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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 15 February 2019 | 11(2): 13195–13250

Wasp fauna (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae, Chrysididae, Dryinidae, Tiphiidae, Mutillidae, Scoliidae, Pompilidae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae & Trigonalyidae) of Mordovia State Nature Reserve and its surroundings in Russia

¹Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and Smolny National Park, Dachnyi Lane, ⁴Saransk,Republic of Mordovia 430011, Russia.

²Zoological Museum of Moscow University, Bol’shaya Nikitskaya Ulitsa, ²Moscow 125009, Russia.

Abstract: Information is presented on 249 vespine species from 11 families in two regions of Mordovia (including Mordovia State Nature Reserve (MSNR)) and three districts of Nizhny Novgorod region (including Sarov) in Russia. Of these, 31 species are new to the Republic of Mordovia. Fauna of separate families of wasps in Mordovia State Nature Reserve is represented by 220 species: one species in Bethylidae, 31 in Chrysididae, two in Tiphiidae, two in Mutillidae, one in Scoliidae, 28 in Pompilidae, 37 in Vespidae, nine in Sphecidae, 108 in Crabronidae, and one in Trigonalyidae. The biodiversity of wasps in the reserve is very high. Of the 283 species of wasps in Mordovia, 220 (77.7%) are found within the reserve. Species characteristics such as geographic distribution and certain aspects of biology are also provided. There is an obvious extension of the ranges of three species, Priocnemis fastigiata, Sceliphron deforme, and Scolia hirta, to the north.

Keywords: Geographic distribution, Nizhny Novgorod region, range extension, Republic of Mordovia, Russia, Vespomorpha.

Russian abstract: Аннотация: В статье приведены сведения о 249 видах из 11 семейств осообразных двух районов Мордовии (включая Мордовский заповедник) и трех районов Нижегородской области (включая г. Sarov). Из них 31 вид является новым для Республики Мордовия. Фауна отдельных семейств ос Мордовского заповедника представлена 220 видами: Bethylidae – 1 вид, Chrysididae – 31, Tiphiidae – 2, Mutillidae – 2, Scoliidae – 1, Pompilidae – 28, Vespidae – 37, Sphecidae – 9, Crabronidae – 108, Trigonalyidae – 1. Биоразнообразие осообразных заповедника очень высокое. Из 283 видов ос Мордовии 220 видов (77,7%) обитают в его пределах. Приводятся такие характеристики видов, как географическое распространение, некоторые аспекты биологии. Отмечены факты расширения ареалов в северном направлении трех видов: Priocnemis fastigiata, Sceliphron deforme и Scolia hirta.

Ключевые слова: Мордовский заповедник, Республика Мордовия, Нижегородская область, осы, фауна, Hymenoptera.

doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4216.11.2.13195-13250
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:783951FE-11E9-453E-BCFE-7DF8CCC9E538

Editor: Arkady Lelej, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia.

Date of publication: 15 February 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #4216 | Received 22 April 2018 | Final received 08 February 2019 | Finally accepted 10 February 2019

Citation: Ruchin, A. & A. Antropov (2019). Wasp fauna (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae, Chrysididae, Dryinidae, Tiphiidae, Mutillidae, Scoliidae, Pompilidae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae & Trigonalyidae) of Mordovia State Nature Reserve and its surroundings in Russia. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(2): 13195–13250; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4216.11.2.13195-13250

Copyright: © Ruchin & Antropov 2019. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and Smolny National Park (Saransk, Russia); Zoological Museum of Moscow University (Moscow, Russia).

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Аlexander B. Ruchin, Doctor of Sciences (in Biology), docent. Director of the Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park “Smolny”. Honoured Ecologist of the Republic of Mordovia. Member of the Association Board of Directors of Russian Nature Reserves and National Parks. Member of the Public Chamber of the Republic of Mordovia. He consists in the Expert Council on Protected Areas of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia. He is a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Scientists, the Society of Biotechnologists of Russia, the A.M. Nikolsky Herpetological Society, the Russian Entomological Society. Аlexander Antropov, Zoological Museum of Moscow University, кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник. He is a member of the Russian Entomological Society.

Author contribution: Both authors made equal contribution to a paper.

Acknowledgements: Many thanks to P.V. Cherenkov (Sarov), G.B. Semishin (Saransk), and L.V. Egorov (Cheboksary) for the help in collection of material and photographing, and to P. Rosa (Italy) for the help in identifying some Chrysididae species.

Hymenoptera is one of the largest groups of insects, including more than 153,000 species in the world fauna (Peters et al. 2017). This group includes Vespomorpha, one of the largest infraorders that comprises several superfamilies and more than 92,000 species (Aguiar et al. 2013). At the same time, the distribution of a huge number of these species is still poorly understood. New works are published all the time containing information on range refinement of already-described species (Ponomarenko & Olmi 2007; Mokrousov 2011; Ćetković et al. 2011; Antropov & Mokrousov 2016; Nemkov 2016, 2017a,b,c,d; Ruchin & Artaev 2016; Antropov 2017a,b; Danilov 2017; Danilov & Mokrousov 2017; Fateryga 2017; Lelej 2017; Lelej & Fadeev 2017; Loktionov & Lelej 2017; Mokrousov 2017b; Mokrousov & Lelej 2017; Rosa et al. 2017a) as well as descriptions of new species from the European part of Russia (Loktionov et al. 2016; Mokrousov 2017a; Rosa et al. 2017b). On the territory of the Republic of Mordovia (central part of Russia), however, this group of insects began to be studied actively only in recent years (Ruchin & Shibaev 2008; Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Mokrousov 2010a,b; Ruchin & Kurmaeva 2010; Ruchin 2011, 2015; Ruchin & Lengesova 2012; Ruchin & Zryanin 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014, 2016; Ruchin & Egorov 2017).

The high species richness of this group and the mass nature and diversity of its representative’s biology make it one of the most significant among many terrestrial biocenoses. This article is devoted to the study of wasp fauna, a large group of stinging Hymenoptera, excluding bees (Apoidea: Apiformes) and ants (Formicoidea), inhabiting Mordovia State Nature Reserve (MSNR) and its surroundings in Russia.

Mordovia State Nature Reserve is located in Temnikov District of the Republic of Mordovia on a forested right brink of the river Moksha and covers an area of 321.62km². From the north, the border runs along the river Satis — the right tributary of Moksha, further to the east — along the river Arga, which flows into the Satis. The western border runs along the rivers Chernaya, Satis, and Moksha. From the south, the forest-steppe approaches, naturally delineating the boundary of the reserve (Image 1).

The forestland of the reserve belongs to the mixed coniferous-broad leaved forest zone at the forest-steppe border. Forest communities occupy 89.3% of the total territory. Vegetation cover of MSNR in general has a taiga character with a definite gravitation towards a nemoral complex with vegetation fluctuations. Forest-steppe elements are typical for this territory. Pine Pinus sylvestris L. is the main forest-forming breed in the reserve. It forms pure or mixed plant communities in the southern, central, and western parts of MSNR. Birch Betula pendula Roth and birch groves are the second largest forest communities in the reserve. These are predominantly secondary communities at the sites of pine forest fellings and burnts. Young birch forests are especially abundant in the area that suffered from wildfire in 2010. Linden groves are located mainly in the northern part of the reserve. These are secondary plant communities that arose on the site of pine forests and lime-spruce forests. Oak forests occupy a relatively small area of the reserve. They are common in the floodplain of Moksha in the western part of the reserve. Spruce (formed mainly by Picea abies L.) and alder forests (formed by Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) are located mainly in the floodplains of the rivers and streams (Pushta, Vyaz-Pusta, Vorskliaj, and Arga) and occupy small areas. Plant communities of small-leaved species (birch, aspen, and alder) are often formed on the sites of burnt forests (Khapugin et al. 2016; Ruchin & Makarkin 2017). The main areas of floodplain meadows are located along the river Moksha in the southwest of MSNR . The territory of the reserve is nominally divided into quarters, which are numbered starting from the north and then from west to east. There are forest houses (cordons) in some places of the reserve, often situated next to large forest glades (Image 2).

The research material was collected from April to September in 2008, 2009, and 2011–2017 using the generally accepted entomologic methods of field research (Fasulati 1971). The bulk of the material was collected in the MSNR. Since the insects of the studied group are quite active and capable of moving, we also provide information about materials from the vicinity of MSNR, namely, from the territories of Temnikov and Elniki districts of the Republic of Mordovia, as well as Pervomaisk, Diveevsk, and Voznesenskoe districts of the Nizhny Novgorod region. All material was collected by the first author (in other cases, the collector is indicated separately). The determination of the material was held by A.V. Antropov. In total, more than 1,400 specimens were studied. About 60 quarters of the reserve were investigated.

The following annotated list contains for each species the references to the literature on the species from the territory of MSNR and its surroundings, the new collecting grounds in the reserve and the surrounding area (unpublished data), date of collection, the number of specimens collected, the information on general distribution and biology (for some species), as well as remarks (if any). Due to the flat character of the landscape, we didn’t indicate altitude above sea level when we indicated coordinates. New records for the Republic of Mordovia are marked with an asterisk (*) and new records for the territory of the reserve with two asterisks (**). The question mark symbol (?) indicates the findings of species that require confirmation by modern material. The hyphen (-) symbol indicates the species that were excluded from the wasp list fauna of the reserve for various reasons that are indicated as remarks.The abbreviations used in the list are as follows: RM - Republic of Mordovia, NNR - Nizhny Novgorod Region, MSNR - Mordovia State Nature Reserve, quar. - quarter, cord. - cordon, Distr. - district, ex. - exemplar (specimen). Latin species names are provided according to online resources (Catalogue of Life website 2018; Chrysis.net 2018; Fauna Europaea 2018).

General distribution: Russia (the south of the European part), northern Africa, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary (Macek et al. 2007; Lelej & Fadeev 2017).

Remark: The species requires additional refinement of range in the European part of Russia.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, and western Siberia), Europe, and Turkey (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a parasite of the larvae of the sawflies Nematus and Euura (Tenthredinidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 18.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 278 (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰12’27”E); 1 female, 18.vii.2016, quar. 303 (54⁰47’17”N & 43⁰12’32”E); 1 female, 9.vi.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre and the south, including Crimea, Siberia, and Primorsky Krai), eastern Europe, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Iran (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Material: RM: 1 female, 2.vii.2016, Temnikov Distr., Kushki (54⁰29’49” N 43⁰16’11”E).

General distribution: Russia (European part from the west and the centre, Siberia, and Amur region), the Mediterranean, Caucasus, Turkey, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) (Rosa et al. 2017a).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Buryatia, Transbaikalia, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, and northern China (Móczár 1964; Rosa et al. 2017a).

Material: NNR: 1 ex., 27.v.2016, Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov.

General distribution: Russia (the whole European part, Siberia, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, and northeastern China (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Mimesa bicolor (Jurine, 1807), M. equestris (Fabricius, 1804), and M. lutaria (Fabricius, 1787) (Crabronidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till northern Caucasus and Urals), Europe, and Turkey (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Lindenius albilabris (Fabricius, 1793) (Crabronidae).

Literature: Mokrousov et al. 2013 (as Hedychridium elongatulum Du Buysson, 1887).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till northern Caucasus) and European Mediterranean (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a probable brood parasite of digger wasps Miscophus bicolor Jurine, 1807 (Crabronidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till northern Caucasus) and European Mediterranean (Rosa et al. 2017a).

General distribution: Russia (the whole European part, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk, and Primorye), Europe, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Abkhazia, and northeastern China (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Astata boops (Schrank, 1781), Tachysphex pompiliformis (Panzer, 1804), and, probably, Dryudella stigma (Panzer, 1809) and Harpactus tumidus (Panzer, 1801) (Crabronidae).

General distribution: Russia (from the west and the centre of the European part till northern Caucasus) and Europe (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Miscophus niger Dahlbom, 1844 and M. concolor Dahlbom, 1844 (Crabronidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 18.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 303 (54⁰47’17”N & 43⁰12’32”E); 1 female, 18.vii.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Novoyamskaya Sloboda (54⁰44’24”N & 43⁰42’59”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part, Siberia, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Mongolia, and central and northeastern China (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Cerceris interrupta (Panzer, 1799) (Crabronidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 24.vii.2016, Temnikov Distr., Polyanki (54⁰44’27”N & 43⁰29’04”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Georgia, eastern China, and Japan (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Cerceris rybyensis (Linnaeus, 1771) and C. ruficornis (Fabricius, 1793) (Crabronidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 19.vii.2015, Elniki Distr., Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E); NNR: 1 ex., 18.vi.2015, Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov (Image 3).

General distribution: Russia (the centre and the south of the European part, including Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, western Siberia, and Primorsky Krai), west and south of Europe, north of Africa, Syria, Turkey, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and China (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Material: RM: 2 female, 12.vii.2014, MSNR, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E); 1 female, 1 male, 11.vii.2015, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 male, 16.vii.2015, quar. 442 (54⁰43’56”N & 43⁰15’02”E); 1 female, 18.vi.2016, quar. 115 (54⁰51’46”N & 43⁰09’26”E); 1 female, 18.vii.2016, quar. 358 (54⁰46’05”N & 43⁰11’44”E); 1 female, 20.vi.2015, Temnikov Distr., Russkoe Karaevo (54⁰40’55”N, 43⁰13’52”E); 5 female, 9 male, 15.viii.2015, Purdoshki (54⁰40’04”N & 43⁰32’33”E); 1 female, 1 male, 19.vii.2015, Elniki Distr., Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea, Urals, Tuva, and Siberia), Europe, Caucasus, and Abkhazia (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Cerceris arenaria (Linnaeus, 1758), C. rybyensis (Linnaeus, 1771), C. quadrifasciata (Panzer, 1799), and C. quadricinta (Panzer, 1799) (Crabronidae) (Polidori et al. 2010).

Material: NNR: 1 ex., 23.vi.2016, Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov.

General distribution: Russia (the European part, including Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and eastern Siberia), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Georgia (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Philanthus triangulum (Fabricius, 1775) and P. coronatus (Thunberg, 1784) (Crabronidae) (Polidori et al. 2010).

Material: RM: 1 male, 12.vii.2014, Temnikov Distr., Alkaevo (54⁰35’49”N & 43⁰22’35”E); 1 female, 15.viii.2015, Purdoshki (54⁰40’04”N & 43⁰32’33”E).

General distribution: Russia (the centre and the south of the European part, including Crimea, Urals, and western Siberia), west and south of Europe, the Middle East, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Georgia (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Cerceris tuberculata (de Villers, 1789) (Crabronidae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 16.vii.2016, MSNR, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part, including Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), Mediterranean Europe, Caucasus, and northern China (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Material: RM: 1 female, 13.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 421 (54⁰43’52’’N, 43⁰07’06”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the south, including Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Georgia, Uzbekistan, northern and eastern China, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, and Kyushu), and North America as a result of accidental importation (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Passaloecus corniger Shuckard, 1837, P. eremita Kohl, 1893, P. gracilis (Curtis, 1834), P. singularis Dahlbom, 1844, P. turionum Dahlbom, 1844, Pemphredon lethifer (Shuckard, 1837), P. lugubris (Fabricius, 1793), and Psenulus pallipes (Panzer, 1798) (Crabronidae). Females lay eggs on live aphids at the wasps’ hunting grounds, but do not penetrate into their nests.

Material: RM: 1 female, 18.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the south, including Crimea), Europe, and the Middle East (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Passaloecus turionum Dahlbom, 1844, P. gracilis (Curtis, 1834), and P. eremita Kohl, 1893 (Crabronidae). Females lay eggs on live aphids at the wasps’ hunting grounds, but do not penetrate into their nests.

General distribution: Russia (the European part, including northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), European Mediterranean, northern Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, and Caucasus (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Psenulus pallipes (Panzer, 1798) (Crabronidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 27.v.2016, MSNR, quar. 360 (54⁰46’13”N & 43⁰13’31”E); 1 female, 11.vi.2016, quar. 364 (54⁰46’24”N & 43⁰17’45”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part, including northern Caucasus, Urals, Irkutsk region, and Khabarovsk Krai) and Iran (Rosa et al. 2017a).

General distribution: Russia (the centre and the east of the European part, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, and northern Africa (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Diodontus tristis (Vander Linden, 1829) (Crabronidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and the northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Kamchatka, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Caucasus, northern China, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), and North America as a result of accidental delivery (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Passaloecus corniger Shuckard, 1837, P. eremita Kohl, 1893, P. insignis (Vander Linden, 1829), P. gracilis (Curtis, 1834), P. monilicornis Dahlbom, 1842, P. singularis Dahlbom, 1844, P. turionum Dahlbom, 1844, Pemphredon inornata Say, 1824, P. lethifer (Shuckard, 1837), P. lugens Dahlbom, 1842, P. lugubris (Fabricius, 1793), P. rugifer (Dahlbom, 1844), and Diodontus tristis (Vander Linden, 1829) (Crabronidae).

Literature: Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Ellampus pusillus F.); Mokrousov et al. 2013.

Material: RM: 1 female, 5.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 324 (54⁰46’28”N & 43⁰05’40”E); 1 female, 21.v.2017, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, northern Africa, Caucasus, and Kazakhstan (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Passaloecus eremita Kohl, 1893, P. insignis (Vander Linden, 1829), and Pemphedron lethifer (Shuckard, 1837) (Crabronidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus and Urals), south of Europe, and northern Africa (Rosa et al. 2017a).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, and Urals), south of Europe, and Caucasus (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of solitary wasps Osmia andrenoides Spinola, 1808 (Apidae, Megachilinae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 79 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰29’18”E); 1 female, 12.vii.2014, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E); 1 female, 11.vii.2015, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 female, 16.viii.2015, quar. 324 (54⁰46’28”N & 43⁰05’40”E); 1 female, 4.vii.2015, quar. 368 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰21’45”E); 1 female, 19.vii.2015, Elniki Distr., Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Tachysphex obscuripennis (Schenck, 1857), T. pompiliformis (Panzer, 1804), and Dinetus pictus (Fabricius, 1793) (Crabronidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 2.vii.2017, MSNR, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north till northern Caucasus and Altai), south of Europe, Azerbaijan, and Caucasus (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of solitary Vespidae Syneuodynerus egregius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1839) (Vespidae, Eumeninae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, and Urals), south of Europe, northern Africa, and Caucasus (Rosa et al. 2017a).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Kamchatka, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Caucasus, and northeastern China (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of the solitary Vespidae Symmorphus allobrogus (de Saussure, 1955), S. bifasciatus (Linnaeus, 1761), S. crassicornis (Panzer, 1798), S. murarius (Linnaeus, 1758) and, perhaps, Ancistrocerus parietum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Vespidae, Eumeninae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938; Plavilshchikov 1964; Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 31.v.2015, MSNR, quar. 345 (54⁰47’13”N & 43⁰26’30”E); 1 female, 2.viii.2014, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); 1 female, 12.vii.2017, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk and Primorye, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, India, northern China, and Korea (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of solitary Vespidae Ancistrocerus auctus (Fabricius, 1793), A. gazella (Panzer, 1798), A. nigricornis (Curtis, 1826), A. parietinus (Linnaeus, 1761), A. parietum (Linnaeus, 1758), A. scoticus (Curtis, 1826), A. trifasciatus (Müller, 1776), and also, probably, Gymnomerus laevipes (Shuckard, 1837), Euodynerus posticus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1841), Allodynerus delphinalis (Giraud, 1866), and Symmorphus bifasciatus (Linnaeus, 1761) (Vespidae, Eumeninae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, and central Asia (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of solitary Vespidae Ancistrocerus antilope (Panzer, 1798), A. parietinus (Linnaeus, 1761), Euodynerus posticus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1841), Symmorphus crassicornis (Panzer, 1798), and S. murarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Vespidae, Eumeninae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Caucasus, China, and Japan (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of solitary Vespidae Gymnomerus laevipes (Shuckard, 1837), Jucancistrocerus caspicus Giordani Soika, 1970, and Katamenes flavigularis (Blüthgen, 1951) (Vespidae, Eumeninae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 31.v.2014, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, and Khabarovsk Krai), Europe, Turkey, Tajikistan, northwestern China, and North America (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of solitary Vespidae Odynerus reniformis (Gmelin, 1790), O. spinipes (Linnaeus, 1758), and, probably accidentally, Ancistrocerus parietum (Linnaeus, 1758) and Gymnomerus laevipes (Shuckard, 1837) (Vespidae, Eumeninae).

Literature: Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Feoktistov 2011; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 male, 13.vi.2016, quar. 422 (54⁰43’55”N & 43⁰07’39”E); NNR: 1 ex., 14.vi.2015, Voznesenskoe Distr., Alamasovo (54⁰54’03”N & 43⁰08’56”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov (Image 3).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Trypoxylon figulus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Pemphredon rugifer (Dahlbom, 1844) [Crabronidae], and Auplopus carbonarius (Scopoli, 1763) and Deuteragenia sp. (Pompilidae).

Literature: Plavilshchikov 1964; Ruchin & Antropov 2014, 2016; Ruchin & Egorov 2017; Ruchin et al. 2019.

Material: RM: 1 female, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, northern Africa, central Asia, Azerbaijan, and Caucasus (Rosa et al. 2017a).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Bembix rostrata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Crabronidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, Morocco, the Middle East, Turkey, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Mongolia, and Korea (Lelej & Loktionov 2017).

Biology: It is a parasitoid of leafhoppers [Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, and Aphrodinae] (Olmi 1994).

Remark: The species requires further research to be confirmed in Mordovia. It is not yet registered in MSNR.

Literature: Redikortsev 1938; Plavilshchikov 1964; Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Feoktistov 2011; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 11.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 142 (54⁰51’12”N & 43⁰09’21”E); 1 female, 11.vii.2015, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 female, 27.vii.2014, quar. 384 (54⁰45’33”N & 43⁰12’44”E); 3 female, 12.vii.2014, 24.viii.2017, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E); 1 female, 28.vii.2015, quar. 82 (54⁰53’12”N & 43⁰32’46”E); 5 female, 25.vii.2009, 23.viii.2017, 24.viii.2017, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin; 1 female, 19.vii.2016, quar. 330 (54⁰46’44”N & 43⁰11’09”E); 1 female, 24.vii.2016, quar. 399 (54⁰46’40”N & 43⁰27’27”E); 4 female, 24.viii.2017, quar. 368 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰21’45”E); 2 female, 1 male, 24.viii.2017, quar. 80 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰30’22”E); 1 female, 5.ix.2017, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); 1 female, 12.vii.2014, Temnikov Distr., Alkaevo (54⁰35’49”N & 43⁰22’35”E); 2 female, 24.vii.2016, Polyanki (54⁰44’27”N & 43⁰29’04”E); 2 female, 19.vii.2015, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); 2 female, 19.vii.2015, 22.vii.2017, Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E); 2 female, 23.vii.2016, Novoyamskaya Sloboda (54⁰44’24”N & 43⁰42’59”E); 2 female, 23.vii.2016, Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part, Urals, eastern Siberia, and Amur region), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Iran, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and North America as a result of accidental importation (Mokrousov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: It occurs from July to September. Parasite of larvae of Amphimallon solstiale (Linnaeus, 1758), Anisoplia austriaca Herbst, 1783, and some other Scarabaeidae.

Material: RM: 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to northern Caucasus, Altai, Irkutsk region, and Primorsky Krai) (Mokrousov & Lelej 2017).

Material: RM: 1 female, 11.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 male, 21.vii.2013, quar. 368 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰21’45”E); 1 female, 6.vii.2013, Temnikov Distr., Lavrentevo (54⁰29’44”N & 43⁰02’41”E); 1 female, 19.vii.2015, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the centre and the south of the European part, northern Caucasus, and Altai), European Mediterranean, and Turkey (Mokrousov & Lelej 2017).

Material: RM: 1 male, 4.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 288 (54⁰48’27”N & 43⁰22’03”E); 2 male, 18.vii.2017, quar. 380 (54⁰45’06”N & 43⁰08’34”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, Turkey, ? Iran, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan (Lelej 2017).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of digger wasps Lindenius albilabris (Fabricius, 1793), L. panzeri (Vander Linden, 1829), Crabro peltarius (Schreber, 1784), Crossocerus palmipes (Linnaeus, 1767), C. wesmaeli (Vander Linden, 1829), Diodontus tristis (Vander Linden, 1829), and Oxybelus uniglumis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Crabronidae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 3.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 338 (54⁰47’06”N & 43⁰19’40”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea, Urals, and Siberia) (Lelej 2017).

Biology: It is a brood parasite of spider wasps Evagetes [Pompilidae], of digger wasps Astata boops (Schrank, 1781), Tachysphex, Miscophus spurius (Dahlbom, 1832), Palarus variegatus (Fabricius, 1781), Oxybelus bipunctatus Olivier, 1812, O. uniglumis (Linnaeus, 1758), Crossocerus wesmaeli (Vander Linden, 1829), and Cerceris arenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Crabronidae), as well as of solitary bees Halictus [Apidae, Halictinae] and Andrena (Apidae, Andreninae).

Material: RM: 1 ex., 15.vii.2017, MSNR, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); NNR: 6.viii.2014, 8.viii.2014, 9.ix.2017, Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), 4 ex., coll. P.V. Cherenkov (Image 3).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, Cyprus, Israel, Turkey, Caucasus, Abkhazia, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Lelej & Mokrousov 2017; Mokrousov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: The hosts are flower chafers Protaetia morio (Fabricius, 1781), P. speciosissima (Scopoli, 1786), P. splendidula (Faldermann, 1835), Cetonia aurata (Linnaeus, 1761), Liocola lugubris Herbst, 1786, and Tropinota hirta (Poda, 1761) (Klausnitzer 2013). Predators are parasitic flies of Conopidae.

Literature: Redikortsev 1938; Plavilshchikov 1964; Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2016.

Material: RM: 1 female, 18.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 358 (54⁰46’05”N & 43⁰11’44”E); 1 female, 24.vii.2016, quar. 398 (54⁰46’22”N & 43⁰25’48”E); 1 male, 19.vii.2016, quar. 330 (54⁰46’44”N & 43⁰11’09”E); 1 female, 6.viii.2017, quar. 419 (54⁰45’39”N & 43⁰22’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Chukotka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Cyprus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan (Honshu) (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Brood parasite of spider wasps Priocnemis exaltata (Fabricius, 1775), Agenioideus cinctellus (Spinola, 1807), Anoplius infuscatus (Vander Linden, 1827), A. nigerrimus (Scopoli, 1763), A. viaticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Arachnospila anceps (Wesmael, 1851), A. rufa (Haupt, 1927), Auplopus carbonarius (Scopoli, 1763), and Episyron rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pompilidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 15.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 429 (54⁰44’31”N & 43⁰14’59”E); 1 female, 28.vi.2015, quar. 249 (54⁰49’39”N & 43⁰32’08”E); 1 female, 16.vii.2017, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 1 female, 19.v.2014, cord. Podrubnyi, 1 female, 6.viii.2017, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin; 12 female, 19.v.2014, 18.vii.2014, 19.vii.2015, 5.vii.2016, 21.vii.2016, 23.vii.2016, 5.viii.2016, 11.vii.2017, 23.vii.2017, 24.vii.2017, 5.ix.2017, 18.ix.2017, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part, Altai, western and eastern Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northwestern Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Tsushima) (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests are in the shape of separate oval clay cells located in shelters under rocks, under bark, or in abandoned xylophagus tunnels. Prey: spiders from families Salticidae, Clubionidae, Oxyopidae, Gnaphosidae, Agelenidae, Thomisidae, Lycosidae, Segestroodae, and Anyphaenidae. During transportation, the female usually separates the legs of the victim. Predators: parasitoid wasps Picardiella melanoleuca (Gravenhorst, 1829) (Ichneumonidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 17.viii.2014, MSNR, quar. 397 (54⁰46’17”N & 43⁰25’44”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E); NNR: 1 female, 16.vii.2017, Voznesenskoe Distr., Zarya (54⁰50’08”N & 43⁰07’08”E); 1 male, 16.vii.2017, Svobodnyi (54⁰50’47”N & 43⁰07’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur region, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Cyprus, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and North America as a result of introduction (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests are in dense soil of open and forest biotopes. Prey: spiders Meta (Tetragnathidae), Araneus alsine (Walckenaer, 1802), A. diadematus (Linnaeus, 1758), and Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck, 1757) (Araneidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part (the south, northern Caucasus, and Crimea)) (Tobias 1978); Europe (western, southern, and eastern), Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Israel, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan (Ghahari et al. 2014; Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Remark: It is distributed much more southerly. We exclude this species from the fauna of the reserve and the region.

Material: RM: 1 female, 15.viii.2015, Temnikov Distr., Alkaevo (54⁰35’49”N & 43⁰22’35”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, and Urals), Europe, Cyprus, Turkey, and Kyrgyzstan (Eversmann 1849; Tobias 1978; Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Literature: Ruchin & Antropov 2014 (as Dipogon bifasciatus (Geoffroy, 1785)), 2016.

Material: RM: 1 female, 14.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 384 (54⁰45’33”N & 43⁰12’44”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: They build nests in rotten wood and abandoned burrows of other insects. Prey: spiders Clubionidae, Dysteruidae, Salticidae, and Diaea dorsata (Fabricius, 1777) (Thomisidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 10.vii.2014, MSNR, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the southeast, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Chukotka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu) (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: They build nests in abandoned xylophagous tunnels in wood. Prey: spiders Clubiona (Clubionidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Altai, and Irkutsk region), Europe, Cyprus, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (Priocnemis cordivalvatus Hpt.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (Priocnemis cordivalvatus Hpt.); Mokrousov et al. 2013.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to northern Caucasus, Krasnoyarsk Krai, and Irkutsk region), Europe, central Asia, and Mongolia (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Material: RM: 1 male, 11.v.2016, MSNR, quar. 448 (54⁰42’37”N & 43⁰12’29”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, and Urals), Europe, and Turkey (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (Priocnemis gibbus Scop.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (Priocnemis exultatus Pz., Priocnemis gibbus Scop.); Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 18.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 1 female, 9.viii.2014, quar. 413 (54⁰45’12”N & 43⁰16’54”E); 1 female, 22.viii.2015, quar. 434 (54⁰45’04”N & 43⁰19’02”E); 2 female, 11.vii.2015, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 1 female, 13.viii.2016, quar. 446 (54⁰43’13”N & 43⁰13’23”E); 1 female, 24.viii.2017, quar. 368 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰21’45”E); 1 female, 24.vii.2016, Temnikov Distr., Polyanki (54⁰44’27”N & 43⁰29’04”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea, Urals, and Siberia). Europe, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in the soil, often in existing cavities. Prey: spiders Lycosidae, Salticidae, and Pisauridae.

Material: RM: 1 female, 6.viii.2017, MSNR, quar. 420 (54⁰45’29”N & 43⁰24’19”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the centre and the southeast of the European part), European Mediterranean, Austria, Hungary, and Turkey (Straka 2011; Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

General distribution: Russia (the centre and, perhaps, the south of the European part), Europe, Jordan, Turkey, and Kazakhstan (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Buryatia, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Turkey, Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Tunisia, Jordan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: spiders Pardosa prativaga (L.Koch, 1870), P. pullata (Clerck, 1757), Xerolycosa miniata (C.L. Koch, 1834) [Lycosidae], Haplodrassus soerenseni (Strand, 1900) (Gnaphosidae), and Evarcha arcuata (Clerck, 1757) (Salticidae).

Literature: Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 25.v.2015, MSNR, quar. 342 (54⁰46’21”N & 43⁰23’23”E); 1 female, 10.v.2015, quar. 368 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰21’45”E); 3 female, 18.v.2014, 7.vi.2015, quar. 399 (54⁰46’40”N & 43⁰27’27”E); 1 female, 6.v.2015, quar. 431 (54⁰44’31”N & 43⁰17’14”E); 1 female, 16.v.2015, quar. 408 (54⁰44’57”N & 43⁰11’47”E); 1 female, 6.vi.2015, Temnikov Distr., Vesely (54⁰33’09”N & 43⁰01’19”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, and Irkutsk region), Europe, Cyprus, Turkey, Georgia, Iran, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in loose soil, often in existing cavities. Prey: spiders Trochosa terricola Thorell, 1856 (Lycosidae), Gnaphosidae, and Thomisidae, which female wasps place into the prepared cavity in the soil (Edwards & Telfer 2002).

Material: RM: 1 female, 7.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 411 (54⁰45’05”N & 43⁰14’54”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Omsk region, and Krasnoyarsk territory), Europe, Turkey, Georgia, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Mongolia (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in loose soil in existing cavities. Prey: spiders Clubionidae and Salticidae.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in loose soil in existing cavities. Prey: spiders Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Salticidae, and Lycosidae (Edwards & Telfer 2002).

Material: RM: 1 female, 11.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 389 (54⁰45’50”N & 43⁰17’50”E); 4 female, 13.vi.2016, quar. 435 (54⁰43’41”N & 43⁰07’59”E); 1 female, 26.vi.2016, quar. 403 (54⁰44’40”N & 43⁰06’57”E); 1 female, 13.vi.2016, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to northern Caucasus), south of Europe, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till northern Caucasus, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Cyprus, Israel, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Mongolia (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil, often under rocks. Prey: spiders Arctosa stigmosa (Thorell, 1875), Pardosa amentata (Clerck, 1757), P. lugubris (Walkenaer), Pirata hygrophilus Thorell, 1872, P. piraticus (Clerck, 1757), Trochosa ruricola (De Geer, 1778), T. terricola Thorell, 1856 (Lycosidae), Dolomedes fimbriatus (Clerck, 1757) (Pisauridae), Heliophanus auratus C.L.Koch, 1835, H. dubius C.L. Koch, 1835, and Sitticus distinguendus (Simon, 1868) (Salticidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 23.viii.2017, MSNR, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Irkutsk Region, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Cyprus, Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Ryukyu) (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in moist sandy soil. Prey: spiders Trochosa ruricola (De Geer, 1778) (Lycosidae) and Xysticus (Thomisidae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Apoplous nigerrimus Scop.); Plavilshchikov 1964; Mokrousov et al. 2013.

Material: RM: 1 female, 24.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 398 (54⁰46’22”N & 43⁰25’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur region, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Iran, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and North America as a result of accidental delivery (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in the soil in existing cavities (hollow stems of plants, abandoned nests of insects, cracks in the soil, and empty shells of snails) or simply in the thickness of moss cover. Prey: spiders Pardosa, Trochosa ruricola (De Geer, 1778) (Lycosidae), Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, and Pisauridae.

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Apoplous fuscus F.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Anoplius fuscus F.); Mokrousov et al. 2009; Feoktistov 2011; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 20.iv.2014, MSNR, quar. 434 (54⁰45’04”N & 43⁰19’02”E); 1 female, 27.v.2016, quar. 360 (54⁰46’13”N & 43⁰13’31”E); 1 female, 15.v.2017, quar. 302 (54⁰47’15”N & 43⁰11’26”E); 2 male, 1.vii.2016, quar. 379 (54⁰45’17”N & 43⁰07’51”E); 1 female, 13.viii.2016, quar. 446 (54⁰43’13”N & 43⁰13’23”E); 3 female, 11.v.2015, 14.V.2017, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 1 female, 12.v.2013, Temnikov Distr., Kitsaevka (54⁰36’04”N & 43⁰10’03”E); 1 male, 24.vii.2016, Polyanki (54⁰44’27”N & 43⁰29’04”E); 1 male, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorye territories, and Sakhalin), Europe, Cyprus, Egypt, Jordan, Turkey, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, northern China, ? Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, and Kyushu) (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Prey: spiders Alopecosa pulverulenta (Clerck, 1775), A. aculeata (Clerck, 1775), A. cuneata (Clerck, 1775), Dolomedes, Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck, 1775) (Pisauridae), Arctosa, Pardosa paludicola (Clerck, 1775), P. lugubris (Walckenaer, 1802), P. palustris (Linnaeus, 1758), Pirata piraticus (Clerck, 1757), Trochosa terricola Thorell, 1856, T. ruricola (De Geer, 1778), T. spinipalpis (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1895) (Lycosidae), Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802), Haplodrassus signifer (C.L. Koch, 1839) (Gnaphosidae), Aelurillus, Evarcha arcuata (Clerck, 1757) (Salticidae), Agelena (Agelenidae), Agroeca brunnea (Blackwall, 1833) (Liocranidae), and Thanatus formicinus (Clerck, 1757) (Philodromidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Kamchatka, and Chukotka), Europe, Turkey, Syria, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Mongolia (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in loose soil. Prey: spiders Agelenidae, Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae, and Thomisidae. Predators: brood parasites Ceropales maculata (Fabricius, 1775) and Evagetes crassicornis (Shuckard, 1837).

Material: RM: 1 female, 13.vi.2016, MSNR, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Buryatia, Transbaikalia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, the Middle East, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Mongolia (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in loose soil. Prey: Agelenidae, Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae, and Thomisidae.

Material: RM: 1 female, 16.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 442 (54⁰43’56”N & 43⁰15’02”E); 1 female, 15.vii.2017, quar. 324 (54⁰46’28”N & 43⁰05’40”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to northern Caucasus, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, and Sakhalin), Europe, the Middle East, Turkey, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Mongolia, and northern China (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Prey: spiders Lycosidae and Salticidae. Paralyzed prey is left in the burrow of a spider or hidden in the crevices of tree trunks or stumps.

Material: RM: 1 female, 4.vii.2017, MSNR, quar. 357 (54⁰46’07”N & 43⁰10’56”E); 1 female, 9.vi.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to northern Caucasus, Altai, Amur and Magadan regions, Kamchatka, and Chukotka), Europe, the Middle East, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Mongolia (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in the soil. Prey: spiders Agelenidae, Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae, and Thomisidae. Predators: brood parasites Evagetes crassicornis (Shuckard, 1837) (Pompilidae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Psammochares wesmaeli Thoms.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Psammochares wesmaeli Thms.).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre and, probably, to the south, and Krasnoyarsk Krai), Europe, Kyrgyzstan, and Mongolia.

Biology: Prey: spiders Agelenidae, Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae, and Thomisidae.

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Batozonus lacerticida Pall.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Batozonus lacerticida Pall.); Ruchin & Antropov 2014 (as Batozonellus lacerticida (Pallas, 1771)).

Material: RM: 1 female, 11.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 116 (54⁰52’02”N & 43⁰10’25”E); 1 female, 28.vi.2015, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); NNR: 2 ex., 27.vii.2014, Voznesenskoe Distr., Alamasovo (54⁰54’03”N & 43⁰08’56”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Morocco, Cyprus, Turkey, Georgia, Syria, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirghizia, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: spiders Araneus and Argiope (Araneidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, eastern Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Morocco, Turkey, Cyprus, Sudan, Ethiopia, Jordan, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: spiders, mainly Meta and Araneus [Araneidae], and sometimes Lycosidae.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre and the east, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Chukotka, and Sakhalin), Europe, Morocco, Turkey, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and North America (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Brood parasite of spider wasps Arachnospila anceps (Wesmael, 1851), A. consobrina (Dahlbom, 1843), A. minutula (Dahlbom, 1842), A. trivialis (Dahlbom, 1843), and Anoplius nigerrimus (Scopoli, 1863) (Edwards & Telfer 2002).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and Irkutsk and Magadan regions), Europe, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, and Turkmenistan (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Material: RM: 1 female, 2.vii.2016, Temnikov Distr., Kushki (54⁰29’49” N 43⁰16’11”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Israel, Cyprus, Turkey, Pakistan, northern and southeastern China, Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, and Ryukyu), and Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australian regions (Loktionov & Lelej 2017).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: spiders Zoropsis [Zoropsidae], Aelurillus [Salticidae], Xysticus [Thomisidae], Chiracanthium, Zora [Clubionidae], Arctosa, Alopecosa, Lycosa, Xerolycosa, Pirata, Trochosa [Lycosidae], Araneus, and Dolomedes (Araneidae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Odynerus antilope Panz.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Odynerus antilope Panz.); Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 13.v.2014, MSNR, quar. 360 (54⁰46’13”N & 43⁰13’31”E); 1 female, 9.vi.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 1 male, 31.v.2014, cord. Taratinski (54⁰44’43”N & 43⁰05’14”E); 1 female, 29.vi.2017, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, northeastern China, Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), and North America (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in existing cavities (in the stems of plants, on clay slopes, and in old nests of other Hymenoptera). Prey: caterpillars of various Lepidoptera, less often false larvae of sawflies (Tenthredinidae), larvae of snout beetles (Curculionidae), and leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis longula Abeille de Perrin, 1879 and Ch. pseudobrevitarsis Linsenmaier, 1951 (Chrysididae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus and Urals), south of Europe, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Syria, Iraq, and Iran (Fateryga 2017).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Odynerus gazella Panz.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Odynerus gazella Panz.).

Material: RM: 1 male, 16.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 442 (54⁰43’56”N & 43⁰15’02”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Cyprus, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan, and ? Pakistan. Acclimatized in North America and New Zealand as a result of accidental importation (Fateryga 2017).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, and eastern Siberia), Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Fateryga 2017).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Odynerus callosus Thoms.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Odynerus callosus Thms.); Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Ruchin et al. 2009; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 23.viii.2015, MSNR, quar. 387 (54⁰45’43”N & 43⁰15’46”E); 1 female, 10.v.2015, quar. 447 (54⁰43’14”N & 43⁰13’39”E); 12.v.2016, 1 female, quar. 408 (54⁰44’57”N & 43⁰11’47”E); 2 female, 28.iv.2016, 6.viii.2017, quar. 420 (54⁰45’29”N & 43⁰24’19”E); 1 female, 24.vii.2016, quar. 398 (54⁰46’22”N & 43⁰25’48”E); 2 female, 2 male, 23.viii.2016, quar. 85 (54⁰53’29”N & 43⁰35’00”E); 1 male, 10.viii.2016, quar. 440 (54⁰43’56”N & 43⁰13’15”E); 3 female, 21.v.2016, 21.v.2017, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 1 female, 9.v.2015, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 1 female, 18.v.2014, cord. Polyanski (54⁰46’36”N & 43⁰28’47”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Novoyamskaya Sloboda (54⁰44’24”N & 43⁰42’59”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iran, India, Mongolia, northeastern China, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in existing cavities (in the stems of plants, on clay slopes, and in old nests of other Hymenoptera). Prey: caterpillars of various Lepidoptera, less often false larvae of sawflies (Tenthredinidae) and larvae of snout beetles (Curculionidae) and leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis ignita (Linnaeus, 1758), C. Schencki Linsenmaier, 1968, and C. terminata Dahlbom, 1854 (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 11 female, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 79 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰29’18”E); 1 female, 13.vii.2017, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin; 4 female, 12–16.v.2014, 27.v.2014, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

Biology: Nests in existing cavities (in the stems of plants, on clay slopes, and in old nests of other Hymenoptera). Prey: caterpillars of various Lepidoptera, less often false larvae of sawflies (Tenthredinidae) and larvae of snout beetles (Curculionidae) and leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis ignita (Linnaeus, 1758), C. Impressa Schenck, 1856, and C. longula Abeille de Perrin, 1879 (Chrysididae).

Literature: Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Odynerus parietum L.); Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2009.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, ? central Asia, Iran, Mongolia, and northern China. Acclimatized in North America as a result of accidental importation (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in existing cavities (in the stems of plants, on clay slopes, and in old nests of other Hymenoptera). Prey: caterpillars of various Lepidoptera, less often false larvae of sawflies (Tenthredinidae) and larvae of snout beetles (Curculionidae) and leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis borealis Paukkunen, Ødegaard & Soon, 2015, C. fulgida Linnaeus, 1761, C. Ignita (Linnaeus, 1758), C. ruddii Shuckard, 1837, C. sexdentata Christ, 1791, and Pseudochrysis neglecta (Shuckard, 1836) (Chrysididae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Odynerus trifasciatus F.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Odynerus trifasciatus F.); Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 15.viii.2014, MSNR, quar. 420 (54⁰45’29”N & 43⁰24’19”E); 1 female, 12.vi.2016, quar. 413 (54⁰45’12”N & 43⁰16’54”E); 1 female, 1.vii.2016, quar. 329 (54⁰46’36”N & 43⁰10’39”E); 1 female, 15.viii.2014, cord. Taratinski (54⁰44’43”N & 43⁰05’14”E); 1 female, 4.vii.2017, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 1 male, 18.vi.2017, cord. Drozhdenovski (54⁰44’31”N & 43⁰17’24”E); NNR: 1 ex., 22.vii.2017, Voznesenskoe Distr., Alamasovo (54⁰54’03”N & 43⁰08’56”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov (Image 4).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in existing cavities (in the stems of plants, on clay slopes, and in old nests of other Hymenoptera). Prey: caterpillars of various Lepidoptera, less often false larvae of sawflies (Tenthredinidae) and larvae of snout beetles (Curculionidae) and leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis angustula Schenck, 1856, C. ignita (Linnaeus, 1758), C. impressa Schenck, 1856, C. mediata Linsenmaier, 1951, C. schencki Linsenmaier, 1968, C. solida Haupt, 1957, and C. subcoriacea Linsenmaier, 1959 (Chrysididae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Discoelius naryshkini F. Моr.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Discoelius naryshkini F. Моr.); Ruchin & Antropov 2016.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Primorsky Krai, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Mongolia, central and eastern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Ryukyu) (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in the abandoned tunnels of the beetle larvae in the wood. Prey: small caterpillars (Cochylidae, Pyralidae, Torticidae, Gelechiidae, Eucosmidae, and Pyraustidae), less often false larvae of sawflies (Pamphilidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis brevitarsis Thomson, 1870 and C. equestris Dahlbom, 1854 (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 19.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 330 (54⁰46’44”N & 43⁰11’09”E); 1 male, 24.vii.2016, quar. 398 (54⁰46’22”N & 43⁰25’48”E); 1 male, 10.viii.2016, quar. 427 (54⁰44’30”N & 43⁰12’49”E); 1 female, 15.vi.2017, Temnikov Distr., Tyuveevo (54⁰39’45”N & 43⁰14’43”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Jordan, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Iran, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Mongolia, China, and Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests of clay in the shape of a pot on branches of bushes, stones, and walls of buildings, sometimes in groups. Prey: small caterpillars (Geometridae, Tortricidae, Pyralidae, Alucitidae, Pyraustidae, and others), less often false larvae of sawflies (Cimbicidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis impressa Schenck, 1856, C. inaequalis Dahlbom, 1845, and C. splendidula Rossi, 1790 (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 22.viii.2015, MSNR, quar. 342 (54⁰46’21”N & 43⁰23’23”E); 1 female, 4.viii.2017, quar. 413 (54⁰45’12”N & 43⁰16’54”E); 1 female, 13.vii.2017, quar. 347 (54⁰47’34”N & 43⁰28’31”E); 1 female, 4.viii.2017, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin; 1 male, 7.viii.2017, cord. Pavlovski (54⁰45’15”N & 43⁰24’03”E), coll. G.B. Semishin; 1 female, 20.vii.2017, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Israel, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan (Kyushu) (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests of clay in the shape of a pot on branches of bushes, stones, and walls of buildings, sometimes in groups. Prey: small caterpillars (Geometridae, Tortricidae, Pyralidae, Alucitidae, and Pyraustidae), less often false larvae of sawflies (Cimbicidae). Predators: emerald wasps Hedychrum rutilans Dahlbom, 1854 and Chrysis ruddii Shuckard, 1837 (Chrysididae).

Literature: Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Feoktistov 2011; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 24.viii.2017, MSNR, quar. 80 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰30’22”E); 1 male, 20.viii.2016, quar. 417 (54⁰45’23”N & 43⁰20’56”E); 1 male, 13.viii.2016, quar. 446 (54⁰43’13”N & 43⁰13’23”E); 1 male, 6.viii.2017, quar. 419 (54⁰45’39”N & 43⁰22’50”E); 1 male, 2.vii.2017, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 1 male, 21.v.2017, Temnikov Distr., Russkoe Karaevo (54⁰40’55”N, 43⁰13’52”E); 1 male, 15.vi.2017, Tyuveevo (54⁰39’45”N & 43⁰14’43”E); 3 male, 23.vii.2016, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre and the east, Urals, Siberia, Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and southwestern China (Fateryga 2017).

Material: RM: 1 female, 18.vi.2017, MSNR, cord. Drozhdenovski (54⁰44’31”N & 43⁰17’24”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, eastern Siberia, and also, perhaps, the Far East (Amur and Magadan regions, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and, possibly, northern China (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in hollow stems of plants, tunnels of bark beetles, and in old nests of Hymenoptera (including in the ground). Prey: catterpillars of Tortricidae, Pyralidae, Gelechiidae, Pyraustidae, and of other families, less often larvae of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis graelsii Guérin-Méneville, 1842, C. pseudobrevitarsis Linsenmaier, 1951, C. sexdentata Christ, 1791, C. solida Haupt, 1957, and C. zetterstedti Dahlbom, 1845 (Chrysididae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Caucasus, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in hollow stems of plants, tunnels of bark beetles, and in old nests of Hymenoptera (including in the ground). Prey: catterpillars of Tortricidae, Pyralidae, Gelechiidae, Pyraustidae, and of other families, less often larvae of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis graelsii Guérin-Méneville, 1842 and C. pseudobrevitarsis Linsenmaier, 1951 (Chrysididae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in hollow stems of herbaceous plants or in branches of bushes with a soft core. Prey: larvae of snout beetles Phytonomus (Curculionidae) and, probably, catterpillars of Microlepidoptera. Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis ignita (Linnaeus, 1758), C. indigotea Dufour & Perris, 1840, C. rutilans Olivier, 1791, C. splendidula Rossi, 1790, and Pseudochrysis neglecta (Shuckard, 1836) (Chrysididae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Altai), Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in hollow stems of herbaceous plants or in branches of bushes with a soft core. Prey: small larvae of snout beetles (Curculionidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis gracillima Förster, 1853 (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 18.vi.2017, MSNR, cord. Drozhdenovski (54⁰44’31”N & 43⁰17’24”E); 1 female, 30.vi.2015, Temnikov Distr., Nizhnie Borki (54⁰39’24”N & 43⁰28’31”E); 1 male, 13.viii.2015, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); NNR: 1 male, 4.vii.2017, Voznesenskoe Distr., Zarya (54⁰50’08”N & 43⁰07’08”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre and the east, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, and Kazakhstan (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in the soil, with a long curved tube of clay lumps in front of the entrance, both on vertical and horizontal surfaces. Prey: larvae of snout beetles Phytonomus (Curculionidae) and leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) and small caterpillars Microlepidoptera. Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis mediadentata Linsenmaier, 1951, C. ruddii Shuckard, 1837, C. viridula Linnaeus, 1761, and Pseudochrysis neglecta (Shuckard, 1836) (Chrysididae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), west and east of Europe, Israel, Caucasus, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Mongolia (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in the soil, with a long curved tube of clay lumps in front of the entrance. Prey: larvae of snout beetles (Curculionidae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 4.viii.2013, MSNR, quar. 330 (54⁰46’44”N & 43⁰11’09”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Novosibirsk region, Krasnoyarsk Krai, and Irkutsk region), south of Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and northern China (Fateryga 2017).

Material: RM: 1 female, 9.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in a variety of existing cavities (galls, hollow stems of plants, and in the old tunnels of beetles in the wood). Prey: caterpillars of Tortricidae, Psychidae, Blastobasidae, Eucosmidae, Gelechiidae, Lithocolletidae, and Pyralidae, less often larvae of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 17.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 330 (54⁰46’44”N & 43⁰11’09”E); 1 female, 12.vi.2016, quar. 413 (54⁰45’12”N & 43⁰16’54”E); 1 male, 12.vi.2016, quar. 430 (54⁰44’34”N & 43⁰16’00”E); 1 female, 15.vii.2017, quar. 324 (54⁰46’28”N & 43⁰05’40”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus and Altai), south of Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, and northeastern China (Fateryga 2017).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Odynerus sinuatus F. and O. bifasciatus L.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Discoelius sinuatus F., Odynerus bifasciatus L. and Odynerus diunatus F.); Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Ruchin et al. 2009; Feoktistov 2011 (as Symmorphus mutinensis Bald.); Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 24.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 398 (54⁰46’22”N & 43⁰25’48”E); 1 female, 6.viii.2017, quar. 397 (54⁰46’17”N & 43⁰25’44”E); 1 male, 15.vi.2014, quar. 408 (54⁰44’57”N & 43⁰11’47”E); 1 male, 13.vi.2016, quar. 435 (54⁰43’41”N & 43⁰07’59”E); 1 female, 1 male, 9.vi.2014, 16.vi.2014, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); 1 male, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in a variety of existing cavities (galls, hollow stems of plants, and in the old nests of other Hymenoptera in soil and wood). Prey: caterpillars of Lithocolletidae, Tischeriidae, Stigmellidae, Cosmopterygidae, and Heliozelidae. Preys mostly on larvae of Phratora species, sometimes catching Linaeidea and Plagiodera as well (Budrienė 2003). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis angustula Schenck, 1856, C. fulgida Linnaeus, 1761, and C. ignita (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 13.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 421 (54⁰43’52’’N, 43⁰07’06”E).

General distribution: Russia (the north and the centre of the European part and Altai), Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, and Kazakhstan (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in a variety of existing cavities (galls, hollow stems of plants, and in the old nests of other Hymenoptera in soil and wood). Prey: caterpillars of Lithocolletidae, Tischeriidae, Stigmellidae, Cosmopterygidae, Heliozelidae, or larvae of snout beetles (Cucculionidae) and leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis angustula Schenck, 1856 (Chrysididae).

Literature: Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Feoktistov 2011; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 male, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 82 (54⁰53’12”N & 43⁰32’46”E); 1 female, 27.v.2014, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iran, Mongolia, India, ? northeastern China (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in a variety of existing cavities (galls, hollow stems of plants, and in the old nests of other Hymenoptera in soil and wood). Prey: caterpillars of Lithocolletidae, Tischeriidae, Stigmellidae, Cosmopterygidae, Heliozelidae, or larvae of snout beetles (Curculionidae) and leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) (Budrienė 2003). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis fulgida Linnaeus, 1761, C. iris Christ, 1791, and C. longula Abeille de Perrin, 1879 (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 2 female, 14.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 384 (54⁰45’33”N & 43⁰12’44”E); 1 female, 11.vi.2016, quar. 368 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰21’45”E); 1 female, 12.vi.2016, quar. 430 (54⁰44’34”N & 43⁰16’00”E); 2 male, 9.vi.2016, quar. 358 (54⁰46’05”N & 43⁰11’44”E); 1 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 383 (54⁰45’36”N & 43⁰11’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), south of Europe, Azurbayjan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and northeastern China (Fateryga 2017).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus), Europe, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Iran (Fateryga 2017).

Material: RM: 2 female, 25.v.2015, MSNR, quar. 276 (54⁰47’45”N & 43⁰10’28”E); 1 female, 11.vii.2015, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 female, 1 male, 21.vi.2015, quar. 360 (54⁰46’13”N & 43⁰13’31”E); 4 male, 21.vi.2015, quar. 381 (54⁰45’17”N & 43⁰09’52”E); 1 male, 31.v.2015, quar. 398 (54⁰46’22”N & 43⁰25’48”E); 1 female, 9.vi.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 1 female, 18.vii.2016, quar. 383 (54⁰45’36”N & 43⁰11’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Tomsk region, eastern Siberia, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iran, and Korea (Fateryga 2017).

Biology: Nests in a variety of existing cavities (galls, hollow stems of plants, and in the old nests of other Hymenoptera in soil and wood). Prey: caterpillars of Lithocolletidae, Tischeriidae, Stigmellidae, Cosmopterygidae, and Heliozelidae, or larvae of snout beetles (Curculionidae) and leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) (Budrienė 2003). Predators: Chrysis fulgida Linnaeus, 1761, C. iris Christ, 1791, and C. longula Abeille de Perrin, 1879 (Chrysididae).

Literature: Ruchin et al. 2009 (as Polistes nimpha (Christ, 1791), part.); Mokrousov et al. 2013 (as Polistes bischoffi Weyrauch, 1937); Ruchin & Antropov 2014 (as Polistes biglumis (Linnaeus, 1758)).

Material: RM: 1 female, 29.v.2016, MSNR, quar. 142 (54⁰51’12”N & 43⁰09’21”E); 1 female, 15.vii.2017, quar. 324 (54⁰46’28”N & 43⁰05’40”E); 1 female, 12.ix.2017, quar. 115 (54⁰51’46”N & 43⁰09’26”E); 1 female, 12.vii.2016, Temnikov Distr., Alkaevo (54⁰35’49”N & 43⁰22’35”E); 1 female, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E); 1 female, 22.vii.2017, Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); NNR: 1 female, 4.vii.2017, Voznesenskoe Distr., Zarya (54⁰50’08”N & 43⁰07’08”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to the south, Urals, Siberia, and ? Primorsky Krai), south of Europe, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Antropov 2017a).

Biology: Nests in the shape of a horizontal or inclined open bottom comb structure on a single column on the stems of plants or under stones. Prey: small caterpillars of Geometridae and Tortricidae.

Literature: Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Pollistes gallicus L.); Ruchin et al. 2009 (as Polistes dominulus (Christ, 1791)); Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: NNR: 1 ex., 28.v.2017, Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Altai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Mongolia, and northwestern China. Acclimatized in the Canary Islands, North and South America, and Australia (Antropov 2017a).

Biology: Nests in the shape of a horizontal or inclined open bottom comb structure on a single column on the stems of plants or in shelters, on several columns. Prey: caterpillars of Geometridae and Tortricidae (Hughes et al. 2003).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (Polistes opinabilis Kohl); Plavilshchikov 1964 (Pollistes opinabilis Kohl); Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2013 (Pollistes nimphus (Christ, 1791)); Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 79 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰29’18”E); 2 male, 16.viii.2015, quar. 324 (54⁰46’28”N & 43⁰05’40”E); 1 female, 5.vii.2015, quar. 403(54⁰44’40”N & 43⁰06’57”E); 1 female, 7.ix.2015, quar. 430 (54⁰44’34”N & 43⁰16’00”E); 1 female, 20.iv.2014, quar. 434 (54⁰45’04”N & 43⁰19’02”E); 1 female, 24.v.2015, quar. 448 (54⁰42’37”N & 43⁰12’29”E); 1 female, 29.v.2016, quar. 35 (54⁰53’19”N & 43⁰11’11”E); 1 male, 23.viii.2016, quar. 59 (54⁰54’14”N & 43⁰34’57”E); 1 male, 23.viii.2016, quar. 85 (54⁰53’29”N & 43⁰35’00”E); 1 female, 18.vi.2016, quar. 197 (54⁰50’05”N & 43⁰09’09”E); 1 female, 18.vi.2016, quar. 275 (54⁰47’46”N & 43⁰08’34”E); 1 female, 5.vii.2016, quar. 324 (54⁰46’28”N & 43⁰05’40”E); 1 female, 11.vi.2016, quar. 368 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰21’45”E); 1 female, 19.vi.2016, quar. 401 (54⁰44’30”N & 43⁰05’15”E); 2 male, 20.viii.2016, quar. 417 (54⁰45’23”N & 43⁰20’56”E); 1 male, 3.ix.2016, quar. 421 (54⁰43’52’’N, 43⁰07’06”E); 1 male, 10.viii.2016, quar. 427 (54⁰44’30”N & 43⁰12’49”E); 3 female, 26.v.2016, 13.viii.2016, quar. 446 (54⁰43’13”N & 43⁰13’23”E); 4 female, 6.ix.2014, 28.vi.2015, 11.v.2015, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 2 female, 19.vii.2016, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 1 female, 19.vi.2016, cord. Taratinski (54⁰44’43”N & 43⁰05’14”E); 3 female, 1.ix.2014, 19.v.2016, 21.v.2016, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); 1 female, 17.v.2014, Temnikov Distr., Tretyakovo (54⁰31’44”N & 43⁰13’18”E); 3 male, 5.viii.2015, 15.viii.2015, Alkaevo (54⁰35’49”N & 43⁰22’35”E); 1 female, 1 male, 24.vii.2016, Polyanki (54⁰44’27”N & 43⁰29’04”E); 5 female, 1 male, 19.vii.2015, 23.vii.2016, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); 1 male, 23.vii.2016, Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E); NNR: 1 ex., 23.ix.2017, Voznesenskoe Distr., Alamasovo (54⁰54’03”N & 43⁰08’56”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov (Image 4).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and the northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, India, Mongolia, and northeastern China (Antropov 2017a).

Biology: Nests in the shape of a horizontal or inclined open bottom comb structure on a single column on the stems of plants or in shelters, on several columns (Kozyra & Baraniak 2016). Prey: caterpillars of Geometridae and Tortricidae.

Literature: Redikortsev 1938; Plavilshchikov 1964; Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2013.

Material: RM: 1 ex., 24.v.2015, quar. 448 (54⁰42’37”N & 43⁰12’29”E); 1 ex., 10.viii.2016, quar. 427 (54⁰44’30”N & 43⁰12’49”E); 1 ex., 28.vii.2015, quar. 79 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰29’18”E); 1 ex., 16.viii.2015, quar. 324 (54⁰46’28”N & 43⁰05’40”E); 1 ex., 19.vii.2016, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 2 ex., 28.vi.2015, 11.v.2015, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 1 ex., 19.vi.2016, cord. Taratinski (54⁰44’43”N & 43⁰05’14”E); 1 ex., 18.vi.2017, cord. Drozhdenovski (54⁰44’31”N & 43⁰17’24”E); 3 ex., 27.v.2014, 1.ix.2014, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); 1 ex., 17.v.2014, Temnikov Distr., Tretyakovo (54⁰31’44”N & 43⁰13’18”E); 1 ex., 15.viii.2015, Alkaevo (54⁰35’49”N & 43⁰22’35”E); 1 ex., 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); 1 ex., 23.vii.2016, Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E); NNR: 1 ex., 4.vii.2017, Voznesenskoe Distr., Zarya (54⁰50’08”N & 43⁰07’08”E); 1 ex., 23.viii.2017, Diveevo Distr., Satis (54⁰55’25”N & 43⁰13’24”E); 1 ex., 6.viii.2014, Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov (Image 3).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu). Acclimatized in North America and Guatemala as a result of accidental importation (Antropov 2017a).

Biology: As a rule, nests are in shelters, in hollows of trees and in attics. The shell of the nest is relatively fragile since the material is wood fibres of decayed stumps and trunks. In closed hollows, the outer shell can be absent. Prey: various insects from large Diptera to honey bees and male bumblebees. The family development cycle is long, from May to October.

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Vespa media Deg.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Vespula media Deg.); Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2013.

Material: RM: 1 female, 31.vi.2015, MSNR, quar. 345 (54⁰47’13”N & 43⁰26’30”E); 1 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 383 (54⁰45’36”N & 43⁰11’48”E); 1 male, 6.viii.2017, quar. 397 (54⁰46’17”N & 43⁰25’44”E); 1 female, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, ? Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Morocco, Turkey, Georgia, Syria, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu). Accidentally imported introducted to New Zealand (Antropov 2017a).

Biology: Nests have thick gray outer shell, openly hanging in the middle or upper tiers of branches of trees and shrubs or under the eaves of buildings. An immature nest has a more or less long entry tube. Prey: mostly various Diptera. The family development cycle is short, from the end of May to August.

Literature: Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Feoktistov 2011; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 1 male, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 79 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰29’18”E); 1 female, 28.vii.2015, quar. 82 (54⁰53’12”N & 43⁰32’46”E); 1 female, 4.vii.2015, quar. 288 (54⁰48’27”N & 43⁰22’03”E); 2 female, 10.v.2015, quar. 366 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰19’49”E); 1 female, 21.vi.2015, quar. 381 (54⁰45’17”N & 43⁰09’52”E); 2 female, 9.v.2015, 5.vii.2015, quar. 403 (54⁰44’40”N & 43⁰06’57”E); 1 female, 12.vii.2014, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E); 1 female, 4.v.2016, quar. 380 (54⁰45’06”N & 43⁰08’34”E); 1 female, 2 male, 15.v.2016, 18.vii.2016, quar. 383 (54⁰45’36”N & 43⁰11’48”E); 1 female, 13.vi.2016, quar. 435 (54⁰43’41”N & 43⁰07’59”E); 1 female, 2 male, 10.vi.2016, 24.vii.2016, quar. 440 (54⁰43’56”N & 43⁰13’15”E); 3 female, 1.viii.2017, quar. 111; 5.vii.2015, 23.viii.2017, 4 female, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G. B. Semishin; 2 female, 11.vii.2015, 20.v.2017, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 1 female, 9.vi.2016, cord. Novenkovski (54⁰55’53”N & 43⁰25’18”E); 3 female, 22.vi.2014, 8.v.2015, 5.vii.2016, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); NNR: 2 female, 1.viii.2017, Pervomaisk Distr., 6 km southwest of Lesozavod (54⁰54’32”N & 43⁰38’11”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Chukotka, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Iran, Mongolia, southwestern and northern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Antropov 2017a).

Biology: Quite common, sometimes abundant species. Nests have gray smooth outer shell, openly hanging on branches of trees or bushes or in shelters (in household outbuildings and attics). An immature nest does not have an entry tube. Prey: mostly various dipterans. The family development cycle is short, from May to August.

Literature: Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Vespula silvestris Scop.); Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013.

Material: RM: 2 female, 18.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 197 (54⁰50’05”N & 43⁰09’09”E); 1 male, 24.vii.2016, quar. 398 (54⁰46’22”N & 43⁰25’48”E); 1 female, 1 male, 19.vii.2015, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); 1 male, 23.vii.2016, Novoyamskaya Sloboda (54⁰44’24”N & 43⁰42’59”E); 1 male, 23.vii.2016, Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Morocco, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Mongolia, and China (Antropov 2017a).

Biology: Nests have gray loose outer shell, openly hanging in the lower tier of branches of bushes or stems of grass. An immature nest does not have an entry tube. Prey: mostly various dipterans. The family development cycle is short, from May to early August (Edwards & Telfer 2002). The species prefers coniferous forests (Dvořák 2007).

Literature: Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Pseudovespa germanica F.); Mokrousov et al. 2009; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 12.ix.2017, MSNR, quar. 115 (54⁰51’46”N & 43⁰09’26”E); 2 female, 9.ix.2016, 12.ix.2017, cord. Plotomoika (54⁰53’36”N & 43⁰09’41”E); 3 female, 17.vii.2017, 5.ix.2017, 29.ix.2017, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E); NNR: 1 ex., 31.viii.2014, 4.x.2014, Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov (Image 3).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Mongolia, China, and Korea. The species was accidentally introduced with commercial cargo to Iceland, Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands, South Africa, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Fr. Ascension, Fr. Norfolk, Hawaii, and northern (USA and Canada) and southern (Argentina and Chile) America.

Biology: Nests have a gray undulating outer shell, with short posts on the outside, located mainly in underground cavities (abandoned mammalian burrows) or under buildings. The species is quite common in the reserve. As in other parts of the range (Dvořák 2007), it prefers glades, clearings, meadows, and forest edges. An immature nest does not have an entrance tube. Prey: various Diptera. The family development cycle is long, from May to October (Edwards & Telfer 2002).

Literature: Ruchin et al. 2009; Feoktistov 2011 (as Paravespula rufa L.); Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 20.vi.2015, MSNR, quar. 345 (54⁰47’13”N & 43⁰26’30”E); 1 female, 23.viii.2015, quar. 360 (54⁰46’13”N & 43⁰13’31”E); 1 female, 10.v.2014, quar. 408 (54⁰44’57”N & 43⁰11’47”E); 1 female, 23.viii.2016, quar. 85 (54⁰53’29”N & 43⁰35’00”E); 1 female, 3.vii.2016, quar. 283 (54⁰48’08”N & 43⁰17’28”E); 1 female, 10.viii.2016, quar. 427 (54⁰44’30”N & 43⁰12’49”E); 1 female, 31.vii.2015, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); 1 female, 21.v.2017, Temnikov Distr., Russkoe Karaevo (54⁰40’55”N, 43⁰13’52”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Chukotka, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Mongolia, Nepal, China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, and Shikoku) (Antropov 2017a).

Biology: Round nests have a gray loose outer shell, located mainly in cavities under the roots of trees or in abandoned mammal burrows. An immature nest does not have an entrance tube. Prey: various Diptera. The family development cycle is short, from May till late August.

Literature: Redikortsev 1938; Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Pseudovespa vulgaris L.); Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2009.

Material: RM: 1 female, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 82 (54⁰53’12”N & 43⁰32’46”E); 1 female, 20.vii.2015, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 female, 22.viii.2015, quar. 342 (54⁰46’21”N & 43⁰23’23”E); 3 female, 24.viii.2014, 10.v.2015, quar. 368 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰21’45”E); 1 female, 22.viii.2015, quar. 396; 1 female, 26.v.2015, quar. 447 (54⁰43’14”N & 43⁰13’39”E); 1 female, 12.vii.2014, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E); 1 female, 15.v.2015, quar. 420 (54⁰45’29”N & 43⁰24’19”E); 1 female, 24.vii.2016, quar. 398 (54⁰46’22”N & 43⁰25’48”E); 1 female, 13.viii.2016, quar. 446 (54⁰43’13”N & 43⁰13’23”E); 1 female, 21.v.2017, quar. 421 (54⁰43’52’’N, 43⁰07’06”E); 1 female, 13.vii.2014, cord. Novenkovski (54⁰55’53”N & 43⁰25’18”E); 1 female, 16.v.2014, cord. Srednayay Melnitsa (54⁰54’09”N & 43⁰13’53”E), coll. L.V. Egorov; 2 female, 11.v.2015, 28.vi.2015, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 2 female, 16.vii.2016, 31.v.2016, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E); NNR: 1 ex., 6.viii.2014, Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov; 1 ex., 7.ix.2014, Voznesenskoe Distr., Alamasovo (54⁰54’03”N & 43⁰08’56”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Chukotka, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, India, Mongolia, southwestern and northeastern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu). As a result of accidental importation, it acclimatized in Iceland, Australia, New Zealand, Mauri, and Hawaii (Antropov 2017a).

Biology: Nests have an ochreish undulating outer shell, without any posts on the outside, located mainly in underground cavities (abandoned mammalian burrows) or in wall cavities and under buildings. An immature nest does not have an entrance tube. Prey: various Diptera. The family development cycle is long, from May to October (Edwards & Telfer 2002). It is the most widespread and numerous species of social wasps in the reserve.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Mongolia, northern China, and Korea (Danilov 2017).

Biology: Nests in clay or dense sandy soil. Prey: caterpillars of Geometridae, Pieridae, and Noctuidae and false larvae of sawflies (Tentredinidae). Predators: flies Metopia (Sarcophagidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 79 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰29’18”E); 1 female, 12.vii.2014, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E); 1 female, 11.vii.2015, quar. 142 (54⁰51’12”N & 43⁰09’21”E); 1 female, 18.vi.2016, quar. 115 (54⁰51’46”N & 43⁰09’26”E); 1 male, 13.vii.2017, quar. 319 (54⁰48’09”N & 43⁰28’25”E); 4.vi.2017, 1 female, cord. Inorski, coll. G.B. Semishin, 2.vii.2017, 1 male, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 1 female, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Novoyamskaya Sloboda (54⁰44’24”N & 43⁰42’59”E); 2 female, 1 male, 31.v.2014, 22.vii.2017, Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); NNR: 3 female, 4.vii.2017, 16.vii.2017, Voznesenskoe Distr., Zarya (54⁰50’08”N & 43⁰07’08”E); 1 female, 16.vii.2017, Svobodnyi (54⁰50’47”N & 43⁰07’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Iran, Mongolia, northern and southwestern China, and North America (Danilov 2017).

Biology: Nests in dense sandy soil, often in groups. Prey: caterpillars of Geometridae and Noctuidae, and extremely rarely false larvae of Tentredinidae (Kazenas 2001). Predators: flies Metopia argyrocephala (Meigen, 1824) (Sarcophagidae) and twisted-wing parasites Paraxenos sphecidarum (Dufour, 1837) (Stylopidae).

Literature: Plavilshchikov 1964; Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 2 female, 23.viii.2015, MSNR, quar. 360 (54⁰46’13”N & 43⁰13’31”E); 1 female, 17.viii.2014, quar. 397 (54⁰46’17”N & 43⁰25’44”E); 1 male, 20.vi.2015, quar. 345 (54⁰47’13”N & 43⁰26’30”E); 1 male, 21.vi.2015, quar. 381 (54⁰45’17”N & 43⁰09’52”E); 1 male, 5.vii.2015, quar. 403 (54⁰44’40”N & 43⁰06’57”E); 1 male, 5.vii.2015, quar. 405; 1 male, 12.vii.2014, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E); 1 female, 23.viii.2016, quar. 85 (54⁰53’29”N & 43⁰35’00”E); 1 female, 18.vii.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 1 male, 1.vii.2016, quar. 379 (54⁰45’17”N & 43⁰07’51”E); 1 male, 7.vii.2016, quar. 386 (54⁰45’40”N & 43⁰14’48”E); 1 female, 6.viii.2017, quar. 420 (54⁰45’29”N & 43⁰24’19”E); 2 female, 12.ix.2017, quar. 60 (54⁰53’08”N & 43⁰09’57”E); 1 male, 13.vii.2017, quar. 347 (54⁰47’34”N & 43⁰28’31”E); 1 male, 13.vii.2017, quar. 357 (54⁰46’07”N & 43⁰10’56”E); 2 male, 13.vii.2017, quar. 319 (54⁰48’09”N & 43⁰28’25”E); 1 female, 24.vii.2016, Temnikov Distr., Polyanki (54⁰44’27”N & 43⁰29’04”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E); 1 male, 22.vii.2017, Novoyamskaya Sloboda (54⁰44’24”N & 43⁰42’59”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Magadan region, Kamchatka, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Syria, Iran, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Mongolia, and northern China (Danilov 2017).

Biology: Nests in dense sandy soil, sometimes on steep slopes with coarse-grained soil. Prey: large naked caterpillars of Geometridae, Limantriidae, Pieridae, Notodontidae, and Noctuidae (Casiraghi et al. 2001b; Kazenas 2001). Predators: some Ichneumonidae (Casiraghi et al. 2001a).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Mongolia, and northern China (Yildirim et al. 2016; Danilov 2017).

Biology: Nests in dense sandy soil. Prey: caterpillars of geometer moths (Geometridae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938; Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Psammophila affinis Kby.); Mokrousov et al. 2013.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), north and east of Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iran, Mongolia, southwestern and northern China, and Korea (Danilov 2017).

Biology: Nests in coarse-grained or dense sandy soil. Prey: caterpillar of owlet moths Agrotis (Noctuidae) living in the ground. Predators: some Ichneumonidae (Casiraghi et al. 2001a).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Ammophila hirsuta Scop.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Psammophila hirsuta Scop.); Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2009.

Material: RM: 1 female, 11.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 female, 14.v.2016, quar. 278 (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰12’27”E); 1 female, 15.v.2016, quar. 276 (54⁰47’45”N & 43⁰10’28”E); 2 female, 23.viii.2016, quar. 85 (54⁰53’29”N & 43⁰35’00”E); 1 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 278 (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰12’27”E); 1 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 303 (54⁰47’17”N & 43⁰12’32”E); 1 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 1 female, 14.v.2017, quar. 327; 1 female, 15.v.2017, quar. 302 (54⁰47’15”N & 43⁰11’26”E); NNR: 1 ex., 16.vii.2017, Voznesenskoe Distr., Alamasovo (54⁰54’03”N & 43⁰08’56”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Mongolia, and western and northern China (Danilov 2017).

Biology: Hibernate in the imago stage. Nests in coarse-grained or dense sandy soil. Prey: caterpillars, mainly Cucullia and Agrotis (Noctuidae), sometimes Epinephele (Satyridae). Predators: parasitic flies Miltogramma punctatum Meigen, 1824, Taxigramma stictica (Meigen, 1830) (Sarcophagidae), and twisted-wing parasites Paraxenos sphecidarum (Dufour, 1837) (Stylopidae). There are cases of stealing prey from other nests.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus), south of Europe, Africa, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Mongolia, and northwest of China (Murai & Amr 2011). As a result of accidental importation, acclimatized in the Canary Islands and Australia (Danilov 2017).

Literature: Ćetković et al. 2011; Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 male, 9 female, 7.vii.2014, 8.vii.2014, 26.vii.2017, 6.viii.2017, MSNR, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin; 1 female, 1 male, 16.vii.2017, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 2 female, 1 male, 4.viii.2017, 7.viii.2017, cord. Pavlovski (54⁰45’15”N & 43⁰24’03”E), coll. G.B. Semishin; 2 female, 1 male, 20.v.2014, 13.vii.2014, 31.v.2014, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus, Urals, Novosibirsk region, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), southeastern Europe, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Zyukyu), India, and southeastern Asia (Danilov 2017).

Biology: Nests are placed in various shelters, built of clay cells molded into a single layer without covering by a common shell, but surrounded by a roll of clay. In the reserve it is found in residential and commercial premises. This species often makes nests over windows, in door jambs, under eaves, and under roofs. Prey: spiders of medium size, usually the most common and available in the habitat (Gepp 2003).

Material: RM: 1 female, 3.vii.2014, MSNR, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin; 2 female, 19.vii.2015, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, and Transbaikalia), south of Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Kazakhstan, central Africa, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and China (Danilov 2017).

Biology: Nests of clay cells molded into a few layers, covered by a common shell, in open spaces or in shelters. Prey: spiders of medium size, usually the most common and available in the habitat (Gepp 2003).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Novosibirsk region, Altai, and Tuva), south and east of Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, and northern China (Danilov 2017).

Biology: Nests in dense sandy soil. Prey: imago or older larva of locusts (Acrididae).

Material: NNR: 2 ex., 5.viii.2014, 11.viii.2014, Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov (Image 4).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, and Khabarovsk Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Georgia, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and northern China (Danilov 2017).

Biology: Nests in dense sandy or clay soil. Prey: grasshoppers Decticus verrucivorus (Linnaeus, 1758), Phaneroptera phalcata (Poda, 1761), Platycleis grisea (Fabricius, 1781), P. intermedia (Audinet-Serville, 1838), Tettigonia albifrons (Fabricius, 1775), and T. viridissima (Linnaeus, 1758) (Tettigonidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 13.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 434 (54⁰45’04”N & 43⁰19’02”E); 1 male, 28.vii.2015, quar. 79 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰29’18”E); 1 female, 19.vii.2015, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Yemen, Oman, Turkey, Abkhazia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Mongolia, northern China, and Korea (Murai & Amr 2011; Nemkov 2017a).

Biology: Nests in dense soil. Prey: larvae of the late stages of heteropterans Cydnidae and Pentatomidae. Predators: emerald wasps Hedychridium roseum (Rossi, 1790), H. rossicum Gussakovskij, 1948, and Holopyga generosa (Förster, 1853) (Chrysididae).

General distribution: Russia (from the centre to the south of the European part), east of Europe, and Kazakhstan (Nemkov 2017a).

Material: RM: 1 female, 18.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 303 (54⁰47’17”N & 43⁰12’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre and east, Altai, eastern Siberia, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, and Kazakhstan (Nemkov 2017a).

Biology: Nests in dense sandy soil. Prey: nymphs of Heteroptera, mostly Lygaeidae. Predators: emerald wasps Hedychridium cupreum (Dahlbom, 1845), H. femoratum (Dahlbom, 1854), and Holopyga metallica (Dahlbom, 1854) (Chrysididae).

Didineis lunicornis (Fabricius, 1798) (= Didineis kozhevnikovi Kokujev, 1906)

General distribution: Russia (centre, south, and east of the European part and Urals), Europe, northern Africa, and Abkhazia (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in dense soil. Prey: Auchenorrhyncha and, probably, Heteroptera.

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Bembex rostrata L.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Bembex rostrata L.); Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 male, 12.vii.2014, MSNR, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E); 1 female, 24.viii.2017, quar. 347 (54⁰47’34”N & 43⁰28’31”E); 2 male, 8.vi.2014, 28.vi.2015, cord. Inorski; 1 male, 27.vii.2017, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin; 1 male, 13.vii.2014, cord. Novenkovski (54⁰55’53”N & 43⁰25’18”E); 1 male, 20.vi.2015, Temnikov Distr., Russkoe Karaevo (54⁰40’55”N, 43⁰13’52”E); 1 female, 2.vii.2016, Kushki (54⁰29’49” N 43⁰16’11”E); 2 female, 23.vii.2016, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Novoyamskaya Sloboda (54⁰44’24”N & 43⁰42’59”E); 1 male, 22.vii.2017, Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E); NNR: 1 male, 16.vii.2017, Voznesenskoe Distr., Svobodnyi (54⁰50’47”N & 43⁰07’48”E); 1 ex., 8.viii.2014, Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov (Images 3 & 4).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and northern China (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in loose sandy soil. Prey: dipterans Tabanidae, Syrphidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Antomyiidae. Predators: emerald wasps Parnopes grandior (Pallas, 1771), dipterans Petrorossia hesperus Rossi, 1790 (Bombylidae), Metopia leucocephala (Rossi, 1790), Senotainia conica (Fallen, 1810), and Physocephala chrysorrhoea (Meigen, 1824) (Sarcophagidae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 31.v.2014, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north till Crimea, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, Israel, Turkey, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and northeastern China (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in dense (clay, gravel, or coarse skeletal) soil. Prey: nymphs of leafhoppers Jassidae.

Literature: Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Feoktistov 2011; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 12.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 413 (54⁰45’12”N & 43⁰16’54”E); 1 female, 12.vi.2016, quar. 430 (54⁰44’34”N & 43⁰16’00”E); 1 female, 13.vi.2016, quar. 421 (54⁰43’52’’N, 43⁰07’06”E); 1 female, 13.vi.2016, quar. 422 (54⁰43’55”N & 43⁰07’39”E); 1 female, 13.vii.2017, quar. 347 (54⁰47’34”N & 43⁰28’31”E); 1 female, 11.vii.2015, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north to the centre and the east, Urals, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, and Irkutsk region), Europe, Turkey, and Kazakhstan (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in dense (clay or gravel) soil. Prey: nymphs of leafhoppers, mainly Aphrophora Philaenus (Aphrophoridae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Gorytes laticinctus Schr.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Gorytes laticinctus Shuck.); Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 ex., 2.vi.2017, MSNR, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin (Image 4).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and Altai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: larvae and imagos of leafhoppers. Predators: digger wasps Nysson trimaculatus (Rossi, 1790) (Crabronidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 2.vi.2017, MSNR, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin.

General distribution: Russi (the European part from the northwest to the centre, Siberia, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), northeast of Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and Korea (Nemkov 2017b).

Material: RM: 1 male, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Novoyamskaya Sloboda (54⁰44’24”N & 43⁰42’59”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus and Urals), south of Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, and Syria (Nemkov 2017b).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938; Plavilshchikov 1964; Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 3 male, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 82 (54⁰53’12”N & 43⁰32’46”E); 1 male, 11.vii.2015, quar. 115 (54⁰51’46”N & 43⁰09’26”E); 2 male, 11.vii.2015, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 male, 5.vii.2015, quar. 405; 6 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 2 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 358 (54⁰46’05”N & 43⁰11’44”E); 1 male, 24.viii.2017, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E); 1 female, 11.viii.2014, Temnikov Distr., Tatarskoe Karaevo (54⁰42’17”N & 43⁰13’49”E); 1 female, 24.vii.2016, Polyanki (54⁰44’27”N & 43⁰29’04”E); 1 male, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and Korea (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy or clay soil. Prey: nymphs and imagos of leafhoppers, mainly Philaenus (Cercopidae). Predators: digger wasps Nysson maculosus (Gmelin, 1790) and N. trimaculatus (Rossi, 1790) (Crabronidae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Gorytes quadricinctus F.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Gorytes quadricinctus F.); Mokrousov et al. 2013.

Material: RM: 1 male, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 82 (54⁰53’12”N & 43⁰32’46”E); 1 male, 12.vii.2014, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E); 1 male, 11.vii.2015, quar. 115 (54⁰51’46”N & 43⁰09’26”E); 1 female, 3 male, 20.vii.2014, quar. 276 (54⁰47’45”N & 43⁰10’28”E); 6 male, 20.vii.2014, 11.vii.2015, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 female, 27.vii.2014, quar. 384 (54⁰45’33”N & 43⁰12’44”E); 2 male, 13.vii.2015, quar. 434 (54⁰45’04”N & 43⁰19’02”E); 1 male, 19.vii.2016, quar. 330 (54⁰46’44”N & 43⁰11’09”E); 2 female, 18.vii.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 1 male, 4.vii.2017, quar. 357 (54⁰46’07”N & 43⁰10’56”E); 1 male, 8.vi.2014, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 1 female, 15.viii.2014, cord. Taratinski (54⁰44’43”N & 43⁰05’14”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Novoyamskaya Sloboda (54⁰44’24”N & 43⁰42’59”E); 4 male, 23.vii.2016, 22.vii.2017, Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); 2 male, 23.vii.2016, Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E); NNR: 2 male, 4.viii.2017, Voznesenskoe Distr., Zarya (54⁰50’08”N & 43⁰07’08”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirghizia, Syria, and Iran (Nemkov 2017b).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north to the centre and the east, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk region, and Yakutia), Europe, and Kazakhstan (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: nymphs and imagos of leafhoppers (Jassidae). Predators: emerald wasps Hedychridium cupreum (Dahlbom, 1845) (Chrysidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus, Irkutsk region, Buryatia, and Transbaikalia), south of Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan (Nemkov 2017b).

Material: RM: 1 female, 2.vii.2016, Temnikov Distr., Kushki (54⁰29’49” N 43⁰16’11”E); NNR: 1 female, 16.vii.2017, Voznesenskoe Distr., Svobodnyi (54⁰50’47”N & 43⁰07’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus), south of Europe, Turkey, Abkhazia, and Kazakhstan (Nemkov 2012, 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil, more often along the banks of rivers and streams. Prey: larvae and imagos of leafhoppers and jumping plant lice (Cicadellidae, Psyllidae, Jassidae, and Fulgoridae). Predators: emerald wasps Spinolia unicolor (Dahlbom, 1831) (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 2 female, 11.vii.2015, 3.viii.2015, 18.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 115 (54⁰51’46”N & 43⁰09’26”E); 1 female, 11.vii.2015, quar. 142 (54⁰51’12”N & 43⁰09’21”E); 1 male, 28.vi.2015, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 1 female, 24.vi.2014, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); 1 female, 1 male, 7.vii.2013, Temnikov Distr., Tarkhany; 2 male, 6.vii.2013, Lavrentevo (54⁰29’44”N & 43⁰02’41”E); 1 female, 24.vii.2016, Polyanki (54⁰44’27”N & 43⁰29’04”E); 1 male, 2.vii.2016, Kushki (54⁰29’49” N 43⁰16’11”E); 3 female, 19.vii.2015, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); 1 male, 22.vii.2017, Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Altai), south of Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Turkey, Abkhazia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Syria (Nemkov 2012, 2017b).

Biology: Nests in loose sandy soil. Prey: larvae and imagos of leafhoppers (Fulgoridae, Cercopidae, and Jassidae) and jumping plant lice (Psyllidae). Predators: velvet ants Nemka viduata (Pallas, 1773) and Smicromyrme nigriceps Nonveiller, 1959 (Mutillidae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 4.vii.2017, MSNR, quar. 357 (54⁰46’07”N & 43⁰10’56”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Transbaikalia, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Turkey, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, northern China, Korea, and Japan (Honshu) (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in dense clay or sandy soil. Prey: nymphs and imagos of grasshoppers (Tettigoniidae) and locusts (Acrididae).

Material: RM: 2 female, 12.vii.2014, MSNR, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E); 1 male, 13.vii.2014, cord. Novenkovski (54⁰55’53”N & 43⁰25’18”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, and Altai), south of Europe, northern Africa, Yemen, Turkey, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Iran (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Brood parasite of digger waspsTachytes panzeri (Dufour, 1841) (Crabronidae)

General distribution: Russia (from the northwest to northern Caucasus, Altai, Irkutsk region, Transbaikalia, Amur and Magadan regions, and Sakhalin), Europe, Armenia, Kazakhstan, central Asia, and Mongolia (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Brood parasite of Harpactus and Bembecinus (Crabronidae) (Olberg 1959).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus), south of Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Abkhazia, and Kazakhstan (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Brood parasite of Gorytes, Harpactus, and Argogorytes (Crabronidae) [Blösch 2000].

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Nysson maculatus E.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Nysson maculatus F.); Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2016.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, northern China, and Korea (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Brood parasite of digger wasps Gorytes quadrifasciatus (Fabricius, 1804), Harpactus lunatus (Dahlbom, 1832), H. tumidus (Panzer, 1801), and Lestiphorus bicinctus (Rossi, 1794).

Literature: Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2009; Feoktistov 2011; Mokrousov et al. 2013.

Material: RM: 1 male, 21.vi.2015, MSNR, quar. 360 (54⁰46’13”N & 43⁰13’31”E); 1 female, 2 male, 29.v.2015, 13.vi.2016, quar. 421 (54⁰43’52’’N, 43⁰07’06”E); 1 male, 26.v.2015, quar. 447 (54⁰43’14”N & 43⁰13’39”E); 2 male, 5.vi.2015, quar. 448 (54⁰42’37”N & 43⁰12’29”E); 1 female, 13.vi.2016, quar. 422 (54⁰43’55”N & 43⁰07’39”E); 2 male, 1 female, 13.vi.2016, quar. 435 (54⁰43’41”N & 43⁰07’59”E); 1 male, 10.vi.2016, quar. 440 (54⁰43’56”N & 43⁰13’15”E); 1 male, 12.vi.2016, quar. 413 (54⁰45’12”N & 43⁰16’54”E); 1 male, 14.vi.2016, quar. 384 (54⁰45’33”N & 43⁰12’44”E); 1 female, 15.vii.2017, quar. 324 (54⁰46’28”N & 43⁰05’40”E); 1 female, 8.vi.2014, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to northern Caucasus, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Iran, and Japan (Honshu) (Nemkov 2017b).

Biology: Brood parasite of digger wasps Argogorytes fargeii (Shuckard, 1837), A. mystaceus (Linnaeus, 1761), Gorytes laticinctus (Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1832), and G. quadrifasciatus (Fabricius, 1804).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Irkutsk region, Yakutia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Syria, Iran, Mongolia, northern China, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in the soil. Prey: leaf beetles of the genus Chaetocnema, less often Crepidodera, Cryptocephalus, Longitarsus, and Aphthoma (Chrysomelidae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 11.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 male, 21.vi.2015, quar. 384 (54⁰45’33”N & 43⁰12’44”E); 1 female, 18.vii.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 2 male, 19.vii.2016, quar. 330 (54⁰46’44”N & 43⁰11’09”E); 1 female, 24.vii.2016, quar. 398 (54⁰46’22”N & 43⁰25’48”E); 2 male, 4.vii.2017, quar. 357 (54⁰46’07”N & 43⁰10’56”E); 1 female, 11.vii.2015, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Novoyamskaya Sloboda (54⁰44’24”N & 43⁰42’59”E); 1 male, 23.vii.2016, Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E).

Biology: Nests are usually in the soil, rarely in rotten stump wood. Prey: various flies. Predators: emerald wasps Hedychridium coriaceum (Dahlbom, 1854) (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 19.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 401 (54⁰44’30”N & 43⁰05’15”E); 1 female, 13.vii.2016, quar. 319 (54⁰48’09”N & 43⁰28’25”E); 1 female, 3.vii.2016, quar. 338 (54⁰47’06”N & 43⁰19’40”E); NNR: 1 female, 1.viii.2017, Pervomaisk Distr., 6 km southwest of Lesozavod (54⁰54’32”N & 43⁰38’11”E).

Biology: Nests in the soil. Prey: various flies. Predators: emerald wasps Pseudomalus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Trichrysis cyanea (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chrysididae) and velvet ants Myrmosa atra Panzer, 1801 and Paramyrmosa brunnipes (Lepeletier, 1845) (Mutillidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 21.vi.2015, MSNR, quar. 408 (54⁰44’57”N & 43⁰11’47”E); 1 female, 19.vi.2016, quar. 401 (54⁰44’30”N & 43⁰05’15”E); 1 male, 28.vi.2015, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); NNR: 2 female, 16.vii.2016, Voznesenskoe Distr., Svobodnyi (54⁰50’47”N & 43⁰07’48”E).

Biology: Nests in the soil, sometimes in burrows of rodents. Prey: various flies (mainly Dolichopodidae (Diaphorus), sometimes Muscidae and Syrphidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis fulgida Linnaeus, 1761 (Chrysididae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Irkutsk region, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Abkhazia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in abandoned tunnels of xylophagous insects in wood or in hollow stems. Prey: dipterans.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to the northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Irkutsk region, Transbaikalia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan (Honshu) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Forest species. Nests in the wood of deciduous tree species. Prey: small flies of the genus Phora (Phoridae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre and the east, Urals, Siberia, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Japan, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, southwestern China, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Yakushima, and Ryukyu), and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in wood. Prey: leafhoppers Empoasca and Typhlocyba (Cicadellidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 24.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 399 (54⁰46’40”N & 43⁰27’27”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Irkutsk region, Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, southwestern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Forest species. Nests in abandoned tunnels of xylophagous insects in wood and in branches of plants with a soft core. Prey: small dipterans (Bibionidae, Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, Empididae, Miceto-philidae, and Stratiomyiidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk region, Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Mongolia, and Japan (Hokkaido). Acclimatized in Canada, USA, and Argentina (Antropov 2017b).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre and the east, Urals, Novosibirsk region, Altai, Irkutsk region, Yakutia, Transbaikalia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, northeastern China, and Korea (Antropov 2017b).

Material: RM: 1 female, 11.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 368 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰21’45”E); 1 female, 11.vii.2017, quar. 408 (54⁰44’57”N & 43⁰11’47”E); 2 female, 31.v.2014, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre and east, Urals, Altai, Irkutsk region, Magadan region, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in abandoned tunnels of xylophagous insects in dry wood. Prey: small dipterans. Predators: ichneumons Tryphon signator Gravenhorst 1829 (Ichneumonidae) and parasitic flies (Tachinidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Tomsk region, Altai, Irkutsk and Amur regions, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Iran, India, Mongolia, northwestern China, and Japan (Hokkaido) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in abandoned tunnels of xylophagous insects in rotten wood and in branches with a soft core. Prey: small dipterans (Anthomyiidae, Chloropidae, Coelopidae, Dolichopodidae, Empididae, Lauxaniidae, Lonchaeidae, Muscidae, Rhagionidae, Sepsidae, Simuliidae, Stratiomyidae, Syrphidae, and Trypetidae). Predators: chalcid wasps Habritys brevicornis (Ratzeburg, 1844) (Pteromalidae), ichneumons Endasys analis (Thomson, 1883) (Ichneumonidae), and flies Eustalomyia festiva (Zetterstedt, 1845) (Anthomyidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to northern Caucasus, Urals, and Altai), Europe, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy or clay soil. Prey: mostly small dipterans Tachydromia arrogans (Linnaeus, 1761) (Empididae), Platypalpus verralli (Collin, 1926) (Hybotidae), Chironomidae or Chloropidae, sometimes Heteroptera Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff, 1804) (Miridae), and rarely small lepidopterans.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre and the east, Urals, Novosibirsk region, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk region, and Buryatia), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: small dipterans (Chloropidae, Dolichopodidae, Drosophilidae, Lauxaniidae, Muscidae, and, probably, Empididae). Predators: velvet ants Myrmosa atra Panzer, 1801 (Mutillidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Iran, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Forest species. Nests in tunnels of xylophagous insects in wood. Prey: various small dipterans (Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, Empididae, Lycoriidae, Mycetophilidae, Phoridae, Scatopsidae, and Sciaridae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 5.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 413 (54⁰45’12”N & 43⁰16’54”E); 2 female, 6.ix.2014, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Tomsk region, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Iran, and Mongolia (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy or clay soil, often in groups. Prey: various small dipterans (Anisopodidae (Sylvicola fenestralis (Scopoli, 1763)), Anthomyiidae, Chironomidae, Culicidae, Dolichopodidae, Ephydridae, Helomyzidae, Lauxaniidae, Muscidae, Rhagionidae, and Syrphidae (Sphaerophoria scripta (Linnaeus, 1758)), sometimes small lepidopterans (Lepidoptera) and caddisflies (Trichoptera).

Material: RM: 1 female, 15.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 429 (54⁰44’31”N & 43⁰14’59”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Tomsk region, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk region, Transbaikalia, Amur region, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, India, Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests are linear or include several branches in abandoned tunnels of xylophagous insects in wood or in hollow stems. Prey: dipterans (Chironomidae, Muscidae, Rhagionidae, Tabanidae, and Tipulidae), as an exeption leafroller moths (Tortricidae) and even worker ants Myrmica rubra (Linnaeus 1758) (Formicidae).

Material: RM: MSNR, quar. 401 (54⁰44’30”N & 43⁰05’15”E), 19.vi.2016, 1 female.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to northern Caucasus, Urals, Tomsk region, Altai, Irkutsk region, Amur region, Kamchatka, Primorie Territory, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan(Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in dry soil, sometimes in abandoned tunnels of other insects. Prey: various small dipterans (Agromyzidae, Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, Chloropidae, Dolichopodidae, Empididae, Ephydridae, Lauxaniidae, Lonchaeidae, Muscidae, Simuliidae (Simulium equinum (Linnaeus, 1758), Tephritidae, and Tipulidae), less often Heteroptera (Anthocoridae), leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), and barkflies (Psocidae). Predators: velvet ants Myrmosa atra Panzer, 1801 (Mutillidae), and ichneumon Phygadeuon rugulosus Gravenhorst, 1829 (Ichneumonidae).

Material: RM: 2 female, 27.vii.2014, 27.v.2016, MSNR, quar. 360 (54⁰46’13”N & 43⁰13’31”E); 1 female, 13.viii.2015, quar. 249 (54⁰49’39”N & 43⁰32’08”E); 1 female, 7.vi.2015, quar. 399 (54⁰46’40”N & 43⁰27’27”E); 1 male, 13.vii.2015, quar. 434 (54⁰45’04”N & 43⁰19’02”E); 1 male, 5.vii.2015, quar. 405; 1 female, 28.vii.2015, quar. 82 (54⁰53’12”N & 43⁰32’46”E); 1 male, 17.viii.2014, quar. 397 (54⁰46’17”N & 43⁰25’44”E); 1 male, 5.vii.2015, quar. 403 (54⁰44’40”N & 43⁰06’57”E); 1 female, 23.viii.2016, quar. 85 (54⁰53’29”N & 43⁰35’00”E); 1 female, 18.vii.2016, quar. 383 (54⁰45’36”N & 43⁰11’48”E); 1 male, 15.vi.2016, quar. 409; 1 male, 4.vii.2017, quar. 357 (54⁰46’07”N & 43⁰10’56”E); 1 female, 8.vi.2014, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 1 female, 19.vii.2016, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); NNR: 1 ex., 29.v.2015, Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov (Image 3).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur region, Kamchatka, Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido), and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Literature: Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Crabro plumifrons Thms.); Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 male, 24.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 398 (54⁰46’22”N & 43⁰25’48”E); 1 male, 19.vii.2016, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Ryukyu), and southeastern Asia (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Gnaws nests in rotten wood. Prey: various dipterans (mainly Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776) (Syrphidae), Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyiidae, and Tabanidae) and leafhoppers Iassus lanio Linnaeus, 1761 (Cicadellidae) (Giovanni et al. 2017). Predators: chalcid wasps Pteromalus (Pteromalidae), ichneumons Perithous albicinctus (Gravenhorst, 1829) (Ichneumonidae), emerald wasps Chrysis fulgida Linnaeus, 1761 (Chrysididae), and parasitic flies Eustalomyia festiva (Zetterstedt, 1845) and E. hilaris (Fallen, 1823) (Anthomyiidae).

Literature: Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Feoktistov 2011; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 4.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 288 (54⁰48’27”N & 43⁰22’03”E); 1 female, 7.ix.2014, quar. 420 (54⁰45’29”N & 43⁰24’19”E); 1 female, 24.viii.2017, quar. 368 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰21’45”E); 2 female, 5.vii.2014, 16.viii.2015, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Syria, Kazakhstan, and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Gnaw nests in rotten wood, but sometimes in dense wood. They often settle in groups in which different females can use a common entrance. Prey: various flies (Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Syrphidae, Tabanidae) (Giovanni et al. 2017).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Crabro vagus L.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Crabro vagus L.); Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 1 male, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 79 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰29’18”E); 2 female, 13.viii.2015, quar. 249 (54⁰49’39”N & 43⁰32’08”E); 1 female, 1.vii.2016, quar. 379 (54⁰45’17”N & 43⁰07’51”E); 1 male, 15.vii.2017, quar. 324 (54⁰46’28”N & 43⁰05’40”E); 1 female, 6.viii.2017, quar. 397 (54⁰46’17”N & 43⁰25’44”E); 1 female, 13.viii.2016, quar. 446 (54⁰43’13”N & 43⁰13’23”E); 1 female, 17.viii.2014, cord. Polyanski (54⁰46’36”N & 43⁰28’47”E); 1 male, 12.ix.2017, cord. Plotomoika (54⁰53’36”N & 43⁰09’41”E); 1 female, 10.viii.2014, Temnikov Distr., Tretyakovo (54⁰31’44”N & 43⁰13’18”E); 1 female, 24.vii.2016, Polyanki (54⁰44’27”N & 43⁰29’04”E); 1 male, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Cherlyaj (54⁰45’53”N & 43⁰40’58”E); NNR: 1 female, 1.viii.2017, Pervomaisk Distr., 6km southwest of Lesozavod (54⁰54’32”N & 43⁰38’11”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Syria, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iraq, Iran, Mongolia, southwestern and northern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu). As a result of accidental importation, the species acclimatized in North America, Cuba, Guatemala, and Venezuela (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: The species gnaws nests in rotten wood or in dry branches with a soft core. Prey: various flies (Anthomyiidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Rhagionidae, Sciomyzidae, Stratiomyidae, Syrphidae, Tabanidae, Tachinidae, and Therevidae) (Giovanni et al. 2017). Predators: ichneumons Caenocryptus inflatus (Thomson, 1884) and Hoplocryptus confector (Gravenhorst, 1829) (Ichneumonidae) and parasitic flies Macronychia aurata (Coquillett, 1902) (Sarcophagidae).

Literature: Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Crabro dives Lep.); Mokrousov et al. 2013.

Material: RM: 1 male, 12.vi.2013, MSNR, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Georgia, Kazakhstan, southwestern China, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: The species gnaws nests in rotten wood. Prey: various flies (Syrphidae and Tachinidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis grohmanni Dahlbom, 1854 [Chrysididae] and ichneumons Perithous mediator (Fabricius, 1804) (Ichneumonidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 79 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰29’18”E); 1 female, 28.vii.2015, quar. 82 (54⁰53’12”N & 43⁰32’46”E); 1 female, 9.viii.2014, quar. 389 (54⁰45’50”N & 43⁰17’50”E); 1 female, 1 male, 17.vi.2014, quar. 408 (54⁰44’57”N & 43⁰11’47”E); 2 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 383 (54⁰45’36”N & 43⁰11’48”E); 2 female, 15.viii.2014, 16.viii.2014, cord. Taratinski (54⁰44’43”N & 43⁰05’14”E); 1 male, 11.vii.2015, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 1 female, 7.viii.2017, cord. Pavlovski (54⁰45’15”N & 43⁰24’03”E), coll. G.B. Semishin; 1 male, 23.viii.2017, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E), coll. G.B. Semishin.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Gnaws nests mostly in rotten wood, but often in dense wood, as well as in clay walls. Prey: large flies Syrphidae and Asilidae.

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Crabro spinicollis H. Sch.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Crabro spinicollis H.-Sch.).

Material: RM: 1 female, 17.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 330 (54⁰46’44”N & 43⁰11’09”E); 1 female, 18.vii.2016, quar. 303 (54⁰47’17”N & 43⁰12’32”E); 2 male, 4.vi.2016, quar. 383 (54⁰45’36”N & 43⁰11’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Irkutsk region, and Transbaikalia), Europe, and Kazakhstan (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Gnaw nests in rotten wood or in shoots with a soft core. Prey – various dipterans (Chloropidae, Muscidae, and Syrphidae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (Crabro chrysostomus Lep.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (Crabro chrysostomus Lep.); Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 82 (54⁰53’12”N & 43⁰32’46”E); 1 male, 11.vii.2015, quar. 142 (54⁰51’12”N & 43⁰09’21”E); 1 male, 27.vii.2014, quar. 360 (54⁰46’13”N & 43⁰13’31”E); 1 male, 21.vi.2015, quar. 384 (54⁰45’33”N & 43⁰12’44”E); 2 female, 23.viii.2015, quar. 387 (54⁰45’43”N & 43⁰15’46”E); 1 female, 7.vi.2015, quar. 399; 1 male, 21.v.2015, quar. 408 (54⁰44’57”N & 43⁰11’47”E); 1 female, 5.vi.2015, quar. 448 (54⁰42’37”N & 43⁰12’29”E); 1 male, 11.vii.2015, quar., 142 (54⁰51’12”N & 43⁰09’21”E); 2 male, 1 female, 25.v.2014, 19.vii.2016, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 1 female, 6.vii.2013, Temnikov Distr., Lavrentevo (54⁰29’44”N & 43⁰02’41”E); 1 female, 19.vii.2015, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), Africa, and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Gnaws nests in rotten wood. Prey: various dipterans (Calliphoridae, Empididae, Muscidae, Stratiomyidae, Sphaerophoria scripta (Linnaeus, 1758) (Syrphidae), and Therevidae). Predators: chalcid wasps Pteromalus and Habritys brevicornis (Ratzeburg, 1844) [Pteromalidae], ichneumons Perithous mediator (Fabricius, 1804) (Ichneumonidae), and parasitic flies Eustalomyia hilaris (Fallen, 1823) (Anthomyiidae).

Literature: Plavilshchikov 1964 (Crabro lituratus Panz.); Mokrousov et al. 2013.

Material: RM: 1 female, 1 male, 13.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 434 (54⁰45’04”N & 43⁰19’02”E); 1 female, 2 male, 15.viii.2014, cord. Taratinski (54⁰44’43”N & 43⁰05’14”E); 1 male, 11.vii.2015, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus and Urals), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and Iran (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: The species gnaws nests in rotten wood. Prey: dipterans (Anthomyiidae and Sarcophapidae) (Giovanni et al. 2017).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea, Urals, Kemerovo region, Altai, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Georgia, Turkey, India, Sri Lanka, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), southeastern Asia, and Australia (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Gnaws nests in rotten wood. Prey: various dipterans (Anthomyiidae, Muscidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae, and Therevidae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Crabro larvatus Wesm.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Crabro larvatus Venn.); Ruchin & Antropov 2016.

Material: RM: 1 female, 12.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 430 (54⁰44’34”N & 43⁰16’00”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Kemerovo, Irkutsk and Amur regions, Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Iran, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: The species gnaws nests in shoots with soft core of both dry and live plants, hollow stems of herbaceous plants, or rotten wood. Prey: various dipterans (Ogcodes gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Acroceridae), Anthomyiidae, Cyrtidae. Dolichopodidae, Muscidae, Stratiomyidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae, and Trypetidae) and sometimes mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Predators: emerald wasps Trichrysis cyanea (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chrysididae), velvet ants Cystomutilla ruficeps (Smith, 1855) and Myrmosa brunnipes (Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845) (Mutillidae), chalcid wasps Torymus cupreus (Spinola 1808) (Torymidae) and Eurytoma nodularis Boheman, 1836 (Eurytomidae), as well as ichneumons Endasys sugiharai (Uchida, 1936), Hoplocryptus, Kaltenbachia, and Scambus (Ichneumonidae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Crabro plumifrons Thom.); Mokrousov et al. 2013.

Material: RM: 1 female, 5.vi.2015, MSNR, quar. 434 (54⁰45’04”N & 43⁰19’02”E); 1 male, 21.vi.2015, quar. 360 (54⁰46’13”N & 43⁰13’31”E); 1 male, 5.vi.2015, quar. 448 (54⁰42’37”N & 43⁰12’29”E); 1 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 383 (54⁰45’36”N & 43⁰11’48”E); 1 male, 11.vi.2016, quar. 389 (54⁰45’50”N & 43⁰17’50”E); 1 male, 15.vi.2016, quar. 429 (54⁰44’31”N & 43⁰14’59”E); 1 female, 2 male, 11.vii.2015, 19.vii.2016, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, and Ryukyu), southeastern Asia, and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in rotten wood. Prey: various dipterans (Anthomyiidae, Dolichopodidae, Muscidae, and Syrphidae (Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776) and Syrphus torvus Osten Sacken, 1875)). Predators: emerald wasps Pseudomalus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chrysididae) and ichneumons Perithous scurra japonicus Uchida, 1928 (Ichneumonidae).

Literature: Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 male, 13.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 421 (54⁰43’52’’N, 43⁰07’06”E); 1 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 383 (54⁰45’36”N & 43⁰11’48”E); 2 male, 13.vi.2016, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Gnaws nests in rotten wood. Prey: various small lepidopterans (Drepanidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae, Uraniidae, and, sometimes, Lycaenidae). Predators: ichneumons Exeristes (Ichneumonidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 15.viii.2015, Temnikov Distr., Purdoshki (54⁰40’04”N & 43⁰32’33”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, north of India, northern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in the soil. Prey: various small lepidopterans (Agriphila geniculea (Haworth, 1811), Agriphila tristellus (Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775), Chrysoteuchia culmella Linnaeus, 1758), Crambus pascuellus Linnaeus, 1758) (Crambidae), Geometridae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, and Tortricidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 13.viii.2015, MSNR, quar. 400 (54⁰47’18”N & 43⁰29’06”E); 1 female, 9.viii.2014, quar. 413 (54⁰45’12”N & 43⁰16’54”E); 1 female, 18.vii.2016, quar. 383 (54⁰45’36”N & 43⁰11’48”E); 1 male, 1.vii.2016, quar. 406 (54⁰45’07”N & 43⁰09’54”E); 2 female, 1.viii.2017, quar. 111 (54⁰52’59”N & 43⁰33’01”E); 1 male, 2.viii.2016, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 1 female, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); NNR: 1 male, 1.viii.2017, 6km southwest of Lesozavod (54⁰54’32”N & 43⁰38’11”E).

General distribution: Russia (the centre and the east of the European part, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Turkey, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, southwestern and northeastern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in the abandoned tunnels of xylophagous insects in dry wood. Prey: various leafroller moths (Tortricidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 28.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 79 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰29’18”E); 3 female, 28.vii.2015, quar. 82 (54⁰53’12”N & 43⁰32’46”E); 8 female, 1 male, 11.vii.2015, 18.vi.2016, 12.ix.2017, quar. 115 (54⁰51’46”N & 43⁰09’26”E); 1 female, 13.viii.2015, quar. 249 (54⁰49’39”N & 43⁰32’08”E); 3 female, 13.viii.2015, quar. 274; 6 female, 20.vii.2014, 11.vii.2015, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 female, 4.vii.2015, quar. 368 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰21’45”E); 1 female, 23.viii.2015, quar. 387 (54⁰45’43”N & 43⁰15’46”E); 1 female, 9.viii.2014, quar. 389 (54⁰45’50”N & 43⁰17’50”E); 1 female, 9.viii.2014, quar. 413 (54⁰45’12”N & 43⁰16’54”E); 2 female, 1 male, 20.vii.2014, 4.vii.2017, quar. 276 (54⁰47’45”N & 43⁰10’28”E); 1 male, 27.vii.2014, quar. 360 (54⁰46’13”N & 43⁰13’31”E); 3 male, 27.vii.2014, 21.vi.2015, 14.vi.2016, quar. 384 (54⁰45’33”N & 43⁰12’44”E); 2 male, 17.vi.2014, 11.vii.2017, quar. 408 (54⁰44’57”N & 43⁰11’47”E); 1 male, 13.vii.2015, quar. 434 (54⁰45’04”N & 43⁰19’02”E); 1 male, 5.vii.2015, quar. 405; 1 male, 16.vii.2015, quar. 442 (54⁰43’56”N & 43⁰15’02”E); 1 male, 23.vi.2013, quar. 431 (54⁰44’31”N & 43⁰17’14”E); 1 female, 1 male, 15.vi.2016, quar. 429 (54⁰44’31”N & 43⁰14’59”E); 2 male, 18.vi.2016, quar. 61; 1 female, 1 male, 1.vii.2016, quar. 329 (54⁰46’36”N & 43⁰10’39”E); 1 male, 7.vii.2016, quar. 361; 3 male, 1.vii.2016, quar. 379 (54⁰45’17”N & 43⁰07’51”E); 1 female, 18.vii.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 5 female, 3 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 358 (54⁰46’05”N & 43⁰11’44”E); 2 female, 2 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 383 (54⁰45’36”N & 43⁰11’48”E); 1 female, 2 male, 4.vii.2017, quar. 357 (54⁰46’07”N & 43⁰10’56”E); 2 male, 13.vii.2017, quar. 319 (54⁰48’09”N & 43⁰28’25”E); 1 female, 1 male, 18.vii.2017, quar. 380 (54⁰45’06”N & 43⁰08’34”E); 1 female, 1.viii.2017, quar. 111; 3 male, 9.vi.2013, 11.vii.2015, 4.vii.2017, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 2 male, 28.vi.2015, 17.viii.2013, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirghizia, Turkmenistan, Syria, Iraq, and Iran (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in the abandoned tunnels of xylophagous insects. Prey: various lepidopterans (Crambidae, Noctuidae, Sesiidae, and Sterrhidae) and sometimes dipterans (Empididae, Muscidae, and Syrphidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis fasciata Olivier, 1790 (Chrysididae) and digger wasps Palarus variegatus (Fabricius, 1781) (Crabronidae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 18.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 197 (54⁰50’05”N & 43⁰09’09”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Altai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Iran, and northern China (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in the soil. Prey: various small lepidopterans (Crambidae, Lythria purpuraria Linnaeus, 1758 (Geometridae), Glyphipterigidae, and Tortrix viridana Linnaeus, 1758 (Tortricidae), rarely Zygaenidae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (Crabro albilabris F.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (Crabro albilabris F.); Ruchin et al. 2009; Ruchin & Antropov 2016.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Syria, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, and Korea (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in dense gravel or sandy soil. Prey: heteropterans Miris (Miridae) or small dipterans (Chloropidae, Dolichopodidae, and Muscidae). Predators: emerald wasps Hedychridium coriaceum (Dahlbom, 1854) (Chrysididae) and velvet ants Myrmosa atra Panzer, 1801 (Mutillidae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (Crabro panzeri Rind.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (Crabro panzeri Lind.); Ruchin et al. 2009; Mokrousov et al. 2013.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and northeastern China (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy or clay soil. Prey: small dipterans (Chloropidae, Ephydridae, and Trypetidae). Predators: velvet ants Myrmosa atra Panzer, 1801 (Mutillidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 25.vii.2013, MSNR, quar. 420 (54⁰45’29”N & 43⁰24’19”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus and Urals), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Jordan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iran, and Afghanistan (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in dense soil. Prey: small hymenopterans (Braconidae, Formicidae, Ichneumonidae, and Pteromalidae) and sometimes dipterans (Ceratopogonidae and Lycoriidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 2.vii.2017, MSNR, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus), eastern Europe, Turkey, and Kazakhstan (Antropov 2017b).

Material: RM: 1 male, 4.viii.2015, MSNR, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Syria, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in soil. Prey: hoppers Metrioptera bicolor (Philippi, 1830), Platycleis, and Roeseliana roeselii (Hagenbach, 1822) (Tettigoniidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, eastern Siberia, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Jordan, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Mongolia (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in soil. Prey: grasshoppers Calliptamus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758)(Acrididae). Predators: velvet ants Smicromyrme rufipes (Fabricius, 1787) (Mutillidae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 2.vii.2017, MSNR, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till northern Caucasus and Altai), Europe, Morocco, Lebanon, and Turkey (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in soil. Prey: cockroaches Ectobius lapponicus (Linnaeus, 1758) and E. pallidus (Olivier, 1789) (Ectobiidae). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis bicolor Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1806 and Hedychridium ardens (Coquebert, 1801) (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 19.vii.2015, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Iran, Pakistan, India, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in soil. Prey: nymphs of grasshoppers Acrotylus, Aulocara, Calliptamus coelesyriensis Giglio-Tos, 1893, Camnula, Chorthippus, Dericorys tibialis (Pallas, 1773), Dociostaurus kraussi (Ingenizkij, 1897), Gomphocerippus rufus (Linnaeus, 1758), Gomphocerus, Melanoplus, Oedaleonotus, Omocestus,and Stenobothrus (Acrididae), sometimes nymphs of hoppers (Tettigoniidae). Predators: parasitic flies Apodacra, Taxigramma,and Xeromyіa (Sarcophagidae), emerald wasps Hedychridium adventicium Zimmermann, 1962, H. ardens (Coquebert, 1801), H. roseum (Rossi, 1790), Chrysis bicolor Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1806, C. illigeri Wesmael, 1839, and C. succincta Linnaeus, 1767 (Chrysididae), and velvet ants Smicromyrme sicanus (De Stefani, 1887) (Mutillidae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 30.v.2015, Temnikov Distr., Alkaevo (54⁰35’49”N & 43⁰22’35”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Tomsk region, Altai, Irkutsk region, Buryatia, and Primorsky territory), south of Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Kazakhstan, China, and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: nymphs of grasshoppers Circotettix maculatus S.H. Scudder, 1880 and Melanoplus (Acrididae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 19.vii.2015, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Novosibirsk region, Altai, and Irkutsk region), south of Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Iran (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: nymphs of grasshoppers Oedipoda spp. or Stenobothrus sp. (Acrididae). Predators: brood parasites Brachystegus scalaris (Illiger, 1807) and female digger wasps Palarus variegatus (Fabricius, 1781) (Crabronidae).

General distribution: Russia (the centre and south of the European part, Altai, Irkutsk region, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Iran (Antropov 2017b).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Syria, Abkhazia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Mongolia, and Korea (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: juvenile spiders [Theridiidae]. Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis cortii Linsenmaier, 1951, C. lanceolata Linsenmaier, 1959, C. leachii Shuckard, 1836, and Hedychridium elegantulum du Buysson, 1887 (Chrysididae) and velvet ants Smicromyrme sicanus (De Stefani, 1887) (Mutillidae).

General distribution: Russia (the centre and the east of the European part) and Europe (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: juvenile spiders Salticus (Salticidae) and Stemonyphantes lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linyphiidae). Predators: emerald wasps Hedychridium zelleri (Dahlbom, 1845) (Chrysididae).

General distribution: Russia (the centre of the European part) and southeast of Europe (Antropov 2017).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north to northern Caucasus), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, and Japan (Hokkaido) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in hollow stalks of cereals, in abandoned tunnels of xylophagous insects in dry wood, or in galls of gallflies Andricus kollari (Hartig, 1843)(Cynipidae). Prey: aphids [Aphididae] or nymphs of jumping plant lice (Psyllidae) and dust lice (Psocidae). Predators: velvet ants Smicromyrme sicanus (De Stefani, 1887) (Mutillidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north to the southeast, Urals, Altai, Irkutsk region, Transbaikalia, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, and Mongolia (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in dense sandy soil. Prey (which is delivered to the nest punctured by sting): dipterans, mostly Acrosathe annulata (Fabricius, 1805), Thereva fulva (Meigen, 1804), and Th. nobilitata (Fabricius, 1775) (Therevidae). Predators: parasitic flies Metopia argyrocephala (Meigen, 1824) and M. campestris (Fallen, 1810) (Sarcophagidae), velvet ants Smicromyrme rufipes (Fabricius, 1787) (Mutillidae), and female digger wasps Palarus variegatus (Fabricius, 1781) (Crabronidae).

Material: RM: 2 male, 12.vi.2013, 1.vii.2016, MSNR, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 1 male, 24.vi.2014, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north to the southeast, Urals, Altai, Irkutsk region, Buryatia, Amur region, Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Syria, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Morgolia, Korea, and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in loose sandy soil, sometimes in small groups. Prey: various dipterans Calythea nigricans (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Anthomyiidae), Pollenia rudis (Fabricius, 1794) (Calliphoridae), Fannia incisurata (Zetterstedt, 1838) (Fannidae), Hydrotaea armipes (Fallén, 1825), Myospila meditabunda (Fabricius, 1781) (Muscidae), Leucostoma aterrimum (Villers, 1789), Strongygaster triangulifer (Loew, 1863) (Tachinidae), as well as Chloropidae, Dolichopodidae, Lonchaeidae, Milichiidae, Pipunculidae, Platypezidae, Rhagionidae, Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyidae, Syrphidae, and Therevidae. Predators: emerald wasps Hedychridium ardens (Coquebert, 1801) (Chrysididae), velvet ants Smicromyrme lewisi Mickel, 1935 and Smicromyrme rufipes (Fabricius, 1787) (Mutillidae), chalcid wasps Perilampus ruficornis (Fabricius, 1793) (Perilampidae), and parasitic flies Phrosinella fulvicornis (Coquillett, 1895), Senotainia trilineata (Wulp, 1890), Sphecapata conica Fallen, 1810, and Taxigramma multipunctata (Rondani, 1859) (Sarcophagidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the south, Urals, Novosibirsk region, Altai, Amur region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Iran, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, and Japan (Honshu) (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: flies Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) (Muscidae), Sarcophila latifrons (Fallen, 1817), and Metopia staegeri (Rondani, 1859) (Sarcophagidae). Predators: parasitic flies Metopia staegeri (Rondani, 1859) (Sarcophagidae) and digger wasps Palarus variegatus (Fabricius, 1781) (Crabronidae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 1.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 379 (54⁰45’17”N & 43⁰07’51”E); 1 male, 4.vii.2017, quar. 357 (54⁰46’07”N & 43⁰10’56”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to the southeast, Urals, Tomsk region, Altai, Irkutsk region, Buryatia, Amur region, Primorsky territory, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Mongolia (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: flies from the family Muscidae. Predators: emerald wasps Hedychridium coriaceum (Dahlbom, 1854) (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 20.vi.2015, Temnikov Distr., Russkoe Karaevo (54⁰40’55”N, 43⁰13’52”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea, Urals, Tomsk region, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk region, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Syria, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Mongolia, and southwestern and northeastern China (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy or rocky-sandy soil. Prey: dipterans, mostly Thereva arcuata Loew, 1847 (Therevidae), as well as Th. plebeja (Linnaeus, 1758) (Therevidae), Bellardia corsicana (Villeneuve, 1911) (Calliphoridae), Tolmerus atricapillus (Fallen, 1814) (Asilidae), Drosophila (Drosophilidae), Phytomyza (Agromyzidae), Sapromyza (Lauxaniidae), and Physiphora (Ulidiidae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Oxybelus nigripes Ol.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Oxybelus nigripes Ol.); Mokrousov et al. 2013.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Irkutsk region, Buryatia, and Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, and Kazakhstan (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: dipterans Bellardia pandia (Walker, 1849), B. viarum (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Blondelia nigripes (Fallen, 1810), Pollenia atramentaria (Meigen, 1826), P. griseotomentosa (Jacentkovsky, 1944), P. hungarica Rognes, 1987, Nyctia halterata (Panzer, 1798), Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Calliphoridae), and Blaesoxipha plumicornis (Zetterstedt, 1859) (Sarcophagidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea, Urals, Siberia, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, northeastern China, and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in soil of different density, from clayey-stony to sandy. Prey: various dipterans (Anthomyiidae, Bombyliidae, Calliphoridae, Chloropidae, Dolichopodidae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Platystomatidae, Rhagionidae, Sarcophagidae, Simuliidae, Stratiomyidae, and Syrphidae) and Orthoptera (Steiner, 1979). Predators: emerald wasps Hedychridium coriaceum (Dahlbom, 1854) (Chrysididae), velvet ants Myrmosa atra Panzer, 1801 and Smicromyrme rufipes (Fabricius, 1787) (Mutillidae), parasitic flies Anthomyia pluvialis (Linnaeus, 1758), Delia florilega (Zetterstedt, 1845), D. radicum (Linnaeus, 1758), Leucophora cinerea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Anthomyiidae), Fannia incisurata (Zetterstedt, 1838), F. scalaris (Fabricius, 1794) (Fanniidae), Megaselia pygmaea (Zetterstedt, 1848) (Phoridae), Macronychia griseola (Fallen, 1820), M. polyodon (Meigen, 1824), Metopia argyrocephala (Meigen, 1824), Miltogramma germari Meigen, 1824, and Sphecapata conica Fallen, 1810 (Sarcophagidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea, Urals, and Altai), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Afghanistan (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in soil of different density, from clayey-stony to sandy. Prey: house flies Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Muscidae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 12.vii.2015, Elniki Distr., Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, and Transbaikalia), south of Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Mongolia, northern China, and India (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in dense clay or rocky-sandy soil. Prey: various bees (Apidae) (Ammobates, Andrena, Apis, Camptopeum, Chelostoma, Colletes, Dasypoda, Halictus, Hylaeus, Lasioglossum, Megachile, Melitta, Nomada, Nomia, Osmia, Panurgus, Sphecodes, Tetralonia,and Thyreus), wasps Mutilla and Myrmosa (Mutillidae), Myzinum and Tiphia (Tiphiidae), Scolia, Trielis and male Campsoscolia (Scoliidae), Eumenes, Odynerus, Polistes, Pterocheilus and Vespula (Vespidae), Ammophila, Podalonia and Prionyx (Sphecidae), Alysson, Astata, Bembecinus, Cerceris, Crabro, Diodontus, Dryudella, Ectemnius, Lestica, Liris, Oxybelus, Pemphredon, Philanthus, Pison, Tachysphex, Tachytes and male Larra (Crabronidae)), ant flies Formica and Camponotus (Formicidae), as well as parasitic hymenopterans Leucospis (Leucospididae), Amblyteles, Barylypa,and Ichneumon (Ichneumonidae). Predators: velvet ants Smicromyrme rufipes (Fabricius, 1787) (Mutillidae) and parasitic flies Protomiltogramma fasciata (Meigen, 1824) (Sarcophagidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus and Altai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Caucasus, Syria, Iran, Kazakhstan, central Asia, and Mongolia (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in hollow stems of plants (Bogusch et al. 2015). Prey: juvenile spiders of various families. Predators: chalcid wasps Melittobia acasta (Walker, 1839) (Eulophidae) and ichneumons Aritranis coxator (Tschek, 1871), Ephialtes, and Perithous (Ichneumonidae) (Olberg 1959).

Material: RM: 2 female, 27.vii.2014, 14.vi.2015, MSNR, quar. 420 (54⁰45’29”N & 43⁰24’19”E); 1 male, 21.vi.2015, quar. 384 (54⁰45’33”N & 43⁰12’44”E); 1 male, 18.vi.2017, cord. Drozhdenovski (54⁰44’31”N & 43⁰17’24”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, northern China, Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), and North America (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in hollow stems of plants or in abandoned tunnels of xylophagous insects in wood. Prey: juvenile spiders Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757, A. marmoreus Clerck, 1757, A. quadratus Clerck, 1757, Araniella, Larinioides cornutus (Clerck, 1757), Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, 1802), Metellina segmentata (Clerck, 1757), Neoscona adianta (Walckenaer, 1802), Singa hamata (Clerck, 1757), S. nitidula C.L. Koch, 1844 and Zilla (Araneidae), Dictyna arundinacea (Linnaeus, 1758) (Dictynidae), Agyneta rurestris (C.L. Koch, 1836), Bathyphantes, Entelecara erythropus (Westring, 1851), Kaestneria dorsalis (Wider, 1834), Linyphia triangularis (Clerck, 1757), Neriene montana (Clerck, 1757), N. radiata (Walckenaer, 1841) (Linyphiidae), Salticus scenicus (Clerck, 1757), Synageles venator (Lucas, 1836) (Salticidae), Tetragnatha [Tetragnathidae], Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck, 1757), Neottiura bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1767), Parasteatoda simulans (Thorell, 1875), P. tepidariorum (C.L. Koch, 1841), Platnickina tincta (Walckenaer, 1802), Simitidion simile (C.L. Koch, 1836), Theridion pictum (Walckenaer, 1802), Th. sisyphium (Clerck, 1757), Th. varians Hahn, 1833 (Theridiidae), and Xysticus (Thomisidae) (Giovanni et al. 2017). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis fasciata Olivier, 1790, C. fulgida Linnaeus, 1761, h. ignita (Linnaeus, 1758), C. obtusidens Dufour et Perris, 1840, C. splendidula Rossi, 1790, C. viridula Linnaeus, 1761, Elampus panzeri (Fabricius, 1804), Pseudomalus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), P. pusillus (Fabricius, 1804) and Trichrysis cyanea (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chrysididae), chalcid wasps Melittobia acasta (Walker, 1839) (Eulophidae), Eurytoma nodularis Boheman, 1836 and E. verticillata (Fabricius, 1798) (Eurytomidae), and Monodontomerus vicicellae (Walker, 1847) (Torymidae), ichneumons Gasteruption assectator (Linnaeus, 1758), G. jaculator (Linnaeus, 1758) and G. opacum (Tournier, 1877) (Gasterutpionidae), Aritranis heliophilus (Tschek,1870), Isadelphus armatus (Gravenhorst, 1829), Nematopodius formosus Gravenhorst, 1829, Perithous divinator (Rossi, 1790), P. scurra (Panzer, 1804), Poemenia notata Holmgren, 1859, Polysphincta, Stenodontus marginellus (Gravenhorst, 1829), and Townesia tenuiventris (Holmgren, 1860) (Ichneumonidae), as well as parasitic flies Eustalomyia hilaris (Fallen, 1823) (Anthomyidae), Amobia signata (Meigen 1824), Metopia argyrocephala (Meigen, 1824), and Miltogramma punctatum (Meigen, 1824) (Sarcophagidae) and skin beetles Megatoma undata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Dermestidae) (Olberg 1959).

General distribution: Russia (the centre and the east of the European part, Krasnoyarsk Krai, and Irkutsk region), Europe, Belarus, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, India, and Nepal (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in existing cavities (in hollow stems of plants and in the tunnels and nests of other insects in wood and shoots with a soft core). Prey: various small spiders, mostly juvenile.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to the south and east, Altai, and Krasnoyarsk Krai), Europe, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Turkey, and Kazakhstan (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in existing cavities (in hollow stems of plants and in the tunnels and nests of other insects in wood and shoots with a soft core). Prey: various small spiders, mostly juvenile. Predators: emerald wasps Trichrysis cyanea.

Material: RM: 1 male, 12.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 413 (54⁰45’12”N & 43⁰16’54”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and the east and Altai), Europe, Turkey, and Kazakhstan (Antropov 2017b).

Biology: Nests in hollow stems or abandoned tunnels of xylophagous insects in wood. Prey: juvenile spiders Entelecara and Lepthyphantes [Linyphiidae], as well as Parasteatoda tepidariorum (C.L. Koch, 1841) and Theridion varians Hahn, 1833 (Theridiidae). Predators: chalcid wasps Melittobia acasta (Walker, 1839), Tetrastichus (Eulophidae) and Eurytoma (Eurytomidae), ichneumons Ephialtes, Peritous (Ichneumonidae), and parasitic flies Cacoxenus indagator Loew, 1858 (Drosophilidae) (Olberg 1959).

Material: RM: 1 male, 11.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 142 (54⁰51’12”N & 43⁰09’21”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north to northern Caucasus and Altai), Europe, Turkey, and Kazakhstan (Nemkov 2017c).

Biology: Nests in the sandy soil. Prey: nymphs of heteropterans Nabidae (mainly, Nabis) and Lygaeidae. Pre-dators: emerald wasps Chrysis bicolor Lepeletier, 1806.

Literature: Redikortsev 1938; Plavilshchikov 1964; Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 female, 4.ix.2015, MSNR, quar. 420 (54⁰45’29”N & 43⁰24’19”E); 1 female, 24.viii.2017, quar. 368 (54⁰46’37”N & 43⁰21’45”E); 2 female, 18.ix.2017, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, and Irkutsk region), Europe, Turkey, and Kazakhstan (Nemkov 2017d).

Biology: Nests usually in dense sandy soil. Prey: dipterans Anthomyiidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sacrophagidae, Syrphidae, Tabanidae, and Tachinidae. Predators: velvet ants Smicromyrme rufipes (Fabricius, 1787) (Mutillidae) and parasitic flies Macronychia griseola (Fallen, 1820), Metopia argyrocephala (Meigen, 1824), Sphecapata conica Fallen, 1810, and Paramacronychia (Sarcophagidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the southeast, Urals, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, northern China, and Korea (Nemkov 2017d).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil, often in groups along the banks of water bodies. Prey: flies Anthomyiidae, Muscidae, and Syrphidae.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, and eastern Siberia), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in dense soil on precipices and steep slopes. Prey: nymphs and imagos of aphids. This species kills victims by clenching its mandibles (Edwards & Telfer 2002).

Material: RM: 2 female, 14.vi.2016, MSNR, quar. 384 (54⁰45’33”N & 43⁰12’44”E); 1 female, 11.vi.2016, quar. 389 (54⁰45’50”N & 43⁰17’50”E); 1 female, 1.vii.2016, quar. 379 (54⁰45’17”N & 43⁰07’51”E); 1 female, 9.vi.2016, quar. 358 (54⁰46’05”N & 43⁰11’44”E); 1 female, 3.vii.2016, quar. 338 (54⁰47’06”N & 43⁰19’40”E); 3 female, 13.vii.2017, quar. 319 (54⁰48’09”N & 43⁰28’25”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north till the centre and the east, Urals, Tomsk region, Altai, Irkutsk, Amur and Magadan regions, Kamchatka, Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, and Turkey (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in soil. Prey: nymphs and imagos of aphids. This species kills victims by clenching its mandibles.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Kuwait, Turkey, Syria, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iraq, Iran, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, and North America (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in dense soil, often within the walls of forest cliffs. Prey: nymphs and imagos of aphids (Edwards & Telfer 2002). This species kills victims by clenching its mandibles. Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis lanceolata and C. leachii and velvet ants Myrmosa atra Panzer, 1801 and Smicromyrme sicanus (De Stefani, 1887).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre, Altai, Irkutsk and Magadan regions, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Kazakhstan, and North America (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in existing tubular cavities, usually in tunnels of Anobiidae in wood. Prey: nymphs and imagos of aphids. This species kills victims by clenching its mandibles.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north till Crimea and northern Caucasus), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and Japan (Honshu) (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in existing tubular cavities (in tunnels of xylophagous insects in wood, in dry shoots of plants with a soft core, and in hollow stalks of reeds). Prey: nymphs and imagos of aphids. This species kills victims by clenching its mandibles, but it also often steals aphids from the nests of other wasps. Predators: emerald wasps Omalus aeneus (Fabricius, 1787), Pseudomalus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), and P. violaceus (Scopoli, 1763) (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 14.vi.2013, MSNR, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Altai), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Abkhazia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Iran, and North America (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in existing tubular cavities (in tunnels of xylophagous insects in wood, in dry shoots of plants with a soft core, and in galls of gallflies). Prey: nymphs and imagos of Rhynchota (Sternorrhyncha) (Edwards & Telfer 2002; Giovanni et al. 2017). Predators: emerald wasps Omalus aeneus (Fabricius, 1787), O. biaccinctus (du Buysson, 1892), and Pseudomalus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chrysididae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus), south of Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and Japan (Honshu) (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in rotten wood, in tunnels of xylophagous insects, sometimes in hollow stems of plants or in shoots with a soft core. Prey: various aphids (Bogusch et al. 2015).

Material: RM: 1 female, 15.viii.2015, Temnikov Distr., Purdoshki (54⁰40’04”N & 43⁰32’33”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Abkhazia, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), North America (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in rotten wood, in tunnels of xylophagous insects, sometimes in hollow stems of plants, in shoots with a soft core, or in galls of flies Lipara (Chloropidae). Prey: the most common and accessible aphids in the biotope. This species paralyzes prey with its sting or kills it by clenching its mandibles. Predators: emerald wasps Pseudomalus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chrysididae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Novosibirsk region, Altai, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), and North America (Mokrousov 2017).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the east, Urals, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, and Irkutsk and Magadan regions), Europe, Turkey, and Kazakhstan (Dollfuss 1995; Mokrousov 2017).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Magadan region, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), and North America (Dollfuss 1995; Mokrousov 2017).

Material: RM: MSNR, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E), 17.vi.2016, 1 female.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus, Urals, Novosibirsk region, Altai, Krasnoyarsk territory, and Sakhalin), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, southwestern and northeastern China, Korea, Japan (Honshu), and North America (Dollfuss 1995; Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in rotten wood, in tunnels of xylophagous insects. Prey: the most common and accessible aphids in the biotope. This species paralyzes prey with its sting or kills it by clenching its mandibles. Predators: emerald wasps Trichrysis cyanea.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Abkhazia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and North America (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in tunnels of xylophagous insects in wood, hollow stems of reeds, or shoots with a soft core. Prey: nymphs of thrips.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre to northern Caucasus and Urals) and Europe (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in tunnels of xylophagous insects in wood or in shoots with a soft core. Prey: aphids and, probably, jumping plant lice.

Material: RM: 1 female, 10.viii.2016, MSNR, quar. 440 (54⁰43’56”N & 43⁰13’15”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre and the east, Urals, Siberia, Magadan region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and Korea (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil, often in groups. Prey: nymphs and imagos of Auchenorrhyncha. Predators: emerald wasps Elampus panzeri (Fabricius, 1804) (Crysididae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Psen shuckardi Dalb.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Psen shuckardi Wesm.).

Material: RM: 1 female, 7.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 361 (54⁰46’17”N & 43⁰15’47”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre and the east, Urals, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur and Magadan regions, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, and Shikoku), and North America (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in sandy soil, often in groups. Prey: nymphs and imagos of Auchenorrhyncha. Predators: emerald wasps Elampus panzeri (Fabricius, 1804) (Crysididae).

Material: RM: 2 female, 13.vii.2017, MSNR, quar. 319 (54⁰48’09”N & 43⁰28’25”E); 1 female, 3.vi.2015, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Magadan region, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, Japan (Honshu and Kyushu), and North America (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in existing tubular cavities in wood and in stems of plants, as well as in soil. Prey: small leafhoppers.

Material: RM: 1 female, 10.viii.2016, MSNR, quar. 440 (54⁰43’56”N & 43⁰13’15”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest to the centre and the east, Urals, Tomsk and Irkutsk regions, and Primorsky Krai), south of Europe, and Kazakhstan (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in rotten wood and in abandoned tunnels of xylophagous insects. Prey: small leafhoppers.

Material: RM: 2 female, 17.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 330 (54⁰46’44”N & 43⁰11’09”E); 1 male, 29.v.2016, quar. 115 (54⁰51’46”N & 43⁰09’26”E); 1 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 303 (54⁰47’17”N & 43⁰12’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Altai, Irkutsk, Amur and Magadan regions, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan (Honshu) (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in rotten wood and in abandoned tunnels of xylophagous insects. Prey” small leafhoppers Delphacidae, Fulgoridae, and Jassidae.

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Psen unicolor Wesm.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Psen unicolor Wesm.); Mokrousov et al. 2013.

Material: RM: 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north to northern Caucasus, Urals, and Siberia), Europe, Israel, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and China (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in soil, on clay cliffs or steep bare slopes. Prey: small leafstones (Rhynchota and Auchenorrhyncha) (Giovanni et al. 2017). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis succincta Linnaeus, 1767, Hedychridium ardens (Coquebert, 1801), Holopyga gloriosa (Fabricius, 1793), and Pseudomalus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938 (as Psen ater Panz.); Plavilshchikov 1964 (as Psen ater F.).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea, Urals, Altai, eastern Siberia, Amur region, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in sandy or clayey soil. Prey: leafstones. Predators: velvet ants Mutilla (Mutillidae) and ichneumons Perithous mediator (Fabricius, 1804) (Ichneumonidae).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea, Urals, western Siberia, Irkutsk and Amur regions, and Primorsky Krai), south of Europe, Abkhazia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, India, southeastern China, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Ryukyu) (Mokrousov 2017).

Material: RM: 2 female, 5.vi.2015, MSNR, quar. 434 (54⁰45’04”N & 43⁰19’02”E); 1 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 278 (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰12’27”E); 1 female, 28.vi.2015, cord. Inorski (54⁰44’15”N & 43⁰08’53”E); 1 female, 1 male, 25.v.2014, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E); 2 female, 16.vii.2016, 17.vii.2017, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Georgia, Turkey, India, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in tubular cavities in wood, in hollow or soft-core stems of plants, and in old galls of flies Lipara (Chloropidae). Prey: nymphs and imagos of aphids. Predators: Omalus sculpticollis, Melittobia acasta, Perithous septemcinctorius, and Trichodes apiarius (Martynova & Fateryga 2014).

Material: RM: 4 female, 17.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 330 (54⁰46’44”N & 43⁰11’09”E); 1 female, 21.vi.2015, quar. 381 (54⁰45’17”N & 43⁰09’52”E); 1 male, 12.vi.2016, quar. 430 (54⁰44’34”N & 43⁰16’00”E); 1 female, 13.vii.2017, quar. 347 (54⁰47’34”N & 43⁰28’31”E); 1 female, 19.vii.2016, cord. Podrubnyi (54⁰47’51”N & 43⁰08’48”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Tomsk region, Altai, Irkutsk and Amur regions, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands), Europe, Abkhazia, Armenia, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, northern and southwestern China, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), and North America (Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in the existing tunnels of xylophagous insects in wood and in dry hollow or soft-core plant stems. Prey: nymphs and imagos of aphids. Predators: emerald wasps of the genera Elampus, Omalus, Philoctetes, and Pseudomalus (Chrysididae) and ichneumons Perithous divinator (Rossi, 1790) and Perithous mediator (Fabricius, 1804) (Ichneumonidae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938; Plavilshchikov 1964; Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 male, 19.vii.2015, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iran, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, and Japan (Honshu and Ryukyu) (Danilov & Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in dense clay or sandy soil. Prey: snout beetles, more often Brachyderes, Curculio, Hylobius, Otiorhynchus, Pissodes, Sitona, Strophosomus, and Tanymecus and sometimes Bromius (Curculionidae) (Polidori et al. 2005). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis ignita (Linnaeus, 1758), C. sexdentata Christ, 1791, Hedychrum niemelai Linsenmaier, 1959, H. nobile (Scopoli, 1763), H. rutilans Dahlbom, 1854, and H. simile Mocsáry, 1889 (Chrysididae), velvet ants Smicromyrme sicanus (De Stefani, 1887) (Mutillidae), parasitic flies Metopia leucocephala (Rossi, 1790), Miltogramma punctatum Meigen, 1824 (Sarcophagidae), and Leucophora cinerea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Anthomyiidae), as well as ants Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Formicidae), ticks of the genera Vidia (Winterschmidtiidae), and nematodas (Polidori et al. 2010).

Material: RM: 1 female, 23.vii.2016, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); NNR: 1 ex., 16.viii.2014, Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov (Image 3).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Novosibirsk region, Altai, and Krasnoyarsk Krai), south of Europe, Turkey, and Kazakhstan (Danilov & Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in dense soil. Prey: snout beetles (Curculionidae) and rarely seed beetles (Bruchidae). Predators: emerald wasps Hedychrum chalybaeum Dahlbom, 1854 (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 1 female, 19.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 330 (54⁰46’44”N & 43⁰11’09”E); NNR: 1 ex., 19.vii.2014, Voznesenskoe Distr., Alamasovo (54⁰54’03”N & 43⁰08’56”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov.

Biology: Nests in dense soil, often in large groups. Prey: snout beetles Anthonomus, Dorytomus, Otiorrhynchus, Phyllobius, Polydrosus, and Strophosomus (Curculionidae). Predators: emerald wasps Hedychrum niemelai Linsenmaier, 1959 H. nobile (Scopoli, 1763) and Holopyga chrysonota (Förster, 1853) (Chrysididae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938; Plavilshchikov 1964; Ruchin & Antropov 2014, 2016.

Material: RM: 1 male, 19.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 330 (54⁰46’44”N & 43⁰11’09”E); 1 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 1 female, 22.vii.2017, Elniki Distr., Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E).

Biology: Nests in dense soil. Prey: small snout beetles Apion, Meligethes, Sitona, Strophosomus, and Tychius (Curculionidae). Predators: emerald wasps Hedychrum niemelai Linsenmaier, 1959 (Chrysididae).

Material: RM: 1 male, 11.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 115 (54⁰51’46”N & 43⁰09’26”E); 1 female, 1 male, 11.vii.2015, quar. 142 (54⁰51’12”N & 43⁰09’21”E); 1 female, 11.vii.2015, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 male, 18.vii.2016, quar. 331 (54⁰46’43”N & 43⁰12’37”E); 1 male, 1.vii.2016, quar. 379 (54⁰45’17”N & 43⁰07’51”E); 1 male, 4.vii.2017, quar. 276 (54⁰47’45”N & 43⁰10’28”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the north till Crimea and the east, Urals, Siberia, Khabarovsk Krai, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Taldikistan, Iran, northern China, and Korea (Danilov & Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in dense soil. Prey: snout beetles Apion, Otiorrhynchus, Sitona, and Strophosomus (Curculionidae) as well as leaf beetles Longitarsus and Bromius (Chrysomelidae), and, probably, heteropterans. Predators: emerald wasps Hedychrum gerstaeckeri Chevrier, 1869, H. niemelai Linsenmaier, 1959, and H. nobile (Scopoli, 1763) (Chrysididae).

Literature: Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Feoktistov 2011; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 male, 3.vii.2016, MSNR, quar. 429 (54⁰44’31”N & 43⁰14’59”E); 1 male, 24.vi.2014, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); 2 male, 19.vii.2015, Elniki Distr., Malye Mordovskie Poshaty (54⁰41’00”N & 43⁰43’50”E); 1 female, 22.vii.2017, Novoyamskaya Sloboda (54⁰44’24”N & 43⁰42’59”E); 1 male, 22.vii.2017, Novye Shaly (54⁰42’13”N & 43⁰38’25”E).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, Siberia, Primorye, and Sakhalin), Europe, northern Africa, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Syria, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Iran, India, Korea, and Japan (Honshu) (Danilov & Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in dense sandy or clayey soil, often in groups. Prey: bees of genera Halictus, Andrena, Panurgus, Prosopis, and Sphecodes. Predators: emerald wasps Hedychrum gerstaeckeri Chevrier, 1869, H. niemelai Linsenmaier, 1959, H. nobile (Scopoli, 1763), and Chrysis ignita (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chrysididae), velvet ants Paramyrmosa brunnipes (Lepeletier, 1845) (Mutillidae), and parasitic flies Metopia leucocephala (Rossi, 1790) and Pterella grisea (Meigen, 1824) (Sarcophagidae).

Literature: Redikortsev 1938; Plavilshchikov 1964; Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014.

Material: RM: 1 male, 11.vii.2015, MSNR, quar. 301 (54⁰47’19”N & 43⁰10’36”E); 1 female, 24.viii.2017, quar. 80 (54⁰53’11”N & 43⁰30’22”E); 1 female, 24.viii.2017, quar. 85 (54⁰53’29”N & 43⁰35’00”E); 1 female, 24.viii.2017, quar. 86 (54⁰53’38”N & 43⁰35’59”E); 20.vi.2015, 1 male, Pushta (54⁰42’50”N & 43⁰13’32”E); 24.vii.2016, 1 male, Temnikov Distr., Polyanki (54⁰44’27”N & 43⁰29’04”E); NNR: 23.vii.2016, 1 ex., Sarov (54⁰55’08” N 43⁰17’40”E), coll. P.V. Cherenkov.

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the northwest till Crimea and northern Caucasus, Urals, and western Siberia), Europe, Africa, Israel, Jordan, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Abkhazia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan (Danilov & Mokrousov 2017).

Biology: Nests in dense sandy and sandy loam soil, usually in groups. Prey: honey bees Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 or, as an exception, solitary bees, for example, Andrena and Halictus (Rathmayer, 1962). Predators: emerald wasps Chrysis ignita (Linnaeus, 1758), Hedychrum gerstaeckeri Chtvrier, 1869, H. rutilans Dahlbom, 1854, Pseudomalus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chrysididae), velvet ants Dasylabris maura (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mutillidae), parasitic flies Senotainia albifrons (Rondani, 1859), Phylloteles pictipennis Loew, 1824, Metopia leucocephala (Rossi, 1790), Sphecapata conica Fallen, 1810 (Sarcophagidae), Physocephala chrysorrhoea (Meigen, 1824) and Ph. vittata (Fabricius, 1794) (Conopidae), and skin beetles Dermestes murinus Linnaeus, 1758 (Dermestidae) (Polidori et al. 2010).

General distribution: Russia (the European part from the centre and east till Crimea and northern Caucasus and Urals), south of Europe, northern Africa, Israel, Turkey, Syria, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Danilov & Mokrousov 2017).

Remark: Confirmation of the species in the territories adjacent to MSNRrequires more material.

Literature: Ruchin et al. 2009; Feoktistov 2011 (as Paeudogonalis hahni Spin.).

General distribution: Russia (the European part, Altai, Irkutsk region, Transbaikalia, Amur region, and Primorsky Krai), Europe, Ukraine, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Iran, Mongolia, and northern China (Schnee 2011).

Biology: Parasites of sawfly larvae and caterpillars of butterflies (Schnee 2011).

Thus, we summarized data on 249 vespine species of 11 families from two regions of Mordovia (including MSNR) and three districts of Nizhny Novgorod region (including the city of Sarov). Of these, 31 species are new to the Republic of Mordovia. In recent years, the fauna of Nizhni Novgorod region was studied quite intensively (Mokrousov 2011; Nemkov 2016). The areas adjacent to the reserve areas of Nizhny Novgorod region, however, were so far poorly explored. We provide information on 30 species of wasps occurring in these areas, of which two species were not yet recorded in the reserve.

As of 2015, 179 species of wasps were recorded in MSNR (Redikortsev 1938; Plavilshchikov 1964; Ruchin et al. 2009; Ruchin 2011, 2015; Mokrousov et al. 2009, 2013; Ruchin, Antropov, 2014, 2016). At present, the fauna of separate families of wasps in MSNR is represented by 220 species: one species in Bethylidae, 31 in Chrysididae, two in Tiphiidae, two in Mutillidae, one in Scoliidae, 28 in Pompilidae, 37 in Vespidae, nine in Sphecidae, 108 in Crabronidae, and one in Trigonalyidae.

Unfortunately, in the 20^th Century, the authors of publications on fauna of MSNR limited themselves to bringing up short lists of wasps without specifying important characteristics such as the place and date of collection, as well as the sex and the number of material studied. This complicates the comparison of the species composition, biotopic confinement, and verification of finds in certain habitats. Therefore, a number of species are indicated so far only on the basis of these literary sources. Among them, in particular, are such species whose modern ranges include the territory of Mordovia: A. wesmaeli (Redikortsev, 1938), P. ater (Redikortsev, 1938; Plavilshchikov, 1964), Ch. pumila, Ch. comparata, P. tydei, N. spinolae, M. crabroneus (Plavilshchikov, 1964), A. terminata, C. ovalis, and T. fronticorne (Feoktistov 2011).

At the same time, some of the species included in these lists, according to modern data, clearly do not occur in the territory of Mordovia, since their range in the European part of Russia is limited to the south, including Crimea and northern Caucasus. Such species include C. octomaculatus (Ghahari et al. 2014; Loktionov & Lelej 2017). It is most likely that these records were based on incorrect definition of the source material. Therefore, we excluded this species from the MSNR fauna list.

In recent years, the list of wasps species recorded in MSNRand adjacent territories significantly expanded. Many species from the list, however, are still known only by single specimens. To such species we refer, in particular, C. megacephalus (Mokrousov et al. 2009), E. minor, G. lunatus, P. gussakowskiji, P. minuta, P. parvul, P. schioedtei, A. concinnus, A. anceps, H. sanguinolentus, A. auctus, M. parvulus, D. lineata, N. dimidiatus, N. fulvipes, C. annulipes, C. elongatulus, C. exiguus, O. haemorrhoidalis, P. fabricii, S. troglodytes (Mokrousov et al. 2013), O. simillimus (Ruchin & Antropov 2014), A. ichneumonideus, E. quadrifasciatus, G. laevipes, S. gracilis, P. lethifer, S. pendulus, and P. exaratus (Ruchin & Antropov 2016). Records of these species are undoubtful.

The most common in the reserve are species of the families Chrysididae (Hedychrum nobile, Chrysis bicolor, C. ignita, and Trichrysis cyanea), Tiphiidae (Tiphia femorata), Pompilidae (Auplopus carbonarius, Priocnemis exaltata, P. perturbator, and Anoplius viaticus), Vespidae (Ancistrocerus trifasciatus, Eumenes coronatus, E. pedunculatus, Symmorphus bifasciatus, S. murarius, Polistes albellus, P. nimpha (dominant), Vespa crabro, Dolichovespula saxonica, Vespula germanica, and V. vulgaris), and Sphecidae (Ammophila pubescens, A. sabulosa, Podalonia hirsuta, Argogorytes mystaceus, Gorytes quadrifasciatus, G. quinquecinctus, Bembecinus tridens, Nysson spinosus, Crabro cribrarius, Ectemnius borealis, E. continuus, E. lapidarius, Lestica clypeata (dominant), and Cerceris quinquefasciata).

In a recent publication on European paper wasps (Polistes) of the gallicus-group (Neumeyer et al. 2015), the status of an independent species was given to Polistes albellus Giordani Soika, 1976, originally described as a subspecies of P. foederatus Kohl, 1898 and included in the list of lower synonyms P. gallicus (Linnaeus, 1767). For a long time, P. albellus, distributed from the centre and east of the European part and south of western Siberia of Russia to Mongolia, was confused with similar species P. bischoffi Weyrauch, 1937 and P. biglumis (Linnaeus, 1758), which in Russia are found mainly in northern Caucasus. Therefore, we excluded the previously mentioned P. bischoffi and P. biglumis (Mokrousov et al. 2013; Ruchin & Antropov 2014) from the MSNRlist of wasp fauna.

Of particular interest is S. deforme, an eastern Asian species that in recent years showed an expansion of the range to the northwest (Rasplus 2010; Ćetković et al. 2011). Judging by the many-year collections, there is a noticeable increase in its population in Mordovia in comparison with the native species, S. destillatorium. Similarly, P. fastigiata, noted in Mordovia for the first time, which was previously known to the north no further than the Rostov region (Savranskaya & Lidzhiev 2017), possibly also expands its area to the northwest. Additional material, however, is required to confirm this.

The rare species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (2001) include P. grandior. Ten-year studies in MSNRshow that the number of Parnopes is very low (Ruchin & Egorov 2017). Perhaps the overgrowth of glades and ravines with shrub vegetation and, as a consequence, degradation of host-wasps colonies, have a negative impact on this population (Orlovskytė et al. 2010). A similar situation is observed for the Apollo Butterfly Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758), whose habitat in the reserve is lost precisely because of the same reasons (Ruchin & Grishutkin 2018). In the case of Parnopes, however, the situation is not that bad, as very suitable habitats for host-wasps appeared during the fires of 2010. Another rare species that requires further study is S. hirta. This species as well as P. fastigiata gradually expand their range to the north (Ruchin & Artaev 2016).

A significant majority of the identified representatives of the emerald wasp family are brood parasites of digger wasps (Crabronidae) while some are brood parasites of the solitary Vespidae. We point out that in the overwhelming majority of cases, the hosts of the emerald wasps were also revealed during the course of research. The strength of brood parasite-host relations indicates the stability of biocenoses in MSNR.

Digger wasps (Sphecidae and Crabronidae) make up an important part of the Aculeata fauna (53.2%), counting 117 species. In forest biotopes, the prevailing species were compared to the terrestrial species (67.5%) as xylophile and rubicole (21.4%). Species of the genera Passaloecus and Trypoxylon make their nests in the wood in the finished galleries of wood-destroying insects while species of the genera Crossocerus and Ectemnius complete the galleries in the wood with their mouth organs. Almost all species nesting in the soil choose open sites with sparse vegetation, more or less flat (dry glades, roadsides and clearings, open areas with sandy face, and slopes of small pits). Sand is a drier and generally more favorable nesting substrate than clayey soil. Therefore, the greatest species diversity of digger wasps is typical for the central and eastern parts of the reserve, but not for the floodplain meadows of the western part where the grass cover is very dense. Some species of the Sphecidae family that were found in the adjacent territories were not recorded as part of the reserve fauna. This reduction is usually due to the overgrowth of biotopes necessary for Sphecidae (Kula & Tyrner 2003).

Most of the identified species of Sphecidae prey on Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Aranei. In the Crabronidae family, a significant number of species consume medium and small spiders, whose fauna in the reserve is rich enough (Mikhailov & Trushina 2013; Ruchin et al. 2013). Some Crabronidae hunt for Diptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera (Cicadellidae, Psyllidae, Jassidae, and Fulgoridae), and Orthoptera.

MSNR is one of the oldest in Russia (Vargot 2016). According to paleoecological reconstructions (Novenko et al. 2017), since 5,000 years ago broad-leaved forests prevailed in suitable ecotopes on the territory of the reserve. Significant territories were also covered with pine forests, possibly with very little participation of spruce. Pine forests grew on poor sandy soils and in poorly drained habitats. This fully corresponds to the location of mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests zone in the south. In addition, the territory refers to landscapes of the marshy woodland type, which are extrazonal boreal geosystems. Recent records of invertebrates from the territory of the reserve are very interesting and confirm its uniqueness (Mokrousov et al. 2011; Ruchin et al. 2013; Chikhlyaev & Ruchin 2014; Legalov et al. 2014; Egorov & Shapovalov 2017; Chursina & Ruchin 2018a, 2018b; Ruchin & Egorov 2018a, 2018b, 2018c, 2018d; Ruchin et al. 2018. 2019; Ruchin & Mikhailenko 2018; Tomaszewska et al. 2018). Such an advantageous geographic location of the reserve at the edge of the forest-steppe and forest zone also significantly affects the species diversity and generally contributes to the biodiversity of the vespine species in the Republic of Mordivia Mordovia Republic (Table 1). Of the 283 species of wasps in Mordovia, 220 species (77.7%) are found within MSNR.

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Families	Number of species in MSNR	Number of species in Mordovia (this study)	Vespine diversity of the reserve and the region (in %)
Bethylidae	1	1	100
Chrysididae	31	41	75.6
Dryinidae	0	1	0
Tiphiidae	2	5	40.0
Mutillidae	2	3	66.7
Scoliidae	1	2	50.0
Pompilidae	28	38	73.7
Vespidae	37	47	78.7
Sphecidae	9	12	75.0
Crabronidae	108	132	81.8
Trigonalyidae	1	1	100
Total	220	283	77.7