Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470

A preliminary report on butterfly fauna (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, China

Yik Fui Philip Lo ¹ & Zheng Bi ²

¹ Kadoorie Conservation China, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China.

² Yunnan Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau), 157 Laifeng Avenue, Tengchong, Yunnan Province, China.

¹ philiplo@kfbg.org (corresponding author), ² bhqbz_9@163.com

Abstract: The butterfly fauna of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, western Yunnan, China was investigated during a series of field surveys conducted between April 2014 and May 2018. A total of 216 butterfly species were recorded (Hesperiidae 41, Papilionidae 20, Pieridae 21, Lycaenidae 45, and Nymphalidae 89), of which 179 represent new records for Tengchong. Significant findings include paratype materials of a recently described genus and a subspecies, respectively, as well as three national and five provincial new records. Several obscure species were rediscovered during the survey, including two taxa that have not been recorded since their descriptions, Celaenorrhinus morena Evans, 1949 and Thoressa pedla pedla (Evans, 1956). The result of the survey is presented herein with notes on some little-known species. Additionally, past records on Tengchong butterfly fauna were reviewed and a name is treated as nomen nudum.

Keywords: Eastern Himalaya, Hengduan Mountains, Kachin, Myanmar, national new records, western Yunnan.

doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4443.11.11.14452-14470 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6140D363-33DC-43B9-AC6C-A39D2E343214

Editors: Adam Cotton & Shao-ji Hu (Pierce), Yunnan University, Kunming, China. Date of publication: 12 September 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #4443 | Received 27 July 2018 | Final received 09 July 2019 | Finally accepted 16 July 2019

Citation: Lo, Y.F.P. & Z. Bi (2019). A preliminary report on butterfly fauna (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14452–14470. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4443.11.11.14452-14470

Copyright: © Lo & Bi 2019. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: This study is funded by Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Yik Fui Philip Lo: Senior Conservation Officer, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden; Fellow, Royal Entomological Society. Zheng Bi: Director, Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau)

Author contribution: YFLP conceived, designed and performed the analysis, and wrote the paper. Both authors collected and contributed data.

Acknowledgements: We thank Yu-Feng Hsu (National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei), Li-Wei Wu (National Taiwan University, Nantou) and Zhihua Zhang (Dongfang Forestry Department, Hainan) for taking part in some surveys. Xiang-Yuan Huang, Xing-Chao Zhang (TC-GLGS), Fei Li, Gang Lu, Chi Fung Mak and Bosco Chan (KFBG) provided their photo records. Motoki Saito (The Butterfly Society of Japan, Tokyo) provided reprints of Kachin survey reports. We are also grateful to the management of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve for granting permission to conduct the survey and providing essential assistance on our field works.

INTRODUCTION

Gaoligongshan (hereafter GLGS) is a mountain range that runs north-south along the border between Kachin State (Myanmar) and western Yunnan (China). GLGS part of the Hengduan Mountains of southwestern China, and is well known for rich and unique biodiversity. The southern part of GLGS was designated a nature reserve in 1986 and recognized as a biosphere reserve in 2000 (UNESCO 2007), and the Tengchong section is located on the western slope of the reserve. For administrative and geographic details see Chan et al. (2019, this issue).

Tengchong was the first area in GLGS to be explored by western zoologists, when British zoologist John Anderson made a collecting expedition in Daying River and Tengchong of western Yunnan in 1868. One-hundred-and-eighteen butterfly species were collected during the expedition, including three new species described by Atkinson (1871) (Anderson 1878). Since detailed locality information was not provided in Anderson’s report, it is not possible to distinguish Tengchong material from the rest of his collection. Following Anderson’s exploration, a number of naturalists visited GLGS in the early 20^th Century, but their works contributed little to the knowledge of butterfly fauna of the region.

Starting from the 1970s, GLGS has been frequently visited by Chinese and Japanese entomologists. The exceptionally high species richness of butterflies was gradually revealed with the description of a number of new taxa (e.g., Yoshino 1995, 1997, 1999, 2008; Huang 2001, 2002, 2003). Most efforts were focused on the Nujiang (Salween River) Valley on the eastern slope of the mountain range, and the butterfly fauna of Tengchong on the western slope of GLGS received less attention and was not comprehensively documented. It was only briefly investigated during the Yunnan forest pest survey from 1979 to 1982 organized by the Yunnan Provincial Department of Forestry, which listed 482 butterfly species for Yunnan Province, of which 32 were recorded from Tengchong (Lee & Cao 1987). The discovery of Neorina neosinica Lee, 1985, an astonishing satyrid butterfly, was perhaps the most notable finding in Tengchong from that study. Lee (1995) & Xue (1995) basically adopted the information in Lee & Cao (1987).

Since 2000, several more butterfly species were added to the Tengchong list following taxonomic works on particular groups. Three skipper species of the genus Thoressa were reported in Tengchong in a study of the tribe Aeromachini from China (Huang 2009). Meanwhile, Xue (2009) listed four additional skipper species from the same area in a study of Chinese Hesperiidae. Lang & Duan (2016) described a new Lethe species from Tengchong. A further seven satyrid butterfly species from the subtribe Lethina were reported in Tengchong by Lang (2017). By 2017, 51 species of butterfly were documented for Tengchong, which likely underestimated the rich biodiversity of this area. To update this information, a series of joint biodiversity surveys were organized by Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden (KFBG) and the Tengchong Bureau of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve during 2014–2018. The survey results for butterfly fauna are presented herein, with a checklist and notes on selected species of special interest.

METHODS

Study areas

Surveys were conducted primarily in the Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (hereafter TC-GLGS) including all six management sections (from south to north: Zhengding, Dahaoping, Qushi, Jietou, Datang and Zizhi). In addition, lower-elevation forests of Laifengshan National Forest Park and the protected riparian forest along Longchuan River were also surveyed. Fieldwork covered elevations between 1,300m and 2,800m and was conducted during March to October, which is expected to cover the flight periods of most butterfly species in the region. A total of 57.5 man-days were spent from April 2014 to May 2018; survey details are shown in Table 1. For detail information on geography, vegetation and habitat of the study area, please refer to Chan et al. (2019, this issue).

Survey methods

Daytime surveys were conducted in a variety of habitats when weather conditions were favourable for butterfly activity (non-rainy, temperature >20°C) along roads and major forest trails throughout the study areas, using standard 42cm diameter insect nets to collect adult butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea), particular attention was paid at mud-puddling sites and spots of nectar source. Some individuals were retained as voucher materials or for identification purpose. Duplicate material that could be readily identified in the field was released immediately after recording. Larvae were also recorded opportunistically by examination of potential host plants. Verified photo records of important species taken by other members of KFBG and TC-GLGS were also included in the list.

Identification

Voucher materials were pinned and mounted in laboratory and a temporary catalogue number was assigned for each pinned specimen. A variety of references were used for identification (e.g., Evans 1949; Eliot & Kawazoe 1983; Chiba & Tsukiyama 1996; Koiwaya 2007; Huang 2009; Lang 2012, 2017; Wu & Hsu 2017). Higher classification arrangement follows Hsu et al. (2017). For species groups that are difficult to identify superficially, such as members of the family Hesperiidae and the genus Ypthima, male genitalia were also examined by dissection following the protocol of Hsu (2015).

RESULTS

Butterfly species richness

A total of 216 butterfly species were recorded in the survey, and these species belong to five families: Hesperiidae (41 species); Papilionidae (20 species); Pieridae (21 species); Lycaenidae (45 species); and Nymphalidae (89 species). Of the recorded species, 179 species were hitherto undocumented for Tengchong County. Some of the materials collected from the present study have been illustrated in Wu & Hsu (2017), and live adult photographs of selected species are illustrated by Lo (2016). A list of the butterfly species collected in the present survey is provided in Appendix 1. For reference purpose, a list of butterflies that were recorded in Tengchong in earlier studies but absent in the present survey is listed in Appendix 2.

Regarding species richness at genus level, the most speciose genus was Lethe (Nymphalidae) with 16 species recorded in the study area. Papilio (Papilionidae) and Neptis (Nymphalidae) were the second and third richest genera represented by nine and eight species, respectively. In addition, 10 genera in which at least four species each were recorded in the present survey (Table 2).

Conservation status

Two species, Troides aeacus and Bhutanitis lidderdalii (Papilionidae), are listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), meaning that international trade is regulated. The global conservation status of most Tengchong species have not been evaluated by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2017) except Troides aeacus (Papilionidae), Ancema ctesia, and Dodona eugenes (Lycaenidae), which are listed as Near Threatened (NT). Meanwhile, seven and 20 species have been evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) and Near Threatened (NT), respectively, by the China Species Red List (Wang & Xie 2005). None of the butterfly species from Tengchong are included in the Lists of Wildlife under Special State Protection (conventionally known as China State Key Protected Animal List in literature, e.g., Smith & Xie 2008), which is in need of revision.

Notable findings

One-hundred-and-seventy-nine species are new records for Tengchong. Many of these species are known from adjacent areas and their occurrence in Tengchong was expected. Nevertheless, substantial range extensions of some taxa were observed, including three national and six provincial new records, and several rare and obscure species were rediscovered. Detailed information of these, and notes on other species of special interest, are provided in the following species accounts.

Selected species accounts

Celaenorrhinus morena Evans, 1949 (Image 1)

New species record for China

This is an obscure species that has not been recorded since its original description. The records in Igarashi & Fukuda (2000) and Gogoi (2013) were misidentifications of other species, probably C. leucocera (Kollar, [1844]). The male genital structure of the Tengchong materials agrees with the description and illustration in Evans (1949). This species was previously only known from India’s Naga Hills, Manipur, and Sikkim (Evans 1949); the present discovery suggests that C. morena may also occur in similar habitat of northern Myanmar. A univoltine species was recorded only in July and August. Adults have typical behavior of the genus and often occur concurrently with C. ratna nujiangensis Huang, 2001.

Ochlodes brahma (Moore, 1878) (Image 2)

New species record for China

This is primarily a Himalayan species with a disjunct population in northern Thailand (Chiba & Tsukiyama 1996). The present discovery fills the distribution gap of the species.

Thoressa pedla pedla (Evans, 1956) (Image 3)

This taxon was described based on a unique male collected in Yunnan by well-known British botanist George Forrest in 1918 without detailed locality information (Evans 1956). This mysterious skipper was rediscovered recently in Tengchong by two different groups (Huang & Wang 2016; Lo 2016). A univoltine species which only occurs in May. Males are swift flyers and often gather at puddles with other congeneric species.

Tsukiyamaia albimacula Zhu, Chiba & Wu, 2016 (Image 4)

A species of a recently established monotypic genus, described by materials from northern Myanmar, GLGS and northern Vietnam (Zhu et al. 2016). One of the males collected from the present survey in TC-GLGS was designated as a paratype. Males are active under strong sunlight, often fly swiftly close to the ground and gather at puddles.

Polytremis gotama Sugiyama, 1999 (Image 5)

This is a poorly known skipper species that was thought to be confined to the east of the upper Mekong River (also known as Lancangjiang in China) in northwestern Yunnan (Sugiyama 1999; Fan 2006; Xue 2009; Zhu 2012). The result of this study extends the range of this rare species to the Irrawaddy Basin on the western slopes of GLGS. Males fly close to the ground and frequently perch on blades of tall grasses.

Graphium mandarinus stilwelli Cotton & Hu, 2018 (Image 6)

A recently described taxon from western Yunnan and northern Myanmar (Hu et al. 2018). Two of the males collected in the present survey in Tengchong were designated as part of the paratypes. It is a univoltine species occurring in May.

Dodona kaolinkon Yoshino, 1999 (Image 7)

Another poorly known species confined to GLGS. All previous records were restricted to the Nujiang Valley on the eastern slope (Yoshino 1999) and the materials collected in the present study represent the first record on the western slope of GLGS in the Irrawaddy Basin. It is a bivoltine species with adults being recorded in May and September. Males often fly with congeneric species along forest paths, settling on ground for long periods or puddling on moist surfaces in groups.

Oreolyce vardhana nepalica (Forster, 1980) (Image 8)

This taxon was once considered a Nepal endemic (Eliot & Kawazoe 1983) until Huang (2003) reported its presence in China, based on a single female collected on the eastern slope of GLGS. Three males collected in northern Tengchong in this study represent the second record in China and an adult of Chinese material is illustrated here for the first time.

Heliophorus tamu kala Tytler, 1912 (Image 9)

New species record for Yunnan Province

A Himalayan species distributed from Nepal to northern Myanmar (Yago 2002). The presence of this species in China was first reported by Evans (1915) from southeastern Tibet (Motuo area). Three males collected in this study represent the easternmost global distribution and the first record of the species in Yunnan Province of China.

Chrysozephyrus vittatus phoopan Koiwaya, 2002 (Image 10)

New subspecies record for China

The single male from Tengchong agrees well with ssp. phoopan, a taxon previously only known from northern Laos (Koiwaya 2007). The other subspecies known to occur in China, originally described as ssp. yamanakai Fujioka, 2003 upon materials from Sichuan, was synonymized with akikoae Morita, 2002 by Koiwaya (2007).

Lethe brisanda de Nicéville, 1886 (Image 11)

New species record for Yunnan Province

All previous records of this species in China were restricted to the Motuo area of southeastern Tibet (Evans 1915; Huang 2000; Lang 2017; Wu 2017). The male collected in the present survey was the first reliable record of this species in Yunnan. The Yunnan material illustrated in Chou (1994) (as L. insana brisanda) was actually a misidentification of another undetermined taxon.

Lethe tengchongensis Lang, 2016 (Image 12)

This is a recently described species endemic to Tengchong (Lang & Duan 2016, present study). A univoltine species which occurs only from August to September. They often fly near understorey bamboo growth and have typical behavior of the genus.

Neorina neosinica Lee, 1985 (Image 16)

With Tengchong as the type locality, this obscure species, apart from its original description (Lee 1985), has only been recorded twice in Laos (D’ Abrera 1985: two males) and Vietnam (Monastyrskii 2005: 1 male). No specimen was collected in the present survey and the record is based on an unequivocal photograph taken in southern Tengchong at an elevation of 1,900m in June 2018.

Neorina hilda Westwood, [1850] (Image 13)

New species record for Yunnan Province

An eastern Himalayan species, recorded in southeastern Tibet (Motuo area) by Evans (1915). It was also found in Kachin State of northern Myanmar recently (Shizuya et al. 2005a). The males collected in the present study are the first record of this species in Yunnan Province. A univoltine species which occurs in summer, and is rare throughout its range.

Symbrenthia doni Tytler, 1940 (Image 14)

New species record for Yunnan Province

This Himalayan species was formerly regarded as a subspecies of S. brabira, a widespread Oriental species, and all previous Chinese records were confined to southeastern Tibet (Motuo area) (Huang 1998: as S. dalailama; Lang, 2012). The material collected in this study represents the first record of this species in Yunnan Province and the easternmost distribution of the species.

Kallima knyvettii de Nicéville, 1886 (Image 15)

New species record for Yunnan Province

There was confusion on the true identity of the Kallima with blue bands on wings in China and two names, knyvettii de Nicéville, 1886 and alompra Moore, 1879 have been adopted in earlier studies (e.g., Huang 2000; Lang 2012) with all records restricted to southeastern Tibet (Motuo area). Küppers (2015) clarified that the “blue” Kallima in southeastern Tibet should be called K. knyvettii, while K. alompra is a junior synonym of K. horsfieldii (Kollar, 1844) which has not been recorded in China. The male collected in present study is the first Chinese record outside Tibet.

DISCUSSION

The primary purpose of the present study is to assess the species richness of butterfly fauna in TG-GLGS. Survey effort was uneven at different sites which prevents rigorous comparison of species assemblages or relative species diversity along latitude and altitude. In general, the survey sites along the main ridge of GLGS support more butterfly species than the enclaves, probably due to differences in habitat quality and altitude range.

Although the results of this survey have expanded the species list of Tengchong butterflies by over three-fold, it should not be treated as a comprehensive inventory of the butterfly fauna of the area. The flight period of adult butterflies in TG-GLGS is characterized by pronounced seasonality which complicates survey efficiency. In fact, more than one-third of the recorded species appear to have univoltine populations in Tengchong that can only be observed in well-defined, usually short, periods of a year. With succession of butterfly assemblages throughout the warmer seasons, many species may have been overlooked in this survey. Such activity pattern increases the difficulty to assess the true species richness of GLGS because considerable survey effort will be needed in order to cover the flight seasons of all butterfly species. Another limitation of the present survey was that habitats at higher altitude (>2,800m) were not covered because of accessibility constraints. To improve the completeness of the butterfly inventory, future fieldwork should be conducted during periods not covered by this survey, and sampling of the butterfly communities in sub-alpine habitats is necessary.

Given its high elevation, Tengchong has a more temperate climatic pattern than subtropical lowland at similar latitude. Species assemblage of Tengchong butterflies also show similar tendency as it is dominated by Oriental montane species intermixed with some Palearctic representatives. Meanwhile, a few tropical species also penetrate into the area; they are either restricted to lower elevations at the protected riparian forest along Longchuan River, or are well-known migrants (e.g., Appias spp. & Catopsilia pomona) which probably stray from the Irrawaddy lowlands.

Geographically, GLGS can be considered as an eastern extension of the Himalaya and its western slope is categorized as part of the Himalayan southern slope region (Zhao 1986). Although majority of Tengchong butterflies are typical northern Indochina-southwestern China fauna, the present study reveals that it supports a number of taxa that are confined to the western slope of GLGS and eastern Himalaya, but absent in the rest of China (Table 3). Tengchong therefore represents the eastern distribution limit for many species of their global ranges.

TC-GLGS supports a large number of forest-associated and shade-loving species (Table 2), indicating the area supports intact forest habitat. Many areas with old-growth forest in TC-GLGS have extensive understorey of dwarf bamboo, mainly in the genus Fargesia (Xue, 1995). Exceptionally high diversity of the subfamily Satyrinae is noteworthy, especially the genus Lethe, which is bamboo-associated and the most speciose genus of the area (16 species, Table 2), including the Tengchong endemic L. tengchongensis. A similar pattern was also observed in neighbouring Kachin State of northern Myanmar (Shizuya et al. 2005a,b). The tribe Aeromachini of the Hesperiidae family is another bamboo-associated group that has high species richness in the study areas, comprising five genera and 11 species, including one endemic subspecies (Thoressa pedla pedla), which is not unexpected as the Hengduan Mountains is recognized as one of the centers of speciation for the tribe (Huang 2009). Tengchong is also home to many rare and obscure species, some are already mentioned in the species account in the present paper, which further demonstrated the importance of TC-GLGS in conserving the unique biodiversity of the region.

With only 29 of the Tengchong species evaluated, existing international and national conservation assessments (Wang & Xie 2005; The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017) are insufficient to reflect the current conservation status of butterflies in Tengchong. To identify special conservation needs for Tengchong butterflies, especially those with highly restricted distribution range, it is recommended to invest targeted efforts to assess their current status. It should be noted that there have been considerable taxonomic changes on those evaluated species since the last assessment of the China Species Red List in 2005, assessment updates following these taxonomic changes are necessary. Meanwhile, according to the definition proposed by Collins & Morris (1985), Bhutanitis lidderdalii and several other members of Papilionidae occurring in Tengchong are potential targets of “low volume/ high value” trade. These large and showy butterflies are popular items among collectors and over-collecting is a potential threat. Although no sign of commercial harvesting was detected in the study areas during the survey, any unauthorized collecting activity should be closely monitored and regulated by the authority.

Table 1. Survey sites and dates of this study (southern Tengchong includes Zhengding, Dahaoping and Qushi sections of TC-GLGS; northern Tengchong includes Jietou, Datang and Zizhi sections of TC-GLGS).

Date	Survey sites	Man-day
April 2014	Southern Tengchong, northern Tengchong, Laifengshan	4.5
September 2014	Southern Tengchong, northern Tengchong	6.0
May 2015	Southern Tengchong, northern Tengchong	10.0
July–August 2015	Southern Tengchong, northern Tengchong, Laifengshan	18.0
March 2016	Northern Tengchong	1.0
May 2016	Northern Tengchong, Longchuan River	4.0
June 2017	Southern Tengchong, northern Tengchong, Laifengshan, Longchuan River	11.0
May 2018	Northern Tengchong	3.0

Table 2. The 13 most speciose butterfly genera and their associated habitat preference in Tengchong, Yunnan Province, China.

Higher classification	Genus	Number of species	% of total recorded species	Habitat association
Nymphalidae: Satyrinae	Lethe	16	7.41%	Forest
Papilionidae: Papilioninae	Papilio	9	4.17%	Forest
Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae	Neptis	8	3.70%	Forest
Nymphalidae: Satyrinae	Ypthima	7	3.24%	Forest
Lycaenidae: Riodininae	Dodona	6	2.78%	Forest
Nymphalidae: Satyrinae	Neope	5	2.31%	Forest
Pieridae: Pierinae	Pieris	5	2.31%	Open
Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae	Thoressa	5	2.31%	Forest
Lycaenidae: Lycaeninae	Chrysozephyrus	4	1.85%	Forest
Nymphalidae: Satyrinae	Mycalesis	4	1.85%	Forest
Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae	Euthalia	4	1.85%	Forest
Lycaenidae: Lycaeninae	Heliophorus	4	1.85%	Open
Papilionidae: Papilioninae	Byasa	4	1.85%	Forest

Table 3. Examples of TC-GLGS butterfly taxa confined to the western slope of GLGS and eastern Himalaya.

Scientific name	Sources
Hesperiidae
Celaenorrhinus morena Evans, 1949	Evans 1949
Sebastonyma dolopia medoensis Lee, 1979	Huang 2009
Lycaenidae
Heliophorus tamu (Kollar, 1844)	Huang 2000; Yago 2002
Nymphalidae
Lethe brisanda de Nicéville, 1886	Lang 2016
Neorina hilda Westwood, [1850]	Huang 2000
Symbrenthia doni Tytler, 1940	Huang 1998; Lang 2012
Kallima knyvettii de Nicéville, 1886	Lang 2012; Küppers 2015

For images – click here

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Appendix 1. Butterflies recorded during the present survey in Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve.

Locations: STC = Zhengding, Dahaoping and Qushi sections of TC-GLGS; NTC = Jietou, Datang and Zizhi sections of TC-GLGS; LFS = Laifengshan National Forest Park; RPF = Protected riparian forest along Longchuan River; OS = Other sites.

Notes: Historical records: 1 = Lee & Cao 1987, 2 = Lee 1995, 3 = Xue 1995, 4 = Huang 2009, 5 = Xue 2009, 6 = Lang, 2017; Conservation status: cLC = Least Concern in China Species Red List, cVU = Vulnerable in China Species Red List; LC = Least Concern in IUCN Red List; CITES II = The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Appendix II.

Scientific name and higher classification	Location					Flight period (Month)							Notes	Illustrations in Wu & Hsu (2017)
	STC	NTC	LFS	RPF	OS	III	IV	V	VI	VII VIII	IX	X
HESPERIIDAE
Coeliadinae
Hasora vitta indica Evans, 1932	√	√					√		√
Hasora taminatus bhavara Fruhstorfer, 1911	√	√					√			√
Hasora anura anura de Nicéville, 1889		√				√		√	√	√	√
Choaspes benjaminii japonicus (Murray, 1875)	√	√								√	√
Pyrginae
Coladenia maeniata Oberthür, 1896		√						√						p.1309, fig.18
Capila pieridoides pieridoides Moore, 1878		√								√
Gerosis sinica narada (Moore, 1884)		√								√				p.1318, fig.15
Gerosis phisara rex Evans, 1949		√						√		√				p.1318, fig.14
Pyrgus maculatus thibetanus (Oberthur, 1891)	√						√
Celaenorrhinus ratna nujiangensis Huang, 2001	√	√								√	√		cNT
Celaenorrhinus morena Evans, 1949		√						√		√			New to China
Celaenorrhinus tibetana (Mabille, 1876)		√							√
Satarupa zulla ouvrardi Oberthur, 1921		√								√				p.1327, fig.05
Pseudocoladenia dan fabia (Evans,1949)			√							√
Pseudocoladenia festa (Evans, 1949)	√	√								√	√
Heteropterinae
Barca bicolor (Oberthür, 1896)	√	√						√
Carterocephalus alcinoides Lee, 1962	√	√							√		√
Hesperiinae
Ochlodes brahma (Moore, 1878)	√						√						New to China
Ochlodes thibetana (Oberthür, 1886)		√							√	√				p.1401, fig.11-12
Ochlodes bouddha (Mabille, 1876)		√							√
Notocrypta feisthamelii alysos (Moore, 1865)	√	√					√	√			√
Notocrypta curvifascia curvifascia Felder 1862			√						√
Erionota torus Evans, 1941			√							√
Halpe sp. 1		√								√
Halpe sp. 2		√								√
Sovia separata magna (Evans, 1932)		√								√				p.1358, fig.13
Sovia grahami miliaohuae Huang, 2003		√								√				p.1358, fig.09
Aeromachus catocyanea amplifascia Huang, 2003		√								√				p.1354, fig.03
Thoressa pedla pedla (Evans, 1956)		√						√						p.1365, fig.03
Thoressa gupta nujiangensis Huang, 2003	√	√		√				√					4
Thoressa pandita (de Niceville, 1885)	√	√						√		√			4	p.1361, fig.15
Thoressa serena (Evans, 1937)	√	√						√					4 5
Thoressa baileyi (South, 1914)		√						√
Sebastonyma dolopia medoensis Lee, 1979		√								√				p.1356, fig.59
Tsukiyamaia albimacula Zhu, Chiba & Wu, 2016	√	√					√	√						p.1428, fig.05
Polytremis cf. micropunctata Huang, 2003		√								√
Polytremis gotama Sugiyama, 1999		√								√				p.1433, fig.12
Polytremis eltola eltola (Hewitson, 1869)		√	√							√			5
Parnara batta Evans, 1949		√							√
Parnara bada (Moore, 1878)			√							√
Potanthus trachala tytleri (Evans, 1914)			√	√				√		√
PAPILIONIDAE
Parnassiinae
Bhutanitis lidderdalii spinosa Stichel, 1907	√	√									√		cVU, CITES II
Papilioninae
Troides aeacus aeacus (C. & R. Felder, 1860)		√								√			cNT, LC ,CITES II
Byasa plutonius tytleri Evans, 1923	√						√	√					cVU	p.54, fig.07
Byasa polyeuctes polyeuctes (Doubleday, 1842)	√	√						√		√	√			p.60, fig.20
Byasa dasarada ouvrardi (Oberthur, 1920)		√						√						p.66, fig.05
Byasa latreillei ticona (Tytler, 1939)	√	√						√	√				cVU	p.69, fig.12
Papilio agestor agestor Gray, 1831	√	√					√	√						p.80, fig.07
Papilio bootes mindoni Tytler, 1939	√	√						√	√					p.125, fig.22; p.126, fig.23-24
Papilio helenus helenus Linnaeus, 1758		√		√			√	√
Papilio protenor protenor Cramer, 1775				√				√
Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767		√				√					√		1 2 3
Papilio arcturus arcturus Westwood, 1842	√	√						√		√	√		cNT	p.161, fig.05
Papilio bianor gladiator Fruhstorfer, [1902]	√	√					√	√		√	√		1 2 3	p.136, fig.09-10; p.137, fig.11
Papilio krishna thawgawa Tytler, 1939		√						√	√	√				p.163, fig.09
Papilio machaon verityi Fruhstorfer, 1907		√						√
Lamproptera meges indistincta (Tytler, 1912)				√					√				cNT
Graphium cloanthus cloanthus Westwood, 1841		√					√	√		√				p.185, fig.09
Graphium sarpedon sarpedon Linnaeus, 1758		√								√
Graphium mandarinus stilwelli Cotton & Hu, 2018		√						√						p.212, fig.03
Meandrusa lachinus aribbas (Fruhstorfer, 1909)		√								√				p.230, fig.12
PIERIDAE
Pierinae
Delias belladonna hedybia Jordan, 1925	√	√		√	√		√	√	√		√	√		p.343, fig.15-16
Delias berinda cooperi Tytler, 1939				√				√
Delias sanaca perspicua Fruhstorfer, 1910	√	√		√				√	√	√
Aporia agathon bifurcata Tytler, 1939	√	√					√	√	√				1 2 3	p.395, fig.09-10
Aporia harrietae paracraea (de Nicéville, 1900)	√	√					√	√	√					p.390, fig.11
Aporia goutellei (Oberthur, 1886)		√						√
Prioneris thestylis thestylis (Doubleday, 1842)	√		√				√						cNT	p.362, fig.08
Pieris brassicae nepalensis Gray, 1846	√	√					√	√	√				1 2 3
Pieris rapae yunnana Mell, 1943	√	√					√	√	√	√			1 2 3
Pieris canidia indica Evans, 1926	√	√		√			√	√		√	√
Pieris extansa bhutya Talbot, 1939	√	√						√	√	√
Pieris melete melete Ménétriés, 1857	√	√	√	√		√	√	√	√	√
Pontina edusa praeclara Fruhstorfer, 1910					√			√
Appias pandione lagela (Moore, [1879])		√								√
Appias galba (Wallace, 1867)			√							√
Coliadinae
Catopsilia pomona pomona (Fabricius, 1775)	√	√					√	√					1 2 3
Eurema blanda silhetana (Wallace, 1867)		√						√			√
Eurema laeta sikkima (Moore, 1906)	√	√	√						√	√	√		3
Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758)				√	√			√				√	1 2 3
Dercas lycorias lycorias Doubleday, 1842		√						√		√
Calias fieldii fieldii Ménétriés, 1855	√	√			√		√	√		√	√			p.301, fig.15
LYCAENIDAE
Riodininae
Zemeros flegyas flegyas (Cramer, [1780])			√	√			√	√
Dodona ouida ouida Moore, 1865	√	√					√	√	√	√	√
Dodona eugenes Bates, 1867	√	√						√	√	√	√		LC
Dodona egeon egeon Westwood, 1851	√	√					√	√					cNT
Dodona dipoea Hewitson, 1866	√	√					√	√	√		√		1 2 3	p.1034, fig.19-20
Dodona adonira ssp.	√	√	√					√		√	√		cNT
Dodona kaolinkon Yoshino, 1999		√						√			√			p.1033, fig.12-13
Stiboges nymphidia nymphidia Butler, 1876	√							√
Abisara freda daliensis Sugiyama, 1992	√						√	√					cNT	p.1024, fig.02-03
Abisara fylla (Westwood, 1851)		√		√				√		√
Abisara neophron Hewitson, 1861		√						√
Curetinae
Curetis acuta naga Evans, 1954		√								√			1 2 3 (as bulis)
Lycaeninae
Zizina emelina thibetensis (Poujade, 1885)		√	√					√	√	√
Zizeeria maha maha (Kollar,[1844])		√								√
Everes huegelii dipora (Moore,1865)	√	√					√				√
Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767)	√		√	√		√	√	√	√				1 2 3
Udara dilectus dilectus (Moore, 1879)	√	√		√			√	√	√	√	√
Udara albocaerulea albocaerulea (Moore, 1879)	√	√						√	√	√	√
Celatoxia marginata marginata (de Nicéville, [1884])	√	√		√			√		√	√	√			p.1244, fig.11
Monodontides musina musinoides (Swinhoe, 1910)	√	√						√		√	√
Celastrina argiolus iynteana (de Nicéville, 1884)	√	√					√
Celastrina lavendularis (Moore, 1877)		√								√
Celastrina oreas yunnana Eliot & Kawazoé, 1983		√						√	√	√	√			p.1250, fig.03-04
Oreolyce vardhana nepalica (Forster, 1980)		√						√
Orthomiella pontis rovorea (Fruhstorfer, 1918)		√				√		√
Catochrysops strabo strabo (Fabricius, 1793)		√		√			√	√
Acytolepis puspa gisca (Fruhstorfer, 1910)	√	√		√				√	√		√
Jamides bochus bochus (Stoll, [1782])	√	√					√		√
Prosotas sp.		√								√
Prosotas dubiosa indica (Evans, [1925])				√				√
Heliophorus eventa Fruhstorfer, 1918	√	√	√				√	√	√	√	√
Heliophorus brahma mogoka Evans, 1932	√	√	√				√	√	√	√	√
Heliophorus ila pseudonexus Eliot, 1963			√							√
Heliophorus tamu kala Tytler, 1912		√						√					New to Yunnan	p.1213, fig.30
Chrysozephyrus kirbariensis machimurai (Koiwaya, 2002)		√						√			√			p.1119, fig.50
Chrysozephyrus paona paona (Tytler, 1915)		√							√
Chrysozephyrus vittatus phoopan Koiwaya, 2002		√							√				New to China
Chrysozephyrus duma (Hewitson, 1869)		√							√
Cheritrella truncipennis de Nicéville, 1887	√						√
Sinthusa virgo (Elwes, 1887)		√						√	√					p.1182, fig. 14-15
Sinthusa rayata Riley, 1939		√						√
Chliaria kina kina (Hewitson, 1869)		√						√	√	√	√
Rapala sp.		√									√
Ancema ctesia ctesia (Hewitson, 1865)		√						√					LC
Maneca bhotea bhotea (Moore, 1884)	√										√
NYMPHALIDAE
Danainae
Parantica sita sita (Kollar, [1844])	√	√					√	√	√	√	√
Parantica aglea melanoides Moore, 1883	√										√
Euploea mulciber mulciber (Cramer, [1777])	√	√		√				√		√	√		3
Satyrinae
Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus, 1758)			√								√			p.434, fig.04
Lethe sura (Doubleday, [1849])	√							√	√		√		2, cNT	p.443, fig.11
Lethe goalpara gana Talbot, 1947	√	√									√		6	p.456, fig.20
Lethe ocellata ocellata (Poujade, 1885)	√										√		cNT
Lethe neofaciata Lee, 1985	√							√
Lethe sidonis (Hewitson, 1863)	√	√							√		√		6, cVU
Lethe maitrya thawgawa Tytler, 1939		√								√			2, cNT	p.493, fig.08
Lethe kanjupkula burmana Tytler, 1939	√							√			√
Lethe nicetas Hewitson, 1863		√						√
Lethe verma sintica Fruhstorfer, 1911	√							√
Lethe hyrania dinarbas (Hewitson, 1863)	√	√					√	√			√		6
Lethe brisanda de Nicéville, 1886		√							√				New to Yunnan
Lethe oculatissima (Poujade, 1885)		√							√				cNT
Lethe serbonis pallida Tytler, 1939		√								√	√		6, cVU
Lethe tengchongensis Lang, 2016		√								√	√		6	p.489, fig.05-06
Lethe luteofasciata (Poujade, 1884)		√						√					1 2 3, cNT
Lethe andersoni (Atkinson, 1871)		√						√		√	√		cNT
Chonala praeusta burmana Tytler, 1939		√								√	√		cNT
Neope muirheadii muirheadii (C. & R. Felder, 1862)					√			√					1 2 3
Neope armandii khasiana Moore, 1881	√	√					√	√					6
Neope yama kinpingensis Lee, 1962	√	√						√	√	√			1 2 3
Neope oberthueri qiqia Huang, 2002	√	√						√	√	√
Neope ramosa Leech, 1890	√	√						√		√
Neorina neosinica Lee, 1985	√								√				1 2 3
Neorina hilda Westwood, [1850]		√								√			New to Yunnan
Callerebia polyphemus annadina Watkins, 1927	√	√								√
Orinoma damaris damaris Gray, 1846	√										√			p.517, fig.01
Rhaphicera satrica kabrua (Tytler, 1939)		√								√			cVU	p.515, fig.05
Mycalesis francisca sanatana Moore, 1857		√	√				√			√
Mycalesis gotama charaka Moore, 1874				√					√
Mycalesis misenus serica Leech, [1892]	√	√	√						√	√	√			p.541, fig.05
Mycalesis suaveolens konglua Tytler, 1939			√						√	√
Ypthima conjuncta monticola Uemura & Koiwaya, 2000	√	√							√		√
Ypthima sakra austeni (Moore, 1893)	√		√					√	√				cNT
Ypthima menpae Huang, 1999		√								√
Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards, 1893	√						√
Ypthima confusa Shirôzu & Shima, 1977	√	√	√					√	√		√
Ypthima frontierii Uémura & Monastyrskii, 2000	√	√	√				√	√	√		√
Ypthima zodia Butler, 1871		√						√		√				p.591, fig.12
Calinaginae
Calinaga davidis buphonas Oberthür, 1920		√						√						p.682, fig.08
Charaxinae
Polyura narcaea thawgawa (Tytler, 1940)		√						√					1 2
Polyura dolon grandis (Rothschild, 1899)	√	√			√			√
Polyura athamas athamas (Drury, [1773])					√							√
Cyrestinae
Cyrestis thyodamas thyodamas Boisduval, 1846		√		√				√		√
Heliconiinae
Acraea issoria sordice (Fruhstorfer, 1914)	√	√						√		√	√		1 2 3
Cethosia biblis biblis (Drury, [1773])	√	√			√						√	√
Cirrochroa tyche mithila Moore, 1872	√		√	√			√	√	√
Childrena childreni (Gray, 1831)		√		√				√			√		1 2 3
Argyronome laodice rudra (Moore, [1858])		√							√	√	√
Argyreus hyperbius hyperbius (Linnaeus, 1763)				√	√			√					1 2 3
Issoria lathonia isaaea (Gray, 1846)		√						√
Nymphalinae
Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758)	√			√			√	√
Vanessa indica indica (Herbst, 1794)	√	√	√		√		√	√		√	√	√
Kaniska canace canace (Linnaeus, 1763)	√	√		√		√	√	√	√	√	√		1 2 3
Symbrenthia doni Tytler, 1940	√	√					√	√		√			New to Yunnan
Symbrenthia lilaea lilaea (Hewitson, 1864)		√			√						√	√
Symbrenthia niphanda niphanda Moore, 1872		√						√	√	√	√			p.805, fig.01
Junonia orithya ocyale Hübner, [1819]		√		√	√		√	√			√		1 2 3
Aglais urticae chinensis (Leech, 1892)	√	√			√			√	√	√	√		1 2 3
Araschnia prorsoides prorsoides (Blanchard, 1871)	√	√				√	√	√	√	√	√
Kallima knyvettii de Nicéville, 1886		√								√			New to Yunnan
Kallima inachus inachus Doyere, 1840	√										√
Pseudergolis wedah wedah (Kollar, 1848)	√	√			√			√	√	√	√	√
Stibochiona nicea nicea (Gray, 1846)	√	√						√						p.881, fig.06
Limenitinae
Athyma opalina opalina (Kollar, [1844])	√	√						√	√	√	√
Athyma jina jina Moore, [1858]		√			√			√				√
Auzakia danava danava (Moore, [1858])		√							√	√				p.947, fig.09
Parasarpa zayla (Doubleday, [1848])		√								√
Parasarpa dudu dudu (Doubleday, [1848])		√			√			√			√	√
Sumalia daraxa daraxa (Doubleday, [1848])	√									√	√
Neptis soma shania Evans, 1924	√	√					√	√		√	√
Neptis ananta ochracea Evans, 1924		√		√				√	√		√
Neptis cartica cartica Moore, 1872				√				√					cNT
Neptis sappho astola Moore, 1872		√							√
Neptis armandia ssp.	√	√						√	√	√
Neptis dejeani Oberthür, 1894		√							√	√			cNT
Neptis nemorum nemorum Oberthür, 1906		√							√				cVU
Neptis themis theodora Oberthür, 1906		√							√
Euthalia sakota Fruhstorfer, 1913		√								√
Euthalia dubernardi Oberthür, 1907		√								√
Euthalia nara nara (Moore, 1859)		√								√			1 2 3	p.919, fig.26
Euthalia franciae raja (C. & R. Felder, 1859)	√										√		cNT
Apaturinae
Hestina nama nama Doubleday, 1844					√							√	2
Hestina persimilis persimilis Westwood, 1850					√							√
Dilipa morgiana Westwood, 1850					√							√	cNT
Libytheinae
Libythea lepita lepita Moore, [1858]				√				√

Appendix 2. Butterfly fauna of Tengchong County reported by earlier workers that were not found in the present study.

The butterfly fauna of Tengchong County has also been briefly investigated by different researchers and some of the species reported in their works were not detected during the present survey. These species are listed below with reference source and notes on selected taxa.

Potanthus lydius (Evans, 1934) — Xue 2009.

Parnara guttata guttata (Bremer & Grey, 1853) — Xue 2009.

Byasa nevilli (Wood-Mason, 1882) — Lee & Cao 1987; Xue 1995.

Papilio paris paris Linnaeus, 1758 — Xue 1995.

Delias subnubila Leech, 1893 — Lee & Cao 1987; Lee 1995; Xue 1995.

Delias patrua Leech, 1890 — Lee & Cao (1987); Xue (1995).

Delias lepida Lee, 1995, nomen nudum

The name Delias lepida Lee in Lee (1995) very likely referred to the record of this species because D. patrua was the only Tengchong species listed in Lee & Cao (1987) but absent in Lee (1995), and both records had identical field information (Tengchong, 1,780m). Perhaps the author intended to publish lepida formally, but no action was taken eventually. Since there was no description, reference nor indication accompanying the name lepida, it should be treated as a nomen nudum.

Aporia larraldei (Oberthür, 1876) — Lee & Cao (1987); Lee (1995); Xue (1995)

Lethe siderea Marshall, 1881 — Lang (2017).

Lethe lanaris Butler, 1877 — Lee & Cao (1987); Lee (1995); Xue (1995).

Callarge sagitta (Leech, 1890) — Wu & Hsu (2017)

Although most of the Tengchong records in Wu & Hsu (2017) originated from the present study, this species was an exception.

Ypthima beautei Oberthür, 1884 — Lee & Cao (1987); Lee (1995); Xue (1995);

It is likely that the records of Y. beautei in Tengchong were actually Y. frontierii Uémura & Monastyrskii, 2000, a recently described species, which is quite common in Tengchong.

Ypthima chinensis Leech, 1892 — Xue (1995).

Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758) — Xue (1995).