Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18355–18363
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4488.13.5.18355-18363
#4488 | Received 15 October 2020 | Final
received 21 March 2021 | Finally accepted 05 April 2021
Status, abundance, and seasonality of butterfly fauna at Kuvempu University Campus, Karnataka, India
M.N. Harisha 1 &
B.B. Hosetti 2
1,2 Department of Post Graduate
Studies and Research in Wildlife and Management, Kuvempu
University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta,
Shivamogga, Karnataka 577451, India.
1 harishwild@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 hosetti57@gmail.com
Editor: Ashish D. Tiple, Vidyabharati College, Seloo, Wardha, India. Date
of publication: 26 April 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Harisha,
M.N. & B.B. Hosetti (2021). Status, abundance,
and seasonality of butterfly fauna at Kuvempu
University Campus, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 13(5): 18355–18363. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4488.13.5.18355-18363
Copyright: © Harisha & Hosetti 2021. Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Kuvempu University.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We take this
opportunity to thank: the authorities of Kuvempu
University for their support and facilities; all faculty
members of Department of Wildlife and
Management for their continuous
support; Mrs. Yashaswini
M.P who helped in making the map
of the study area with ArcGIS software; and Mr. Harish Prakash for proving
some field photographs.
Abstract: A survey was
conducted to record the diversity, status, and occurrence of butterfly species
in the Kuvempu University Campus, Jnana Sahyadri,
Shivamogga District, Karnataka during February 2010 to January 2011. A total of
115 species of butterflies in 77 genera, belonging to five families were
recorded. Nymphalidae
comprised the highest number of species, followed by Lycaenidae,
Pieridae, Papilionidae, and
Hesperiidae.
The study area hosts 14 species of butterflies protected under various
schedules of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Nine species recorded are endemic to the
Western Ghats of peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Hence there is an urgent need to protect this
habitat by adapting long-term monitoring programs to manage and conserve the
butterfly diversity.
Keywords: Diversity, Jnana
Sahyadri, Lepidoptera, Seasonality, Shivamogga District, Western Ghats.
Butterflies are good
indicators of habitat quality, climatic conditions, seasonal, and ecological
changes; butterfly studies can be used to formulate conservation strategies (Beccaloni & Gaston 1995). India has 1,800 species and subspecies of
butterflies (Kunte et al. 2018), and peninsular India
hosts 350 species including many endemics, most found in the Western Ghats (Kunte 2008).
Three-hundred-and-seventeen species have been recorded from the southern
Western Ghats, 316 from the central Western Ghats and 200 from the northern
Western Ghats (Gaonkar 1996).
The diversity of
butterflies in a given area reflects the overall plant diversity and the
presence of suitable habitats (Kakati 2006), making
them good indicators of health of the ecosystems (Padhye
et al. 2006) that can be used to assess the impact of various threats (Gaonkar 1996; Kunte 2000, 2008; Kehimkar 2008) and formulating conservation priorities for
management of biodiversity. Thus, there is a need for studies of butterfly
community structure and dynamic group structure in different regions to assess
the impact of changing natural habitats on the diversity and distribution of
butterflies.
Material and Methods
Study Area
Kuvempu University Campus is
located between 13.7359° N and 75.6324° E at an elevation of 680–720m. The campus is situated 24km south-east of
Shivamogga City and 4km north of Bhadra Reservoir amidst dry deciduous forest,
and is located on the edge of Bhadra Tiger Reserve and Bhadra Wildlife
Sanctuary. The campus covers an area of
326 acres, with 56% of the land being under forest (undisturbed area) and the
remaining 44% occupied by buildings and associated landscaping (Fig. 1). The predominant vegetation is typically dry
deciduous forest having considerable similarity with the wildlife sanctuary.
Sampling method
The line transect
method developed by the Institution of Terrestrial Ecology (Pollard 1979) was
followed to monitor the diversity. Three
line transects were set up, which were approximately 500m long and 10m wide,
passing through different landscape element types. The transect lines were walked at a constant
pace for approximately half an hour.
Transects were walked from 07.30 to 11.00 h when butterflies are most
active. Transects were walked every
month for a period of one year from February 2010 to January 2011. Butterflies were identified with the help of
field guide (Kunte 2000). Specimen collection was strictly
avoided. The taxonomic status of
butterflies is adopted from Kunte (2000). The status was scored using presence-absence
scoring method and then percentage of abundance was calculated to determine the
status. On the basis of abundance,
butterflies were categorized under different score classes such as 80–100% as
very common (VC), 60–80% as common (C), 40–60% as occasional (O), 20–40% as rare
(R), and below 20% as very rare (VR) (Aneesh et al. 2013).
The seasonality of
butterflies in the campus was then compared with trends available in other
studies of Western Ghats, from Peringome Vayakkara Panchayath, Kerala (Sneha 2018) to see the
variation in this forest type.
Results and Discussion
During the study a
total of 115 species of butterflies in 77 genera, belonging to five families
were recorded (Table 1, Images 1–16).
The family Nymphalidae dominated with 38
species (33% of total species) recorded, followed by Lycaenidae
with 28 species (24%), Pieridae with 23 species
(20%), Papilionidae with 15 species (13%), and Hesperiidae with 11 species (10%) (see Tables 1,2). The status of butterflies based on frequency
of occurrence revealed that 52 species were common (45% of total), 23 rare
(20%), 22 very common (19%), 11 very rare (10%), and 7 occasional (6%) (Tables
1,2).
Butterflies are
seasonal in their occurrence. They are
common for only a few months and rare or absent in other parts of the year (Kunte 2000). During
the study, the seasonality in the occurrence of different butterfly species was
also recorded (Table 1). Figure 2
represents seasonal wise variations in the abundance and distribution of
butterfly species. The number of species
encountered was highest during winter at 102 species, and decreased to 85 in
summer and 64 during the monsoon; 39 species were sighted throughout the year.
Butterflies are
sensitive to changes in habitat and climate, which influence their distribution
and abundance (Wynter-Blyth 1957).
Variations in the abundance and distribution of butterfly species (Fig.
3) were found to be consistently highest among the Nymphalidae
in winter and summer and throughout the year.
Among the Lycaenidae variation was equal in
winter and summer, high in the monsoon and lower throughout the year. Among the Pieridae
and Papilionidae it was persistently decreasing from
winter, summer and monsoon throughout the year and among the Hesperiidae variation was inconsistent across seasons,
being high in winter and monsoon, and low in summer and throughout the year.
The level of endemism
varies within India depending upon the accessibility of larval as well as adult
food resources, which determine the occurrence and migration of butterflies
(Gilbert & Singer 1975). Forty-five
species are endemic to southern India (Thomas 1966), of which seven were
recorded from the study area: Malabar Rose Pachliopta
pandiyana Moore, 1881, Malabar Raven Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason,
1880 & Southern Birdwing Triodes minos Cramer,
1779, endemic to the Western Ghats (Kunte 2008),
Glad-eye Bushbrown Mycalesis
patnia Butler, 1868 & Tamil Yeoman Cirrochroa thais Fabricius, 1787 endemic to the Western Ghats & Sri
Lanka (Kunte 2008; Kasambe
2018), and the Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor Cramer, 1775 & Painted Sawtooth Prioneris sita C.
& R. Felder, 1865 endemic to peninsular India & Sri Lanka (Kunte 2008).
Conservation
activities such as monitoring and mapping biodiversity have played a key role
in determining diversity status (Margules & Pressey 2000). When
compared to other habitats of the Western Ghats, overall species diversity in
the study area was very low. The
diversity and abundance of butterfly species is greatly associated with the
availability of food plants in the surrounding habitat (Kunte
et al. 1999). From this study, it was
found that there was frequent clearing in the study area of weeds, which
provided nectar as well as larval host plants, resulting in low floral
diversity that supported low butterfly diversity (Image 17).
The study also
revealed the impacts of factors such as habitat alterations and improper
drainage system (Image 18). The study
area is a dry deciduous forest type with hilly terrains, which during the
monsoon receives sufficient rainfall, but the drainage system carries water out
of the area by flowing down towards the low lying areas, instead of allowing it
to percolate into the forest soil.
Consequently, there is low water retention for the plants to grow
leaving the campus dry at the end of winter and during summer, providing poor
habitat for butterflies. Also, the
elimination of grasses, shrubs and trees during landscaping has resulted in
loss of habitats for plants and butterflies, leading to local extinctions of
species (Balmer & Erhardt 2000) (Images 19, 20).
Our results emphasize
the importance of campus estates as habitats for butterflies. If landscaping is carefully planned and
campus gardens are properly maintained, the diversity of butterfly fauna may
increase on the campus, providing a rich ground for butterfly conservation as
well as for research. Occurrence of
scheduled and endemic species in the study area indicates an urgent need to
protect this habitat by adapting long-term monitoring programs to manage and
conserve the butterfly diversity of Kuvempu
University Campus, Shivamogga District.
Table 1. Checklist of
butterflies of Kuvempu University Campus along with
legal status, status, and seasonality.
|
|
Common name |
Scientific name |
Legal status (IWPA 1972) |
Status |
Seasonality |
|
|
Papilionidae |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Crimson Rose |
Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Sch. I |
VC |
M |
|
2 |
Common Rose |
Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fabricius,
1775) |
|
R |
S, M |
|
3 |
Malabar Rose* |
Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore, 1881) |
|
VR |
W |
|
4 |
Common Mime |
Papilio clytia (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Sch. I |
R |
W, S, M |
|
5 |
Common Mormon |
Papilio polytes (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
6 |
Blue Mormon** |
Papilio polymnestor (Cramer, 1775) |
|
R |
W, S, M |
|
7 |
Lime Swallowtail |
Papilio demoleus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
VC |
W, S |
|
8 |
Common-banded Peacock |
Papilio crino (Fabricius, 1793) |
|
VR |
W, S |
|
9 |
Malabar Raven* |
Papilio dravidarum (Wood-Mason, 1880) |
|
R |
W, S |
|
10 |
Red Helen |
Papilio helenus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
O |
W, M |
|
11 |
Common Bluebottle |
Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
R |
W, M |
|
12 |
Tailed Jay |
Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
VC |
W, S, M |
|
13 |
Common Jay |
Graphium doson (C. & R. Felder, 1864) |
|
C |
W |
|
14 |
Spot Swordtail |
Graphium nomius (Esper, 1799) |
|
C |
S |
|
15 |
Sahyadri Birdwing* |
Troides minos (Cramer, 1779) |
|
R |
W, S, M |
|
|
Lycaenidae |
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
Common Silverline |
Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
17 |
Common Pierrot |
Castalius rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) |
Sch. I |
VC |
W, S, M |
|
18 |
Red Pierrot |
Talicada nyseus (Guerin-Meneville, 1843) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
19 |
Dark Pierrot |
Tarucus ananda (de Nicéville, 1884) |
Sch. IV |
C |
W, S |
|
20 |
Angled Pierrot |
Caleta decidia (Hewitson, 1876) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
21 |
Banded Blue Pierrot |
Discolampa ethion (Westwood, 1851) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
22 |
Common Cerulean |
Jamides celeno (Cramer, 1775) |
|
VC |
W, S, M |
|
23 |
Dark Cerulean |
Jamides bochus (Stoll, 1782) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
24 |
Gram Blue |
Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) |
Sch. II |
C |
W, S |
|
25 |
Zebra Blue |
Leptotes plinius (Fabricius, 1793) |
|
C |
W |
|
26 |
Pea Blue |
Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Sch. II |
C |
S, M |
|
27 |
Lime Blue |
Chilades lajus (Stoll, 1780) |
|
C |
S, M |
|
28 |
Dark Grass Blue |
Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) |
|
VC |
W, S, M |
|
29 |
Lesser Grass Blue |
Zizina otis (Fabricius, 1787) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
30 |
Tiny Grass Blue |
Zizula hylax (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
VR |
S, M |
|
31 |
Common Lineblue |
Prosotas nora (C. Felder, 1860) |
Sch. II |
VC |
W, S, M |
|
32 |
Common Hedge Blue |
Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield, 1828) |
|
C |
W, M |
|
33 |
Plain Hedge Blue |
Celastrina lavendularis (Moore, 1877) |
|
C |
M |
|
34 |
Orange-spotted Grass Jewel |
Freyeria trochylus (Freyer, 1845) |
|
VC |
W |
|
35 |
Forget-me-not |
Catochrysops strabo (Fabricius, 1793) |
|
C |
M |
|
36 |
Large Oakblue |
Arhopala amantes (Hewitson, 1862) |
|
O |
W, M |
|
37 |
Indian Oakblue |
Arhopala atrax (Hewitson, 1862) |
|
O |
S |
|
38 |
Monkey Puzzle |
Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
39 |
Apefly |
Spalgis epius (Westwood, 1851) |
|
R |
W, S |
|
40 |
Yamfly |
Loxura atymnus (Stoll, 1780) |
|
O |
S, M |
|
41 |
Plum Judy |
Abisara echerius (Stoll, 1790) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
42 |
Plains Cupid |
Chilades pandava (Horsfield, 1829) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
43 |
Indigo Flash |
Rapala varuna (Horsfield, 1829) |
Sch. II |
R |
W, M |
|
|
Nymphalidae |
|
|
|
|
|
44 |
Common Castor |
Ariadne merione
(Cramer, 1777) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
45 |
Tawny Coster |
Acraea terpsicore
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
VC |
W, S |
|
46 |
Blue Tiger |
Tirumala limniace
(Cramer, 1775) |
|
VC |
W, S |
|
47 |
Dark Blue Tiger |
Tirumala septentrionis
(Butler, 1874) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
48 |
Glassy Tiger |
Parantica aglea (Stoll, 1782) |
|
VR |
W, S |
|
49 |
Plain Tiger |
Danaus chrysippus
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
R |
W, S |
|
50 |
Striped Tiger |
Danaus genutia
(Cramer, 1779) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
51 |
Common Leopard |
Phalanta phalantha (Drury, 1773) |
|
VC |
W, S |
|
52 |
Grey Count |
Tanaecia lepidea (Butler, 1868) |
Sch. II |
R |
W, S, M |
|
53 |
Indian Common Crow |
Euploea core (Cramer, 1780) |
|
VC |
W, S, M |
|
54 |
Danaid Eggfly |
Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) |
Sch. I |
C |
W, S, M |
|
55 |
Great Eggfly |
Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
56 |
Lemon Pansy |
Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
VC |
W, S |
|
57 |
Peacock Pansy |
Junonia almana (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
58 |
Yellow Pansy |
Junonia hierta (Fabricius, 1798) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
59 |
Chocolate
Pansy |
Junonia iphita (Cramer, 1779) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
60 |
Grey Pansy |
Junonia atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) |
|
R |
W, S |
|
61 |
Blue Pansy |
Junonia orithya (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
VC |
W |
|
62 |
Common Evening Brown |
Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
VC |
W, S, M |
|
63 |
Dark Evening Brown |
Melanitis phedima (Cramer, 1780) |
|
C |
W, M |
|
64 |
Common Bushbrown |
Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
65 |
Dark-branded Bushbrown |
Mycalesis mineus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
C |
W |
|
66 |
Malabar Glad-eye Boshbrown*** |
Mycalesis junonia (Butler, 1868) |
|
C |
W |
|
67 |
Bamboo Treebrown |
Lethe europa
(Fabricius, 1775) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
68 |
Common Five-ring |
Ypthima baldus (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
VC |
W, S, M |
|
69 |
Common Four-ring |
Ypthima huebneri (Kirby, 1871) |
|
VC |
W, S, M |
|
70 |
Common Baron |
Euthalia aconthea (Cramer, 1777) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
71 |
Common Lascar |
Pantoporia hordonia (Stoll, 1790) |
|
R |
W, S, M |
|
72 |
Indian Nawab |
Charaxes bharata (C. & R. Felder, 1867) |
|
R |
W, S |
|
73 |
Tamil Yeoman*** |
Cirrochroa thais (Fabricius, 1787) |
|
VR |
W, S |
|
74 |
Common Palmfly |
Elymnias hypermnestra (Linnaeus, 1763) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
75 |
Indian Red Admiral |
Vanessa indica (Herbst, 1794) |
|
VR |
W, S |
|
76 |
Painted Lady |
Vanessa cardui
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
R |
W, S |
|
77 |
Rustic |
Cupha erymanthis (Drury, 1773) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
78 |
Baronet |
Symphaedra nais (Forster, 1771) |
|
R |
W, S |
|
79 |
Commander |
Moduza procris (Cramer, 1777) |
|
R |
W, S |
|
80 |
Common Sailer |
Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
VC |
W, S, M |
|
81 |
Nigger or Medus Brown |
Orsotriaena medus (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
VR |
W, M |
|
|
Pieridae |
|
|
|
|
|
82 |
Common or Lemon Emigrant |
Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
VC |
W, S |
|
83 |
Mottled Emigrant |
Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
84 |
Sahyadri Cabbage White |
Pieris canidia
(Linnaeus, 1768) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
85 |
Common Albatross |
Appias albina (Boisduval, 1836) |
Sch. II |
R |
W, M |
|
86 |
Indian Wanderer |
Pareronia hippia (Fabricius, 1787) |
|
C |
W |
|
87 |
Indian Jezebel |
Delias eucharis (Drury, 1773) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
88 |
Painted Sawtooth** |
Prioneris sita (C. & R. Felder, 1865) |
Sch. IV |
VR |
W |
|
89 |
Common Grass Yellow |
Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
VC |
W, S, M |
|
90 |
Small Grass Yellow |
Eurema brigitta (Stoll, 1780) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
91 |
One-spot Grass Yellow |
Eurema andersoni (Moore, 1886) |
|
C |
W, M |
|
92 |
Three-spot Grass Yellow |
Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836) |
|
C |
W, M |
|
93 |
Common Gull |
Cepora nerissa (Fabricius, 1775) |
Sch. II |
O |
W |
|
94 |
Lesser Gull |
Cepora nadina (Lucas, 1852) |
Sch. II |
VR |
W, M |
|
95 |
Crimson-tip |
Colotis danae (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
C |
S |
|
96 |
Little Orange-tip |
Colotis etrida (Boisduval, 1836) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
97 |
Plain Orange-tip |
Colotis aurora (Cramer, 1780) |
|
C |
W, S |
|
98 |
Small Salmon Arab |
Colotis amata (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
R |
W, S, M |
|
99 |
Large Salmon Arab |
Colotis fausta (Olivier, 1804) |
|
R |
W, S, M |
|
100 |
Yellow Orange-tip |
Ixias pyrene (Linnaeus, 1764) |
|
R |
W, S |
|
101 |
White Orange-tip |
Ixias marianne
(Cramer, 1779) |
|
R |
S |
|
102 |
Great Orange-tip |
Hebomoia glaucippe (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
VR |
W, M |
|
103 |
Pioneer |
Belenois aurota (Fabricius, 1793) |
|
VC |
S |
|
104 |
Psyche |
Leptosia nina (Fabricius, 1793) |
|
O |
W, S, M |
|
|
Hesperiidae |
|
|
|
|
|
105 |
Indian Grizzled Skipper |
Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793) |
|
R |
W, S, M |
|
106 |
Grass Demon |
Udaspes folus (Cramer, 1775) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
107 |
Dark Palm-Dart |
Telicota bambusae (Moore, 1878) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
108 |
Oriental or Common Grass Dart |
Taractrocera maevius (Fabricius, 1793) |
|
R |
W, S, M |
|
109 |
Tawny-spotted or Tamil Grass Dart |
Taractrocera ceramas ceramas (Hewitson, 1868) |
|
VR |
W, M |
|
110 |
Rice Swift |
Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) |
|
C |
W, S, M |
|
111 |
Chestnut Bob |
Iambrix salsala (Moore, 1866) |
|
VC |
W, S, M |
|
112 |
Common Banded Awl |
Hasora chromus (Cramer, 1780) |
|
C |
W, M |
|
113 |
White-banded Awl |
Hasora taminatus (Hübner, 1818) |
|
O |
W, M |
|
114 |
Common Snow Flat |
Tagiades japetus (Stoll, 1781) |
|
C |
W, M |
|
115 |
Sahyadri Banded Ace |
Halpe hindu (Evans, 1937) |
|
C |
W, M |
*—Endemic to Western
Ghats | **—Endemic to peninsular India & Sri Lanka | ***—Endemic to Western
Ghats & Sri Lanka | VC—Very common | C—Common | O—Occasional | R—Rare |
W—Winter | S—Summer | M—Monsoon.
Table 2. Community
structure, composition, and frequency of butterflies in Jnana Sahyadri Campus, Kuvempu University.
|
|
|
Relative abundance |
|||||
|
|
Family |
No. of species |
VC |
C |
O |
R |
VR |
|
1 |
Papilionidae |
15 (13%) |
3 |
3 |
1 |
6 |
2 |
|
2 |
Lycaenidae |
28 (24%) |
5 |
17 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
|
3 |
Nymphalidae |
38 (33%) |
10 |
16 |
0 |
8 |
4 |
|
4 |
Pieridae |
23 (20%) |
3 |
10 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
|
5 |
Hesperiidae |
11 (10%) |
1 |
6 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
|
|
|
115 (100%) |
22 (19%) |
52 (45%) |
7 (6%) |
23 (20%) |
11(10%) |
For
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