Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2018 | 10(10):
12357–12362
Distribution and population status of Sambar Rusa unicolor (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla:
Cervidae) from Aravalli
landscape with a note on its first record from Aravalli
Hills of Haryana, India
Paridhi Jain 1, Anchal
Bhasin 2, Gautam
Talukdar 3 & Bilal Habib
4
1,2,3,4
Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttrakhand 248001, India
1 paridhi.jain1234@gmail.com,
2 anchalbhasin1310@gmail.com, 3 gautam@wii.gov.in, 4
bh@wii.gov.in (corresponding author)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4011.10.10.12357-12362 | ZooBank:
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8E684695-D1EC-4DA2-9137-7CCBB36CBF4D
Editor: Anwaruddin Choudhury, Rhino Foundation
for Nature in North-East India, Guwahati, India. Date of
publication: 26 September 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # 4011 |
Received 14 January 2018 | Final received 05 September 2018 | Finally accepted 12
September 2018
Citation: Jain, P., A. Bhasin,
G. Talukdar & B. Habib (2018). Distribution and
population status of Sambar Rusa
unicolor (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: Cervidae) from Aravalli landscape with a note on its first record from Aravalli Hills of Haryana, India. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 10(10): 12357–12362; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4011.10.10.12357-12362
Copyright: © Jain et al. 2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Funding: Haryana Forest Department,
Research Institution: Wildlife Institute of India.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to the Haryana Forest Department for
providing financial assistance for the study and permits for surveys, camera
trapping, and monitoring of the landscape.
We acknowledge the administrative support of the forest department. We also thank Dr. Amrinder Kaur (PCCF), Sh. Rambir Singh (CF), Sh. M.D. Sinha
(CF), Sh. R. Anand (DCF), Mrs.
Renjitha MH (DCF), and all other people who helped
and guided us during the study. We are
deeply thankful to the Rajasthan Forest Department for providing census data
and information. We thank Dr. Satish Kumar Sharma and Rahul
Bhatnagar for providing the required
information. We also give our thanks to
Sh. Raja Tehsin and Dr.
Sunil Dubey for providing the necessary guidance.
Abstract:
Sambar is
the most widespread deer in Southeastern Asia and is
listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List.
In this communication, we report the results of an extensive literature
review and camera trapping to present the historic and current distribution of Sambar in Aravalli Mountain
region. The records state that the
species is nearly exterminated in the protected areas of Gujarat Aravalli and bordering areas of Rajasthan, although a
sizable population still survives in northern and central Aravalli
(Pali-Rajasamand-Udaipur
& Alwar-Sawai Madhopur
region). We also report the first record
of Sambar from the Aravalli
Hill region of Haryana.
Keywords: Aravalli, Sambar,
distribution, population.
Rusa unicolor was listed as
Vulnerable in 2008 by IUCN due to rapid declines in several of its populations
(Timmins et al. 2015). The Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972 lists this species in Schedule III. The main reasons for its declining
populations are attributed to habitat loss and poaching (Timmins et al. 2015).
Distribution in southeastern Asia and India
Rusa unicolor is native to
southern and southeastern Asia and its distribution
extends to India (Menon 2009), Sri Lanka (Eisenburg & Lockhart 1972), southern Nepal (Mishra
1982), Myanmar (Tun Yin 1967), southern China (Smith
et al. 2010), Indonesia, Philippines (Prater 1971),
and the islands of Borneo, Taiwan, and Hainan (Hsu & Agoramoorthy
1997). Its distribution, however, has
decreased substantially and it is now rare in Malaysia (Timmins et al. 2015),
Thailand (Ngampongsai 1987), Vietnam (Khun & Kan 1991), Bangladesh
(Basbar et al. 2001), and Laos (Timmins & Evans
1996).
Sambar has been reported
from several protected areas of India and has been intensively studied in Sariska (Chatterjee et al. 2014),
Mundanthurai (Johnsingh
& Sankar 1991), Rajaji
National Park (Bhatnagar 1991), Ranthambore
Tiger Reserve (Goswamy 2011), Corbett National Park
(Pant et al. 1999), Gir National Park (Jhala et al. 2004), Periyar Tiger
Reserve (Harikumar et al. 1999), Kanha
National Park (Porwal et al. 1996), Bandipur National Park (Johnsingh
1983), Nagarhole National Park (Karanth
& Sunquist 1992), and Pench
Tiger Reserve (Biswas & Sankar
2002) in India.
Materials and Methods
Study area
description
Aravallis extend from
-Gujarat and Rajasthan in the southwest and to Haryana and Delhi in the
northeast. The study area selected was
the Aravalli region of the Haryana landscape, which
lies between 28.580N–27.650N & 75.910E–77.160E
(Fig. 1). Haryana is bound by Aravalli in the south-west
region. The northern point of the range
continues as isolated hills and rocky ridges into Haryana State, ending in
Delhi. The famous Delhi Ridge is the
last leg of the Aravalli range, which traverses
through southern Delhi and terminates in central Delhi where Raisina Hill is its last extension. Sites in five divisions, namely, Mahendragarh, Rewari, Faridabad,
Gurgaon, and Mewat, were extensively surveyed for
mapping land use area/ land cover pattern and the status of key wildlife
species.
Field data
collection
Sign surveys and line transects were conducted in 51
sampling sites spread over five forest divisions for a period of four months
(January–April 2016). Vegetation
variables like floral diversity were also recorded to compare the habitat
characteristics of each site.
Opportunistic camera trapping was later conducted in October 2016 in two
districts: Gurgaon and Faridabad. To get
basic insights into the presence of mammalian species in the region, 360 camera
trap nights (12 cameras for 30 days) were deployed. The sites selected to put cameras were Bhondsi (one), Gamroj (one),
Manger (four), Bandhwari (two), Wazirabad
(two), Gothda (one), and Anagpur
(one).
There is currently no reliable and detailed
information on the distribution of Sambar from the
entire extent of Aravalli hill range. In the absence of such ecological
information, proper research and management is difficult. Hence, to fill the information gap, records
on the distribution of Sambar in three states,
Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Haryana, were collected and compiled. No records of the natural population from
Delhi NCR have been reported as of now.
Though there are occasional records of Sambar
sightings and rescue operations from Delhi NCR (Anonymous 2016), these do not
confirm the areas where they actually occur.
Present numbers and early records were collected from census records of
respective forest departments, state gazetteers, and available publications.
Results
First record of Sambar from Aravallis Haryana in
Gurgaon District
Images of Rusa
unicolor on two consecutive days in October were recorded from Bhondsi Village in Sohna (Fig. 1
& Image 1). Bhondsi
in Gurgaon District has an extremely rich forest habitat
which still remains ignored by conservationists. Until now, Rusa
unicolor in Haryana had been reported only from the Shivallik
ranges (northern Haryana). They are
known to occur in Morni Hills in Panchkula
District (Anonymous 1892) and Kalesar National Park
in Yamunanagar District (Habib
et al. 2015). This postulates for more
intensive monitoring of the species and its distributional status.
Distribution range
from Aravalli Hill range
The Aravalli extends its northeastern portion to Gujarat covering the districts Banaskantha, Sabarkantha, Aravalli, Dahod, Panchmahal, and Vadodra. Rusa
unicolor, although present in large numbers earlier, has disappeared from
this region of Aravalli Hills. Jumbugodha Wildlife
Sanctuary abounded in Sambar but now they have gone
extinct. Jambugodha area was managed by an old state ruler. Tigers, panthers, sambars,
deer, bears, wild boars, and antelopes were present here (Mehta et al.
2002). Earlier records have been
reported from districts Banaskantha (Ryley 1914), Sabarkantha (Rajyagaor 1974), Panchmahal
(Patel 1972), and Vadodra (Anonymous 1979). Description of Sambar
from Jessore Wildlife Sanctuary in the faunal list
has been described in a booklet released by Gujarat Forest Department
(Anonymous 1984).
The Aravalli mountain
range in Rajasthan is spread across districts Ajmer, Alwar,
Bhilwara, Dungarpur,
Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, Nagaur, Pali, Rajsamand, Sawai Madhopur, Sikar, Sirohi, Chittorgarh, Pratapgarh, Banswara, and Udaipur (Fig. 2). This is the most studied region in Aravalli in terms of the ecology of Rusa
unicolor. Records of Sambar exist in several protected areas of the state and in
some places they have been intensively studied by biologists. Currently, a healthy population exists in Ranthambore National Park, Sariska
Wildlife Sanctuary, Keoladeo National Park, Darrah Wildlife Sanctuary, Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary, Kumbalgadh Wildlife Sanctuary, Sitamata
Wildlife Sanctuary, Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jamwa Ramgarh Wildlife Sanctuary,
Todgarh-Raoli Wildlife Sanctuary, Mrigwan
Chittorgarh Forest, Sawai Mansingh Wildlife Sanctuary, Sajjangarh
Wildlife Sanctuary, National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary, Ramgarh
Vishdhari Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaila Devi Wildlife
Sanctuary, and Jawahar Sagar
Wildlife Sanctuary (Table 1).
In certain protected areas, however, the population of
Sambar has been locally exterminated. Fauna of protected areas of Rajasthan and
Gujarat by Zoological Survey of India (Kumar 2012) stated its presence in sanctuaries
such as Bhainsrodgarh, Shergarh,
Ramsagar, and Van Vihar
(Table 1). Wildlife census of Rajasthan
records (2011–2017) suggests this species is now absent from these areas. According to census records, Sambar was last recorded in Bhainsrodagarh
in 2010 (n=2) and in Ramsagar (n=29), Shergarh (n=36), and Van Vihar
(n=23) in 2007. Although the census
record states that Sambar is extinct from Phulwari Ki Nal Wildlife
Sanctuary, one record exists in biodiversity assessment survey by FES in 2010
(Anonymous 2010b). Sambar
once also existed in Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary and
got exterminated around 1997 (Dubey 2011). The last record of Sambar
in Jaisamand as per wildlife census is of 1995 (n=5).
Aravalli region of Haryana
exists in districts Gurgaon, Faridabad, Mewat, Mahendargarh, Rewari; some
remnants of the range also exist in Bhiwani. The habitat in this region is declining
rapidly due to rapid deforestation and development activities. The forests in the state are the least
studied in the entire extent of the Aravalli hills. So far no records of any sighting of Sambar exist in this region. The record -stated above (Image 1) is the
only present record from Aravalli region of Haryana.
Discussion
Aravalli in Haryana still
remains one of the least studied landscapes.
It has been recognized as a potential habitat for diverse species of
biodiversity. It has been facing massive
deforestation and denudation over the last decades. The forests of Aravalli
range in Haryana are now the most degraded forests in India — most of the
indigenous plant species here have disappeared; however, these areas are
biologically rich and support unique elements of flora and fauna. The presence of Sambar
in Aravalli landscape of Haryana signifies that the
area still harbours important wildlife species that warrants immediate
protection. It gives direction for
future research studies to systematically monitor and identify the still
undiscovered mammalian biodiversity.
These ancient mountains hold several threatened species (Habib et al. 2017) that need urgent conservation programs.
Table 1. Records of Sambar
from Aravallis extent
Rajasthan (Aravallis) |
|||||||
|
Protected
area |
District |
Present
status |
Current population estimate |
Literature
cited |
||
1 |
Bhainsrodgarh WS |
Chittaurgarh |
Extinct
(PR)* |
0 |
Kumar
2012; Forest dpt. Census (Anonymous 2010a) |
||
2 |
Darrah WS |
Kota |
Exist |
96 |
Forest
dpt. Census 2013 (Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
3 |
Jaisamand WS |
Udaipur |
Extinct
(PR)* |
0 |
Forest
dpt. Census (Anonymous 1995) |
||
4 |
Jamwa Ramgarh WS |
Jaipur |
Exist |
15 |
Forest
dpt. Census 2016 (Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
5 |
Jawahar Sagar WS |
Kota |
Exist |
2 |
Forest
dpt. Census 2013 (Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
6 |
Kaila
Devi WS |
Sawai Madhopur |
Exist |
28 |
Forest
dpt. Census 2013(Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
7 |
Keoladeo Ghana NP |
Bharatpur |
Exist |
81 |
Forest
dpt. Census 2016 (Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
8 |
Kumbalgadh WS |
Rajsamand, Pali, &
Udaipur |
Exist |
337 |
Forest
dpt. Census 2016(Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
9 |
Mount
Abu WS |
Sirohi |
Exist |
90 |
Forest
dpt. Census 2016 (Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
10 |
Mrigwan Chittorgarh
Forest |
Chittaurgarh |
Exist |
14 |
Forest
dpt. Census 2016(Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
11 |
Nahargarh WS |
Jaipur |
Exist |
15 |
Forest
dpt. Census 2016(Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
12 |
National Chambal WS |
Kota |
Exist |
11 |
Forest dpt. Census 2016
(Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
13 |
Phulwari Ki Nal WS |
Udaipur |
Extinct (PR)* |
0 |
FES (Anonymous 2010b) |
||
14 |
Ramgarh Vishdhari WS |
Bundi |
Exist |
10 |
Forest dpt. Census 2016 (Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
15 |
Ramsagar WS |
Dhaulpur |
Extinct (PR)* |
0 |
Kumar 2012; Forest Dept. Census (Anonymous 2007) |
||
16 |
Ranthambore NP |
Sawai Madhopur |
Exist |
25.67 (D)# |
Jhala et al.
2015 |
||
17 |
Sajjangarh WS |
Udaipur |
Exist |
10 |
Forest dpt. Census 2016 (Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
18 |
Sariska NP |
Alwar |
Exist |
13.86 (D)# |
Jhala et
al. 2015 |
||
19 |
Sawai Mansingh WS |
Sawai Madhopur |
Exist |
764 |
Forest dpt. Census 2012 (Anonymous 2011-2017) |
||
20 |
Shergarh WS |
Baran |
Extinct (PR)* |
0 |
Kumar 2012; Forest Dept. Census (Anonymous 2007) |
||
21 |
Sitamata WS |
Chittaurgarh,
Udaipur |
Exist |
6 |
Forest. dpt. Census 2016 (Anonymous
2011-2017) |
||
22 |
Todgad Raoli WS |
Ajmer, Pali, Rajsamand |
Exist |
102 |
Forest dpt. Census 2016(Anonymous 2011 -2017) |
||
23 |
Van Vihar WS |
Dholpur |
Extinct (PR)* |
0 |
Kumar 2012; Forest dpt. Census (Anonymous 2007) |
||
Gujarat (Aravallis) |
|||||||
1 |
Jessore WS |
Banaskantha |
Extinct
(PR)* |
0 |
Gujarat
Forest Dept. (Anonymous 1984) |
||
2 |
Not
known |
Banaskantha |
Extinct
(PR)* |
0 |
Ryley 1914 |
||
3 |
Not
known |
Vadodara |
Extinct
(PR)* |
0 |
Gujarat
State Gazetteer (Anonymous 1979) |
||
4 |
Jambugodha WS |
Panchmahal |
Extinct
(PR)* |
0 |
Mehta
et al. 2002; Patel
1972 |
||
5 |
Not
known |
Sabarkantha |
Extinct
(PR)* |
0 |
Rajyagor 1974 |
||
Haryana (Aravallis) |
|||||||
1 |
Bhondsi |
Gurgaon |
Present |
Not known |
Present
study |
||
(PR)* = previously recorded; (D)# = density
per sq.km
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