New records of the seacucumbers Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitans Ludwig and Stichopus herrmanni Semper (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)
from the southwestern coast of India
R.P.Deepa 1 & A. Biju Kumar
2
1 Department of
Zoology, N.S.S. College, Pandalam, Kerala 689501,
India
2 Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of
Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India
Email: 1 deepakudassanad@rediffmail.com, 2 abiju@rediffmail.com (corresponding author)
Date of
publication (online): 26 February 2010
Date of
publication (print): 26 February 2010
ISSN 0974-7907
(online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: Yves Samyn
Manuscript
details:
Ms # o2323
Received 23
September 2009
Final received
07 December 2009
Finally accepted
08 February 2010
Citation: Deepa, R.P. & A.B. Kumar (2010). New records of the seacucumbers Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitansLudwig and Stichopus herrmanni Semper (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the southwestern coast of India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 2(2): 712-715.
Copyright: © R.P. Deepa & A. Biju Kumar 2010.
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium
for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate
credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Acknowledgements:The
authors acknowledge the financial support of Kerala State Council for Science,
Technology and Environment for carrying out the study. Thanks are due to Dr.
D.B. James, Senior Scientist (Retd.), Central Marine
Fisheries Research Institute for confirming the identity of species and for
valuable suggestions on the manuscript. The authors also thank the anonymous
referees for their critical suggestions which helped improving the text
considerably.
For Figures and Images - -
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One of the five extant classes of
echinoderms, the Holothuroidea represent a highly
diverse group with about 1,400 species of seacucumbersrecorded from oceans around the world, from the intertidal and shallow seas to
abyssal depths (Pawson 2007). Of the 763 species of echinoderms recorded
from India, 160 species classified under 14 families and 62 genera are
represented by holothurians (Venkataraman & Wafar 2005). In many
parts of the world several species of holothuroidsare commercially fished and heavily overexploited for food, and many species
are ideal sources of bioactive compounds. Detailed studies are warranted on holothurians primarily due to their
prominent role in marine ecosystems. Despite their inclusion in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act
of India, information about their distribution in the southwestern coast of
India is scanty (James 2007; Sastry 2007). During a biodiversity survey along the Kerala
coast we found two species of holothurians, Holothuria(Semperothuria) imitansLudwig and Stichopus herrmanni Semper. A
perusal of the literature found no previous record of these species from the
southwestern coast of India.
1. Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitans Ludwig, 1875 (Images 1,2 & Figs. 1
A-I):
Materials
examined:
Eight specimens, 40-120mm in length from Vizhinjamcoast (8022’N & 76059’E), Lakshadweep Sea; collected by divers from the
rocky hard bottom at 2-3m depth. The
reference vouchers are deposited at the museum collections of Department of
Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Reg.nos. AQB ECH HO 01-08.
Description: Colour in life yellow to yellowish-brown and in alcohol
light brown. Body
elongated and cylindrical with distinct anterior and posterior ends (Image 1). Podia scattered as small black warts on
dorsal surface. Ventral surface well
demarcated with thick arrangement of pedicels (Image 2) in three rows, clearly
visible even in preserved specimen. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20 grey-colouredtentacles. Anus
large, without anal teeth. Body
wall thick, leathery and body circular in cross-section. Two respiratory trees and a single tuft of gonadial tubules attached to the left side of dorsal
mesentery.
Calcareous ring
well developed; radial plates 1.5 times longer and 2 times wider than interradial ones; posterior side of radial plates convex;
anterior side with well marked notch; interradialplates with posterior side undulating; anterior side with one anterior tooth
(Fig. 1A). Stone canal absent.
Ossicles of dorsal and
ventral body wall comprise of tables. Tables of ventral
surface slightly shorter (33-40µm long) (Fig. 1D) than dorsal surface (30-44µm
long) (Fig. 1B, 1C). Tables supported by
four pillars. The disc
of the table (24-29µm across) with four lateral holes surrounding a large
central hole. Crown with eight short spines, the pairs of spines on each
pillar lie closer. Tube
feet with elongated rods of length 86-190µm (Fig. 1E), tables (25-38µm long)
with the disk width 19-22µm (Fig. 1F, 1G) and large perforated plates of width
up to 200µm (Fig. 1I). The rods
perforated, resembles large buttons with holes arranged in pairs along central
axis. The margin of
rods rough, with small knobs. Tentacles with elongatedunbranched and slightly curved rods up to 36-110µm
long (Fig. 1H) with spinous ends.
Remarks: First described
by Ludwig (1875) from Samoa, H. imitans is
also recorded from eastern Indian Ocean (Clark & Rowe 1971; James
1986). From the Indian coast it was
collected from the Gulf of Mannar (Venkatraman et al. 2002). This is the first report
of this species from the southwestern coast of India (western Indian Ocean) and
shows the extended distribution of H. imitans.
2. Stichopus herrmanni Semper, 1868 (Images 3, 4;
Figs. 2 A-Q):
Materials
examined:
Two specimens of 160 and 185mm length from Vizhinjamcoast (8022’N & 76059’E), collected by divers from the sandy bottom at 4m
depth. The voucher specimens are
deposited at the Department of Aquatic Biology and fisheries, University of
Kerala, Reg.nos. AQB ECH HO 09-10.
Description: Body colour in live yellowish-green, mottled with small dark black
spots on the dorsal surface (Image 3); materials in ethanol light brown. Dorsal papillae grey with their tips brown coloured. Ventral side pale yellow with tube feet of same colour. Body firm and rigid. Irregular and conspicuous conical warts in bivium arranged in eight rows; smaller papillae disbursed
in between the conical papillae. Trivium flat and
with pedicels arranged in three bands along the radii (Image 4). Mouth ventral, surrounded
by a circle of conical papillae and twenty peltateyellowish tentacles. Long tentacular ampullaeabout one-sixth of body length. A
single contracted polian vesicle and one stone canal
ending in madreporic plate. Anus terminal. Cuvierian tubules absent. Calcareous ring with
deeply indented radial pieces and small interradials. Radials 1.5 times larger
than interadials (Fig. 2A). A deep notch at the rear of
the radial plates.
Dorsal body wall with small to
large ‘C’ shaped rods with size ranging from 75- 175µm long (Fig. 2B). Rosettes of length ranging
from 18-37µm (Fig. 2C) and tables with length up to 40µm (Fig. 2E). Tables supported by four pillars with rounded
disc; four central and 12-14 marginal holes. The tower is of moderate length, with a broad crown bearing 8-12 spines.
‘C’ shaped rods occur in cluster. ‘S’
shaped rods (165µm long) (Fig. 2D) and ‘x’ shaped rods (88µm long) (Fig. 2F)
random. Ventral body wall consists of tables (38- 44µm long) (Fig. 2G, 2H),
rosettes (31-40µm long) (Fig. 2I) and ‘C’ shaped rods (156µm long) (Fig.
2J). Tube feet on
ventral side with tables of length between 36-50µm (Fig. 2K, 2L), rods of
length 73-98µm (Fig. 2N) and large perforated plates (Fig. 2M). Tables with rounded spiny
or wavy disc having four to five central holes and 12-18 marginal holes. Perforation process present
on one side or either side of the rod. Dorsal papillae consists of tables (40µm long) (Fig. 2P), rosettes (34µm
long) (Fig. 2O) and ‘C’ shaped rods. Tentacle include small to large curved rods (length 137µm) (Fig. 2Q)
with spiny undulations on one side.
Remarks: The present
specimens bear close resemblance in morphology and nature of spicules with Stichopus herrmanni redescribedin detail by Massin (1999) and Massinet al. (2002). Massin et al. (2002)
considered the type locality of the species as Malaysia. This species earlier described in literature
as Stichopus variegatus Semper, 1868, has been assigned new status by Rowe
(in Rowe & Gates 1995) and is now named Stichopus herrmanni Semper,
1868. Stichopus variegatus Semper, 1868
is considered to be the junior subjective synonym of S. monotuberculatus(Quoy & Gaimard, 1833).
S. herrmanni is recorded from Minicoy Island as S.variegatus by Nagabhusanam& Rao (1972), from Lakshadweep by Mukhopadhyay & Samantha (1983), James (1989), and Mukhopadhyay (1991); and from Gulf of Mannarand Palk Bay along the southeastern coast of India and Maldives by James (2001,
2003). This is the first record of this
species from the southwestern coast of India.
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