Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26
November 2019 | 11(14): 14845–14861
A
checklist of rust fungi from Himachal Pradesh, India
Ajay Kumar Gautam 1 &
Shubhi Avasthi 2
1 School of
Agriculture, Abhilashi University, Chail Chowk, Tehsil Chachyot, Mandi,
Himachal Pradesh 175028, India.
2 School
of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 474001, India.
1 a2gautam2006@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 shubh.avasth@gmail.com
Abstract: An updated analysis of the diversity of rust fungi in
Himachal Pradesh is provided herein as a product of field surveys, of
mycological analysis, and of all forms of published documentation and literature. The results of all forms of analysis revealed
that Himachal Pradesh has 167 species of rust fungi belonging to the class
Pucciniomycetes. The class is
represented by 11 families, 23 genera with 167 species. The Pucciniaceae (96 species) followed
by Phragmidiaceae (14 species) are the largest families of rust fungi
reported from the state. Rest of the
families were found associated with 1–10 species of rust fungi. The rust fungi (19 species) with uncertain
placement are placed in incertae sedis. The rust genera reported from Himachal Pradesh
so far are Aecidium, Chrysomyxa, Coleosporium, Frommea,
Gymnosporangium, Kuehneola, Kweilingia, Melampsora,
Monosporidium, Ochrospora, Peridermium, Phakopsora,
Phragmidium, Pileolaria, Puccinia, Pucciniastrum, Pucciniostele,
Ravenelia, Skierka, Uredinopsis, Uredo, Urocystis,
and Uromyces.
Keywords: Basidiomycota, checklist, Himachal Pradesh,
Pucciniales, Pucciniomycetes.
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4238.11.14.14845-14861
Editor: R.K. Verma,
Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, India. Date of publication: 26 November 2019 (online &
print)
Manuscript details: #4238 | Received 07 May 2018 |
Final received 18 October 2019 | Finally accepted 27 October 2019
Citation: Gautam, A.K. & S. Avasthi (2019). A checklist of rust fungi from Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(14): 14845–14861. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4238.11.14.14845-14861
Copyright: © Gautam & Avasthi 2019. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing
interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Dr. Ajay Kumar Gautam PhD, is serving at School of
Agriculture, Abhilashi University Mandi (H.P.). His research is focused on
fungal diversity of north-western Himalaya. Dr.
Shubhi Avasthi has obtained her PhD from Jiwaji University Gwalior.
Presently she is working as guest Faculty at School of Studies in Botany,
Jiwaji University Gwalior.
Author contribution: AKG performed the survey, data collection and finalized the manuscript.
SA compiled the published literature and contributed in manuscript writing.
Acknowledgements:
Authors are grateful to their
respective organizations for providing the necessary laboratory facilities and
valuable support during the study. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their
critical comments and suggestions.
Introduction
Rust fungi are highly specialized obligate plant
parasites having several unique morphological and microscopic features. These fungi commonly appear as yellow orange
or brown powder on a variety of host plants and
plant parts. Unlike other plant
pathogens, rusts usually affect healthy and vigorously growing plants; the
infection is limited to plant parts, such as leaves, petioles, tender shoots,
stem, and fruits. The group is
considered as one of the most harmful plant pathogens in agriculture,
horticulture and forestry. These fungi
are of major concern because they act as limiting factors for the successful
cultivation, plantation and growth of agricultural crops and forestry plants. A wider diversity and broader host range is
exhibited by this fungal group and their infection is not only limited to
agricultural crops but also non-agricultural plants including medicinal herbs,
shrubs, trees, and even weeds. An
estimated 168 rust genera and approximately 7,000 species exist on various
plant hosts, more than half of which belong to the genus Puccinia (Mohanan
2010).
Rust fungi show unique systematic characteristics
among all fungal groups. A single
species may produce up to five morphologically and cytologically distinct
spore-producing structures, viz., spermagonia, aecia, uredinia, telia, and
basidia, in successive stages of reproduction during the infection
process. The presence of these successive
stages may vary from species to species.
To initiate and develop infection, rusts require an average temperature
up to 35°C along with 50–60 % relative humidity. The rust infected plants may appear stunted,
chlorotic (yellowed), or otherwise discoloured, whereas, disease symptoms
includes coloured pustules, witches brooms, stem canker, hypertrophy of the
affected tissues or formation of galls (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003). Unlike
other fungi, rusts exhibit one of the most important characteristics of their
exceptionally high degree of host specificity.
Among all reported rust fungi, some are among
agriculture’s most destructive and devastating pathogens, causing diseases such
as wheat stem rust, wheat yellow (stripe) rust, Asian soybean rust, coffee rust
and many more. These rust fungi cause
annual crop losses in billions every year worldwide. This loss can be greater in developing world
where growers are not aware about diseases caused by rust fungi and often
cannot afford fungicides. Owing to their
economic importance, the rusts have been studied extensively in regular
mycological surveys in Himachal Pradesh, but no single-source compiled
literature is available. Therefore, this
study facilitates the access to scattered Himalayan literature with reference
to rust fungi to the students and plant pathologists of national and
international community.
Study area
Himachal Pradesh is one of the northern states of
India that lies between 30.377– 32.21 North and 75.74 – 79.07 East. It is a mountainous state with very high
mountains to grasslands in plain (Figure 1).
Great variations in elevation ranging from about 350m (1,148 ft) to
7,000m (22,966 ft) are found in the state.
The variations are also observed in the climatic conditions. Hot and sub-humid tropical conditions were
found in the southern tracts while, cold, alpine and glacial conditions in the
northern and eastern mountain ranges with more elevation. The variability in rainfall was observed in
the range of 1,500–3,000 mm. These
variations in geo-climatic conditions of the state lead to greater biodiversity
in the state. A total 66.52% of the area
is covered with very dense evergreen to deciduous forests types. While, alpine shrub and meadows are found distributed
in the west and northeastern Himalaya; alders, birches, rhododendrons, and
moist alpine shrubs are regional vegetation.
The plant pathogens including bacteria, fungi and viruses are also found
due to these changeable geographical and climatic conditions of the state which
are quite favourable for their growth and development.
Materials and methods
The information on rust fungi was gathered by
investigating the following data sources: (1) mycological survey conducted on
rust fungi from Himachal Pradesh during the years 2014 to 2018, and (2) all
forms of published documentation and literature (Bilgrami et al. 1991;
Jamaluddin et al. 2004). The names of
some taxon in the obtained data have been replaced by currently accepted names
as they were of out-of-date. The current
usage of names was checked using the Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/)
to adopt the generic and specific taxonomy in Species Fungorum (http://www.speciesfungorum.org/).
The plant samples found infected with rust fungi were
collected during a mycological survey of various localities of Himachal
Pradesh. Field observations of rust
fungi on host plants and their photographs were taken in natural conditions. Collected specimens were packed in paper bags
and taken to the laboratory for further analysis. A few disease samples were used for
morphological analysis of the rust fungi and the rest of the materials were
dried for future microscopic studies.
The air dried specimens were preserved in standard size herbarium packets
and deposited at the Abhilashi University Mycological Herbarium (AUMH).
The microscopic mounts were prepared from fresh
samples by brushing the rust powder into a drop of distilled water and
lactophenol on microscopic slides, which were covered with cover slip and
gently heated. The microscopic slides were analysed for spore dimensions like
size, shape and ornamentations.
Both macro- and micro-morphological characters
obtained from the laboratory were only used for taxonomic studies of the
collected fungi. The fungal specimens
were identified and their distribution records were checked by using standard
literature (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003; Mukerji & Manoharachary 2010).
Illustrations are photographed under microscope equipped with digital camera.
Results
As per the results obtained in the present study and
from all sources of information, Himachal Pradesh has 167 species of rust fungi
belonging to 23 genera and 11 families (Table 1). The largest family is Pucciniaceae (95
species) followed by Phragmidiaceae (14 species). Other families were reported to have species
of rust fungi up to ten. However, 19
species of rust fungi with uncertain placement are placed in taxonomic
group incertae sedis. Aecidium, Chrysomyxa, Coleosporium, Frommea,
Gymnosporangium, Kuehneola, Kweilingia, Melampsora, Monosporidium,
Ochrospora, Peridermium, Phakopsora, Phragmidium, Pileolaria,
Puccinia, Pucciniastrum, Pucciniostele, Ravenelia, Skierka,
Uredinopsis, Uredo, Urocystis, and Uromyces
are the rust genera reported so far from Himachal Pradesh.
Present studies revealed that 170 plant species
belonging to 52 families were found infected with rust fungi throughout the
state. Thirty-five hosts of family
Poaceae were highest to be found infected with these fungi followed by
Ranunculaceae (16), Rosaceae (15), Asteraceae (11), Polygonaceae (7), Fabaceae,
Salicaceae, Acanthaceae & Lamicaeae (6 each), Pinnaceae & Apiaceae (5
each), Rubiaceae (4), Saxifragaceae, Cyperaceae & Euphorbiaceae (3 each),
and Berberidiaceae, Geraniaceae, Linaceae & Zinziberaceae (2 each). The rest of the plant species were reported
to be infected with a single rust fungus.
The area-wise results revealed that most of the rust fungi (about 127)
were reported from Shimla and nearby regions followed by Solan (22), Kullu
(18), Kangra (9), Chamba & Mandi (7 each), Lahul & Spiti (4), and
Kinnaur & Bilaspur (1 each).
The checklist of rust fungi from Himachal Pradesh, a
hilly state of northern India.
Fungi
Basidiomycota Whittaker ex Moore
Pucciniomycetes Pucciniomycetes R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M.
Weiss & Oberw.
Pucciniales Clem. & Shear
1. Family: Coleosporiaceae Dietel.
Genus: Chrysomyxa Unger., Beitr. vergleich. Pathologie: 24 (1840)
Type species: Chrysomyxa abietis (Wallr.) Unger (1840)
Chrysomyxa deformans (Diet.) Jacz., (Dietal 1890)
On Pinaceae—leaves of Picea morinda
Distribution: Shimla & Dalhausie
Chrysomyxa piceae Barclay, (Barclay 1890)
On Pinaceae—leaves of Picea morinda
Distribution: Narkanda & Mashobra
Chrysomyxa himalensis Barclay, (Butler 1905)
On Ericaceae—leaves of Rhododendron arboreum
Distribution: Shimla
Genus: Coleosporium Lév., Annls Sci. Nat.,
Bot., sér. 3 8: 373 (1847)
Type species: Coleosporium tussilaginis (Pers.)
Lév. (1849)
Coleosporium barclayense Bagchee, (Bagchee 1950; Sehgal et al. 1989; Puri
1955)
On Pinaceae—Fallen needles of Pinus
roxburghii and Pinus excelsa
Distribution: Kullu and Shimla
Coleosporium campanulae (Pers.) Tul., (Barclay 1890; Sehgal et al. 1989)
On Campanulaceae—Leaves of Campanula
colorata, needles of Pinus roxburghii
Distribution: Kasauli and Shimla
Coleosporium clematidis Barclay, (Barkley 1856; Sydow & Butler 1912)
On Ranunculaceae—leaves of Clematis montana and
Clematis buchnania
Distribution: Shimla
Coleosporium leptodermidis (Barclay) P. Syd. & Syd., (Sydow & Butler
1912)
On Ranunculaceae—leaves of Clematismontana
Distribution: Shimla
Coleosporium plectranthi Barclay, (Cummins 1943)
On Lamiaceae—leaves of Plectranthus
geradianus
Distribution: Shimla
Coleosporium senecionis (Pers.) Fr., (Sydow & Mitter 1933)
On Asteraceae—leaves of Senecio graciliforus
Distribution: Shimla
2. Family: Cronartiaceae Dietel.
Genus: Peridermium (Link) J.C. Schmidt &
Kunze,
Type species: Peridermium californicum
Arthur & F. Kern (1914)
Peridermium brevius (Barclay) Sacc., (Barclay 1890)
On Pinaceae—Neeles of Pinus excelsa
Distribution: Shimla
Peridermium cedri (Barclay) Sacc., (Barclay 1890)
On Pinaceae—neeles of Cedrus libani var.
deodar
Distribution: Shimla
Peridermium malayense Bagchee, (Sydow & Butler 1901)
On Pinaceae—branches of Pinuslongifolia
Distribution: Shimla
Peridermium orientale Cooke., (Sydow & Butler 1901)
On Pinaceae—Needles of Pinus longofolia
Distribution: Shimla, Kangra, Kasauli (Solan)
Peridermium piceae (Barclay) Sacc., (Sydow & Butler 1901)
On Pinaceae—leaves of Picea morinda
Distribution: Shimla
Peridermium thomsonii (Berk.) Berk.., (Cooke 1878)
On Pinaceae—leaves of Picea morinda
Distribution: Mahasu (Shimla), Kullu
3. Family: Melampsoraceae Dietel.
Genus: Melampsora Castagne (Image 1)
Type species: Melampsora euphorbiae (Ficinus
& C. Schub.) Castagne (1843)
Melampsora ciliata Barclay, (Barclay 1891, Khan et al. 2004)
On Salicaceae—on leaves of Populus
ciliata
Distribution: Shimla
Melampsora populnea (Pers.) P. Karst., (Syn. Melampsora aecidioides (DC)
Schroet., Melampsora rostrupii G. Wagner) (Barclay 1891; Butler & Bisby 1931;
Cummins 1943; Sharma & Sharma 2000)
On Salicaceae—on leaves of Populus alba,
Populus ciliata
Distribution: Shimla
Melampsora euphorbiae (Ficinus & C. Schub.) Castagne, (Syn. Melampsora
helioscopiae (Pers.) Vint.) (Sydow & Butler 1901)
On Euphorbiaceae—Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild.
Ex. Klotz. and Euphorbia helioscopia
Distribution: Kangra
Melampsora hypericorum (DC.) J. Schröt., (Patil & Nayar 1936)
On Hypericaceae—leaves of Hypericum sp.
Distribution: Shimla
Melampsora caprearum Thüm., (syn. Melampsora laricis-caprearum Kleb.)
(Sydow & Butler 1907)
On Salicaceae—leaves of Salix daphnoides
and Salix elegans
Distribution: Dalhausie (Chamba) and Shimla
Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév., (Mishra 1963b, Mishra & Prasada
1966)
on Linaceae—leaves and stem of Linum
mysorense and Linum grandiflorum.
Distribution: Flowerdale, Shimla
Melampsora medusae Thum., (Paul et al. 2004).
On Salicaceae—leaves of Populus deltoids
Distribution: Kangra
Melampsora oblonga Bagchee, (Ranadive et al. 2012).
On Pinaceae—leaves of Pinus excelsa
Distribution: Mandi (Central H.P.)
Melampsora salicis-albae Kleb., (Sydow & Butler 1901)
On Salicaceae—Leaves of Salix alba
Distribution: Suket, Mandi
Melampsora rostrupii G. H. Wagner, (Syn. M. accidioides, M.
populnea) (Rehill & Puri 1980)
On Salicaceae—leaves of Populus alba
Distribution: Shimla.
Genus: Ochrospora Diet.
Type species: Ochrospora sorbi (G.
Winter) Dietel (
Ochrospora sorbi (Oudem) Diet., (Arthur & Cummins 1933)
On Ranunculaceae—Anemone sp.
Distribution: Alwas (Chamba)
4. Family: Phakopsoraceae Cummins & Y.
Hirats. f.,
Genus: Monosporidium Barclay
Type species: Monosporidium euphorbiae Barclay
ex Sacc. (1891)
Monosporidium andrachnes Barclay, (Barclay1890)
On Phyllanthaceae—leaves of Andrachne
cordifolia,
Distribution: Shimla & Kasuli (Solan)
Monosporidium euphorbiae Barclay ex Sacc., (Barclay 1890)
On Euphorbiaceae—leaves of Euphorbia pilosa
Distribution: Shimla
Genus: Kweilingia Teng
Type species: Kweilingia bambusae (Teng) Teng
(1940)
Kweilingia divina (Syd.) Buriticá (Gautam & Avasthi 2018)
On Poaceae—leaves of Dendroclamus strictus
Distribution: Bilaspur
Genus: Phakopsora Dietel
Type species: Phakopsora punctiformis (Barclay
& Dietel) Dietel (1898)
Phakopsora cronartiiformis Dietel, (Butler 1912)
On
Vitaceae—leaves of Vitis himalayana
Distribution: Nachar, bashahr (Shimla)
Phakopsora punctiformis (Barclay & Dietel) Dietel, (Dietal 1890)
On Rubiaceae—leaves of Galium aparine
Distribution: Shimla
Genus: Pucciniostele Tranzschel & K.L. Kom.
Type species: Pucciniostele clarkiana
(Barclay) Tranzschel & K.L. Kom. (1899)
Pucciniostele clarkiana (Barclay) Tranzschel & K.L. Kom., (Barclay 1890)
On Saxifragaceae—leaves of Astilbe rivularis
Distribution: Shimla
5. Family: Phragmidiaceae Corda
Genus: Frommea Arthur
Type species: Frommea obtusa (F.
Strauss) Arthur (1917)
Frommeella tormentillae (Fuckel) U. Braun, (syn. Frommea obtusa (Str.)
Arth.)
(Godre & Patwardhan 1965)
On Rosaceae—leaves of Potentilla fragariae
Distribution: Shimla
Genus: Kuehneola Magnus
Type species: Kuehneola albida (J.G. Kühn)
Magnus (1898)
Kuehneola loeseneriana (Henn.) H.S. Jacks. & Holw., (syn.
Puccinia arthraxonis (P. Henn.) Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler, (Golatkar
1976; Sharma & Sachan 1994)
On Poaceae—Arthraxon prionodes
Distribution: Kasauli Solan (H.P.).
Genus: Phragmidium Link (Image 2)
Type species: Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.)
Schltdl. (1824)
Phragmidium kamtschatkae (H.W. Anderson) Arthur & Cummins, (syn. Pucciniaroseae
Barclay; Trolliomyces rosae (Barclay) Ulbrich, Teloconia rosae (Barclay)
Syd.) (Mundkar 1938; Pandotra & Ganguly 1964; Ulbrich 1939)
On Rosaceae—leaves and branches of Rosa
macrophylla
Distribution: Shimla
Phragmidium barclayi Dietel, (Sydow & Butler 1907)
On Rosaceae—leaves of Rubus lasiocarpus
Distribution: Shimla
Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., (syn. Phragmidium
disciflorum (Tode) James.)(Cooke 1978)
On Rosaceae—Rosa sp.
Distribution: Kalatop forest, Chamba
Phragmidium incompletum Barclay, (Sydow & Butler 1901)
On Rosaceae—leaves of Rubus paniculatus
Distribution: Shimla
Phragmidium kamtschatke (Anders.) Arthur & Cummins, (Pandotra &
Gaungly 1964)
On Rosaceae—leaves of Rosa macrophylla
Distribution: Narkanda, Shimla
Phragmidium laceianum Barclay, (Barclay 1891)
On Rosaceae—leaves of Potentilla argyrophylla
Distribution: Narkanda, Bushahr (Shimla), Kullu
Phragmidium nepalense Barclay (Barclay 1891)
On Rosaceae—on leaves of Potentilla
nepalensis,
Distribution: Mathiana, Shimla
Phragmidium octoloculare Barclay, (Barclay 1891)
On Rosaceae—leaves of Rubus rosaefolius
Distribution: Shimla
Phragmidium quinqueloculare Barclay, (Barclay 1890)
On Rosaceae—leaves of Rubus biflorus
Distribution: Shimla
Phragmidium rose-moschatae Dietel, (Mitter & Tandon 1938)
On Rosaceae—leaves of Rosa moschata
Distribution: Shimla & Kasauli
6. Family: Pileolariaceae Cummins & Y. Hirats.
Genus: Pileolaria Castagne (Image 3)
Type species: Pileolaria terebinthi (DC.) Castagne (1842)
Pileolaria indica Syd., (Sydow 1938)
On Anacardiaceae—leaves of Pistacia
integerrima
Distribution: Wangtu, Bushahr (Shimla)
Pileolaria pistaciae F. L. Tai & C. T. Wei, (Gautam & Avasthi
2017b)
On Anacardiaceae—leaves of Pistacia
integerrima
Distribution: Balt (Mandi)
Genus: Skierka Racib. (Image 4)
Type species: Skierka canarii Racib. (1900)
Skierka himalayensis A. K. Gautam & S. Avasthi, (Gautam & Avasthi
2017b)
On Anacardiaceae—leaves of Pistacia
integerrima
Distribution: Mandi
7. Family: Pucciniaceae Chevall.
Genus: Gymnosporangium R. Hedw. ex DC.,
Type species: Gymnosporangium fuscum DC.
(1805)
Gymnosporangium cunninghamianum Barclay, (Barclay 1890)
On Rosaceae—leaves of Pyrus pashia and Pyrus
vasiocola
On Cupressaceae—Cupressus torulosa
Distribution: Shimla
Genus: Puccinia Pers. (Images
5–11)
Type species: Puccinia graminis Pers.
(1794)
Puccinia agrostidis Plowr., (Barclay 1891)
On Ranunculaceae—Aquilegia vulgaris
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia ahmadiana Syd., (Sydow 1938)
On Asteraceae—Pterotheca falconeri
Distribution: Puti Ruhi, Lahul, Kullu Valley of
Himachal Pradesh.
Puccinia porri (Sowerby) G. Winter, (syn. Puccinia allii (DC.)
F. Rud.) (Butler & Bisby 1931; Singh
& Sharma 1977, Bharat & Gupta 2011)
On Amaryllidaceae—Allium sativum
Distribution: Kullu, Shimla
Puccinia andropogonis Schwein., (Barclay 1890)
On Poaceae—Andropogon tristis
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia graminis Pers., (syn. Puccinia anthistiriae
Barclay) (Sydow & Butler 1912)
On Poaceae—Anthistiria anathera
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia apii Desm., (Barclay 1890)
On Apiaceae—Apium graveolens
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia arenariae (Schumacher) J. Schröt., (Barclay 1891)
On Caryophyllaceae—Stellaria paniculata
Distribution: Narkanda (Shimla)
Puccinia atropuncta Peck & Clint., (Chona et al. 1956)
On Asteraceae—Prenanthes brunoniana
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia bulbocastani (A. Cumino) Fuckel., (Bhardwaj & Sharma 1990)
On Apiaceae—on Bunium persicum
Distribution: Solan
Puccinia bistortae (F. Strauss.) DC., (Sydow 1938)
On Polygonaceae—Polygonum viviparum
Distribution: Losar, Spiti (Lahul & Spiti)
Puccinia brachypodii G.H. Otth., (Payak 1965)
On Berberidaceae—Berberis aristata
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia
bupleuri (Opiz) Rudolphi, (syn. Pucciniabupleuri-falcati
(DC.) G. Wint. (Barclay 1890)
On Apiaceae—Bupleurum falcatum
Distribution:
Shimla
Puccinia calthae Link, (Arthur & Cummins 1933; Chona et al. 1956)
On Ranunculaceae—Caltha palustris var. alba
Distribution:
Dhramshala (Kangra); Rohtang pass (Kullu)
Puccinia caricis var. himalayensis Barclay,(Butler & Bisby
1931; Padwick & Khan 1944)
On Cyperaceae—Carex setigera
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia caricis-filicinae Barclay, (Mitter & Tandon 1938)
On Cyperaceae—Carex filicina
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia caricis-nubigenae Padwick & A. Khan, (Mitter &
Tandon 1938)
On Cyperaceae—Carex nubigena
Distribution: Kufri, Shimla
Puccinia carthami Corda, (Sydow & Butler 1901)
On Asteraceae—Carthamus oxycantha
Distribution: Kangra
Puccinia chrysopogoni Barclay, (Barclay 1890; Sydow & Butler 1907)
Oleaceae—Jasminum humile
Poaceae—Chrysopogon gryllus
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia circaeae Pers., (Barclay 1890)
On Onagraceae—Circaea alpine
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia collettiana Barclay, (Barclay 1890; Ganguly & Pandotra 1963)
On Rubiaceae—Rubia cordifolia
Distribution Shimla, Kasauli (Solan), Naggar (Kullu)
Puccinia coronata Corda, (syn. Puccinia coronata var. avenae P.
Syd. & Syd.) (Mishra et al. 1964)
On Poaceae—Avena sativa
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia cousiniae P. Syd. & Syd., (Padwick 1945)
On Poaceae—Coursinia thomsoni
Distribution: Spiti (Lahul & Spiti)
Puccinia cynodontis Lacroix ex Desm., (Sharma & Sachan 1994)
On Poaceae—Cynodon dactylon
Distribution: Solan
Puccinia dactylidina Bubák, (Sydow & Butler 1912)
On Poaceae—Dactylis glomerata
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia dioscoreae Kom., (Pandotra & Ganguly 1962)
On Dioscoreaceae—Dioscorea deltoidea
Distribution: Manali
Puccinia duthiei Ellis & Tracy, (Sydow & Butler 1911)
On Poaceae—Andropogon pertusus
Distribution:
Kasauli (Solan)
Puccinia ellisii De Toni, (Barclay 1891)
On Apiaceae—Angelica glauca
Distribution: Phagu, Shimla
Puccinia eremuri Kom., (Barclay 1891)
On Xanthorrhoeaceae—Eremurus himalaicus
Distribution: Kullu
Puccinia erianthi Padwick & A. Khan, (Padwick & Khan 1944)
On Poaceae—Erianthus fulvus
Distribution:
Shimla
Puccinia eulaliae Barclay, (Butler & Bisby 1960)
On Poaceae—Pollinia japonica
Distribution: Reported from Shimla (H.P.) only.
Puccinia excelsa Barclay, (Barclay 1891)
On Lamiaceae—Phlomis bracteosa
Distribution: Mahasu & Huttoo Peak, Shimla
Puccinia fagopyri Barclay, (Barclay 1890)
On Polygonaceae—Fagopyrum esculentum
Distribution: Shimla, Sangla valley (Kinnaur)
Puccinia flavipes Syd. & P. Syd., (Barclay 1890)
On Rosaceae—Fragaria vesca
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia gentianae (F. Strauss.) Link, (Barclay 1890)
On Gentianaceae—Gentiana kurroo
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia geranii-silvatici P. Karst., (Barclay 1890)
On Geraniaceae—Geranium nepalense
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia striiformis Westend, (syn. Puccinia glumarum (Schw.) Eriks
& P. Henn.) (Prasada 1948)
On Poaceae—Brachypodium sylvaticum
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia graminis Pers., (Barclay 1890a)
On Poaceae—Festuca gigentia
Distribution: Shimla, Kullu
Puccinia graminis-agropyri P.R. Mehta & R. Prasad, (Prasada
1948)
On Poaceae—Agropyron semicostatum
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia graminis-poae Erikss. & Henning, (Prasada 1948)
On Poaceae—Poa nemoralis
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia himalensis (Barclay) Dietel, (Padwick 1946; Sydow & Butler
1906 & 1907)
On Poaceae—Festuca gigentia
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia himachalensis A.K. Gautam and S. Avasthi, (Gautam & Avasthi
2016a)
On Ranunculaceae—Clematis grata
Distribution: Mandi
Puccinia invenusta Syd. & P. Syd., (Sharma & Sachan 1994)
On Poaceae—Phramites karka
Distribution: Solan
Puccinia iridis Wallr., (Sydow & Butler 1912)
On Iridaceae—Iris florentina
Distribution:
Shimla
Puccinia komarovii Tranzschel ex P. Syd. & Syd., (Khanna 1961)
On Balsaminaceae—Impatiens amphorata
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia leptodermidis Barclay, (Barclay 1890; Sydow & Butler 1912)
On Rubiaceae—Leptodermis lenceolata
Distribution: Shimla, Kasauli (Solan)
Puccinia menthae Pers., (Pandotra & Ganguly 1964; Sydow &
Butler 1912; Sydow 1938)
On Lamiaceae—Mentha longifolia
Distribution: Busher, Shimla, Kasauli, Kullu
Puccinia minutissima Arthur, (Munjal & Gill 1962)
On Poaceae—Saccharum officinarum
Distribution: Manali
Puccinia nepalensis Barclay & Dietel, (Barclay 1890; Ramakrishanan
1952)
On Polygonaceae—Rumex nepalensis
Distribution: Shimla and Kasauli
Puccinia neyraudiae Syd. & P. Syd., (Sharma & Sachan 1994)
On Poaceae—Neyraudia arundinacea
Distribution: Solan
Puccinia nitida (F. Strauss) Barclay, (Sydow & Butler 1912)
On Polygonaceae—Polygonum ampelexicaule
Distribution:
Mashobra, Shimla, Rohtaang Pass
Puccinia opizii Bubák, (Arthur & Cunmins 1933)
On Asteraceae—Lactuca decipiens
Distribution: Alwas (Chamba)
Puccinia pacifica Blasdale ex Arthur, (Chona et al. 1956)
On Plantaginaceae—Plantago tibetica
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desm., (syn. Pucciniapersistens
Plowr., Pucciniarubigo-vera
(DC.) G. Winter) (Arthur &
Cummins 1933; Barclay 1890; Jain et al. 1966)
On Ranunculaceae—Aquilegia vulgaris, Thalictrum
javanicum, Thalictrum minus
Distribution: Shimla, Dharamshala, Chamba, Kote,
Keylog, Kullu
Puccinia pimpinellae (F. Strauss) Link, (Barclay 1890)
On Apiaceae—Pimpinella diversifolia
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia polliniae Barclay, (Barclay 1890)
On Acanthaceae—Pollinia nuda
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia pogonatheri Petch, (Sharma & Sachan 1994)
On Poaceae—Pogonatherum paniceum
Distribution: Solan
Puccinia polygoni-amphibii Pers., (Syn. Pucciniapolygone
Alb. & Schw.)(Ganguly & Pandotra 1963, Mishra & Sharma 1964)
On Polygonaceae—Polygonum orientale
Distribution: Shimla, Katrain (Kullu)
Puccinia prainiana Barclay, (Barclay 1890)
On Smilacaceae—Smilax aspera
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia punctata Link, (Barclay 1890)
On Rubiaceae—Galium aparnie
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia purpurea Cooke, (Sharma & Sachan 1994)
On Poaceae—Sorgham halepense
Distribution: Solan
Puccinia pusilla Syd. & P. Syd., (Sharma & Sachan 1994)
On Poaceae—Cappilipedium assimite
Distribution: Solan
Puccinia recondita var. simlensis
A.P. Misra, S.T. Ahmad & Sheodh. Singh, (Gupta 1977)
On Ranunculaceae—Thalictrum javanicum,
On Poaceae—Helicotrichon virens
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia roscoeae Barclay, (Gupta 1977)
On Zingiberaceae—Roscoea alpina, Roscoea
procera
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia saviculae Grev., (Barclay 1890)
On Apiaceae—Savicula europea
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia saxifragae-cilliatae Barclay, (Barclay 1890)
On Saxifragaceae—Saxifrega ligulata
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia heucherae (Schweinitz) Dietel, (syn. Puccinia saxifragae-micranthae
Barclay) (Barclay 1891)
On Saxifragaceae—leaves of Saxifrega
micrantha
Distribution: Bushar & Shimla
Puccinia sonchi Roberge ex Desm., (Sydow 1938)
On Asteraceae—Sonchus sp.
Distribution: Kullu
Puccinia sorghi Schwein., (Annonymous 1950; Mishra 1963a)
On Poaceae—Zea maize
On Oxalidaceae—Oxalis conriculata
Distribution: Mashobra & Shimla
Puccinia striiformis Westend., (Vasudeva 1958; Joshi & Merchand 1963;
Mishra et al. 1965, 1975; Ahmad et al. 1969)
On Poaceae—Muehlenbergia huegelii; Bromusjaponicas
and Loliumperenne
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia striiformis f. muehlenbergii Misra & Lele., (Mishra &
Lele 1963)
On Poaceae—Muehlenbergia huegelii
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia tanaceti DC., (Sharma & Sachan 1994; Bharat 2008)
On Asteraceae—Artemisia nilogirica
Distribution: Solan
Puccinia thlaspeos Ficinus & C. Schub., (Arthur 1934; Arthur &
Cummins 1933)
On Brassicaceae—Draba lanceolata
Distribution: Hunan Nallah, Pangi & Chamba
Puccinia tiliaefolia T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram, (Gautam & Avasthi
2017c)
On Malvaceae—Grewia tiliifolia
Distribution: Mandi
Puccinia tricholepidis Syd., (Sydow 1938)
On Asteraceae—Tricholepis elongata
Distribution: Saharan & Bushar
Puccinia trifolii R. Hedw., (Arthur & Cummins 1933)
On Ranunculaceae—Anemone polyanthes
Distribution: Alwas, Chamba
Puccinia tweediana T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr., (Chona & Munjal
1955;
Ramakrishnan & Ramakrishnan 1948)
On Acanthaceae—Dicliptera sp., D.
bupleuroides
Distribution: Kullu, Shimla
Puccinia urticae Barclay, (Barclay 1890)
On Urticaceae—Urtica parviflora
Distribution: Shimla & Kasauli
Puccinia ustalis Berk., (Berkeley 1856)
On Ranunculaceae—leaves of Ranunculus
hirtellus
Distribution: Mathana, Shimla
Puccinia violae (Schumach.) DC., (Bilgrami 1963)
On Violaceae—Viola serpens.
Distribution: Shimla
Puccinia wattiana Barclay, (Sharma & Sachan 1994)
On Ranunculaceae—Clematis gouriana
Distribution: Shimla
Genus: Uromyces (Link) Unger (Image 12)
Type species: Uredo appendiculata Pers. (1796)
Uromyces trifolii (R. Hedw.) Lév., (Syn. Uromyces flectens
Lagerh., Uromycesnerviphilus
(Grognot) Hotson) (Gautam
& avasthi 2017a)
On Fabaceae—leaves of Trifolium repens
L.,
Distribution: Chail Chowk, Mandi
Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt. (syn. Uromyces fabae (Pers.)
de Barry. (Kulshreshtha et al. 1998)
On Fabaceae—leaves of Vigna radiata (L.)
Distribution:
Shimla
Uromyces agropyri Barclay, (Barclay 1891)
On Poaceae —Agropyron sp.
Distribution: Bushahr (Shimla)
Uromyces dactylidis G.H. Otth (Syn. Puccinia lycoctoni Fuckel)
(Sydow & Butler 1907)
On Ranunculaceae—Aconitum lycoctonum
Distribution: Shimla
Uromyces ciceris-arietini (Grognot.) Jacz. & G. Boyer,
(Payak 1962)
On Fabaceae—Trigonella polyerata
Distribution:
Shimla
Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link, (Sydow & Butler 1912)
On Fabaceae—Vigna vexillata
Distribution: Dhramshala
Uromyces macintirianus Barclay, (Sydow & Butler 1938)
On Acanthaceae—leaves of Hemigraphis
latebrosa
Distribution: Shimla
Uromyces hobsonii Vize, (Sydow & Butler 1907)
On Oleaceae—leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum
Distribution: Shimla
Uromyces polygoni-avicularis var. polygoni-avicularis (Pers.) P. Karst.,
(Sydow 1938)
On Polygonaceae—leaves of Polygonum cogatum
Distribution: Lahul Valley (L&S), Kullu
Uromyces rottboelliae Arthur, (Sydow & Butler 1938)
On Poaceae—Rottboellia speciosa
Distribution: Shimla
Uromyces sommerfeltii Hyl., Jorst. & Nannf., (Barclay 1890)
On Asteraceae—Solidago virgaurea
Distribution: Shimla
Uromyces strobilanthis Barclay, (Mitter & Tandon 1938)
On Acanthaceae—Strobilanthes dalhausianus
Distribution: Shimla
Uromyces valerianae- wallichii (Dietel) Arthur & Cummins, (Arthur & Cummins
1933)
On Caprifoliaceae—leaves of Valeria
nawallichii,
Distribution: Shimla
Uromyces vignae Barclay, (Barclay 1891)
On Fabaceae—Vigna vexillata
Distribution: Shimla
Uromyces vossiae Barclay, (Barclay 1890)
On Poaceae —Vossia speciosa
Distribution: Shimla
Genus: Haplotelium Syd.
Type species: Haplotelium amoenum (Syd. &
P. Syd.) Syd. (1922)
Haplotelium ambiens (Cooke) Syd., (syn. Uromyces ambiens Cooke)
(Barclay 1891, Sydow 1913)
On Buxaceae—Buxus sempervirens
Distribution: Bushahr (Shimla)
8. Pucciniastraceae Gäum. ex Leppik 1972
Genus: Pucciniastrum G.H. Otth
Type species: Pucciniastrum epilobii (Pers.)
G.H. Otth (1861)
Pucciniastrum agrimoniae (Dietel) Tranzschel, (Sydow & Butler 1901; Sydow
& Butler 1912)
On Rosaceae—leaves of Agrimonia eupatoria
Distribution: Shimla
Genus: Uredinopsis Magnus
Type species: Uredinopsis filicina (Niessl)
Magnus (1893)
Uredinopsis syngrammes Munjal & J.N. Kapoor., (Munjal & Kapoor 1961)
On Pteridaceae—Leaves of Syngramme fraxiana
Bedd.
Distribution: Narkanda
9. Urocystidaceae Begerow, R. Bauer &
Oberw.
Genus: Urocystis Rabenh. ex Fuckel
Type species: Urocystis occulta (Wallr.) Rabenh. (1867)
Urocystis sorosporioides Körn. ex Fuckel, (Mundkar & Thirumalachar 1952)
On Ranunculaceae—leaves and stem of Delphinium
denudatum
Distribution: Shimla
10. Raveneliaceae Leppik
Genus: Ravenelia Bark.
Type species: Ravenelia glanduliformis Berk. & M.A. Curtis (1874)
Ravenelia mitis Syd. & P. Syd. (Sydow & Sydow 1904-21)
On Fabaceae—leaves of Tephrosia purpurea
Distribution: Solan
Ravenelia tandonii Syd. (Bakshi & Singh)
On Fabaceae—leaves of Acacia catechu
Distribution: Solan.
Incertae
sedis
Genus: Aecidium Pers.
Type species: Aecidium berberidis Pers.
ex J.F. Gmel. (1792)
Aecidium cunninghamianum Barclay, (Barclay 1891)
on Rosaceae—leaves of Cotoneaster bacillaris
Wall.
Distribution: Shimla
Aecidium flavescens Barclay, (Barclay 1891)
on Asteraceae —leaves of Senecio
rufinervis DC.
Distribution: Mashobra, Shimla
Aecidium infrequens Barclay, (Sydow & Butler 1912)
on Geraniaceae —leaves of Geranium
nepalense
Distribution: Shimla
Aecidium leucospermum DC., (Barclay 1890)
on Ranunculaceae—leaves of Anemone rivularis
Distribution: Shimla
Aecidium lophanthi P. Henn., (Arthur & Cummins 1933)
on Lamiaceae—leaves of Mentha sp.
Distribution: Chamba
Aecidium montanum E.J. Butler, (Arthur & Cimmins 1933)
On Berberidaceae—leaves of Berberis lyceum
Distribution: Kangra
Aecidium mori Barclay, (Barclay 1890)
OnMoraceae—leaves of Morusalba
Distribution: Shimla
Aecidium myriactidis (Barclay) Syd. & P.Syd., (Barclay 1890)
On Asteraceae—leaves of Myriactis nepalensis
Distribution: Mashobra (Shimla)
Aecidium orbiculare Barclay, (Barclay 1891)
On Ranunculaceae—leaves of Clematisgrata
Distribution: Shimla
Aecidium peristrophes Syd. & P. Syd., (Sydow & Butler 1912)
On Acanthaceae—leaves of Peristrophe sp.
Distribution: Kangra
Aecidium plectranthi Barclay, (Barclay 1890)
On Lamiaceae—leaves of Plectranthuscoetsa
Distribution: Shimla
Aecidium wthaniae Thuem., (Sydow & Butler 1912)
On Solanaceae—leaves of Withania coagulans
Distribution: Shimla
Genus: Uredo Pers.
Type species: Uredo betae Pers. (1801)
Uredo apludae Barclay, (Barclay 1890)
On Poaceae—leaves of Apluda aristata
Distribution: Shimla
Uredo duetziae Barclay, (Butler & Bisby 1960)
On Hydrangeaceae—leaves of Deutzia corymbosa
Distribution: Shimla
Uredo lebrookiana Barclay, (Watt), (Butler & Bisby 1960)
On Lamiaceae—leaves of Colebrookea
oppositifolia,
Distribution: Suni, near Simla
Uredo gomphrenae Barclay, (Sydow & Butler 1907)
On Amaranthaceae—leaves & stem of Gomphrena
globosa
Distribution: Shimla
Uredo ignobilis Syd. & P. Syd., (Pedwick & Khan 1944)
On Poaceae—leaves of Sporobolus indicus
Distribution: Shimla
Uredo pileae Barclay, (Barclay 1891)
On Poaceae—leaves of Sporobulus trinervia
Distribution: Shimla
Uredo valerianae-wallichii Dietel, (Barclay 1891)
On Caprifoliaceae—leaves of Valeriana
wallichii,
Distribution: Shimla
Discussion
The present study provides the checklist of rust fungi
from Himachal Pradesh, a northwestern Himalayan State of India. A remarkable diversity of rust fungi have
been reported from the state which has an area of 55,673km2. The
state exhibits marked variations in climate and vegetation and so far in fungal
diversity. The available information
about rust fungi from the state is in general meager and there is much scope
for exploratory work on the taxonomy, diversity and ecological aspects of these
fungi. There are about 167 species, 23
genera belonging to 11 families recorded from this hilly Himalayan state, with
great variations in host infected (about 171 plant species belonging to 121
genera and 52 families). This
distinguished diversity of rust fungi may be due to the fact that rust fungi
tend to prefer humid habitats, which is one of the major characteristic
features of the state. Being obligate
parasites, rust fungi are associated with spreading and development of nutrient
plants and are found in many belts, both on herbaceous plants, and on trees and
shrubs.
After compilation of literature it is observed that
most of the rust fungi were reported from Shimla and nearby regions. Although, these fungi are also reported from
other districts of the state but the scope of exploration of these fungi and
their host range is still there.
Two checklists on two major rust genera namely, Puccinia
(Gautam & Avasthi 2016b) Uromyces (Gautam & Avasthi 2017a)
have recently been published from this hilly state. Two new species of rust fungi namely Puccinia
himachalensis (Gautam & Avasthi 2016a) and Skierka himalayensis
(Gautam & Avasthi 2017b) have been reported from the state which are new to
science. Whereas, Pileolaria
pistaciae (Gautam & Avasthi 2017b), Kweilingia divina (Gautam
& Avasthi 2018) are the new additions to the mycobiota of the state while, Puccinia
tiliaefolia (Gautam & Avasthi 2017c) has been rediscovered after 46 years
from India. During the literature survey
we did not come across any molecular studies conducted on rust fungi from the
state. As per greater phytodiversity of
the state, studies on the rust fungi are inadequate and there is vast scope to
conduct studies and fill the data gaps.
Molecular studies of rust fungi are still required besides morphological
taxonomy, which will not only help in revision and reassessment of the existing
fungal species, but also to find their correct taxonomic position. The knowledge generated by the work is of
immense utility as it is a key to revealing the diversity and ecology of rust
fungi from Himachal Pradesh Himalaya.
Table 1. Number of species of rust fungi in the
families and genera in Himachal Pradesh.
|
Family |
Genera |
Number
of species |
|
Coleosporiaceae |
Chrysomyxa |
03 |
|
Coleosporium |
06 |
|
|
Cronartiaceae |
Peridermium |
06 |
|
|
Uredo |
07 |
|
Melampsoraceae |
Melampsora |
08 |
|
Ochrospora |
01 |
|
|
Phakopsoraceae |
Monosporidium |
02 |
|
Phakopsora |
02 |
|
|
Pucciniostele |
01 |
|
|
Kweilingia |
01 |
|
|
Phragmidiaceae |
Frommea |
01 |
|
Kuehneola |
01 |
|
|
Phragmidium |
09 |
|
|
Pileolariaceae |
Pileolaria |
02 |
|
Skierka |
01 |
|
|
Pucciniaceae |
Gymnosporangium |
01 |
|
Puccinia |
80 |
|
|
Uromyces |
16 |
|
|
Pucciniastraceae |
Pucciniastrum |
01 |
|
Uredinopsis |
01 |
|
|
Raveneliaceae |
Ravenelia |
02 |
|
Urocystidaceae |
Urocystis |
01 |
|
Total
(10) |
21 |
148 |
|
Incertae
sedis |
Aecidium |
12 |
|
Uredo |
07 |
|
|
Grand
Total (11) |
23 |
167 |
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