small Long-fingered Bat (Nicobar Long-fingered Bat)61 |
Miniopterus pusillus
|
Dobson, 1876 |
சிறிய நீண்ட விரலுள்ள வெளவால் |
Ciṟiya Nīṇṭa Viraluḷḷa Veḷavāl |
WG |
|
LC |
|
|
73 |
Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat62 |
Miniopterus schreibersii |
(Kuhl, 1817) |
ஸ்ரைபர்ஸ்-ன் நீண்ட விரலுள்ள வெளவால் |
Sraipars-ṉ Nīṇṭa Viraluḷḷa Veḷavāl |
Plains |
|
NT |
|
|
74 |
Lesser Hairy-winged Bat (Hairy-winged Bat)63 |
Harpiocephalus harpia |
(Temminck, 1840) |
சிறிய முடியுடைய சிறகு வெளவால் |
Ciṟiya Muṭiyuṭaiya Ciṟaku Veḷavāl |
WG |
|
LC |
|
|
75 |
Round-eared Tube-nosed Bat64 |
Murina cyclotis |
Dobson, 1872 |
வட்ட-காது குழாய் மூக்கு வெளவால் |
Vaṭṭa-kātu Kuḻāy
Mūkku Veḷavāl |
Both |
|
LC |
|
|
76 |
Lenis Woolly Bat65 |
Kerivoula lenis
|
Thomas, 1916 |
லெனிஸ் ரோம வெளவால் |
Leṉis Rōma Veḷavāl |
WG |
|
LC |
|
|
77 |
Painted Woolly Bat (Painted Bat)66 |
Kerivoula picta |
(Pallas, 1767) |
வர்ண ரோம வெளவால் |
Varṇa Rōma Veḷavāl |
WG |
|
LC |
|
|
|
VIII. ORDER PHOLIDOTA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19. Family Manidae (pangolins) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
78 |
Indian Pangolin
(Scaly Anteater)67 |
Manis crassicaudata
|
E. Geoffroy, 1803 |
எறும்புண்ணி |
Eṟumpuṇṇi |
Both |
|
EN |
I |
I |
|
IX. ORDER CARNIVORA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20. Family Felidae
(cats) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79 |
Jungle Cat
(Swamp Cat)68 |
Felis chaus |
Schreber, 1777 |
காட்டு பூனை |
Kāṭṭu Pūṉai |
Both |
|
LC |
II |
II |
80 |
Leopard Cat69 |
Prionailurus bengalensis |
(Kerr, 1792) |
சிறுத்தை பூனை |
Ciṟuttai Pūṉai |
Both |
|
LC |
I |
I |
81 |
Rusty-spotted Cat70 |
Prionailurus rubiginosus |
(I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831) |
துருஏறிய நிற- புள்ளிகளுடைய பூனை |
Turu’ēṟiya Niṟa -puḷḷikaḷuṭaiya Pūṉai |
Both |
|
VU |
I |
I |
82 |
Leopard
(Panther)71 |
Panthera pardus
|
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
சிறுத்தை |
Ciṟuttai |
Both |
|
NT |
I |
I |
83 |
Tiger (Royal
Bengal Tiger )72 |
Panthera tigris
|
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
புலி |
Puli |
WG |
|
EN |
I |
I |
|
21. Family Viverridae (viverrids) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
84 |
Asian Palm Civet
(Mentawai Palm Civet)73 |
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus |
(Pallas, 1777) |
ஆசிய பாம் புனுகு பூனை |
Āciya Pām Puṉuku Pūṉai |
Both |
|
LC |
II |
III |
85 |
Jerdon’s Palm Civet
(Brown Palm Civet)74 |
Paradoxurus jerdoni
|
Blanford, 1885 |
ஜெர்ந்தோன்-ன் பாம் புனுகு பூனை |
Jerntōṉ-ṉ Pām Puṉuku Pūṉai |
WG |
WG |
LC |
II |
III |
86 |
Small Indian Civet
(Oriental Civet)75 |
Viverricula indica
|
(E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803) |
இந்திய சிறிய புனுகு பூனை |
Intiya Ciṟiya Puṉuku Pūṉai |
Both |
|
LC |
II |
III |
|
22. Family Herpestidae (mongooses) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
87 |
Grey Mongoose
(Common Mongoose)76 |
Herpestes edwardsii
|
(É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818) |
சாம்பல் நிற கீரிப்பிள்ளை |
Cāmpal Niṟa Kīrippiḷḷai |
Both |
|
LC |
II |
III |
88 |
Indian Brown Mongoose (Brown Mongoose)77 |
Herpestes fuscus
|
Waterhouse, 1838 |
பழுப்பு நிற கீரிப்பிள்ளை |
Paḻuppu Niṟa Kīrippiḷḷai |
WG |
|
VU |
II |
III |
89 |
Ruddy Mongoose78 |
Herpestes smithii
|
Gray, 1837 |
சிவந்த கீரிப்பிள்ளை |
Civanta
Kīrippiḷḷai |
Both |
|
LC |
II |
III |
90 |
Stripe-necked Mongoose (Striped-necked Mongoose)77 |
Herpestes vitticollis |
Bennett, 1835 |
கழுத்து- கோடிட்ட கீரிப்பிள்ளை |
Kaḻuttu- Kōṭiṭṭa Kīrippiḷḷai |
WG |
|
LC |
II |
III |
|
23. Family Hyaenidae (hyaenas) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
91 |
Striped Hyena
(Hyena)79 |
Hyaena hyaena
|
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
கழுதைப்புலி |
Kaḻutaippuli |
Both |
|
NT |
III |
III |
|
24. Family Canidae (dogs) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
92 |
Golden Jackal
(Jackal )80 |
Canis aureus |
Linnaeus, 1758 |
நரி |
Nari |
Both |
|
LC |
II |
III |
93 |
Dhole (Wild
Dog)81 |
Cuon alpinus |
(Pallas, 1811) |
செந்நாய் |
Cennāy |
WG |
|
EN |
II |
II |
94 |
Bengal Fox
(Indian Fox)82 |
Vulpes bengalensis
|
(Shaw, 1800) |
குள்ள நரி |
Kuḷḷa Nari |
Both |
|
LC |
II |
III |
|
25. Family Ursidae
(bears) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
95 |
Sloth Bear
(Labiated Bear)83 |
Melursus ursinus
|
(Shaw, 1791) |
கரடி |
Karaṭi |
Both |
|
VU |
I |
I |
|
26. Family Mustelidae (badgers, martens, otters) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
96 |
Oriental Small-clawed Otter (Asian Small-clawed Otter)84 |
Aonyx cinerea
|
(Illiger, 1815) |
சிறிய நகங்களுடைய நீர்நாய் |
Ciṟiya Nakaṅkaḷuṭaiya Nīrnāy |
Both |
|
VU |
I |
II |
97 |
Smooth-coated Otter
(Indian Smooth-coated Otter)85 |
Lutrogale perspicillata |
(I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826) |
மென்மையான- சரும நீர்நாய் |
Meṉmaiyāṉa- Caruma Nīrnāy |
Both |
|
VU |
II |
II |
98 |
Nilgiri Marten86 |
Martes gwatkinsii
|
Horsfield, 1851 |
நீலகிரி கீரி |
Nīlakiri Kīri |
WG |
WG |
VU |
II |
III |
99 |
Honey Badger (Ratel )87 |
Mellivora capensis
|
(Schreber, 1776) |
தேன்வளைக்கரடி |
Tēṉvaḷaikkaraṭi |
Both |
|
LC |
I |
|
|
X. ORDER ARTIODACTYLA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27. Family Suidae (pigs) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
100 |
Wild Boar
(Wild Pig)88 |
Sus scrofa |
Linnaeus, 1758 |
காட்டுப்பன்றி |
Kāṭṭuppaṉṟi |
Both |
|
LC |
III |
|
|
28. Family Tragulidae (mouse deer) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
101 |
Indian Chevrotain
(Mouse Deer)89 |
Moschiola indica
|
Gray, 1852 |
சருகு மான் |
Caruku Māṉ |
Both |
|
LC |
I |
|
|
29. Family Cervidae (deer) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
102 |
Chital
(Spotted Deer)90 |
Axis axis |
(Erxleben, 1777) |
புள்ளி மான் |
Puḷḷi Māṉ |
Both |
|
LC |
III |
|
103 |
Indian Muntjac (Barking Deer)91 |
Muntiacus muntjak
|
(Zimmermann, 1780) |
குரைக்கும் மான் |
Kuraikkum Māṉ |
|
|
LC |
III |
|
104 |
Sambar
(Sambar Deer)92 |
Rusa unicolor |
(Kerr, 1792) |
கடா மான் |
Kaṭā Māṉ |
Both |
|
VU |
III |
|
|
30. Family Bovidae (bovids) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
105 |
Blackbuck
(Indian Antelope)93 |
Antilope cervicapra
|
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
கலைமான் |
Kalaimāṉ |
Both |
|
NT |
I |
|
106 |
Gaur (Indian
Bison)94 |
Bos gaurus |
C.H.Smith, 1827 |
காட்டு எருமை |
Kāṭṭu Erumai |
WG |
|
VU |
I |
I |
107 |
Four-horned Antelope
(Chousingha)95 |
Tetracerus quadricornis |
(de Blainville, 1816) |
நான்கு கொம்பு மான் |
Nāṉku Kompu Māṉ |
Both |
|
VU |
I |
|
108 |
Nilgiri Tahr
(Nilgiri ibex)96 |
Nilgiritragus hylocrius |
(Ogilby, 1838) |
வரையாடு |
Varaiyāṭu |
WG |
WG |
EN |
I |
|
MARINE MAMMALS (கடல் பாலூட்டிகள்) |
||||||||||
|
XI. ORDER SIRENIA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31. Family Dugongidae (Dugongs) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
109 |
Dugong (Sea Cow)97 |
Dugong dugon |
(Muller, 1776) |
கடல் பசு |
Kaṭal Pacu |
|
|
VU |
I |
I |
|
XII. ORDER CETACEA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32. Family Delphinidae (marine dolphins) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
110 |
Long-beaked Common Dolphin98 |
Delphinus capensis |
Gray, 1828 |
நீண்ட மூக்கு டால்பின் |
Nīṇṭa Mūkku Ṭālpiṉ
|
|
|
DD
|
II
|
II
|
111 |
Short-finned Pilot Whale99 |
Globicephala macrorhynchus |
Gray, 1846 |
குறுகிய துடுப்புடைய பைலட் திமிங்கிலம் |
Kuṟukiya Tuṭuppuṭaiya Pailaṭ Timiṅkilam |
|
|
DD
|
II
|
II
|
112 |
Risso’s Dolphin100 |
Grampus griseus |
(G Cuvier, 1812) |
ரிஸ்ஸோ -ன் டால்பின் |
Ris’sō -Ṉ Ṭālpiṉ |
|
|
LC |
II |
II |
113 |
Killer Whale101 |
Orcinus orca |
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
கொலைகார திமிங்கிலம் |
Kolaikāra Timiṅkilam |
|
|
DD |
II |
II |
114 |
Melon-headed Whale102 |
Peponocephala electra |
(Gray, 1846) |
மெலன் தலை திமிங்கலம் |
Melaṉ-Talai Timiṅkalam |
|
|
LC
|
II
|
II
|
115 |
False Killer Whale103 |
Pseudorca crassidens |
(Owen, 1846) |
தவறான கொலைகார திமிங்கிலம் |
Tavaṟāṉa Kolaikāra Timiṅkilam |
|
|
DD
|
II
|
II
|
116 |
Indo-Pacific Hump-back Dolphin104 |
Sousa chinensis |
(Osbeck, 1765) |
இந்தோ-பசிபிக் கூன்முதுகு டால்பின் |
Intō-Pacipik Kūṉmutuku Timiṅkalam Ṭālpiṉ |
|
|
NT
|
II
|
I
|
117 |
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin105 |
Stenella attenuata |
(Gray, 1846) |
வெப்பமண்டல புள்ளிகளுடைய டால்பின் |
Veppamaṇṭala Puḷḷikaḷuṭaiya Ṭālpiṉ |
|
|
LC
|
II
|
II
|
118 |
Striped Dolphin106 |
Stenella coeruleoalba |
(Meyen, 1833) |
வரிகளுடைய டால்பின் |
Varikaḷuṭaiya Ṭālpiṉ |
|
|
LC |
II |
II |
119 |
Spinner Dolphin107 |
Stenella longirostris |
(Gray, 1828) |
ஸ்பின்னர் டால்பின் |
Spiṉṉar Ṭālpiṉ |
|
|
DD |
II |
II |
120 |
Rough-toothed Dolphin108 |
Steno bredanensis |
(G. Cuvier in Lesson, 1828) |
கரடுமுரடு பற்களுடைய
டால்ஃபின் |
Karaṭumuraṭu Paṟkaḷuṭaiya Ṭālḥpiṉ |
|
|
LC
|
II
|
II
|
121 |
Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin109 |
Tursiops aduncus |
(Ehrenberg, 1833) |
இந்தோ-பசிபிக் பாட்டில் மூக்குடைய டால்பின் |
Intō-Pacipik
Pāṭṭil Mūkkuṭaiya Ṭālpiṉ |
|
|
DD |
II |
II |
|
33. Family Phocoenidae (porpoises) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
122 |
Finless Porpoise110 |
Neophocaena phocaenoides |
(G Cuvier, 1829) |
துடுப்பற்ற கடல் பன்றி |
Tuṭuppaṟṟa Kaṭal paṉṟi |
|
|
VU
|
I
|
I
|
|
34. Family Physeteridae (sperm whales) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
123 |
Sperm Whale111 |
Physeter macrocephalus |
Linnaeus, 1758 |
விந்து வடிவான திமிங்கிலம் |
Vintu Vaṭivāṉa timiṅkilam |
|
|
VU
|
II
|
I
|
|
35. Family Kogiidae
(pygmy and dwarf sperm whales) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
124 |
Pygmy Sperm Whale112 |
Kogia breviceps |
(Blainville, 1838) |
விந்து வடிவான சிறிய திமிங்கிலம் |
Vintu Vaṭivāṉa Ciṟiya timiṅkilam |
|
|
DD |
II
|
II
|
125 |
Dwarf Sperm Whale113 |
Kogia sima |
(Owen, 1866) |
விந்து வடிவான குள்ள திமிங்கிலம் |
Vintu Vaṭivāṉa Kuḷḷa timiṅkilam |
|
|
DD
|
II
|
II
|
|
36. Family Ziphiidae
(beaked whales) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
126 |
Cuvier’s Beaked Whale114 |
Ziphius cavirostris |
G. Cuvier, 1823 |
குவியரி-ன் அலகு திமிங்கிலம் |
Kuviyariṉ pīc timiṅkilam |
|
|
LC
|
II
|
II
|
|
37. Family Balaenopteridae (rorquals) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
127 |
Minke Whale115 |
Balaenoptera acutorostrata |
Lacépède, 1804 |
மின்கே திமிங்கிலம் |
Miṉkē Timiṅkilam |
|
|
LC
|
II
|
I
|
128 |
Sei Whale116 |
Balaenoptera borealis |
Lesson, 1828 |
சீய் திமிங்கலம் |
Cīy Timiṅkalam |
|
|
EN |
II |
I |
129 |
Bryde’s Whale117 |
Balaenoptera edeni |
Anderson, 1879 |
பிரைட்-ன் திமிங்கிலம் |
Piraiṭ-Ṉ Timiṅkilam |
|
|
DD |
II |
I |
130 |
Blue Whale118 |
Balaenoptera musculus |
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
நீல திமிங்கிலம் |
Nīla Timiṅkilam |
|
|
EN |
II |
I |
131 |
Fin Whale119 |
Balaenoptera physalus |
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
துடுப்பு திமிங்கலம் |
Tuṭuppu Timiṅkalam |
|
|
EN
|
II
|
I
|
132 |
Humpback Whale120 |
Megaptera novaeangliae |
(Borowski, 1781) |
கூன்முதுகு திமிங்கலம் |
Kūṉmutuku |
|
|
LC
|
II
|
I
|
1
North-eastern and southern India, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttarakhand,
Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Oliver 1978) |
2
South of Ganges river, eastern, central, south-western and southern parts of
peninsular India (Chakraborty 2005) |
3
Eastern Ghats to Mangalore, Karnataka and Malabar Coast from Goa to
Trivandrum, Kerala (Roonwal & Mohnot 1977) |
4 Southern
India, Goa, Gujarat and Maharashtra (Roonwal & Mohnot 1977) |
5
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Roonwal & Mohnot 1977) |
6
Southern India and Maharashtra (Roonwal & Mohnot 1977; Karanth et al.
2008; Nag et al. 2011) |
7
Southern India (Roonwal & Mohnot 1977; Karanth et al. 2008; Nag et al.
2011) |
8
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (restricted to Western Ghats) (Roonwal &
Mohnot 1977; Karanth et al. 2008; Nag et al. 2011) |
9
Southern, eastern and central India and Gujarat and Maharashtra (Ellerman
1961; Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Molur et al. 2005) |
10
Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Ellerman 1961; Molur et al. 2005) |
11
Southern India, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Goa, Jharkhand, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and West Bengal (Ellerman 1961;
Molur et al. 2005; Sridhar et al. 2008) |
12
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Ashraf et al. 1993; Molur et al. 2005;
Sridhar et al. 2008) |
13
Southern India, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan (Ellerman 1961; Molur et al. 2005) |
14
Western Ghats (south of Kodagu) in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Ellerman
1961; Molur et al. 2005; Sridhar et al. 2008) |
15
Western Ghats in Karnataka, Kerala, Goa, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
(Molur et al. 2005; Sridhar et al. 2008) |
16
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Prabhakar 1997; Shanker & Sukumar 1998;
Molur et al. 2005) |
17
Throughout India except North-eastern India, high altitudes of Himalaya and
Sikkim (Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005) |
18
Almost throughout the country (Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005) |
19
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu
(Molur et al. 2005; Molur & Nameer 2016) |
20
Tamil Nadu (Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005) |
21
Southern India, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Odisha and West Bengal (Shanker & Sukumar 1998;
Molur et al. 2005) |
22
Throughout the country except North-eastern India (Shanker & Sukumar
1998; Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005) |
23
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Nagaland, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal (Agarwal 2000; Molur et
al. 2005) |
24
Kerala and Tamil Nadu (fragmented locations of Western Ghats) (Shanker &
Sukumar 1998; Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005) |
25
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil
Nadu (Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005) |
26
Southern India, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and West Bengal
(Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005) |
27
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Uttarakhand and West Bengal
(Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005) |
28
Almost throughout the country (Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Agarwal 2000;
Molur et al. 2005) |
29
Western Ghats in Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Musser & Carleton
2005; Molur et al. 2005) |
30
Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Agarwal
2000; Molur et al. 2005) |
31
Almost throughout the country (Ellerman 1961) |
32
Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Johnsingh 2001; Molur et
al. 2005) |
33
Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Pradhan et al. 1997; Molur et al. 2005) |
34
Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Pradhan & Kurup 2001;
Molur et al. 2005) |
35
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Molur et
al. 2005; Molur & Singh 2009) |
36
Almost throughout the country (Molur et al. 2005) |
37
Southern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and West
Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
38
Almost throughout the country (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
39
North-eastern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand (Vanitharani et al. 2005) |
40
Tamil Nadu (Vanitharani et al. 2005) |
41
Throughout the country except Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal
Pradesh (Das 1986) |
42
Southern and North-eastern India, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Himachal Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Odisha, Sikkim, Uttarakhand and West Bengal (Bates &
Harrison 1997) |
43
Southern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Meghalaya and Odisha (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
44
Throughout country except high Himalaya and North-eastern India (Bates &
Harrison 1997) |
45
Southern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,
Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
46
Southern India, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh (Bates &
Harrison 1997) |
47
Throughout country except high Himalaya and deserts (Bates & Harrison
1997) |
48
Southern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Assam, Goa, Maharashtra, Meghalaya
Mizoram and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
49
Southern India, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Nagaland, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West
Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
50
Southern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
51
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Bates &
Harrison 1997) |
52
Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya
Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Bates &
Harrison 1997) |
53
Southern India, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and West
Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
54
Southern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Assam, Goa, Jharkhand, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
55
Throughout country except high Himalaya and Jammu & Kashmir (Bates &
Harrison 1997) |
56
Southern India, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
57
Throughout country except Rajasthan (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
58
Almost throughout the country (scattered population) (Bates & Harrison
1997) |
59
Andaman & Nicobar Is., Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
60
Southern India and Maharashtra (Vanitharani 2006) |
61
Andaman & Nicobar Is., Karnataka and Tamil Nadu (Bates & Harrison
1997) |
62 Arunachal Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu (Bates &
Harrison 1997) |
63
Assam, Kerala, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal (Bates
& Harrison 1997) |
64
Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Sikkim, Tamil
Nadu and West Bengal (Vanitharani et al. 2005) |
65
Known from Tamil Nadu and West Bengal (Vanitharani et al. 2003) |
66
Southern India, Assam, Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Sikkim and West
Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997) |
67
Widely distributed from the plains and lower hills south of the Himalayas to
Southern India (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951) |
68
Throughout the country except the high Himalayas (Mudappa 1998) |
69
Throughout the country except desert parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan, and
parts of Deccan Plateau (Mudappa 1998) |
70
Scattered pockets in the peninsular India upto Rajasthan, and also recorded
from Uttar Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir (Mudappa 1998; Johnsingh 2001) |
71
Throughout country except extreme high altitudes, hot and cold deserts
(Pocock 1939, 1941) |
72
Throughout country in the suitable isolated pockets except Jammu &
Kashmir and North-western India (Pocock 1939, 1941) |
73
Throughout the country except arid parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat and Jammu
& Kashmir and high Himalayas (Mudappa 1998) |
74
Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Mudappa 1998) |
75
Throughout the country in suitable habitats except high Himalayas in Jammu
& Kashmir (Mudappa 1998) |
76
Throughout the country in suitable habitats (Mudappa 1998) |
77
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Mudappa 1998; Sridhar et al. 2008) |
78
Southern and central India, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand,
Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Mudappa 1998) |
79
South to the Nilgiri hills, west to Gujarat, north to lowland of Jammu &
Kashmir and Kumaon, east to West Bengal (Johnsingh 2001) |
80
Throughout the country (Pocock 1939, 1941) |
81
South of river Ganges peninsula from Coorg and Nilgiri hills, and from
northwards Jammu & Kashmir to North-eastern India (Pocock 1939, 1941) |
82
Throughout the country except high Himalayas and North-eastern India (Pocock
1939, 1941) |
83 Throughout
country in suitable habitats except Jammu & Kashmir, high Himalayas and
arid parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Pocock 1939, 1941) |
84
Southern India, Himalayan terai to north-eastern states and Sundarbans in
West Bengal (Mudappa 1998) |
85 Throughout
the country except high regions of Himalayas, and arid regions of Gujarat and
Rajasthan (Mudappa 1998) |
86
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Mudappa 1998) |
87
Throughout the country except high Himalayas and North-eastern India (Mudappa
1998) |
88
Throughout the country except the high Himalayas and desert areas of Gujarat
and Rajasthan (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951) |
89
From Tamil Nadu to Madhya Pradesh (Groves & Meijaard 2005) |
90
Peninsular India, northwards Kumaon and Sikkim including Andaman & Nicobar
Is. and West Bengal (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951) |
91
Throughout the country except high Himalayas of Jammu & Kashmir and
desert region of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951) |
92
Throughout the country except high Himalayas of Jammu & Kashmir and arid
regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951) |
93
Punjab south to Tamil Nadu and east to Bihar, and Gujarat and Rajasthan
(Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951) |
94
Southern and North-eastern India, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Ellerman &
Morrison-Scott 1951) |
95
From the sub-Himalayan foothills to peninsular India, Gujarat, Maharashtra
and North and western parts of Tamil Nadu (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott
1951) |
96 Kerala
and Tamil Nadu (Ropique & Hassanin 2005) |
97 Reported
from Andaman & Nicobar Is., Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay and Gulf of Kachchh
(Silas & Fernando 1985; Sathasivam 2000) |
98
Reported from east and west coasts of India in Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
Nadu and Odisha (Pillai & Kasinathan 1988; Sathasivam 2000) |
99
Reported from Bay of Bengal and Hooghly River mouth, Serampur, West Bengal
also from Gulf of Mannar and off Maharashtra in the west coast (Alagarswami
et al. 1973) |
100
Reported from Kerala, Tamil Nadu and around Andaman & Nicobar Is. and
Lakshadweep Is. (Rajagopalan et al. 1984) |
101
Reported from east coast (off Tamil Nadu), west coast (off Gujarat) and
around Andaman & Nicobar Is. and Lakshadweep Is. (Sathasivam 2004) |
102
Reported from Bay of Bengal in Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Is. and
Tamil Nadu (Leatherwood et al. 1991; Sathasivam 2000) |
103 Reported
from east and west coasts and Andaman & Nicobar Is., Andhra Pradesh,
Lakshadweep Is. and Tamil Nadu (Thiagarajan et al. 1984) |
104
Reported from east and west coasts of Andaman & Nicobar Is., mouth of
Ganges, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean (Arumugam et al. 1992;
Muralidharan 2013) |
105
Reported from Bay of Bengal off West Bengal (Sundarbans) and Tamil Nadu
(Sathasivam 2000) |
106
Reported from east coast of Southern India (Alling 1986; Kumaran 2003) |
107
Reported from east and west coasts of India in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Lakshadweep Is., Kerala,
Maharashtra and Karnataka (Pillai et al. 1989; Sathasivam 2004) |
108
Reported from Bay of Bengal in Andaman & Nicobar Is. and Tamil Nadu
(Sathasivam 2004) |
109
Reported from east and west coasts of India in Maharashtra to Kerala and
Tamil Nadu (Afsal et al. 2008) |
110
Reported from east and west coasts of India, Andaman & Nicobar Is.,
Lakshadweep Is., Tamil Nadu and Hooghli estuary in West Bengal (Ganapathy
1992; Kumaran & Subramanian 1993) |
111
Reported from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal in Andaman & Nicobar Is.,
Lakshadweep Is., Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Moses 1947;
James & Soundararajan 1979) |
112
Reported from east coast and west coasts of India in Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Is. and Kerala (Sathasivam 2004; Velayutham et
al. 2010) |
113
Reported from east and west coasts of India in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
Kerala (De Silva 1987; Sathasivam 2000) |
114
Reported from coast of Tamil Nadu and Lakshadweep Is. (Sathasivam 2000) |
115
Reported from east and west coasts of India in Gujarat, Odisha and Tamil Nadu
(Kasinathan 2002; Sathasivam 2004) |
116
Reported from east and west coasts of India in Gujarat, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
(Pillai et al. 1995; Balasubramanian
2000) |
117
Reported from east and west coasts of India in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil
Nadu (Leatherwood 1984; Sathasivam 2002) |
118
Reported from east and west coasts and washed ashore in Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Moses 1947; Marichamy
et al. 1984) |
119
Reported from east and west coasts of India and washed ashore in Southern
India, Gujarat, Goa, Maharashtra and Odisha (Nammalwar et al. 1983;
Sathasivam 2000) |
120
Reported from Gulf of Mannar and off west coast of India (Sathasivam 2002) |
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