Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2018 | 10(11): 12515–12522

 

 

New kissing bug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) records from Napo and Morona-Santiago provinces with distribution updates in Ecuador

 

Ana Soto-Vivas 1, Sandra Enríquez 2, Ernesto Villacrés 3, Jazzmin Arrivillaga 4, Martín Hinojosa 5  & Jonathan Liria 6

 

1 Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador

2,3 Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador

4 Área de Ambiente, Turismo Histórico Cultural, Facultad de Comunicación Social, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador

5 Carrera Ingeniería en Ecosistemas, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Vía Tena, Muyuna Kilómetro 7, Napo, Ecuador

6 Grupo de Investigación en Población y Ambiente, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Vía Tena, Muyuna Kilómetro 7, Napo, Ecuador

1 aysoto@uce.edu.ec, 2 sandrabycid@gmail.com, 3 ernestovillacresguevara@yahoo.es, 4 jcarrivillaga@uce.edu.ec, 5 martin.hinojosa@ikiam.edu.ec, 6 jonathan.liria@gmail.com (corresponding author)

 

 

 

Abstract: Four species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are reported in four localities in Ecuadorian Amazonia.  Eratyrus mucronatus Stål, 1859, Rhodnius pictipes Stål, 1872 & Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1811) in Napo Province, and Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927 in Morona-Santiago Province.   Two specimens of R. pictipes were found in an urban area of Tena City (capital province).  These findings can indicate a risk of Chagas disease transmission in urban and peri-urban areas of the Amazonia.

 

Keywords: Chagas disease, new records, Rhodniini, Triatomini.

 

 

Spanish Abstract: Se reportan cuatro especies de Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) en cuatro localidades en la Amazonía ecuatoriana. Eratyrus mucronatus Stål, 1859, Rhodnius pictipes Stål, 1872 y Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1811) en la provincia de Napo, y Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927 en la Provincia de Morona-Santiago. Dos especímenes de R. pictipes se encontraron en el área urbana de la ciudad de Tena (provincia capital). Estos hallazgos pueden indicar un riesgo de transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas en áreas urbanas y periurbanas de la Amazonía.

 

 

 

doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4345.10.11.12515-12522  |  ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0B7A9E1F-0043-4D56-925A-9A1F9D188BBC

 

Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 October 2018 (online & print)

 

Manuscript details: Ms # 4345 | Received 27 June 2018 | Final received 20 September 2018 | Finally accepted 01 October 2018

 

Citation: Soto-Vivas, A., S. Enriquez, E. Villacres, J. Arrivillaga, M. Hinojosa & J. Liria (2018). New kissing bug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) records from Napo and Morona-Santiago provinces with distribution updates in Ecuador. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(11): 12515–12522; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4345.10.11.12515-12522

 

Copyright: © Soto-Vivas et al. 2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

 

Funding: Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Central del Ecuador, Centro Internacional de Zoonosis - Universidad Central del Ecuador, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam.

 

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

 

Author Details: Ana Soto-Vivas PhD, is a Lecturer-Researcher at the Central University of Ecuador. Her research interests are medical entomology, geometric morphometrics, and Triatominae systematics and biogeography. Sandra Enríquez MSc Biology, is a researcher at the Public Health and Zoonoses Research Institute (CIZ) of the Central University of Ecuador, Quito. Biologist and Entomologist. Her research interest is the taxonomy of arthropod vectors, biodiversity, taxonomy of aquatic insects and environmental impact. Ernesto Villacres Biologist, is a researcher at CIZ. His research interests are Triatominae and others arthropod vectors. Jazzmin Arrivillaga PhD, is a Lecturer-Researcher at the Central University of Ecuador. Her research interests are medical entomology and Sand-flies systematics and biogeography. Mr. Martín Hinojosa is an undergraduate student of Ecosystem Engineering program of Ikiam. Jonathan Liria PhD, is a Lecturer-Researcher at the Ikiam University. His research interests are medical entomology, geometric morphometrics, and Culicidae systematics and biogeography.

 

Author Contribution: ASV conducted the Triatominae identification and wrote the first manuscript draft. JL, EV and MH conducted the specimens collections. ASV, JA, SE and JL wrote the final manuscript. SE prepared the specimen photographs. JL elaborated the distribution maps.

 

Acknowledgements: The authors thank Pablo Araujo for the triatomine specimens photographs.

 

 

 

 

Introduction

 

The triatomine bugs are characterized by the hematophagous habit and morphological adaptations associated with the blood feeding.  These insects are the main vectors of Chagas Disease or American Trypanosomiasis (Lent & Wygodzinski 1979; World Bank 1993).  The Triatominae subfamily comprises five tribes, 17 genera, and 150 species, where Triatoma Laporte, 1832 and Rhodnius Stål 1859, are the most important vectors.  Ecuador currently contains about 17 species such as the following: Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811), Triatoma carrioni Larrousse, 1926, Triatoma venosa (Stål, 1872), Triatoma dispar Lent, 1950, Eratyrus mucronatus Stål, 1859, Eratyrus cuspidatus Stål, 1859, Cavernicola pilosa Barber, 1937, Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1811), Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus (Champion, 1899), Panstrongylus howardi (Neiva, 1911), Panstrongylus chinai (Del Ponte, 1929), Panstrongylus lignarius (Walker, 1873), Pastrongylus herreri (Wygodzinsky, 1948), Rhodnius ecuadoriensis Lent & León, 1958, Rhodnius pictipes Stål, 1872, Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927, and was recently described Rhodnius barretti Abad-Franch et al. 2013 (Abad-Franch et al. 2001; Galvão et al. 2003; Abad-Franch et al. 2013; Vaca-Moncayo et al. 2017).

Triatoma dimidiata is the main vector in Ecuador associated with the Chagas disease transmission in Guayas and Manabí provinces; this species is distributed in Los Ríos, El Oro, Pichincha and Bolivar provinces.  On the other hand, R. ecuadoriensis is associated with the transmission in Loja and El Oro provinces and is reported in Manabí, Guayas and Los Ríos too.  Finally, T. carrioni is reported in Azuay, Cañar, Loja, El Oro, Zamora Chinchipe, and recently in Pichincha (Grijalva et al. 2003).  Other species with less importance are P. rufotuberculatus, P. chinai, P. geniculatus, P. lignarius, P. howardi, T. venosa, T. dispar, E. mucronatus, E. cuspidatus and C. pilosa; however in the Amazonia R. pictipes and R. robustus are sylvatic vectors (Aguilar et al. 1999; Abad-Franch et al. 2001; Galvão et al. 2003; Vaca-Moncayo et al. 2017).  Due to this, we reported new triatomine records in two Ecuadorian Amazonia Provinces with update distribution in Ecuador.

 

 

Material and Methods

 

This study is based on, one male specimen of E. mucronatus, three males specimens of R. pictipes and one female specimen of P. geniculatus, found dead in the main entrance of the Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam (0.9540S & 77.8620W); more recently, two dead female specimens of R. robustus were found in the Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam (same coordinates).  Later, two additional dead female specimens of R. pictipes were found in two houses of the urban area of Tena City (0.9890S & 77.8270W and 0.9870S & 77.8120W).  The first specimen was found inside the house in the living room close to the kitchen, and the second specimen was found outside the house on the third floor in the department entrance.  Houses are surrounded by secondary forest patches at 20–125 m and 200–278 m to the Tena River.  All the insects were pinned, mounted and the identification was determined using taxonomic keys of Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979), Carcavallo et al. (1998a) and Soto-Vivas (2009).  In R. pictipes, the male genitalia were dissected following the morphological description of Bérenger & Pluot-Sigwalt (2002).  The triatomine specimens were deposited at the entomological collection of Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis in the Universidad Central del Ecuador: “Colección Nacional de Referencia de Artrópodos de Importancia en Zoonosis (CONRAZ)”.  Finally, the four specimens of R. robustus collected in Yuwientza (2.0670S & 77.8830W), a Shuar community located in Morona Santiago Province was verified by CONRAZ.

 

 

Results and Discusion

The list of species with diagnostic characters, distribution and medical importance are given below:

 

Family Reduviidae

Subfamily Triatominae

Tribe Triatomini

Eratyrus mucronatus Stål, 1859 (Image 1)

Diagnostic characters: Rostrum with first and second segments larger (subequal in length), third segment short; anterior process of scutellum form a sharply pointed spine (the spine as long as the entire scutellum); fore lobe of pronotum with 1+1 strong discal spines; humeral angles distinctly spinose; subapical reddish spot of corium comparatively small, anteriorly not attaining level of m-cu cross-vein; free portion of vesica flattened apically in side view; abdomen dorsally with five prominent tubercles along each uroterguites (Lent & Wygodzinsky 1979; Soto-Vivas 2009).

Material examined: EC-N-M-T25, 01.ix.2016, 1 male, Campus Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam (7km to Muyuna), Napo, 0.9540S & 77.8620W, 600m, coll. Conraz.

Distribution (Carcavallo et al. 1999; Galvão et al. 2003; Chávez 2006; Guhl et al. 2007; Bérenger et al. 2009; Morocoima et al. 2010; Meneguetti et al. 2011; Obara et al. 2013; Hiwat 2014; Galvão 2014; Ceccarelli et al. 2018): Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Chuquisaca, Oruro, Potosí); Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondonia, Tocantins); Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Casanare, Cundinamarca, Meta, Norte Santander, Vaupés); Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Loja, Napo, Orellana, Sucumbíos), Guatemala, Guiana, French Guiana (Cayenne, Grand Santi, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande, Mana, Régina, Roura, Saul, Kourou, Sinnamary); Panama, Perú (Junín, Madre de Dios, Loreto, Ucayali, San Martín), Suriname (Brokopondo, Paramaribo, Para, Sipaliwini); Trinidad (Tunapuna-Piarco, San Juan-Laventille); Venezuela (Anzoátegui, Aragua, Amazonas, Barinas, Carabobo, Cojedes, Guárico, Falcón, Lara, Mérida, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia).

Medical importance: Eratyrus mucronatus   has been found naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas 1909); It was reported in small domestic colonies attracted to light in Andean areas of Bolivia.  Also, it was recorded in domiciliation process, invading urban and rural areas near fragmented forests (Soto-Vivas et al. 2001; Abad-Franch et al. 2009).

 

Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1811) (Image 2)

Diagnostic characters: Length more than 20mm; head comparatively short and stout, in lateral view; posterior process of scutellum elongate subcylindrical, narrowly tapering apically; pronotum with extensive, conspicuous black markings; all connexival segments with light and dark marking; abdomen light colored ventrally, with longitudinal series of black spots (Lent & Wygodzinsky 1979; Soto-Vivas 2009).

Material examined: EC-N-M-T34, 22.viii.2018, 1 female, Campus Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam (7km to Muyuna), Napo, 0.9540S & 77.8620W, 600m, coll. Conraz.

Distribution (Carcavallo et al., 1999; Galvão et al. 2003; Chávez 2006; Guhl et al. 2007; Leite et al. 2007; Bérenger et al. 2009; Morocoima et al. 2010; Meneguetti et al. 2011; Obara et al. 2013; Hiwat 2014; Galvão 2014; Ceccarelli et al. 2018): Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fe, Santiago Del Estero); Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Tarija); Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, Roraima, São Paulo, Tocantins); Colombia (Antioquia, Amazonas, Bolívar, Boyacá, Cauca, Casanare, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Huila, Meta, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca); Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José); Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Imbabura, Manabí, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Sucumbíos); French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni); Guatemala, Guyana  (Cuyuni-Mazaruni); Mexico (Chiapas, Veracruz, Yucatán); Nicaragua (Atlántico Norte, Atlántico Sur, Managua, Río San Juan); Panama (Bocas del Toro, Colón, Los Santos, Panamá); Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Concepción, Paraguarí); Peru (Amazonas, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Cusco, Huánuco, Junín, Madre de Dios, Loreto, Pasco, San Martín, Ucayali); Suriname (Brokopondo, Commewijne, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Wanica); Trinidad & Tobago (Diego Martín, San Juan-Laventille, Sangre Grande, Siparia, Tunapuna-Piarco); Uruguay; Venezuela (Anzoátegui, Amazonas, Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Delta Amacuro, Distrito Capital, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Mérida, Miranda, Monagas, Trujillo, Táchira, Yaracuy, Vargas, Zulia).

Medical importance: Panstrongylus geniculatus is a widely distributed species occupying natural habitats like burrows; this species shows association with Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758 and Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 (Abad-Franch et al. 2001) and rodents. It is believed that it is responsible for maintaining the enzootic cycle of T. cruzi.

 

Tribe Rhodniini

Rhodnius pictipes Stål, 1872 (Image 3)

Diagnostic characters: Head laterally behind the eyes with callosities setiferous tubercles; antenna inserted proximal to head; anteocular region of the head at least 2.7 times as long as postocular; pronotum very granulose, rugose; femora yellowish, mottled with dark brown; tibiae of all pairs of legs with dark submedian annulus; corium brownish, irregularly spotted with black; rectangular dark spots of dorsal connexival segments with conspicuous pointed projection posteriorly, at least on segments 3 to 5; process of pygophore bispinous with short base (Lent & Wygodzinsky 1979; Bérenger & Pluot-Sigwalt 2002; Soto-Vivas 2009).

Material examined: EC-N-M-T26, EC-N-M-T27, EC-N-M-T28, 03.iii.2016, 3 males, Campus Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam (7km to Muyuna), Napo, 0.9540S & 77.8620W, 600m, coll. CONRAZ. EC-N-T-T29, 23.iii.2018, 1 female, Barrio El Dorado (Tena City), Napo, 0.9870S & 77.8120W, 500m, CONRAZ. EC-N-T-T30, 20.v.2018, 1 female Barrio San Antonio (Tena City), Napo, 0.9890S & 77.8270W, 517m, coll. CONRAZ.

Distribution (Carcavallo et al. 1999; Abad-Franch et al. 2001; Galvão et al. 2003; Chávez 2006; Cortez et al. 2007; Guhl et al. 2007; Hiwat 2014; Galvão 2014; Ceccarelli et al. 2018): Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando); Belize, Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Piauí, Roraima, Tocantins); Colombia (Amazonas, Boyacá, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, Guaviare, Meta, Norte Santander, Putumayo, Vaupés); Ecuador (Azuay, Morona Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Sucumbíos); Guiana, French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent du Maroni); Peru (Ayacucho, Cusco, Huánuco, Madre de Dios, Loreto, Ucayali, San Martín, Junín); Suriname (Brokopondo, Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Paramaribo, Para, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Wanica); Trinidad (Diego Martín, Rio Claro-Mayaro, Siparia, Tanapuma-Piarco); Venezuela (Anzoátegui, Amazonas, Apure, Aragua, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Falcón, Mérida, Miranda, Monagas, Portuguesa, Táchira, Trujillo, Sucre, Yaracuy, Zulia).

Medical importance: Occasionally attracted to light in human dwellings. It has been found naturally infected with T. cruzi. (Carcavallo et al. 1999; Feliciangeli et al. 2004a; Abad-Franch et al. 2009).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927 (Image 4)

Diagnostic characters: Head laterally behind the eyes with callosities setiferous tubercles; antenna inserted proximal to the head apex; anteocular region about four times as long as postocular; distance between eyes dorsally smaller than, or equal to, width of eye; head distinctly longer than pronotum (1:0.65–0.80); median process of pygophore narrow, pointed apically and with narrow triangular base; larger species, length of males 20–23.5 mm, of females 23–26 mm (Lent & Wygodzinsky 1979; Soto-Vivas 2009).

Material examined: EC-MS-Y-T17, EC-MS-Y-T18, EC-MS-Y-T19, EC-MS-Y-T20, 14.xi.2009, 3 males and 1 female, Yuwientza “Shuar community”, Morona Santiago, 2.0670S & 77.8830W, 1,126m, coll. Conraz; EC-N-M-T32, 12.vii.2018, 1 female, Campus Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam (7km to Muyuna), Napo, 0.9540S & 77.8620W, 600m, coll. Conraz; EC-N-M-T33, 23.viii.2018, 1 female, Campus Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam (7km to Muyuna), Napo, 0.9540S & 77.8620W, 600m, coll. Conraz.

Distribution: (Carcavallo et al. 1999; Abad-Franch et al. 2001; Galvão et al. 2003; Chávez 2006; Cortez et al. 2007; Guhl et al. 2007; Bérenger et al. 2009; Hiwat, 2014; Galvão 2014; Ceccarelli et al. 2018): Bolivia (Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz, Pando); Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondonia, Roraima, Tocantins); Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Bolívar, Cundinamarca, Norte Santander, Santander, Tolima); Ecuador (Napo, Morona Santiago, Sucumbíos, Orellana); French Guiana (Cayenne, Macouria, Matoury, Grand-Santi, Regina), Perú (Amazonas, Cajamarca, Junín, Madre de Dios, Loreto, San Martín, Ucayali); Suriname (Brokopondo, Marowijne, Para, Saramacca, Sipaliwini); Venezuela (Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Falcón, Mérida, Monagas, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Yaracuy).

Medical importance: This species is closely related to R. prolixus, and has been associated to sylvatic habits and infected with T. cruzi.  In northern South America, they were found migrating from palms to the houses, occurring where R. prolixus was eliminated by Chagas disease control programs (Monteiro et al. 2003; Guhl et al. 2007; Longa & Scorza 2007).

 

Epidemiological significance

The Amazonian Chagas disease transmission has increased in  recent years; the first reports were in Brazil by Coura et al. (1994, 1995, 2002) and Albajar et al. (2003); recently Santalla et al. (2011), stated a case from Bolivian Amazonia.  In Ecuador, the first records were registered by Aguilar & Yépez (1995) in three Amazonian Provinces: Sucumbíos, Napo, and Pastaza.  More recently, Amunárriz et al. (2010), reported a population infected by T. cruzi located between the margins of Napo and Aguarico rivers.  These authors mentioned three triatomine species involved: P. geniculatus, R. pictipes and R. robustus. Abad-Franch & Monteiro (2007) stated that all Amazonian triatomine species comprises four tribes: Rhodniini, Bolbolderini, Cavernicolini, and Triatomini (with Eratyrus).

Eratyrus mucronatus is a sylvatic species responsible for the enzootic Chagas transmission (Morocoima et al. 2010) and reported occasionally in the peridomicile with a synanthropic trend (Noireau et al. 1995; Carcavallo et al. 1998b; Soto-Vivas et al. 2001).

Panstrongylus geniculatus is a sylvatic species associated with animal burrows and trees that provide microclimate conditions for their survival (Herrera & Urdaneta-Morales 1992; 1997).  In the last decade, this species has been associated with domiciliated environments, frequently found in chicken coops and invading homes attracted by light or in search of food (Feliciangeli et al. 2004b).  Also, it has been found colonizing Rattus rattus Linnaeus, 1758 burrows in precarious dwellings (Reyes-Lugo 2009).  Although it is true that in urban environments this species prefers to feed on chickens, dogs, cats, and synanthropic rodents, it is important to keep the entomological vigilance and its possible implication in the transmission of T. cruzi. (Herrera et al. 2003).

Sylvatic Rhodnius species distribution is related to the Arecaceae (Palms), and their feeding habits are associated with birds; this triatomine species are specialized to explore the Palm microhabitats (Lent & Wygodzinsky 1979; Abad-Franch et al. 2009).  Also, several authors stated the association between Rhodnius and birds nest of Phacellodomus rufifrons (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) and other Furnariidae species (Lent & Jurberg 1975; Abad-Franch & Monteiro 2007).

Abad-Franch et al. (2001) studied the biogeography of Ecuadorian triatomine based on distribution maps for each species. We georeferenced all Orellana/Napo records for E. mucronatus, R. pictipes and P. geniculatus, and the entire records correspond only to Orellana based on the Provinces boundaries (Fig. 1 A,B); also, we checked all triatomine records found in the Zoology Museum (QCAZ) on-line data base at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ 2018).  Due to this it was recorded for the first time that three species in Napo, and also the R. robustus distribution has spread out to Morona Santiago Province.

Finally, the land use changes, the wild source feed availability and triatomine species competence, can be a risk of disease transmission in urban and peri-urban areas of the Ecuadorian Amazonia.  Due to this it is relevant to implement programs for entomological vigilance for the Chagas disease.

 

 

 

 

 

References

 

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Abad-Franch, F. & F. Monteiro (2007). Biogeography and evolution of Amazonian triatomines (Heteroptera: Reduviidae): implications for Chagas disease surveillance in humid forest ecoregions. Memoria do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 102: 57–70; https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762007005000108

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