Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2018 | 10(7):
11948–11954
A first report and additional description of the assassin bug Neostaccia plebeja (Stål)
(Heteroptera: Reduviidae)
from India with comparative notes on Stacciadiluta Stål from Assam, India
Balasaheb V. Sarode 1,Swapnil S. Boyane 2 & Hemant. V. Ghate 3
1,2,3 Post-Graduate Research Centre, Department
of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Shivajinagar,
Pune, Maharashtra 411005, India
1 balasahebs78@gmail.com, 2 boyane.swapnil@gmail.com, 3 hemantghate@gmail.com (corresponding author)
doi: http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4029.10.7.11948-11954 | ZooBank:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E729C117-5DF3-40FF-B4E9-1CF5AA243736
Editor: Dr. Helcio R.
Gil-Santana, Instituto OswaldoCruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Date
of publication: 26 June 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms# 4029 | Received 25 January 2018 | Final received 02 April 2018 | Finally
accepted 07 June 2018
Citation: Sarode, B.V., S.S. Boyane & H.V. Ghate (2018). A first report and additional description
of the assassin bug Neostaccia plebeja (Stål) (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from
India with comparative notes on Staccia diluta Stål from Assam, India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 10(7): 11948–11954; http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4029.10.7.11948-11954
Copyright: © Sarode et al. 2018.Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any
medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the
authors and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We are grateful to David Rédei (China) and Petr Kment (Czech Republic) for
their continuous support in various ways and for providing essential
literature. We thank Professor and
Head, Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, for providing SEM facilities. We thank Mr.Pratik Pansare for collection of the bug from
Assam. We gratefully acknowledge Gunvi Lindberg and Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm for providing images of the
type and for permission to use those (Attribution: CC BY-NC 3.0). Finally, we sincerely acknowledge
support and encouragement from the authorities of Modern College.
Abstract: The assassin bug, Neostaccia plebeja (Stål, 1866) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Stenopodainae) is
being reported for the first time from India. It is redescribedwith many illustrations. Comparative photos of the salient characters of Staccia diluta Stål, 1859 are
also provided.
Keywords: Hemiptera, first report, India, new record, Stenopodainae.
A Stenopodainae bug resembling Staccia was collected in Jambut(Sharadwadi), near Shirur,
Maharashtra, India. A careful
examination of the head of this specimen showed that there are no spines
underneath, in anteocular part, and the labium is
also without two pairs of spines, the characters whichare present in Staccia diluta(Stål, 1859). The presence of only one (external) row of large and small spines on
fore femur and one row of small setiferous tubercles
distinguished it further from S. diluta Stål which has two rows (external as well as internal) of
long spines ventrally on fore femur. The long, sharp, anteriorly directed prosternalprocess suggested our species to be similar to what Stål(1866) had described as Staccia plebeja on the basis of a specimen from Ceylon (=Sri
Lanka), and later placed it in ‘Stenopodinorum incerti generis’ (Stål1874). Maldonado Capriles (1990) retained it under Stacciawith the comment ‘incertus generis’. Distant (1904)
recorded that as Staccia ? plebeja Stål, with brief diagnosis as translation of Stål’s original description, although with a statement ‘I
have not seen this species which, from the above characters, can scarcely
belong to the genus Staccia’.
When consulted about the status of S. plebeja,Dr. Dávid Rédei (Nankai University, China,
personal communication with H.V. Ghate, October
2016), an expert Heteropterist, pointed out that the
characters in this species match those of the genus Neostaccia Miller, 1940. A further search indicated that Kerzhner& Kwon (1996), who studied a male specimen of S. plebejafrom Korea and a female from Myanmar (Bhamo), had
transferred this species to Neostaccia and
labelled it as ‘Neostaccia plebeja (Stål), new
combination’. Actually Nozawa (1990), who recorded it
as Neostaccia plebejafrom Saitama Prefecture, Japan, stated that as a new record for Japan and
provided drawings of the head in lateral view. In fact, Nozawa(1990) was the first to place this species under Neostacciastating that ‘this species has one row of spines on fore femora and Staccia has two rows’; in the same study Nozawa had also examined Neostaccia aspericeps Miller, 1940. Because the original description of N.plebeja is very brief and even Kerzhner & Kwon (1996) had not given many details or
illustrations (especially of pygophore and phallus),
we are providing additional character description and illustrations of this
species for the benefit of future readers. Since the previous list of Reduviidae from
India (Ambrose 2006) does not include this species, its occurrence in
Maharashtra State should be considered as the first record of this species from
India.
Staccia diluta is, however, known from India (Ambrose 2006) and has been recently
recorded from Odisha (former Orissa State), by
Mukherjee & Hassan (2016), who only provided a dorsal habitus photo but not
a detailed redescription, figures or images of
diagnostic characters.
Material and Methods
The collected bugs were preserved in 70% alcohol and subsequently dried
for observation. Properly mounted
insects were studied and photographed under a Leica SMZ6 stereozoomwith attached Cannon PowerShot S50 camera. Several images were taken at different focii and stacked to get the final image using Combine ZM
freeware. The images were processed
and cleaned using Photoshop CS5. For preparation of male genitalia, the whole insect was briefly warmed
in 10% KOH for 15 to 20 minutes and the pygophore was
detached using a fine forceps. The
dissected insects were subsequently treated with dilute acetic acid and washed
in 70% alcohol before dry mounting again. The detached pygophorewas boiled in 10% KOH for 2 minutes, cooled and boiled again for 2–3
minutes in fresh 10% KOH. The pygophore was then stored overnight in 5% KOH before
further dissection in distilled water. Dissected phallus and parameres were mounted
in Polyvinyl Lactic Acid (PVL) mixture with Lignin Pink dye and photographed
under a microscope. Methods of SEM preparations are as stated before (Sheth & Ghate 2014).
All measurements given below are in mm. Male and female measurements are
separated as male / female and are the average of two males and two
females. When there is no
difference in measurement of male and female, a single measurement figure is
given.
Reduviidae
Stenopodainae
Neostaccia Miller, 1940: 483 [description;type species Neostaccia aspericeps, type locality Malaya]
Neostaccia plebeja (Stål,
1866)
Staccia plebeja Stål,
1866: 166 [original description]
Staccia ? plebeja Distant, 1904: 225 [redescription]
Staccia plebeja: Maldonado Capriles, 1990 :540 [ listed in
Catalogue as ‘incertus generis,]
Neostaccia plebeja: Nozawa, 1990: 5 (first treated this species under Neostaccia);
Kerzhner & Kwon 1996: 48
(explicitly placed this species in Neostacciaand stated as Comb. Nov., redescription).
Additional character
description
Total length: 8.5 / 9.0
Head: anteocular length, dorsal view 0.55 /
0.65; postocular length, dorsal view 0.30 / 0.37;
maximum width across eyes 1 / 1.12; width between eyes 0.50 ;antenna: length of first segment of antenna 0.55 ; length of second segment of
antenna 1.12 / 1.12; length of third segment of antenna 0.25 ; length of fourth
segment of antenna 0.42 ; labium: total length of labium- 1.70 / 1.65; length
of first visible segment of labium 0.80 / 0.75; length of second visible
segment of labium 0.50 ; length of third visible segment of labium- 0.40 ; pronotum length dorsally along median line 1.50 / 1.75; pronotum width at anterior angles 0.87 / 1; pronotum width at humeral angles 2.0 / 2.25; scutellum basal width 0.62 / 1; median length along midline
0.62 / 0.52; legs: fore femur length 1.70 / 2.25; fore tibia length 1.62 /
1.75; fore tarsus length, including claw 0.55 / 0.60; mid femur length 1.70 /
1.87; mid tibia length-1.75 ; mid tarsus including claw 0.55 ; hind femur
length- 2.62 / 2.80; hind tibia length 2.80 / 3.12; hind tarsus including claw
0.55 / 0.60. Hemelytra length 6.5.
Pygophore: Length to the tip of parameres 1.12, maximum
breadth 0.75; total length of everted phallus length
excluding articulatory apparatus 1.75; articulatory apparatus length 0.62; paramere length 0.63.
Coloration and vestiture
Dorsal coloration brown with some dark brown areas: such as post ocular
part of head, longitudinal stripes on anterior lobe and lateral sides of pronotum, scutellum except
central area, antennae, base of clavus and corium. Two dark brown
longitudinal lines on top of head in front of ocelli. Antenna: segment I dark brown; segment
II shining and darker distally (apical portion almost dark brown); segments III
and IV dark brown and densely setose, setae long and golden. Ventral coloration pale brown with a few
dark brown areas: such as part of the head, lateral parts of thoracic sterna
(pleura) and a few patches on the abdomen; genital segments darker in both
sexes. Legs pale
yellow brown with indistinct brownish bands on fore femur and much indistinct
brownish bands on hind femur; fore and mid tibia with three annulations -
basal, apical and near middle. Hemelytra pale brown, veins slightly darker, corium dull brown and
finely granular, membrane dull and almost opaque, with very few indistinct
rounded pale spots. In both the
females studied, legs are slightly paler than that of males (Image
1A–B). Entire dorsal surface
of head and the first antennal segment covered with fine setigerousgranules; other antennal segments moderately setose; parts of labium and
underside of head also setose. Overall sternum setose on disc and granular on lateral side. Lateral margin of prosternumslightly less setose than that of meso and meta sternum. Legs with fine adpressed sparse setae;
tarsus more setose.
Structure
Male
Overall head, pronotum and scutellumfinely granular; pronotumwith six longitudinal smooth and shining stripes on anterior lobe (Image 1C),
other areas dull, this is especially prominent in female (Image 1D). Clavus and corium rugulose in part, but less
granular.
Head finely granular; somewhat convex dorsally; longer than broad; anteocular longer than postocularexcluding neck; anterior part in front of antenniferoustubercle moderately sloping; sides of anteocularregion more or less parallel. Postocular area laterally rounded, dorsally flattish but
raised slightly above than anterior region. Neck distinct, narrowed compared to
post ocular rounded region. A
distinct transverse curved sulcus in between eyes. Eyes large, semi globular,
coarsely facetted; ocelli prominent, situated on
slightly elevated, rounded prominence behind transverse sulcus, closer to eyes
than to each other. Head width across eyes slightly broader
than width between anterior angles of pronotum.Antenna four segmented, I segment slightly curved and incrassate, II segment
longer and slender, III segment smallest, IV sub equal with II; III and IV segment very slender. Labium moderately stout, reaching level
of procoxae, visible segment I longest, passing
beyond anterior margin of eye, moderately thick, visible segment II thick at
base and gradually narrowed towards apex, visible segment III shinning, thin
(Image 1E,F). None of the labial
segments show presence of spines ventrally but a row of setae can be seen
laterally.
Thorax: pronotum trapezoidal, anterior angles
rounded, prominent; very distinct but narrow collar present;lateral margin gently sinuate, posterior margin sinuate on either side of
midline. A distinct transverse
sulcus at one third from base, marking anterior and posterior lobes; anterior
lobe convex above, posterior lobe flattened; median fine longitudinal sulcus
present on anterior lobe, at least in basal two third. Anterior lobe of pronotumwith six shining longitudinal areas which are distinct in female than in male;
rest of the surface finely punctured and with fine granules, hence dull;
humeral angles prominent and shining. Scutellumtriangular, moderately convex in median part, almost as long as broad, with
truncated tip, laterally with large granules while small, pale triangular area
in middle with small granules. Metanotum with
small median tubercle, visible immediately behind tip of scutellum.
Prosternum with mid-ventral, sharp triangular process with deep sulcus. Strong, anteriorly directed, spiny prosternal process present at anterior angles (see Image
1E). Mesosternum slightly convex, with
two blunt tubercles on either side of mid line; its entire surface dull. A distinct carina in between mesocoxae, lateral areas to this carina sunken; metasternum convex dull, with sparse setae; metacoxae widely separated than mesocoxae. Metathoracic scent gland indistinct. In male, hemelytra just reach
abdominal tip. Clavuswith transverse wrinkles in distal half; membrane with veins prominent (Image
1G).
Fore legs: coxae moderately long; trochanter
with one prominent sub apical spine and two smaller spines in middle part;
femora much incrassate, broadest near middle, narrowest at apex, dorsally
smooth, with few setae, ventrally with a single row of moderately long spines
(internal / anteroventral). There are three sizes of spines, some
are very long and some very short; total number of these spines is about
eighteen (Image 1H). External
margin has no spines but there are four distinct setigeroustubercles, each with a long seta, one of which is intact in SEM picture (left
Image 1H). Fore tibia straight, sub
equal to femora, slightly compressed. Tarsus compressed. Mid and hind legs
slender; posterior femora not surpassing apex of
abdomen.
Abdomen more or less parallel sided only slightly narrowed near apex in
both sexes. Abdominal tergites three and four with
median tubercle (=adult abdominal glands) very close to anterior border. Surface of abdominal sternitesfinely sculptured, somewhat shining and with indistinct keel on 5thto 7th segment; abdomen slightly laterally compressed overall.
(Image 2 A,B).
Female structure identical but with following differences: in total
length female is slightly longer; head of female is larger than that of male,
especially in its width; ocelli are also slightly
larger in female. In female hemelytra do not extend up to tip of abdomen as in
male.
In male pygophoreconvex on ventral side, its shape distinctly oval, as seen in situ (Image 2A). In dorsal view the detached pygophore appears oblong oval, dorsally membranous,
laterally and ventrally moderately sclerotized; relatively stout parameres are seen projecting out (Image 2C); the same
image shows postero-ventral spine marked with red
arrow. Ventral view of intact pygophore (Image 2D) and similar view after removal of parameres (Image 2F, inset:postero-ventral spine in dorsal view) clearly show
the spine mentioned above. Lateral
view of pygophore is also presented (Image 2E). Phallus removed from pygophoreappears oval in lateral view (Image 2G) with well-developed articulatory
apparatus and sclerotized phallotheca; the
articulatory apparatus is seen in dorsal view (Image 2H). Image 2I shows parameresthat are moderately curved, clavate and setose at
tip. Everted phallus has endosomaof complex structure with several rows of very fine spinules,
as seen here in lateral view (Image 2J).
Material studied: Regd. no. MCZH 13 to 14 (males); MCZH 15 to 16
(females), 2 males and 2 females of Neostaccia plebeja were collected when attracted to light
from Shirur (coll. B. Sarode,
21.x.2016; 27.x.2016; 16.vi.2017; 25.vi.2017).
Notes on Staccia diluta:
Staccia Stål, 1874 (type species Oncocephalus dilutus Stål, 1859; type locality Philippines)
Staccia diluta (Stål,
1859)
Staccia diluta: Distant, 1904: 159 [redescription, habitus drawing]
Staccia diluta : Nozawa, 1990: 4 [listed,
with line drawings]
Staccia diluta: Maldonado Capriles, 1990: 539 [listed]
Staccia diluta : Lee et al., 1999: 79 [Korean J. Entomol.,redescribed with SEM images, in Korean]
Staccia diluta : Ambrose, 2006: xxvi
[in checklist supplement]
Staccia diluta : Mukherjee &
Hassan, 2016: 503 [in key, diagnosis; distribution in India]
This species was originally placed in Oncocephalus by Stål, to which it
resembles very much, and subsequently a new genus was erected to accommodate
it. Distant (1904) has given brief
description with the drawings of habitus and lateral view of head. Since our
specimen was a mutilated female we are not giving any redescription.
It was identified based on structure of the head and fore leg. Here we are
showing lateral view of head under stereozoommicroscope (Image 3A) along with SEM images of head and labium (Image 3B-F).
The characteristic spines on ventrolateral side of anteocular part are distinct so also the spines on labium.
The image of the fore femur shows two clear rows of spines. Image 4 is a
composite image of the type specimen of S. diluta(dorsal view, ventral view and fore femur), that was
obtained from Swedish Museum and is reproduced here with permission. Images of the type are copyright
of the Swedish Museum.
Materia-l studied: Not preserved as this specimen was usedfor SEM, one dead female of Staccia diluta, was found in spider web in Assam, coll. P. Pansare, 04.i.2017.
Discussion
Miller (1940) defined Neostaccia with
the following characters, given verbatim here as: “Basal segment of antennae
about as long as anteocular. Eyes somewhat large, prominent. Head thick, broadly globose behind eyes,
laterally ventrally tuberculate behind eyes. Basal segment of rostrum longer than remaining segments together. Pronotum trapeziform; anterior lobe longer than posterior lobe; prosternum with anterior spinousprocess. Scutellum triangular, constricted
sub-apically. Hemelytra
extending to apex of abdomen. Anterior femora incrassate with a single
row of long and short spines on lower surface.” Characters of all our N. plebeja match well with the diagnosis of the genus and
also that of the species, confirming that our identification is correct. We are not aware of any description of pygophore or phallus of any Neostacciaand so our figures become an additional information
for this genus.
Some additional characters of N. plebejaare given here with illustrations. Some observations on Staccia diluta are also presented, for comparison, on the basis
of a single mutilated specimen found in a spider web at Assam in February 2017.
Of the 10 species of Staccia, S. javanica is the only other species recorded from India,
as per the available literature (Maldonado-Capriles1990; Ambrose 2006). Staccia baliensisMiller, 1940 occurs in Bali and the other eight species are known from
Africa. Staccia diluta seems more widespread and occurs in
‘Cambodia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Vietnam, China, Formosa, Japan’ (Maldonado-Capriles1990). This
species has also been described in greater detail with some SEM images in
Korean language by Lee et al. (1999). Mukherjee & Hassan (2016) recorded S.diluta from Odisha in
India.
References
Ambrose, D.P. (2006). A
checklist of Indian assassin bugs (Insects: Heteroptera:Reduviidae) with taxonomic status, distribution and
diagnostic morphological characteristics. Zoos’ Print Journal21(9): 2388–2406; http://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.871.2388-406
Distant, W.L. (1904).The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, 2 (Heteroptera). Taylor
& Francis, London, 503pp.
Kerzhner, I.M. & Y.J.
Kwon (1996). On the systematic position of Staccia plebeja Stål (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 4(1): 48.
Lee, K.Y., Y.D.
Chang, K.R. Choi & Y.J. Kwon (1999). Morphological
characteristics of Staccia diluta Stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), a
predaceous natural enemy of delphacid planthoppers. Korean Journal of
Entomology 29(2): 79–84.
Maldonado-Capriles, J. (1990). Systematic
Catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World (Insecta: Heteroptera). A Special Edition of Caribbean Journal of Science 694pp.
Miller, N.C.E.
(1940). New genera and species of Malaysian Reduviidae. Journal of the Federated Malay States
Museum 18(4) 415–599.
Mukherjee, P. &
M.E. Hassan (2016). Reduviidae (Heteroptera: Hemiptera) recorded
as new from Odisha, India. Munis Entomology &
Zoology 11(2): 501–507.
Nozawa, M. (1990). The reduviid−bugs (Reduviidae, Heteroptera) distributed in Saitama Prefecture. I. Emesinae, Stenopodainae and Peiratinae. Bulletin of Saitama Museum
of Natural History 8: 1–10.
Sheth, S. & H.V. Ghate (2014). A report of an aquatic beetle Eretes griseus (Fabricius,
1781) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae:Dytiscinae: Eretini) from
the Western Ghats and other parts of Maharashtra, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 6(12): 6571–6575; http://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o4036.6571-5
Stål, C. (1866). Analecta hemipterologica. Berliner Entomologischer Zeitschrift10: 151 – 172.
Stål, C. (1874). Enumeratio Reduviidarum Europae, Africae, Asiae, et Australiae. In: Enumeratio Hemipterorum, IV. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 4: 3–97.