Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2019 | 11(3): 13320–13333
Butterflies of the myristica swamp forests of Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary in the southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India
Abstract: Myristica swamps are unique freshwater swamp forests characterised by predominance of tree species of the Myristicaceae family. There have been few published works on the flora and fauna of myristica swamps but studies on butterflies have been scanty. This work was done in the myristica swamps of Kattilapara in Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Kollam district, Kerala, located in the northern aspect of the Agasthyamalai Hills of the southern Western Ghats. Data on the butterflies were collected over a period of two years supplemented with data from previous visits using Transect method. Butterflies were identified based on field photographs and relevant literature. We recorded 206 species of butterflies belonging to 6 families from the myristica swamps. This included 17 species of Papilionidae, 20 species of Pieridae, 65 species of Nymphalidae, 56 species of Lycaenidae, two species of Riodinidae and 46 species of Hesperiidae.Of the total, 19 species of butterflies were Western Ghat endemics. A checklist of butterflies of the myristica swamp, larval hostplants, status with respect to IUCN criteria, endemicity, and classification as per Indian Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) of 1972 are also provided. Eighty-two species of plants were listed as butterfly larval hosts in the myristica swamp ecosystem, with 27 species being new host records for Western Ghats. None of the butterflies recorded were using plants of Myristicaceae family as larval hosts. A simple index—the percentage occurrence—is proposed to delineate the habitat affinity of species.
Keywords: Agasthyamalai Hills, larval host plants, habitat affinity.
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4399.11.3.13320-13333
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:18BFDC77-21A0-4221-8BBF-8013589A89A4
Editor: George Mathew, Indira Gandhi Technological and Medical Sciences University, Ziro, India.
Date of publication: 26 February 2019 (online & print)
Manuscript details: #4399 | Received 16 June 2018 | Final received 04 December 2018 | Finally accepted 15 February 2019
Citation: Sujitha, P.C., G. Prasad & K. Sadasivan (2019). Butterflies of the myristica swamp forests of Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary in the southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(3): 13320–13333; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4399.11.3.13320-13333
Copyright: © Sujitha et al. 2019. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Self-funded.
Competing interests:The authors declare no competing interests.
Author Details: P.C. Sujitha is a PhD scholar basically interested in ecology of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. G. Prasad, Professor in Zoology, has his interests in aquatic biology, invertebrate studies and man-animal conflicts in Western Ghats. Kalesh, S. is a microvascular surgeon interested in ecology, taxonomy and biogeography of invertibrates of Western Ghats especially ants, odonates and butterflies. He is a founding member of Travancore Nature History Society (TNHS) Trivandrum.
Author Contribution: KS conceived the concept of the work and the POc index, PCS and KS did the field work and writing the manuscript. Revisions and editing of the work was done by GP and KS.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to the Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department for the research permits, and the Wildlife Warden, Range officers and forest staff of Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary for their support. We would like to thank members of the Travancore Natural History Society (TNHS) Trivandrum for field assistance and comments on the manuscript.
Introduction
Myristica swamps are tropical swamp forests first reported from Kulathupuzha Reserve Forests and adjoining regions of Anchal, Thenmalai and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary (WS) in Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts of Kerala (Krishnamoorthy 1960). Besides Kerala, they are also known to occur in Karnataka and Goa (Joyce et al. 2014). Myristica swamp forests are floristically lowland (180–200 m) edaphic variants of evergreen forests with canopy at 30–40 m, with pure patches of Myristicaceae trees in a freshwater swamp amidst tropical evergreen patches (Subramanian 1995). These are highly fragmented ecosystems with restricted distribution (Rodgers & Panwar 1988a,b). The dominance of the trees of Myristicaceae family in the swamps gives them their common name (Roby et al. 2014). The myristica swamps are classified as forest type 4c/FS1, under Champion & Seth (1968).
There have been a few studies on the flora and fauna of myristica swamps. Notable works on their basic ecological aspects are by Nair et al. (2007) from Kerala and Ramabhat & Kaveriappa (2009) from Uttara Kannada. Floristic works on this unique ecosystem can be seen in Varghese & Menon (1999), Roby et al. (2007, 2014), Subash et al. (2008), Sreejith et al. (2016) and Joyce et al. (2014). Floristic studies by Roby et al. (2014) had listed 79 species of trees, 93 species of herbs and shrubs, and 49 species of climbers in this ecosystem of which 49 are endemic and 18 are IUCN Red List species. There are only a few studies available on faunal diversity of myristica swamps. The insect diversity in these swamps were studied by Sinu & Sharma (2013); spiders by Joyce et al. (2007a); reptiles by Joyce (2007b,c). The general insect diversity of Shendurney WS was covered by Mathew et al. (2004) and the butterflies list can be seen in Anonymous (2012).
Butterfly fauna of myristica swamps were largely unknown and only a very few studies are available in this regard. Ali et al. (2008) worked on the myristica swamps of Uttara Kannada and recorded 57 species of butterflies in three families Papilionidae, Pieridae, and Nymphalidae. Joyce et al. (2015) identified 72 species in five families and 57 genera during the work in Anchal, Kulathupuzha, and Shendurney over three years. Thus, studies on lepidopteran fauna of myristica swamps have been very scanty. The present study documents of butterflies of myristica swamps of Shendurney WS (8.8580N & 77.2100E) in the northern aspect of the Agasthyamalai Hills of the southern Western Ghats in Kerala.
Materials and Methods
Study Area
The myristica swamps at Mankuthu and Onnam-Mile in Kattilapara region of Shendurney WS were studied (Fig. 1). The Mankuthu myristica swamp lies about 1.5km behind the Kattilapara base camp and is at the edge of the sanctuary, while the Onnam-Mile myristica swamp lies about 2.5km inside the sanctuary on the right of the road leading to Kallar. Anthropogenic factors do not seem to play any significant influence on the swamp ecosystem as both are inside the protected area of the sanctuary.
Two myristica swamps were studied in the Kattilapara region of the Shendurney WS (Image 1). Data on butterflies for POc scores (see below) were collected over a period of two years for every two weeks from May 2016–May 2018 using transect method. Permanent line transects covering 500m over 30 minutes were taken in the morning (8–9 am) and evening (3–4 pm) to study the butterfly diversity of the myristica swamp and the adjoining evergreen forest patch. The transects were such that it covered 500m of swamp and 500m of the adjoining evergreen forests. This intensive two-year work was supplemented with additional data from previous visits to this area using the same 500m/30 min transect method, taken once a month, spanning over the last 10 years (2008–2018), for butterfly diversity and hostplant records. For delineating species that are myristica swamp dependent, we compared the butterfly occurrences in the myristica transect with another 500m control transect laid in the adjacent evergreen forest. Butterflies that were recorded in more than 50% of transects in myristica swamps in comparison to the adjacent control transect was taken as myristica swamp species (MSS). This included species with 50–75 % occurrence in the swamp, treated as myristica swamp associates (MSA), and those with occurrence of more than or equal to 75% of transects classified as myristica swamp dependents (MSD).
MSS = MSA+MSD
Those species which were seen <50% were classified as stragglers and were present more outside the swamp than in it. This treatment was supplemented with host plant and early stage data for these butterflies from our observations. Species with their known hostplant distribution restricted to myristica swamps were also considered as myristica swamp dependents (MSD).
To ascertain the habitat affinity and distribution among habitats, we propose here a very simple index — the percentage of occurrence (POc). The total number of individuals of a species is taken and the proportion of them seen in the particular habitat is calculated. For example, in the case of the swamp, we calculated the POc score as per the following equation:
n (Swamp) x100
Percentage of Occurrence (POc) in Swamp = –––––––––––––––––––––
n (Swamp) + n (Evergreen)
POc(Evergreen) = 100-POc(Swamp)
Here n was the absolute number of individuals of a particular species seen in a transect (myristica swamp or evergreen forest) added over the study period.
Butterflies were identified based on field photographs and relevant literature. Oviposition alone was not taken as primary criteria of hostplant confirmation because of the well-known oviposition mistakes. Oviposition on an already known plant species being utilized elsewhere, or presence of more than one instar of the larval stages of a butterfly on the plant on which an egg is laid or successful field observation of the larvae surviving to adulthood on the particular plant was taken into consideration to establish a plant as the larval hostplant. Larval identification follows Bell (1909–1927) and Kunte et al. (2018). Identification of adult butterflies are based on Evans (1932) and taxonomy follows Kunte et al. (2018). Larval host plants used by butterflies in the myristica swamps were photographed. Floras referred for identification of the larval hostplants are Ramarao (1914), Gamble (1967), Subramanian (1995), Blatter & Millard (1997), Sivarajan & Mathew (1997) , Seethalakshmi & Kumar (1998), Renuka (2000), Ravi & Mohanan (2004) and Nayar et al. (2006). Host plant utilization was checked against Sevastopulo (1973), Kunte (2000, 2006), Robinson et al. (2001), Kalesh & Prakash (2007, 2015), and Nitin et al. (2018).
Results and Discussion
Vegetation
The vegetation of the swamps are evergreen species with a majority of the trees being from Myristicaceae. The swamps had a predominance of myristica trees Gymnacranthera farquhariana J.Hk. & Thoms., and Myristica fatua var. magnifica (Bedd.) Sinclair from Myristicaceae family. Other trees observed were Syzygium travancoricum Gamble, Vateria indica L., Hopea parviflora Bedd., Lophopetalum wightianum Arn., Holigarna arnottiana J.Hk., occurring as dominant species. Pandanus thwaitesii Martelli, Phrynium pubinerve Bume, Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan & Borchs., and Carex sp. constituted the undergrowth. The ground vegetation was mainly of Lagenandra ovata (L.). Climbers were also seen in the swamps especially Parsonisia spiralis Wall. ex G.Don and Lianas included Kunstleria keralensis Mohanan & Nair, Chilocarpus denudatus Blume, Gnetum edule (Willd.) Blume, and Ventilago bombaiensis Dals. There were also climbing ferns and Calamus represented by Calamus thwaitesii Becc., Calamus hookerianus Becc., and C. travancorius Bedd. ex Becc., especially in the ecotone with adjacent lowland evergreen forests. The swamp edges had a good undergrowth of plants from Rutaceae, Aristolocaceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae.
Butterfly fauna
In the Myrstica swamp forests, 206 species of butterflies were recorded over a study period of two years (Appendix I). Of these, seven species were MSD with POc value more than or equal to 75, 151 species were MSS with POc >50 and the rest 48 were stragglers (POc <50).
Myristica swamp Dependents (MSD)
Idea malabarica (Moore, 1877) is a typical MSD species with a POc value of 87.5 (Table 1). The regionally preferred host plant is Parsonisia spiralis Wall. ex G.Don (Apocynaceae), and this plant is mostly restricted to the myristica swamps of the region, which explains its high POc value 87.5. For Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880, Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. and Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. (Rutaceae) are the known larval hostplants seen in the swamp. The species was found to have a POc value of 81.81. For Neopithecops zalmora dharma (Moore, [1881]), Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tanaka, and Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. (Rutaceae) are the known larval hosts seen in the undergrowth of the swamp edges. This small lycaenid had a POc of 80.95. Arhopala alea (Hewitson, 1862) had three known host species Terminalia paniculata Roth, Hopea sp. (Dipterocarpaceae) and Syzygium salicifolium (Wight) J.Graham (Myrtaceae). This is a rare butterfly in the region with POc value of 76.92. Males were seen mudpuddling on the sandy edges of swamps in drier winter months. Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore, 1881) is a monophagus species endemic to Western Ghats that feeds on Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou (Aristolochiaceae). This host plant was an ecotone species seen at the edges of the swamps. The POc value was 75.47. Arhopala bazaloides bazaloides (Hewitson, 1878) has Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb.(Dipterocarpaceae) as the known larval hostplant. The butterfly was a rare one with POc 75. Arhopala abseus indicus Riley, 1923 was a rare butterfly of the region with high POc of 75 with Shorea robusta C.F. Gaertn. (Dipterocarpaceae) was the only recorded hostplant in literature. We report here a species of Hopea as its new host plant. This Hopea sp. was generally seen on the fringes of the myristica swamps of the region.
Among the MSD species Idea malabarica (Moore, 1877), Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880, Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore, 1881) and Arhopala alea (Hewitson, 1862) are endemic to the Western Ghats (Larsen 1987). Two species of the MSD are on the IUCN Red Data List, viz., Arhopala bazaloides bazaloides (Hewitson, 1878) under Least Concern category and Idea malabarica (Moore, 1877) under the Near Threatened category (IUCN 2018). One species, Arhopala bazaloides bazaloides (Hewitson, 1878) comes under Schedule II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
Myristica swamp associates (MSA)
There were 151 species that were MSA. They had a POc value between 50 and 75. This implies that they spend much of their time in and around the myristica swamps than outside it. These included 37 Hesperiid species, 40 Lycaenids, 45 Nymphalids, 13 Papilionids, 14 Pierids and two Riodinids (Appendix I). Eighteen taxa listed in the MSA category were found to be endemic species of which 11 species were strictly Western Ghat endemics (Table 2). Two species were Red-Listed by IUCN and 29 species were listed in the various Schedules of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (WPA 1972) (Appendix I).
Stragglers
Forty-eight species were found to be stragglers; of them, three were endemics, three were in IUCN Red List and six species were listed in the WPA 1972. Three species were endemics in the straggler category: Prioneris sita (Felder & Felder, 1865) is endemic to southern India and Sri Lanka, Eurema nilgiriensis (Yata, 1990) is endemic to the Western Ghats, and Rapala lankana (Moore, 1879) is restricted to Western Ghats and Sri Lanka (Western Ghats complex). Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) was listed under Schedule I & II, while Catapaecilma major callone (Fruhstorfer, 1915), Dophla evelina laudabilis Swinhoe, 1890 and Halpe hindu Evans, 1937 falls under Schedule II; Appias libythea (Fabricius, 1775) and Prioneris sita (Felder & Felder, 1865) were Schedule IV species under WPA, 1972. Three species were in IUCN Red List in the Least Concern category – Junonia almana almana (Linnaeus, 1758), J. hierta hierta (Fabricius, 1798), and Eurema brigitta rubella (Wallace, 1867).
Host plant utilization
The complete list of plants of myristica swamps of the study area was obtained from Nair et al. (2007). Eighty-one plant species recorded during the study were butterfly larval hosts in the myristica swamp. Of these, 54 species of plants that we observed as larval hosts were already known larval host plants being used elsewhere for butterflies in the Western Ghats (Table 3). We also found 27 species of new hostplant records being used by 43 species of butterflies (Table 4).
Conclusions
In our study, we found 206 species of butterflies from Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae, Nymphalidae, and Hesperiidae from myristica swamps of Shendurney. Of these only seven species were MSD, which are restricted to the swamps of the region, and 23 species of butterflies were endemic to peninsular India of the Western Ghats complex. With respect to WPA 1972, 32 species seen in the swamps are protected and seven species are in the Red List of IUCN. It was noted that most of the butterflies were shared species with the nearby evergreen patches and only seven species were specifically partial to it. We confirmed the presence of the rare Eurema nilgiriensis (Yata, 1990) Nilgiri Grass Yellow butterfly from Shendurney, extended its range into Agasthyamalais and have recorded Ventilago bombaiensis Dals., as its site-specific larval hostplant. Eighty-one species of plants were recorded as butterfly larval hosts in the myristica swamp ecosystem, with 27 species being new host plant records for Western Ghats. Interestingly, none of the butterflies recorded were using plants of myristicaceae family as larval hosts as far as it is known. The POc is a simple index that can be easily applied to assess habitat association of any taxa.
|
Family |
Tribe |
Genus |
Species |
Subspecies |
POc |
1 |
Nymphalidae |
Danaini |
Idea |
malabarica |
- |
87.5 |
2 |
Papilionidae |
Papilionini |
Papilio |
dravidarum |
- |
81.81 |
3 |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatini |
Neopithecops |
zalmora |
dharma |
80.95 |
4 |
Lycaenidae |
Arhopalini |
Arhopala |
alea |
- |
76.92 |
5 |
Papilionidae |
Troidini |
Pachliopta |
pandiyana |
- |
75.47 |
6 |
Lycaenidae |
Arhopalini |
Arhopala |
bazaloides |
bazaloides |
75 |
7 |
Lycaenidae |
Arhopalini |
Arhopala |
abseus |
indicus |
75 |
|
Species |
Endemic range |
1 |
Troides minos (Cramer, [1779]) |
Southern India |
2 |
Graphium teredon (Felder & Felder, 1865) |
Southern India |
3 |
Mycalesis junonia Butler, 1868 |
Southern India |
4 |
Discophora lepida lepida (Moore, 1857) |
Southern India, Sri Lanka |
5 |
Elymnias caudata Butler, 1871 |
Southern India, Sri Lanka |
6 |
Cirrochroa thais thais (Fabricius, 1787) |
Southern India, Sri Lanka |
7 |
Papilio liomedon Moore, [1875] |
Western Ghats |
8 |
Papilio buddha Westwood, 1872 |
Western Ghats |
9 |
Appias wardii (Moore, 1884) |
Western Ghats |
10 |
Parantirrhoea marshalli Wood-Mason, 1881 |
Western Ghats |
11 |
Zipaetis saitis Hewitson, 1863 |
Western Ghats |
12 |
Cethosia mahratta Moore, 1872 |
Western Ghats |
13 |
Kallima horsfieldii Kollar, [1844] |
Western Ghats |
14 |
Curetis siva Evans, 1954 |
Western Ghats |
15 |
Sovia hyrtacus (de Nicéville, 1897) |
Western Ghats |
16 |
Thoressa astigmata (Swinhoe, 1890) |
Western Ghats |
17 |
Thoressa honorei (de Nicéville, 1887) |
Western Ghats |
18 |
Pareronia ceylanica ceylanica (Felder & Felder, 1865) |
Western Ghats, Sri Lanka |
|
Species |
Butterflies |
---|---|---|
1 |
Abrus precatorius L. |
Curetis thetis (Drury, [1773]) Jamides celeno celeno (Cramer, [1775]) Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) Leptotes plinius plinius (Fabricius, 1793) |
2 |
Acacia torta (Roxb.)Craib |
Prosotas dubiosa indica (Evans, [1925]) Prosotas nora ardates, Moore, [1875] Rapala manea schistacea (Moore, 1879) Surendra quercetorum biplagiata Butler, 1883 Charaxes bharata Felder & Felder, [1867] |
3 |
Areca catechu L. |
Elymnias caudata Butler, 1871 |
4 |
Aristolochia tagala Cham. |
Pachliopta aristolochiae aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775) Troides minos (Cramer, [1779]) |
5 |
Atalantia racemosa Wight ex Hook. |
Chilades lajus lajus (Stoll, [1780]) Papilio polymnestor polymnestor Cramer, [1775] Papilio polytes romulus Cramer, [1775] |
6 |
Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. |
Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) Iambrix salsala luteipalpis (Plötz, 1886) Oriens goloides (Moore, [1881]) Pelopidas agna agna (Moore, [1866]) Pelopidas mathias mathias (Fabricius, 1798) Pelopidas subochracea subochracea (Moore, 1878) Potanthus pseudomaesa pseudomaesa (Moore, [1881]) Taractrocera ceramas (Hewitson, 1868) Ypthima ceylonica Hewitson, 1865 Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871 |
7 |
Bauhinia phoenicea Wight & Arn. |
Charaxes schreiber wardii (Moore, 1896) Coladenia indrani indra Evans, 1926 |
8 |
Bombax ceiba L. |
Neptis hylas varmona Moore, 1872 Neptis jumbah nalanda Fruhstorfer, 1908 |
9 |
Calamus hookerianus Becc. |
Hyarotis adrastus praba (Moore, [1866]) Quedara basiflava (de Nicéville, [1889]) Salanoemia sala (Hewitson, [1866]) |
10 |
Calamus thwaitesii Becc. |
Salanoemia sala, (Hewitson, [1866]) Gangara thyrsis thyrsis (Fabricius, 1775) Amathusia phidippus friderici Fruhstorfer, 1904 Elymnias caudata Butler, 1871 |
11 |
Calamus travancoricus Bedd. ex Becc. |
Suastus minuta bipunctus Swinhoe, 1894 |
12 |
Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f.) J. Presl. |
Graphium doson eleius (Felder & Felder, 1864) Graphium teredon (Felder & Felder, 1865) Papilio clytia clytia Linnaeus, 1758 |
13 |
Combretum latifolium Blume |
Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775) Bibasis sena sena (Moore, [1866]) Burara jaina fergusonii (de Nicéville, [1893]) Anthene emolus emolus (Godart, [1824]) |
14 |
Connarus sp. |
Deudorix epijarbas epijarbas (Moore, 1857) Nacaduba beroe gythion Fruhstorfer, 1916 |
15 |
Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C. D. Specht |
Notocrypta curvifascia curvifascia (Felder & Felder, 1862) |
16 |
Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. |
Pantoporia sandaka davidsoni Eliot, 1969 |
17 |
Elaeocarpus sp. |
Neptis jumbah nalanda Fruhstorfer, 1908 |
18 |
Entada rheedii Spreng. |
Nacaduba hermus sidoma Fruhstorfer, 1916 Nacaduba pactolus continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1916 |
19 |
Ficus hispida L.f. |
Euploea klugii kollari Felder & Felder, [1865] |
20 |
Flacourtia montana J. Graham |
Cupha erymanthis maja Fruhstorfer, 1898 Phalanta phalantha phalantha (Drury, [1773]) |
21 |
Glochidion ellipticum Wight |
Athyma inara inara Westwood, 1850 Athyma perius perius (Linnaeus, 1758) |
22 |
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. |
Chilades lajus lajus (Stoll, [1780]) Neopithecops zalmora dharma (Moore, [1881]) Papilio demoleus demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880 Papilio helenus daksha Hampson, 1888 Papilio polymnestor polymnestor Cramer, [1775] Papilio polytes romulus Cramer, [1775] |
23 |
Grewia nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi
|
Neptis hylas varmona Moore, 1872 Neptis jumbah nalanda Fruhstorfer, 1908 Coladenia indrani indra Evans, 1926 Odontoptilum angulata angulata (Felder, 1862) |
24 |
Helicteres isora L. |
Caprona ransonnetti potiphera (Hewitson, 1873) Neptis hylas varmona Moore, 1872 |
25 |
Ixora sp. |
Cheritra freja butleri Cowan, 1965 Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775) Zeltus amasa amasa (Hewitson, 1865) |
26 |
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. |
Arhopala amantes amantes (Hewitson, 1862) Arhopala centaurus pirama (Moore, [1881]) |
27 |
Lepisanthes tetraphylla Radlk.
|
Acytolepis puspa felderi Toxopeus, 1927 Cheritra freja butleri Cowan, 1965 Megisba malaya (Moore, [1881]) Rapala manea schistacea (Moore, 1879) |
28 |
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg. |
Coladenia indrani indra Evans, 1926 Megisba malaya thwaitesi (Moore, [1881]) Prosotas dubiosa indica (Evans, [1925]) Prosotas nora ardates (Moore, [1875]) Neptis jumbah nalanda Fruhstorfer, 1908 |
29 |
Mangifera indica L. |
Anthene emolus emolus (Godart, [1824]) Chilades lajus lajus (Stoll, [1780]) Horaga onyx cingalensis Moore, [1884] Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775) Spalgis epius epius (Westwood, 1852) Euthalia aconthea meridionalis Fruhstorfer, 1913 |
30 |
Melastoma malabathricum L. |
Rapala iarbus sorya (Kollar, [1844]) Tanaecia lepidea miyana (Fruhstorfer, 1913) |
31 |
Mimosa pudica L. |
Prosotas dubiosa indica (Evans, [1925]) Junonia hierta hierta (Fabricius, 1798) Junonia orithya orithya Butler, 1885 Eurema hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) |
32 |
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. |
Moduza procris procris Fruhstorfer, 1906 |
33 |
Mussaenda frondosa L. |
Athyma inara inara Westwood, 1850 Moduza procris procris Fruhstorfer, 1906 |
34 |
Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser |
Moduza procris procris Fruhstorfer, 1906 |
35 |
Ochlandra travancorica (Bedd.) Gamble |
Baoris farri (Moore, 1878) Caltoris kumara kumara (Moore, 1878) Caltoris philippina philippina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) Matapa aria (Moore, [1866]) Sovia hyrtacus (de Nicéville, 1897) Telicota bambusae bambusae (Moore, 1878) Telicota colon colon (Fabricius, 1775) Thoressa astigmata (Swinhoe, 1890) Thoressa honorei (de Nicéville, 1887) Potanthus pava pava (Fruhstorfer, 1911) Discophora lepida lepida (Moore, 1857) Parantirrhoea marshalli Wood-Mason, 1881 Zipaetis saitis Hewitson, 1863 |
36 |
Olea dioica Roxb. |
Athyma ranga karwara (Fruhstorfer, 1906) |
37 |
Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. |
Oriens goloides (Moore, [1881]) Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus, 1758) Melanits phedima varaha Moore, 1857 Mycalesis perseus tabitha (Fabricius, 1793) |
38 |
Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb. |
Idea malabarica (Moore, 1877) |
39 |
Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm |
Graphium teredon (Felder & Felder, 1865) |
40 |
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. |
Acytolepis puspa felderi Toxopeus, 1927 Arhopala centaurus pirama (Moore, [1881]) Catochrysops strabo strabo (Fabricius, 1793) Chilades pandava pandava (Horsfield, [1829]) Megisba malaya (Moore, [1881]) Rapala iarbus sorya (Kollar, [1844]) |
41 |
Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan & Borchs |
Psolos fuligo subfasciatus (Moore, 1878) |
42 |
Sida rhombifolia L. |
Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793) Hypolimnas bolina jacintha (Drury, 1773) Junonia lemonias lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) |
43 |
Smilax zeylanica L. |
Spindasis lohita lazularia Moore, 1881 Zesius chrysomallus Hübner, 1819 Kaniska canace viridis Evans, 1924 Loxura atymnus atymnus (Stoll, [1780]) |
44 |
Strobilanthes ciliata Nees |
Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Kollar, [1844]) Celaenorrhinus putra putra (Moore, [1866]) Junonia iphita iphita (Cramer, [1779]) Kallima horsfieldii Kollar, [1844] |
45 |
Terminalia elliptica Willd. |
Coladenia indrani indra Evans, 1926 Arhopala amantes amantes (Hewitson, 1862) |
46 |
Terminalia paniculata Roth |
Cupitha purreea (Moore, 1877) Anthene emolus emolus (Godart, [1824]) Arhopala alea (Hewitson, 1862) Arhopala amantes amantes (Hewitson, 1862) Arhopala centaurus pirama (Moore, [1881]) Catapaecilma major callone (Fruhstorfer, 1915) Spindasis lohita lazularia Moore, 1881 Zesius chrysomallus Hübner, 1819 |
47 |
Mallotus nudi orus (L.) Kulju & Welzen |
Catapaecilma major callone (Fruhstorfer, 1915) Thaduka multcaudata kanara Evans, 1925 |
48 |
Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou |
Pachliopta aristolochiae aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775) Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore, 1881) Troides minos (Cramer, [1779]) |
49 |
Urena lobata L. |
Caprona ransonnetti potiphera (Hewitson, 1873) Odontoptilum angulata angulata (Felder, 1862) Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793) Rapala manea schistacea (Moore, 1879) Neptis hylas varmona Moore, 1872 |
50 |
Uvaria narum Wall. |
Graphium agamemnon menides (Fruhstorfer, 1904) |
51 |
Vateria indica L. |
Nacaduba kurava canaraica Toxopeus, 1927 |
52 |
Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. |
Notocrypta curvifascia curvifascia (Felder & Felder, 1862) Udaspes folus (Cramer, [1775]) Jamides alecto alocina (Fruhstorfer, 1916) |
53 |
Zizyphus oenoplia (L.) Miller |
Caleta decidia (Hewitson, 1876) Castalius rosimon rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) Discolampa ethion ethion Westwood, 1851 Tarucus ananda (de Nicéville, [1883]) |
54 |
Zizyphus rugosa Lam. |
Caleta decidia decidia (Hewitson, 1876) Castalius rosimon rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) Catapaecilma major callone (Fruhstorfer, 1915) Rapala iarbus sorya (Kollar, [1844]) Rapala lankana (Moore, 1879) Rapala varuna lazulina (Moore, 1879) Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
Species |
Butterflies |
---|---|---|
1 |
Alpinia malaccensis (N. L. Burman) Roscoe |
Notocrypta curvifascia curvifascia (Felder & Felder, 1862) Notocrypta paralysos mangla Evans, 1949 Udaspes folus (Cramer, [1775] |
2 |
Areca catechu L. |
Suastus gremius gremius (Fabricius, 1798) Gangara thyrsis thyrsis (Fabricius, 1775) Elymnias caudata Butler, 1871 |
3 |
Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook.f. & Thomson |
Graphium agamemnon menides (Fruhstorfer, 1904) |
4 |
Barleria courtallica Nees |
Junonia atlites atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) Junonia hierta hierta (Fabricius, 1798) Junonia lemonias lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) |
5 |
Bauhinia phoenicea Wight & Arn. |
Acytolepis puspa felderi Toxopeus, 1927 Cheritra freja butleri Cowan, 1965 |
6 |
Butea parviflora DC. |
Chilades pandava pandava (Horsfield, [1829]) Curetis thetis (Drury, [1773]) Euchrysops cnejus cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) Jamides bochus bochus (Stoll, [1782]) Jamides celeno celeno (Cramer, [1775]) Coladenia indrani indra Evans, 1926 |
7 |
Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. ex Choisy |
Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775) |
8 |
Curcuma ecalcarata Sivar. & Balach. |
Notocrypta curvifascia curvifascia (Felder & Felder, 1862) Notocrypta paralysos mangla Evans, 1949 Udaspes folus (Cramer, [1775]) |
9 |
Derris canarensis (Dalzell) Baker |
Hasora badra badra (Moore, [1858]) Curetis thetis (Drury, [1773]) |
10 |
Desmodium heterocarpon (L.)DC. |
Chilades pandava pandava (Horsfield, [1829]) Curetis siva (Evans, 1954) Euchrysops cnejus cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) |
11 |
Dimocarpus longan Lour. |
Nacaduba beroe gythion Fruhstorfer, 1916 |
12 |
Dioscorea bulbifera L. |
Tagiades gana silvia, Evans, 1934 Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa Möschler, 1878 |
13 |
Diospyros species |
Dophla evelina laudabilis Swinhoe, 1890 |
14 |
Hopea parviflora Bedd.
|
Arhopala bazaloides bazaloides (Hewitson, 1878) Arhopala centaurus pirama (Moore, [1881]) Arhopala amantes amantes (Hewitson, 1862) Arhopala abseus indicus Riley, 1923 Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775) |
15 |
Hoya pauciflora Wight |
Euploea sylvester coreta (Godart, 1819) Tirumala limniace exoticus (Gmelin, 1790) |
16 |
Humboldtia decurrens Bedd. |
Jamides celeno celeno (Cramer, [1775]) |
17 |
Hibiscus furcatus Roxb. |
Neptis hylas varmona Moore, 1872 |
18 |
Hydnocarpus pentandra (Buch.-Ham.) Oken |
Cirrochroa thais thais (Fabricius, 1787) |
19 |
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. |
Catapaecilma major callone (Fruhstorfer, 1915) |
20 |
Litsea travancorica Gamble |
Graphium teredon (Felder & Felder, 1865) Papilio clytia clytia Linnaeus, 1758 |
21 |
Pinanga dicksonii (Roxb.) Bl. |
Gangara thyrsis thyrsis (Fabricius, 1775) Elymnias caudata Butler, 1871 Suastus gremius gremius (Fabricius, 1798) |
22 |
Polyalthia fragrans (Dalz.) Bedd. |
Graphium agamemnon menides (Fruhstorfer, 1904) Graphium doson eleius (Felder & Felder, 1864) Graphium nomius nomius (Esper, 1799) |
23 |
Sterculia guttata Roxb. |
Rapala maneaschistacea (Moore, 1879) |
24 |
Syzygium species |
Arhopala amantes amantes (Hewitson, 1862) Arhopala centaurus pirama (Moore, [1881]) Arhopala alea (Hewitson, 1862) |
25 |
Tylophora mollissima Wight |
Euploea core core (Cramer, [1780]) Parantica aglea aglea, (Stoll, [1782]) Tirumala limniace exoticus (Gmelin, 1790) |
26 |
Vateria indica L. |
Arhopala centaurus pirama (Moore, [1881]) Arhopala amantes amantes (Hewitson, 1862) Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775) |
27 |
Ventilago bombaiensis Dals. |
Eurema nilgiriensis (Yata, 1990) |
For images / figures – click here
References
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|
Genus |
Species |
Subspecies |
Status |
Endemic status |
IUCN Redlist Status |
WPA 1972 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Papilionidae |
|||||||
1 |
Troides |
minos |
- |
MSA |
Southern India |
|
|
2 |
Pachliopta |
aristolochiae |
aristolochiae |
MSA |
|
|
|
3 |
Pachliopta |
hector |
- |
MSA |
Peninsular India, SL |
|
Sh I |
4 |
Pachliopta |
pandiyana |
- |
MSD |
Western Ghats |
|
|
5 |
Graphium |
agamemnon |
menides |
MSA |
|
|
|
6 |
Graphium |
doson |
eleius |
MSA |
|
|
|
7 |
Graphium |
teredon |
- |
MSA |
Southern India |
|
|
8 |
Graphium |
antiphates |
naira |
STR |
|
|
|
9 |
Papilio |
buddha |
- |
MSA |
Western Ghats |
|
Sh II |
10 |
Papilio |
clytia |
clytia |
MSA |
|
|
Sh I |
11 |
Papilio |
helenus |
daksha |
MSA |
|
|
|
12 |
Papilio |
liomedon |
- |
MSA |
Western Ghats |
|
Sh I |
13 |
Papilio |
paris |
tamilana |
MSA |
|
|
|
14 |
Papilio |
polymnestor |
polymnestor |
MSA |
|
|
|
15 |
Papilio |
polytes |
romulus |
MSA |
|
|
|
16 |
Papilio |
dravidarum |
- |
MSD |
Western Ghats |
|
|
17 |
Papilio |
demoleus |
demoleus |
STR |
|
|
|
Pieridae |
|||||||
18 |
Catopsilia |
pomona |
pomona |
MSA |
|
|
|
19 |
Catopsilia |
pyranthe |
pyranthe |
MSA |
|
|
|
20 |
Eurema |
blanda |
silhetana |
MSA |
|
|
|
21 |
Eurema |
hecabe |
hecabe |
MSA |
|
|
|
22 |
Eurema |
brigitta |
rubella |
STR |
|
Least Concern |
|
23 |
Eurema |
nilgiriensis |
- |
STR |
Western Ghats |
|
|
24 |
Appias |
albina |
swinhoei |
MSA |
|
|
|
25 |
Appias |
indra |
shiva |
MSA |
|
|
Sh II |
26 |
Appias |
lyncida |
latifasciata |
MSA |
|
|
Sh II |
27 |
Appias |
wardii |
- |
MSA |
Western Ghats |
|
Sh II |
28 |
Cepora |
nadina |
remba |
MSA |
|
|
Sh II |
29 |
Delias |
eucharis |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
30 |
Hebomoia |
glaucippe |
australis |
MSA |
|
|
|
31 |
Leptosia |
nina |
nina |
MSA |
|
|
|
32 |
Pareronia |
ceylanica |
ceylanica |
MSA |
Western Ghats, SL |
|
|
33 |
Pareronia |
hippia |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
34 |
Appias |
libythea |
- |
STR |
|
|
Sh IV |
35 |
Belenois |
aurota |
aurota |
STR |
|
|
|
36 |
Cepora |
nerissa |
phryne |
STR |
|
|
|
37 |
Prioneris |
sita |
- |
STR |
Southern India, SL |
|
Sh IV |
Nymphalidae |
|||||||
38 |
Cethosia |
mahratta |
- |
MSA |
Western Ghats |
|
|
39 |
Acraea |
violae |
- |
STR |
|
|
|
40 |
Euthalia |
aconthea |
meridionalis |
MSA |
|
|
|
41 |
Euthalia |
lubentina |
arasada |
MSA |
|
|
Sh IV |
42 |
Tanaecia |
lepidea |
miyana |
MSA |
|
|
Sh II |
43 |
Dophla |
evelina |
laudabilis |
STR |
|
|
Sh II |
44 |
Amathusia |
phidippus |
friderici |
MSA |
|
|
|
45 |
Discophora |
lepida |
lepida |
MSA |
Southern India, SL |
|
Sh II |
46 |
Ariadne |
ariadne |
indica |
MSA |
|
|
|
47 |
Ariadne |
merione |
merione |
MSA |
|
|
|
48 |
Charaxes |
bharata |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
49 |
Charaxes |
psaphon |
imna |
MSA |
|
|
|
50 |
Charaxes |
schreiber |
wardii |
MSA |
|
|
Sh I |
51 |
Charaxes |
solon |
solon |
MSA |
|
|
|
52 |
Cyrestis |
thyodamas |
indica |
STR |
|
|
|
53 |
Euploea |
core |
core |
MSA |
|
Least Concern |
|
54 |
Parantica |
aglea |
aglea |
MSA |
|
|
|
55 |
Idea |
malabarica |
- |
MSD |
Western Ghats |
Near threatened |
|
56 |
Danaus |
chrysippus |
chrysippus |
STR |
|
|
|
57 |
Danaus |
genutia |
genutia |
STR |
|
|
|
58 |
Euploea |
klugii |
kollari |
STR |
|
|
|
59 |
Euploea |
sylvester |
coreta |
STR |
|
|
|
60 |
Tirumala |
limniace |
exoticus |
STR |
|
|
|
61 |
Tirumala |
septentrionis |
dravidarum |
STR |
|
|
|
62 |
Elymnias |
caudata |
- |
MSA |
Southern India, SL |
|
|
63 |
Hypolimnas |
bolina |
jacintha |
MSA |
|
|
|
64 |
Junonia |
iphita |
iphita |
MSA |
|
|
|
65 |
Junonia |
lemonias |
lemonias |
MSA |
|
|
|
66 |
Hypolimnas |
misippus |
- |
STR |
|
|
Sh I & II |
67 |
Junonia |
almana |
almana |
STR |
|
Least Concern |
|
68 |
Junonia |
atlites |
atlites |
STR |
|
|
|
69 |
Junonia |
hierta |
hierta |
STR |
|
Least Concern |
|
70 |
Junonia |
orithya |
swinhoei |
STR |
|
|
|
71 |
Doleschallia |
bisaltide |
malabarica |
MSA |
|
|
Sh II |
72 |
Kallima |
horsfieldii |
|
MSA |
Western Ghats |
|
Sh II |
73 |
Kallima |
horsfieldii |
- |
STR |
Western Ghats |
|
Sh II |
74 |
Athyma |
inara |
inara |
MSA |
|
|
|
75 |
Athyma |
ranga |
karwara |
MSA |
|
|
Sh II |
76 |
Moduza |
procris |
procris |
MSA |
|
|
|
77 |
Melanitis |
leda |
leda |
MSA |
|
|
|
78 |
Melanitis |
phedima |
varaha |
MSA |
|
|
|
79 |
Melanitis |
zitenius |
gokala |
MSA |
|
|
Sh II |
80 |
Parantirrhoea |
marshalli |
- |
MSA |
Western Ghats |
|
Sh II |
81 |
Lasippa |
viraja |
kanara |
MSA |
|
|
|
82 |
Neptis |
hylas |
varmona |
MSA |
|
|
|
83 |
Neptis |
jumbah |
nalanda |
MSA |
|
|
|
84 |
Pantoporia |
hordonia |
hordonia |
MSA |
|
|
|
85 |
Pantoporia |
sandaka |
davidsoni |
MSA |
|
|
|
86 |
Kaniska |
canace |
viridis |
MSA |
|
|
|
87 |
Parthenos |
sylvia |
virens |
MSA |
|
|
Sh II |
88 |
Lethe |
drypetis |
todara |
MSA |
Southern India, SL |
|
|
89 |
Lethe |
europa |
europa |
MSA |
|
|
|
90 |
Orsotriaena |
medus |
mandata |
MSA |
|
|
|
91 |
Mycalesis |
junonia |
- |
MSA |
Southern India |
|
|
92 |
Mycalesis |
mineus |
polydecta |
MSA |
|
|
|
93 |
Mycalesis |
visala |
visala |
STR |
|
|
|
94 |
Ypthima |
ceylonica |
- |
STR |
Peninsular India, SL |
|
|
95 |
Ypthima |
baldus |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
96 |
Ypthima |
huebneri |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
97 |
Zipaetis |
saitis |
- |
MSA |
Western Ghats |
|
Sh II |
98 |
Cirrochroa |
thais |
thais |
MSA |
Southern India, SL |
|
|
99 |
Cupha |
erymanthis |
maja |
MSA |
|
|
|
100 |
Vindula |
erota |
saloma |
MSA |
|
|
|
101 |
Phalanta |
alcippe |
mercea |
STR |
|
|
Sh II |
102 |
Phalanta |
phalantha |
phalantha |
STR |
|
|
|
Riodinidae |
|||||||
103 |
Abisara |
bifasciata |
suffusa |
MSA |
|
|
|
104 |
Abisara |
echerius |
prunosa |
MSA |
|
|
|
Lycaenidae |
|||||||
105 |
Curetis |
siva |
|
MSA |
Western Ghats |
|
|
106 |
Curetis |
thetis |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
107 |
Amblypodia |
anita |
dina |
MSA |
|
|
|
108 |
Thaduka |
multicaudata |
kanara |
MSA |
|
|
Sh II |
109 |
Iraota |
timoleon |
arsaces |
STR |
|
|
|
110 |
Arhopala |
abseus |
indicus |
MSD |
|
|
|
111 |
Arhopala |
alea |
- |
MSD |
Western Ghats |
|
|
112 |
Arhopala |
bazaloides |
bazaloides |
MSD |
|
Least Concern |
Sh II |
113 |
Arhopala |
amantes |
amantes |
STR |
|
|
|
114 |
Arhopala |
centaurus |
pirama |
STR |
|
|
|
115 |
Surendra |
quercetorum |
biplagiata |
STR |
|
|
|
116 |
Catapaecilma |
major |
callone |
STR |
|
|
Sh II |
117 |
Cheritra |
freja |
butleri |
MSA |
|
Least Concern |
|
118 |
Bindahara |
moorei |
- |
MSA |
|
|
Sh II |
119 |
Deudorix |
epijarbas |
epijarbas |
STR |
|
|
|
120 |
Rapala |
lankana |
- |
STR |
|
|
|
121 |
Rapala |
manea |
schistacea |
STR |
|
|
|
122 |
Rathinda |
amor |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
123 |
Hypolycaena |
othona |
othona |
MSA |
|
|
Sh I |
124 |
Zeltus |
amasa |
amasa |
MSA |
|
|
|
125 |
Tajuria |
cippus |
cippus |
MSA |
|
|
|
126 |
Loxura |
atymnus |
atymnus |
MSA |
|
|
|
127 |
Anthene |
lycaenina |
lycaenina |
MSA |
|
|
|
128 |
Acytolepis |
lilacea |
lilacea |
MSA |
|
|
|
129 |
Acytolepis |
puspa |
felderi |
MSA |
|
|
|
130 |
Caleta |
decidia |
decidia |
MSA |
|
|
|
131 |
Castalius |
rosimon |
rosimon |
MSA |
|
|
|
132 |
Celastrina |
lavendularis |
lavendularis |
MSA |
|
|
|
133 |
Chilades |
lajus |
lajus |
MSA |
|
|
|
134 |
Chilades |
pandava |
pandava |
MSA |
|
|
|
135 |
Discolampa |
ethion |
ethion |
MSA |
|
|
|
136 |
Ionolyce |
helicon |
viola |
MSA |
|
|
|
137 |
Jamides |
alecto |
eurysaces |
MSA |
|
|
|
138 |
Jamides |
bochus |
bochus |
MSA |
|
|
|
139 |
Jamides |
celeno |
celeno |
MSA |
|
|
|
140 |
Megisba |
malaya |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
141 |
Nacaduba |
berenice |
ormistoni |
MSA |
|
|
|
142 |
Nacaduba |
beroe |
gythion |
MSA |
|
|
|
143 |
Nacaduba |
calauria |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
144 |
Nacaduba |
hermus |
sidoma |
MSA |
|
|
|
145 |
Nacaduba |
kurava |
canaraica |
MSA |
|
|
|
146 |
Nacaduba |
pactolus |
continentalis |
MSA |
|
|
Sh II |
147 |
Petrelaea |
dana |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
148 |
Prosotas |
dubiosa |
indica |
MSA |
|
|
|
149 |
Prosotas |
nora |
ardates |
MSA |
|
|
|
150 |
Prosotas |
noreia |
hampsonii |
MSA |
|
|
Sh I |
151 |
Pseudozizeeria |
maha |
ossa |
MSA |
|
|
|
152 |
Zizeeria |
karsandra |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
153 |
Zizina |
otis |
indica |
MSA |
|
|
|
154 |
Zizula |
hylax |
hylax |
MSA |
|
|
|
155 |
Neopithecops |
zalmora |
dharma |
MSD |
|
|
|
156 |
Freyeria |
putli |
- |
STR |
|
|
|
157 |
Leptotes |
plinius |
plinius |
STR |
|
|
|
158 |
Talicada |
nyseus |
nyseus |
STR |
|
|
|
159 |
Spalgis |
epeus |
epeus |
STR |
|
|
|
160 |
Zesius |
chrysomallus |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
Hesperiidae |
|||||||
161 |
Badamia |
exclamationis |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
162 |
Bibasis |
sena |
sena |
MSA |
|
|
Sh II |
163 |
Burara |
jaina |
fergusonii |
MSA |
|
|
|
164 |
Hasora |
chromus |
chromus |
MSA |
|
|
|
165 |
Celaenorrhinus |
leucocera |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
166 |
Celaenorrhinus |
putra |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
167 |
Pseudocoladenia |
dan |
dan |
MSA |
|
|
|
168 |
Sarangesa |
dasahara |
dasahara |
MSA |
|
|
|
169 |
Tagiades |
gana |
silvia |
MSA |
|
|
|
170 |
Tagiades |
litigiosa |
litigiosa |
MSA |
|
|
|
171 |
Caprona |
ransonnettii |
potiphera |
STR |
|
|
|
172 |
Coladenia |
indrani |
indra |
STR |
|
|
Sh II |
173 |
Gerosis |
bhagava |
bhagava |
STR |
|
|
|
174 |
Odontoptilum |
angulata |
angulata |
STR |
|
|
|
175 |
Tapena |
thwaitesi |
- |
STR |
|
|
|
176 |
Aeromachus |
pygmaeus |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
177 |
Ampittia |
dioscorides |
dioscorides |
MSA |
|
|
|
178 |
Cupitha |
purreea |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
179 |
Erionota |
torus |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
180 |
Hyarotis |
adrastus |
praba |
MSA |
|
|
Sh IV |
181 |
Iambrix |
salsala |
luteipalpis |
MSA |
|
|
|
182 |
Matapa |
aria |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
183 |
Notocrypta |
curvifascia |
curvifascia |
MSA |
|
|
|
184 |
Notocrypta |
paralysos |
mangla |
MSA |
|
|
|
185 |
Psolos |
fuligo |
subfasciatus |
MSA |
|
|
|
186 |
Quedara |
basiflava |
- |
MSA |
Western Ghats |
|
|
187 |
Salanoemia |
sala |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
188 |
Sovia |
hyrtacus |
- |
MSA |
Western Ghats |
|
|
189 |
Suastus |
minuta |
bipunctus |
MSA |
|
|
|
190 |
Thoressa |
astigmata |
- |
MSA |
Western Ghats |
|
|
191 |
Thoressa |
honorei |
- |
MSA |
Western Ghats |
|
Sh IV |
192 |
Udaspes |
folus |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
193 |
Gangara |
thyrsis |
thyrsis |
STR |
|
|
Sh IV |
194 |
Halpe |
hindu |
- |
STR |
Western Ghats |
|
|
195 |
Halpe |
porus |
- |
STR |
|
|
|
196 |
Zographetus |
ogygia |
ogygia |
STR |
|
|
Sh IV |
197 |
Oriens |
goloides |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
198 |
Potanthus |
pseudomaesa |
pseudomaesa |
MSA |
|
|
|
199 |
Telicota |
bambusae |
bambusae |
MSA |
|
|
|
200 |
Telicota |
colon |
colon |
MSA |
|
|
|
201 |
Baoris |
farri |
- |
MSA |
|
|
|
202 |
Borbo |
cinnara |
- |
MSA |
|
|
Sh IV |
203 |
Caltoris |
kumara |
kumara |
MSA |
|
|
|
204 |
Caltoris |
philippina |
philippina |
MSA |
|
|
|
205 |
Pelopidas |
mathias |
mathias |
MSA |
|
|
|
206 |
Polytremis |
lubricans |
lubricans |
MSA |
|
|
|
Key: STR: Straggler, SL: Sri Lanka, Sh: Schedules of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.