Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2020 | 12(10): 16295–16313
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3959.12.10.16295-16313
#3959 | Received 02 September 2018 | Final
received 08 May 2020 | Finally accepted 17 July 2020
Floristic diversity of Anjaneri
Hills, Maharashtra, India
Sanjay Gajanan Auti 1,
Sharad Suresh Kambale 2, Kumar Vinod Chhotupuri Gosavi 3 &
Arun Nivrutti Chandore 4
1&3 Department of Botany, HPT Arts
& RYK Science College, Nashik, Maharashtra 422005, India.
2 Department of Botany, Maratha
Vidya Prasarak Samaj’s Arts, Commerce & Science College, Tryambakeshwar,
Nashik, Maharashtra 422212, India.
4 Department of Botany, Abasaheb
Marathe Arts and New Commerce, Science College, Rajapur, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
416702, India.
1 autisanjay66@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 skambalesu@gmail.com, 3 kumarvinodgosavi@gmail.com,
4 arunchandore@gmail.com
Editor: Sanjaykumar R. Rahangdale,
PDEA’s A. W. Arts, Science & Commerce College, Pune, India. Date
of publication: 26 July 2020 (online & print)
Citation: Auti, S.G., S.S. Kambale, K.V.C.
Gosavi & A.N. Chandore (2020). Floristic
diversity of Anjaneri Hills, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(10): 16295–16313. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3959.12.10.16295-16313
Copyright: © Auti et al. 2020. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Board of College and University,
Development (BCUD), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Dr. Sanjay G. Auti is an
Associate Professor in botany with more than 25 years of teaching experience.
His major research areas are phytochemistry, plant genetics and floristics. Dr. Sharad Kambale is an Assistant
Professor in botany with post doctoral research experience. His expertise is in
the angiosperm systematics, plant nomenclature and biodiversity conservation. Dr. Kumar Vinod Gosavi is an Assistant
Professor in botany and well known agrostologist. His expertise is in the
cytotaxonomy and angiosperm systematics.
Dr. Arun Chandore is an Assistant
Professor in botany and his expertise is floristics and biodiversity
conservation.
Author contribution: SAG done the preliminary survey of the area, planned
the field tours and documented the Plants through Video Camera, wrote the first raw draft of the MS.
SSK analyzed the data, identified the dicotyledonous plants and confirmed their
identity. KVCG worked on the monocotyledonous plants especially on the grasses
and photographed the plants. ANC documented and confirmed the identities of the
monocotyledonous plants especially Cyperaceae.
Acknowledgements: Authors thank principals of their
respective colleges for the necessary facilities. SGA thanks Board of College and University
Development (BCUD), Savitribai Phule Pune University for financial assistance
and Dr. Pramodkumar Hire, HPT Arts & RYK Science College, Nashik for
geological details. We thank authorities
of the Maharashtra Forest Department for permission to work in the Anjaneri
Hills. We thank Mr. Sujit Bokade, Mr.
Arun Nimbekar, Mr. Dnyaneshwar Shinde and Mr. Haribhau Nimbekar for necessary
help in the field.
Abstract: High altitude plateaux are found
throughout northern Western Ghats. These
plateaux harbor a great diversity of monsoon flora and endemism but are highly
neglected due to the seasonality and harsh climatic conditions. Anjaneri Hill is an important rock outcrop in
northern Western Ghats. It is the type
locality of Ceropegia anjanerica.
As an attempt to make a floristic inventory of an important area, a
preliminary study was undertaken. A
total of 385 flowering plants from 68 families have been reported from Anjaneri
protected area in the present study, of these 114 are endemics. Out of these 114 species, 81 are endemic to
India while 33 taxa are endemic to the Western Ghats. Anjaneri rock outcrop shows great floral
diversity due to varied microhabitats.
The observations on phenology and adaptive traits were recorded. The data on geology and geomorphology is
presented in order to understand the geological nature of the rock
outcrop. Intensive study on varied
microhabitat is needed for the documentation of floral diversity existing on
the Anjaneri Hill.
Keywords: Ceropegia anjanerica,
endemic species, flowering plants, microhabitats, Nashik District, phenology, plateau,
protected area, rock outcrop, Western
Ghats.
Introduction
The Western Ghats are amongst
well-known global hotspots recognized for its biodiversity and endemism
(Daniels & Vencatesan 2008). Most
conservation attention has been focused on the forests of the Western Ghats due
to loss of plant species and intense habitat loss (Panigrahy et al. 2010). Southern Western Ghats shows great diversity
of taxa especially trees and shrubs due to heavy rainfall, edaphic
heterogeneities, and high mountain ranges, while the northern Western Ghats
provides varieties of the unique habitats, e.g., forts, caves, cliffs, slopes,
and plateaux which support diversity of herbaceous vegetation.
Northern Western Ghats also
encompass higher plateaux or tablelands that have received less conservation
attention (Porembski et al. 1994, 2000; Watve 2013), although studies suggest
these ecological subsets of the Western Ghats mega-hotspot provide their own
noteworthy and unique biological components.
Many researchers have reported about the floral diversity of plateaux in
northern Western Ghats. Report on two
basaltic plateaux of northern Western Ghats has been provided by Rahangdale
& Rahangdale (2014, 2018). Their
documentation chiefly focuses on flowering plant diversity from Durgawadi
Plateaux (600 taxa) and Naneghat Plateaux (249 taxa). Uncommon vegetation (Lekhak & Yadav
2012), a new species (Malpure et al. 2006; Malpure & Yadav 2009) and
endemism (Joshi & Janarthanam 2004) were reported from lateritic plateaux.
Plateaux in Western Ghats lack
proper substrate (soil) and exhibit extreme climatic conditions. Their environment usually shares a series of
stressful characteristics, such as UV exposure, daily thermal variation,
constant winds, high evapo-trasnspiration, low water retention, and impermeable
soils (Porembski & Barthlott 2000).
Plant communities of the plateaux are edaphically controlled and show
adaptation for water accumulation, such as succulence Cyanotis concanensis,
Ceropegia lawii, and poikilohydry, carnivory in response to the lack of
nutrients (N, P, and S) in the soil and the presence of subterranean organs
(bulbs, corms, tubers, and rhizomes) to overcome extreme temperature during
summer. Despite the rich floral
diversity and varied microhabitat, these plateaux are highly neglected, due to
extreme conditions e.g., high temperature, altitude, and remote locations.
Watve (2007, 2010) reported that
climatic and microclimatic (soil, rock, air, temperature, and humidity)
conditions on rocky plateaux and their diurnal variation affected the vegetation
on the plateaux. The microenvironment of
the rocky plateaux tend to be extreme, from xeric to water logged, highly
acidic (4.5–6.0), and rich in organic carbon.
Soil moisture has been recognized
as the primary determinant of plant phenology in the Western Ghats (Joshi &
Janarthanam 2004), and the plant diversity on the plateaux is only apparent
while monsoon moisture persists.
The present study was carried out
to document the diversity of flowering plants of the Anjaneri rock
outcrop. The data generated in this
study will help in planning for conservation of endemic and threatened plants.
Materials
and Methods
Study area
Anjaneri Hill (19.9190N
& 73.5710E) (Fig. 1, 2) is a basalt mesa, a flat-topped hill
with steep cliff edges. It is one of a
cluster of five hills, together known as ‘Tryambak Range’ of the northern
Western Ghats. Anjaneri Plateau is
located 20km west of Nashik, towards Tryambakeshwar. Anjaneri Hills is an ancient mountain pass,
from the period of Yadava, Satvahana Kings (approximately 700 CE). Historical references are also found from the
regime of Peshava.
The elevations of the adjoining
peaks are less than the highest point on the plateau (1,300m). Anjaneri Hill is
a reserved forest (RF) area and has been given the status of medicinal plant
conservation area (MPCA) in 2009–2010 and reserve area conservation committee
has been constituted (April 2017) for the conservation of endemic plants from
the plateau.
Data collection
Extensive and repeated field
surveys were carried out during 2010 to 2016 to cover all the seasons of the
year. A comprehensive checklist of
plants was prepared altitude-wise in order to understand the range of distribution
of species, ecological variations, and types of adaptation. Occurrence of the taxa was recorded based on
the visual observations during field work.
During the field surveys, types of vegetation, habit, habitat,
morphological characters, associated species, adaptation, and phenology were
documented.
Plant specimens were collected
and identified using Flora of Nashik (Lakshminarasimhan & Sharma 1991) and
regional floras (Sharma et al. 1996; Singh & Karthikeyan 2000; Singh et al.
2001). The data on endemism has been
taken from Singh et al. (2015). The
species documented are listed in Table 1 as per APG IV (2016).
Geology and geomorphological
studies
The present study is based on the
data collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was procured by visiting the
study area. Secondary data were obtained
through Survey of India topographical maps.
In addition to these, quantification of a number of geographical
features for the area under study were made possible by means of the analyses
of digital elevation model (DEM) of ca. 30m resolution advance space borne
thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) data. The digital elevation data was used to
extract information with the help of standard procedures in ArcGIS 9.3 (Kale &
Shejwalkar 2008; Dehbozorgi et al. 2010).
Geology
Geologically, the study area is
underlain by horizontally bedded Cretaceous-Eocene Deccan volcanic
basalts. It is a part of the Deccan
Volcanic Province (DVP) covering 5×105 km2 area of
central and western India, ranks as one of the largest flood basalt
provinces on Earth (Brown et al. 2011).
The lava flows of the Anjaneri Plateaux belong to Kalsubai subgroup of
DVP, although the details of the lava flows at Anjaneri Plateaux is not known. The Bramhgiri Hill (1,287m), located close to
Anjaneri Plateaux, exposes a 620.5m thick pile of a few compound pahoehoe
flows, varying 40–96 m in thickness and one 9m thick flow, which occurs at 716m
level. The area under study is
characterized by two prominent dykes, through which basaltic lava was intruded. The dykes appear in the form of lineaments
that are zones of weakness.
Geomorphology
Geomorphologically, the highest
point of Anjaneri Plateaux is 1,300m with an area of 5.7km2. The maximum local relief of the plateaux is
660m to the south-west. The plateaux are
bordered by high cliffs from almost all the sides. The lower slopes of Anjaneri Plateaux are
concave in nature with semi-evergreen vegetative growth particularly in the
form of trees. The profiles reveal that
the Anjaneri area maintains the classical characteristics of the plateaux.
Climate: The Anjaneri Plateaux do not
have any official or unofficial weather station. Therefore, it is not possible
to describe the climate of the study area, however, some information is
available for Tryambakeshwar, which is located close to the study area. The region experiences extreme weather, i.e.,
very hot summers and very cold winters.
Summer and monsoon is a feature of the area. Therefore, the climate of the area is divided
into three distinct seasons, namely, (a) summer season (March to May)
are hot with a maximum average temperature reaching up to 40°C, (b) monsoon season (June to October) is likely to
offer average annual rainfall around 2,000mm particularly on Anjaneri Plateaux,
and (c) winter season (November to February) is mostly pleasant with a minimum
and maximum temperature between 7°C and 34°C, respectively. It is likely to have higher temperatures on
the top of the plateaux than the surrounding region particularly in the summer
season. It is evident by occurrence of
succulents like Ceropegia anjanerica, Drimia polyantha, Euphorbia
khandallensis and the spinescent Lepidagathis cuspidata.
Ecosystem services
The steep hill slopes give rise
to many cascades and streams that supply water to major dams like Vaitarana Dam
and three minor reservoirs. At the end
of monsoon, the plateaux have grass cover providing stuff for local
cattle. Natural and man-made ponds are
also present on the plateaux. The area has medicinal plant species and local
people regularly collect these species.
It has been declared as a medicinal plant conservation area (MPCA) by
the forest department and special protection has been provided against
exploitation.
Floristic composition
A total of 385 species are
recorded from the Anjaneri Hills. These
plants are distributed in 68 families: Poaceae (59), Leguminosae (48),
Asteraceae (40), Acanthaceae (21), and Lamiaceae (15) are dominant families. These five families represent 183 species of
the total flora. In comparison with lateritic plateaux like Kaas, Satara (41
endemics) (3.26km2) and Barki, Kolhapur (six endemics) (3.75km2)
(Lekhak & Yadav 2012 and Shenai et al. 2013), and basaltic rock outcrops
Durgawadi, Pune (150 endemics) (2.8793km2) (Rahangdale &
Rahangdale 2018) and Naneghat, Junnar (seven endemics) (0.7524km2)
(Rahangdale & Rahangdale 2014) Anjaneri outcrop (5. 6963km2)
harbors 385 flowering plants of which 114 are endemic species. Endemism given for Kaas and Barki are
restricted to the plateaux and not the whole area, while the endemics from
Durgawadi, Naneghat, and Anjaneri are from entire area.
Anjaneri outcrop shows high
endemism and commonly shared taxa are relatively low (31.21%) indicating that
the Anjaneri outcrop is floristically and in terms of habitats is very diverse.
It is the type locality of Ceropegeia anjanerica (Malpure et al.,
2006) and supports varied habitats for many endemic plants (Table 1). The reason for the species richness and high
endemism of Anjaneri outcrop might be in its geographical location, climatic
conditions, specific basaltic nature, and high altitude. A few species which occur on Kaas, Barki,
Dugarwadi, and Naneghat plateau, e.g., Dipcadi ursulae, Aponogeton
satarensis, Ceropegia jainii, and Eriocaulon epedunculatum
were not found in the present study area may be due to lack of required
specific habitats.
Anjaneri rock outcrop shows three
levels (flat areas) at 800–850 m, 1,150–1,200 m and 1,300m and large
slopes. Each level and slope is unique
in terms of soil deposition and water content.
Basal level (800–850 m) has a good amount of soil and water, supported
species from Lamiaceae (Colebrookea
oppositifolia, Pogostemon deccanensis), Solanaceae (Solanum
anguivi), and Asteraceae (Senecio bombayensis) and trees like Mangifera
indica, Terminalia tomentosa, Bridelia retusa, Syzygium
cumini, Sterculia guttata, Schleichera oleosa, and Falconeria
insignis. Good populations of Gloriosa
superba and Paracalyx scariosus were recorded.
Middle level (1,150–1,200 m)
contains 1–1.5 cm of soil dominated by grasses like Chrysopogon fulvus, Cymbopogon
martini, and Dichanthium assimile. A number of shallow water bodies are formed
during the monsoon season which provide habitat for Lindernia parviflora,
Rotala rosea, Ammannia baccifera, and Hygrophila
serpyllum. At 1,100–1,150 m small
tree cover occurs on the soil-rich areas of the plateaux. This cover includes plants like Elaeagnus
conferta, Ziziphus rugosa, Terminalia chebula, Trema
orientalis, Acacia pennata, and Kydia calycina. Little above the middle plateau (1,200m), a
small natural pond exists. It supports
hydrophytes like Persicaria glabra.
Uppermost level (1,250–1,300 m)
shows large number of herbaceous, ephemeral flush and grasses. In some areas of this level little soil
deposition occur, this area shows a large population of Strobilanthes
reticulata and Curcuma neilgherrensis. Various taxa like Polygala arvensis,
Habenaria brachyphylla, and Haplanthodes verticellata were
associated with Strobilanthes population. The species like Impatiens dalzellii
(Image 3H) (above 1,150m), Drosera indica (1,250m), Crinum latifolium
(1,300m), Ceropegia anjanerica (1,300m), Euphorbia khandallensis
(1,275m), Sonerila scapigera (Image 4G) (1,175m), Cyathocline lutea
(1,300m) were reported. During monsoon a
large number of small shallow puddles are formed, supporting herbaceous plants
like Pogostemon deccanensis, Eriocaulon tuberiferum, Exacum
lawii, and Utricularia praeterita. Apart from above habitats, rocky outcrops
provide various habitats like boulders, exposed rock surfaces, small ephemeral
pool, and soil covered areas.
Slopes of all three levels show
variation in their species composition. Slope from middle to upper level were covered
with a huge population of Strobilanthes callosa, Chlorophytum glaucum,
Pimpinella wallichiana, Lepidagathis cuspidata, Gynura bicolor,
Alysicarpus bupleurifolius, Desmodiastrum racemosum var.
rotundifolium, Smithia species and middle slope with various
herbaceous plants like Commelina species, Neanotis foetida, Neanotis
montholonii, Cynarospermum, and Canscora diffusa.
Study area shows dominance of
lithophytes due to their greater ability to survive under disadvantageous
environmental conditions (Porembski & Barthlott 2000). Due to their short life-cycle and high
reproduction rate, they are well-adapted to extreme environments and high
levels of disturbances. Most of the
plants survive the dry spell as dormant seeds or tuber.
Due to the absence of large
accumulations of soil over the plateaux little rainwater is stored, but most of
the water is lost as runoff. The loss of
water due to run-off is due to steep slopes.
Seasonal succession and phenology
Plant communities on the Anjaneri
outcrop are gradually changing temporally with specific interval (approximately
10 days) due to changing environmental conditions. The growing season starts with the dominance
of ephemerals and this is later replaced by perennials. Both the number of species and the number of
individuals declined after a peak at the beginning of the growing season. Such
seasonal or phenological phenomena with respect to basaltic plateaux in
northern Western Ghats have been studied by Rahangdale & Rahangdale (2014,
2018) and lateritic plateaux by Joshi & Janarthanam (2004), Bhattarai et
al. (2012) and Lekhak & Yadav (2012).
Similar pattern to the one seen on the Anjaneri outcrop was observed by
Lekhak & Yadav (2012) and Rahangdale & Rahangdale (2014). Based on the phenology of the plants four
phases can be recognized: 1. The pre-monsoon phase (June–July) is characterized
by the growth of grasses and ground orchids on the plateaux. The grass species which are quite common are Eragrostis
unioloides, Isachne elegans, and Paspalum canarae var.
fimbriatum along with Curculigo orchioides, Ceropegia lawii, Habenaria
grandifloriformis, Arisaema murrayi, Crinum latifolium, and
Curcuma neilgherrensis; 2. The monsoon phase (August–September)
mainly geophytes such as Ceropegia anjanerica, C. media,
Eriocaulon tuberiferum, Habenaria suaveolens, H.
grandifloriformis, Hypoxis aurea, and members of the
ephemeral vegetation such as Glyphochloa maharashtraensis, Fimbristylis
lawiana, Utricularia spp., Murdannia nimmoniana, Eriocaulon spp., and Smithia
hirsuta come in flowering. This is the peak flowering period on the plateau; 3. In
the post monsoon phase (October–December) Arundinella ciliata,
Indopoa paupercula, Dimeria spp., and Striga gesnerioides come
in flowering; 4. The fourth phase (January–May) is the dry period during which
only a few species such as Blumea eriantha, Blumea malcolmii, Lepidgathis
cuspidata flower in January–February. Drimia polyantha, Euphorbia
khandallensis, and Pancratium nairii flowers in March. Observations on the phenology of the plants
revealed that maximum number of species complete their reproductive cycle
between July and December.
Middle
slopes of Anjaneri Hill exhibit small patch of evergreen trees, shrubs, and herbaceous
flora due to retention of some amount
of soil. Surrounding plants also
affected the climatic condition of the plateaux, which favors the herbaceous
flora, e.g., the forest undergrowth.
Threats
Anjaneri Hill is utilized for
grazing, resource extraction, and tourism.
Relatively easy road access, trampling, trails, and tourist services,
could have direct or indirect impacts on floristic diversity. We have reported the shifting of few plant
species and decrease in population from middle level e.g., Pinda concanensis,
Pancratium nairii, Drimia polyantha, Polygala arvensis,
and few species of Smithia to upper plateaux due to drastic seasonal
changes in moisture content, amount and time of rainfall. Heavy rainfall for longer duration causes
vegetative growth and delay in initiation of flowering in Pogostemon deccanensis.
Adaptive traits
Plants on this plateau experience
harsh environmental conditions, e.g., drought, high temperature and light
intensities and nutrient deficiency, which cause development of certain traits
in plants of plateaux, which allow them to overcome environmental
adversities. A detailed account on the
adaptation/eco-physiology of vascular plants of rock outcrops is provided by
Kluge & Brulfert (2000). Some
well-known adaptive traits that have been observed in the vascular plants on
the plateaux are mentioned below (modified after Biedinger et al. 2000).
1. Carnivory: It is a means to
overcome the scarcity of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Sulphur in the soil. Carnivorous plants are extremely calcifuge
and need acidic and wet soils (Kluge & Brulfert 2000). Drosera indica, Utricularia
prateirata are the common carnivores on the plateaux. These species comprise ephemeral vegetation
where soil deposition is negligible.
2. Succulence: Succulence is a
‘desiccation avoidance strategy’ in xeric habitats. Typical leaf succulents of the plateau are Cyanotis
concanensis Hassk. and Euphorbia khandallensis.
3. Poikilohydry: These are plants
in which water content varies with the varying humidity in the
environment. Desiccation tolerance is
mainly a protoplasmic property, e.g., Tripogon lisboae.
4. Subterranean perennating
organs: This is yet another adaptive strategy of the plants of the
plateau in the form of
underground perennation organs like corms, rhizomes, bulbs, and tubers, e.g.,
geophytes like Ceropegia anjanerica, C. lawii, Curcuma
neilgherrensis, Cyanotis fasciculata, C. concanensis, Eriocaulon
tuberiferum, Euphorbia khandallensis, Habenaria spp., and Hypoxis
aurea.
5. Vegetative propagation:
Vegetative propagules such as bulbs and bulbils formed at the leaf tips are an
adaptation of some plants of the plateaux, e.g., Curculigo orchioides
Conclusions
Anjaneri a basaltic outcrop is
unique due to great diversity (385 species), high endemism (114 taxa) and as
type locality of Ceropegia anjanerica.
Outcrop exhibited different habitats due to its distinct geographical
location, climatic condition and edaphic nature. Due to adverse climatic conditions and
extreme micro-environments, plants have developed unique morphological,
physiological and life cycle adaptations.
The environmental uniqueness,
high diversity, IUCN assessment studies, high anthropogenic activities and
rapid destruction of these ecosystems make Anjaneri outcrop a “hotspeck”.
Systematic approaches are required to conserve various unique habitats, which
supported great diversity of existing plant species and for the conservation of
Ceropegia anjanerica.
Table 1. Plants of Anjaneri Hill.
|
|
Plant species |
Family |
Location |
|
1* |
Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. |
Araceae |
MP, UP |
|
2 |
Ariopsis peltata Nimmo |
Araceae |
UP |
|
3$ |
Arisaema murrayi (J.Graham) Hook. |
Araceae |
MP,UP |
|
4 |
Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott |
Araceae |
MP,UP |
|
5 |
Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott |
Araceae |
Slope between MP and UP |
|
6 |
Sauromatum venosum (Dryand. ex
Aiton) Kunth |
Araceae |
UP |
|
7 |
Dioscorea bulbifera L. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Slope UP |
|
8 |
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Slope UP |
|
9 |
Gloriosa superba L. |
Colchicaceae |
BP |
|
10* |
Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl. |
Orchidaceae |
MP |
|
11 |
Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl. |
Orchidaceae |
MP |
|
12$ |
Dendrobium microbulbon A.Rich. |
Orchidaceae |
MP |
|
13$ |
Habenaria brachyphylla (Lindl.) Aitch. |
Orchidaceae |
UP |
|
14$ |
Habenaria foetida (Geyer ex
Hook.) S.Watson |
Orchidaceae |
UP |
|
15$ |
Habenaria foliosa A.Rich. |
Orchidaceae |
MP,UP |
|
16$ |
Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatt. & McCann |
Orchidaceae |
UP, MP |
|
17$ |
Habenaria heyneana Lindl. |
Orchidaceae |
BP, UP |
|
18$ |
Habenaria suaveolens Dalzell |
Orchidaceae |
UP |
|
19 |
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. |
Hypoxidaceae |
MP |
|
20 |
Hypoxis aurea Lour. |
Hypoxidaceae |
MP |
|
21 |
Crinum latifolium L. |
Amaryllidaceae |
UP |
|
22* |
Pancratium nairii Sasikala & Reema Kumari |
Amaryllidaceae |
UP |
|
23 |
Agave americana L. |
Asparagaceae |
MP |
|
24$ |
Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau & R.R.Fern. |
Asparagaceae |
Slopes of foot hills |
|
25$ |
Chlorophytum glaucum Dalzell |
Asparagaceae |
UP |
|
26* |
Drimia polyantha (Blatt. & McCann) Stearn |
Asparagaceae |
UP |
|
27 |
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. |
Arecaceae |
BP |
|
28 |
Commelina benghalensis L. |
Commelinaceae |
MP,UP, Slope MP,UP |
|
29* |
Commelina paleata Hassk. |
Commelinaceae |
In shady places along slopes |
|
30* |
Cyanotis concanensis Hassk. |
Commelinaceae |
Slope MP,UP |
|
31 |
Cyanotis fasciculata (B.Heyne ex Roth) Schult. & Schult.f. |
Comelinaceae |
Slope MP,UP |
|
32 |
Murdannia nimmoniana (J.Graham) Bole & M.R.Almeida |
Commelinaceae |
UP |
|
33* |
Murdannia nimmoniana var. sahyadrica (Ancy & Nampy) Nandikar |
Commelinaceae |
In shady places along slopes |
|
34$ |
Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman |
Musaceae |
MP |
|
35$ |
Curcuma neilgherrensis Wight |
Zingiberaceae |
UP |
|
36 |
Eriocaulon heterolepis Steud. |
Eriocaulaceae |
UP |
|
37$ |
Eriocaulon sedgwickii Fyson |
Eriocaulaceae |
UP |
|
38* |
Eriocaulon tuberiferum A.R.Kulk. & Desai |
Eriocaulaceae |
UP |
|
39 |
Cyperus difformis L. |
Cyperaceae |
MP,UP |
|
40 |
Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) J.Presl & C.Presl |
Cyperaceae |
MP,UP |
|
41$ |
Fimbristylis lawiana (Boeckeler) J.Kern |
Cyperaceae |
MP,UP |
|
42 |
Kyllinga bulbosa P.Beauv. |
Cyperaceae |
MP,UP |
|
43 |
Pycreus flavidus (Retz.)
T.Koyama |
Cyperaceae |
MP,UP |
|
44 |
Apluda mutica L. |
Poaceae |
Slopes |
|
45 |
Arthraxon hispidus var. hispidus (Thunb.)
Makino |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
46* |
Arthraxon jubatus Hack. |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
47 |
Arthraxon lanceolatus var. lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst. |
Poaceae |
UP,MP |
|
48* |
Arthraxon lanceolatus var. meeboldii (Stapf) Welzen |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
49 |
Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
50$ |
Arundinella ciliata (Roxb.) Nees ex Miq. |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
51 |
Arundinella pumila (Hochst. ex A.
Rich.) Steud. |
Poaceae |
UP, MP |
|
52 |
Chloris virgata Swartz |
Poaceae |
UP, MP |
|
53 |
Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov. |
Poaceae |
UP,MP |
|
54 |
Coix gigantea Koen. ex Roxb. |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
55 |
Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Wats. |
Poaceae |
MP, UP |
|
56 |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. |
Poaceae |
MP,UP |
|
57 |
Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
58 |
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L) P. Beauv. |
Poaceae |
MP, UP |
|
59* |
Dicanthium paranjapyeanum (Bhide) Clayton |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
60 |
Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf |
Poaceae |
MP, UP |
|
61* |
Dichanthium armatum (Hook.f.) Blatt. & McCann |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
62 |
Dichanthium assimile (Steud.) Deshpande |
Poaceae |
MP,UP |
|
63 |
Dichanthium caricosum (L.) A.Camus |
Poaceae |
MP, UP |
|
64 |
Dichanthium odoratum Jain & Deshpande |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
65* |
Dichanthium oliganthum (Hochst. ex Steud.) T.A.Cope |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
66 |
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
67 |
Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
68 |
Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Bor |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
69 |
Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees
ex Steud |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
70 |
Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin. |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
71 |
Euclasta clarkei (Hack.) T.A.Cope |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
72 |
Eulalia trispicata (Schult.) Henr. |
Poaceae |
MP,UP |
|
73$ |
Garnotia arborum Stapf ex T.Cooke |
Poaceae |
MP, UP |
|
74 |
Garnotia tenella (Arn. ex Miq.) Jan. |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
75* |
Glyphochloa
maharashtraensis Potdar
& S.R.Yadav |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
76$ |
Glyphochloa forficulata (C.E.C.Fischer) W.D.Clayton |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
77 |
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv.
ex Roem. & Schult. |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
78$ |
Indopoa paupercula (Stapf) Bor |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
79$ |
Isachne elegans Dalzell |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
80$ |
Isachne gracilis C.E.Hubb. |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
81 |
Ischaemum impressum Hack. |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
82 |
Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr. |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
83$ |
Ischaemum raizadae Hemadri & Billore |
Poaceae |
UP, MP |
|
84 |
Jansenella griffithiana (C.Muell.) Bor |
Poaceae |
MP,UP |
|
85* |
Jansenella neglecta S.R.Yadav, Chivalkar & Gosavi |
Poaceae |
MP,UP |
|
86 |
Oplismenus burmannii f. cristata (J.Presl) Hier. ex Peter |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
87 |
Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
88$ |
Paspalum canarae var. fimbriatum (Bor) Veldk. |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
89 |
Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
90* |
Pogonachne racemosa Bor |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
91$ |
Pseudanthistiria heteroclita (Roxb.) Hook.f. |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
92* |
Pseudodichanthium serrafalcoides (T.Cooke & Stapf) Bor |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
93 |
Sehima nervosum (Rottl.) Stapf |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
94 |
Setaria pumila Roem. &
Schult. |
Poaceae |
UP, MP |
|
95$ |
Spodiopogon rhizophorus (Steud.) Pilger |
Poaceae |
MP, UP |
|
96 |
Sporobolus indicus (Buse) Baaijens |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
97 |
Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) O.Ktze. |
Poaceae |
MP, UP |
|
98$ |
Triplopogon ramosissimus (Hack.) Bor |
Poaceae |
MP,UP |
|
99 |
Tripogon bromoides Roth |
Poaceae |
UP |
|
100 |
Tripogon capillatus Jaub. & Spach. |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
101$ |
Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf |
Poaceae |
MP |
|
102$ |
Tripogon lisboae Stapf |
Poaceae |
MP, UP |
|
103 |
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. |
Menispermaceae |
MP, UP |
|
104 |
Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson |
Menispermaceae |
UP |
|
105 |
Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. |
Ranunculaceae |
UP |
|
106$ |
Clematis hedysarifolia DC. |
Ranunculaceae |
UP |
|
107 |
Acacia auriculiformis Benth. |
Leguminosae |
MP |
|
108 |
Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. |
Leguminosae |
MP |
|
109 |
Acacia nilotica ssp. indica (Benth.) Brenan |
Leguminosae |
MP |
|
110 |
Aeschynomene indica L. |
Leguminosae |
UP |
|
111 |
Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth. |
Leguminosae |
BP |
|
112 |
Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. |
Leguminosae |
BP |
|
113 |
Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
114 |
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
115 |
Bauhinia racemosa Lam. |
Leguminosae |
BP |
|
116 |
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. |
Leguminosae |
BP |
|
117$ |
Cajanus sericeus (Benth. ex Baker) Maesen |
Leguminosae |
Slope MP |
|
118 |
Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. |
Leguminosae |
Slope MP |
|
119 |
Cassia fistula L. |
Leguminosae |
Slope MP |
|
120 |
Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene |
Leguminosae |
MP |
|
121$ |
Clitoria annua J.Graham |
Leguminosae |
MP |
|
122$ |
Crotalaria filipes Benth. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP, UP |
|
123 |
Crotalaria hebecarpa (DC.) Rudd |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
124 |
Crotalaria medicangea Lam. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
125 |
Crotalaria mysorensis Roth |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
126 |
Crotalaria nana Burm.f. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
127 |
Crotalaria pallida Aiton |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
128 |
Crotalaria retuse L. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
129 |
Crotalaria triquetra Dalzell |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
130 |
Crotalaria vestita Baker |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
131$ |
Desmodiastrum belgaumense (Wight) A.Pramanik & Thoth. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
132$ |
Desmodiastrum racemosum var. rotundifolium (Baker) A.Pramanik &
Thoth. |
Leguminosae |
Slope MP |
|
133 |
Desmodium laxiflorum DC. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
134 |
Dolichos robustus Bolus |
Leguminosae |
MP |
|
135 |
Dolichos trilobus L. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
136 |
Erythrina stricta Roxb. |
Leguminosae |
MP |
|
137 |
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton |
Leguminosae |
MP |
|
138 |
Geisaspis cristata Wight & Arn. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
139* |
Geissaspis tenella Benth. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
140 |
Indigofera cordifolia B.Heyne ex
Roth |
Leguminosae |
Slope MP |
|
141 |
Indigofera linifolia L.f. Retz. |
Leguminosae |
Slope MP |
|
142* |
Indigofera santapaui Sanjappa |
Leguminosae |
MP |
|
143 |
Indigofera trifoliata L. |
Leguminosae |
Slope MP |
|
144 |
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. |
Leguminosae |
Slope MP |
|
145 |
Paracalyx scariosus (Roxb.) Ali
(as ‘scariosa’) |
Leguminosae |
Slope MP |
|
146 |
Smithia bigemina Dalzell |
Leguminosae |
MP, UP |
|
147$ |
Smithia hirsuta Dalzell |
Leguminosae |
MP, UP |
|
148$ |
Smithia purpurea Hook. |
Leguminosae |
UP |
|
149 |
Smithia sensitiva Aiton |
Leguminosae |
MP, UP |
|
150* |
Smithia setulosa Dalzell |
Leguminosae |
MP, UP |
|
151 |
Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
152 |
Vigna dalzelliana (Kuntze) Verdc. |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
153$ |
Vigna khandalensis (Santapau) Sundararagh. & Wadhwa |
Leguminosae |
Slope UP |
|
154* |
Vigna sahyadriana Aitwade, K.V. Bhat & S.R.Yadav |
Leguminosae |
Slopes MP |
|
155 |
Polygala arvensis Willd. |
Polygalaceae |
Slopes |
|
156 |
Polygala persicariifolia DC. |
Polygalaceae |
Slopes |
|
157 |
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. |
Elaeagnaceae |
MP |
|
158 |
Ziziphus rugosa Lam. |
Rhamnaceae |
MP |
|
159 |
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. |
Rhamnaceae |
MP |
|
160 |
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume |
Ulmaceae |
MP |
|
161 |
Ficus arnottiana (Miq.) Miq. |
Moraceae |
MP |
|
162 |
Ficus exasperata Vahl |
Moraceae |
MP |
|
163 |
Ficus racemosa L. |
Moraceae |
MP |
|
164 |
Ficus tinctoria ssp. gibbosa (Blume) Corner |
Moraceae |
MP |
|
165 |
Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem. |
Urticaceae |
Slope MP |
|
166 |
Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis |
Urticaceae |
Slope MP |
|
167 |
Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew |
Urticaceae |
MP |
|
168 |
Lecanthus peduncularis (Wall. ex Royle) Wedd. |
Urticaceae |
UP |
|
169 |
Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. |
Urticaceae |
MP |
|
170$ |
Cucumis setosus Cogn. |
Cucurbitaceae |
MP |
|
171 |
Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C.Jeffrey |
Cucurbitaceae |
Slope MP,UP |
|
172 |
Momordica cymbalaria Fenzl ex Naudin |
Cucurbitaceae |
Slope UP |
|
173 |
Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Slope UP |
|
174$ |
Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi |
Cucurbitaceae |
Slope UP |
|
175 |
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. |
Cucurbitaceae |
MP |
|
176 |
Zehneria perpusilla (Blume) Bole
& M.R.Almeida |
Cucurbitaceae |
MP |
|
177 |
Begonia crenata Dryand. |
Begoniaceae |
BP,MP |
|
178 |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. |
Celastraceae |
Slope MP |
|
179 |
Maytenus rothiana Lobr.-Callen |
Celastraceae |
MP, Slope UP |
|
180 |
Oxalis corniculata L. |
Oxalidaceae |
MP |
|
181$ |
Euphorbia khandallensis Blatt. & Hallb. |
Euphorbiaceae |
MP, UP |
|
182 |
Euphorbia ligularia Roxb. |
Euphorbiaceae |
UP |
|
183* |
Euphorbia pycnostegia Boiss. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Slope UP |
|
184 |
Falconeria insignis Royle |
Euphorbiaceae |
Along slopes of BP |
|
185 |
Jatropha curcas L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
MP |
|
186 |
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
MP, Slope UP |
|
187 |
Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
MP |
|
188 |
Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. |
Phyllanthaceae |
BP, MP |
|
189$ |
Glochidion hohenackeri (Müll.Arg.) Bedd. |
Phyllanthaceae |
MP |
|
190 |
Phyllanthus urinaria L. |
Phyllanthaceae |
MP |
|
191 |
Linum mysorense B.Heyne ex Wall. |
Linaceae |
Slope MP |
|
192 |
Terminalia chebula Retz. |
Combretaceae |
BP , MP |
|
193 |
Terminalia tomentosa Wight & Arn. |
Combretaceae |
BP |
|
194 |
Ammannia baccifera L. |
Lythraceae |
UP |
|
195$ |
Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wight |
Lythraceae |
Foothills |
|
196* |
Rotala malampuzhensis R.V.Nair ex
C.D.K.Cook |
Lythraceae |
UP,MP |
|
197 |
Rotala rosea (Poir.) C.D.K.Cook |
Lythraceae |
UP, MP |
|
198 |
Rotala serpyllifolia (Roth) Bremek. |
Lythraceae |
UP |
|
199 |
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz |
Lythraceae |
BP |
|
200 |
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven |
Onagraceae |
UP |
|
201 |
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels |
Myrtaceae |
BP |
|
202* |
Sonerila scapigera Dalzell |
Melastomataceae |
UP |
|
203 |
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. |
Anacardiaceae |
UP |
|
204 |
Mangifera indica L. |
Anacardiaceae - |
BP , MP |
|
205 |
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken |
Sapindaceae |
MP |
|
206 |
Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. |
Malvaceae |
MP |
|
207 |
Abutilon persicum (Burm.f.) Merr. |
Malvaceae |
MP |
|
208$ |
Eriolaena quinquelocularis (Wight & Arn.) Wight |
Malvaceae |
MP |
|
209 |
Helicteres isora L. |
Malvaceae |
BP |
|
210 |
Kydia calycina Roxb. |
Malvaceae |
MP |
|
211 |
Sida acuta Burm.f. |
Malvaceae |
BP |
|
212 |
Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk. |
Malvaceae |
BP |
|
213 |
Sida rhomboidea Roxb. ex
Fleming |
Malvaceae |
BP |
|
214 |
Sterculia guttata Roxb. ex G.Don |
Malvaceae |
Slope MP |
|
215 |
Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell |
Malvaceae |
MP |
|
216 |
Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex
Correa |
Malvaceae |
Foothills |
|
217 |
Triumfetta annua L. |
Malvaceae |
MP |
|
218 |
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. |
Malvaceae |
MP |
|
219$ |
Cleome simplicifolia Hook.f. & Thomson |
Cleomaceae |
Slope UP |
|
220 |
Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. ex
A.Rich. |
Brassicaceae |
Slope MP |
|
221 |
Roripa indica (L.) Hiern |
Brassicaceae |
MP |
|
222 |
Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh. |
Loranthaceae |
MP |
|
223 |
Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M.Gomez |
Polygonaceae |
MP |
|
224 |
Polygonum plebeium R.Br. |
Polygonaceae |
MP |
|
225 |
Drosera indica L. |
Droserceae |
UP |
|
226 |
Achyranthes aspera L. |
Amaranthaceae |
MP |
|
227 |
Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) Sm. |
Amaranthaceae |
BP |
|
228 |
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex
DC. |
Amaranthaceae |
Bp |
|
229 |
Celosia argentea L. |
Amaranthaceae |
BP |
|
230 |
Gomphrena celosioides Mart. |
Amaranthaceae |
MP |
|
231 |
Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) Wight |
Amaranthaceae- |
Slope between MP and UP |
|
232 |
Glinus lotoides L. |
Aizoaceae |
MP |
|
233 |
Impatiens balsamina L. |
Balsaminaceae |
Slopes |
|
234* |
Impatiens dalzellii Hook.f. & Thomson |
Balsaminaceae |
Slopes along UP |
|
235 |
Impatiens minor (DC.) Bennet |
Balsaminaceae |
MP |
|
236 |
Impatiens oppositifolia L. |
Balsaminaceae |
MP |
|
237 |
Careya arborea Roxb. |
Lecythidaceae |
MP |
|
238 |
Diospyros montana Roxb. |
Ebenaceae |
MP |
|
239 |
Anagallis arvensis L. |
Primulaceae |
MP |
|
240 |
Anagallis pumila Sw. |
Primulaceae |
MP |
|
241 |
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC. |
Primulaceae |
MP |
|
242 |
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. |
Rubiaceae |
MP |
|
243 |
Meyna laxiflora Robyns |
Rubiaceae |
MP |
|
244$ |
Neanotis foetida (Dalzell) W.H.Lewis |
Rubiaceae |
Slope, UP, UP |
|
245 |
Neanotis montholonii (Hook.f.) W.H.Lewis |
Rubiaceae |
MP |
|
246 |
Oldenlandia corymbosa L. |
Rubiaceae |
UP |
|
247 |
Pavetta indica L. |
Rubiaceae |
MP |
|
248 |
Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb. |
Rubiaceae |
MP |
|
249 |
Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br.
ex Roem. & Schult. |
Gentianaceae |
Slopes MP |
|
250 |
Canscora pauciflora Dalzell |
Gentianaceae |
Slope UP |
|
251$ |
Centaurium meyeri (Bunge) Druce |
Gentianaceae |
MP |
|
252$ |
Exacum lawii C.B.Clarke |
Gentianaceae |
Slope UP, UP |
|
253 |
Exacum petiolare Griseb. |
Gentianaceae |
Slope UP, UP |
|
254$ |
Swertia minor T.Cooke |
Gentianaceae |
Slope UP, UP |
|
255 |
Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. |
Apocynaceae |
BP |
|
256 |
Carissa congesta Wight |
Apocynaceae |
MP |
|
257* |
Ceropegia anjanerica Malpure, M.Y.Kamble & S.R.Yadav |
Apocynaceae |
UP |
|
258 |
Ceropegia bulbosa var. bulbosa Roxb. |
Apocynaceae |
UP |
|
259* |
Ceropegia lawii Hook.f. |
Apocynaceae |
MP, UP |
|
260* |
Ceropegia media (Huber) Ansari |
Apocynaceae |
Slopes |
|
261 |
Cryptolepis buchananii Roem. & Schult. |
Apocynaceae |
UP |
|
262 |
Cynanchum callialatum Buch.-Ham. ex Wight |
Apocynaceae |
Slope between MP and UP |
|
263$ |
Frerea indica Dalzell |
Apocynaceae |
Along steep boulders |
|
264 |
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. |
Apocynaceae |
BP |
|
265$ |
Heterostemma alatum Wight & Arn. |
Apocynaceae |
UP |
|
266 |
Nerium oleander L. |
Apocynaceae |
MP |
|
267 |
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz |
Apocynaceae |
BP |
|
268$ |
Tylophora dalzellii Hook.f. |
Apocynaceae |
MP |
|
269$ |
Adelocaryum coelestinum (Lindl.) Brand |
Boraginaceae |
Slope of UP |
|
270$ |
Adelocaryum malabaricum (C.B.Clarke) Brand |
Boraginaceae |
Slope of UP |
|
271 |
Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. |
Boraginaceae |
BP |
|
272 |
Cynoglossum wallichii G.Don |
Boraginaceae |
UP |
|
273 |
Heliotropium indicum L. |
Boraginaceae |
MP |
|
274 |
Heliotropium supinum L. |
Boraginaceae |
Slope of MP |
|
275 |
Trichodesma inaequale Edgew. |
Boraginaceae |
MP |
|
276* |
Argyreia involucrata C.B.Clarke |
Convolvulaceae |
BP |
|
277 |
Dinetus racemosus (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Sweet |
Convolvulaceae |
MP |
|
278 |
Ipomoea hederifolia L. |
Convolvulaceae |
MP |
|
279 |
Ipomoea illustris (C.B.Clarke) Prain |
Convolvulaceae |
MP |
|
280 |
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth |
Convolvulaceae |
BP |
|
281 |
Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. |
Convolvulaceae |
MP |
|
282 |
Ipomoea triloba L. |
Convolvulaceae |
BP |
|
283 |
Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy |
Convolvulaceae |
MP |
|
284 |
Rivea ornata Choisy |
Convolvulaceae |
MP |
|
285 |
Solanum anguivi Lam. |
Solanaceae |
MP |
|
286 |
Jasminum arborescens Roxb. |
Oleaceae |
MP |
|
287 |
Olea dioica Roxb. |
Oleaceae |
MP |
|
288 |
Lindenbergia muraria (Roxburgh ex D. Don) Brühl |
Plantaginaceae |
MP, UP |
|
289 |
Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small |
Plantaginaceae |
MP |
|
290 |
Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell |
Linderniaceae |
UP |
|
291 |
Lindernia nummulariifolia (D.Don) Wettst. |
Linderniaceae |
UP |
|
292 |
Lindernia parviflora (Roxb.) Haines |
Linderniaceae |
UP |
|
293 |
Torenia indica C.J.Saldanha |
Linderniaceae |
UP |
|
294$ |
Nepeta hundostana var. woodrowii (T.Cooke) Santapau |
Lamiaceae |
Slope UP |
|
295 |
Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Wall. |
Lamiaceae |
MP |
|
296$ |
Anisomeles heyneana Benth. |
Lamiaceae |
Slope UP |
|
297 |
Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. |
Lamiaceae |
BP |
|
298 |
Lantana camara L. |
Lamiaceae |
BP |
|
299$ |
Lavandula bipinnata (Roth) Kuntze |
Lamiaceae |
Slope MP |
|
300 |
Leucas lavandulaefolia Rees |
Lamiaceae |
MP, UP |
|
301 |
Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R.Br. |
Lamiaceae |
UP, MP Slope |
|
302 |
Leucas stelligera Wall. ex Benth. |
Lamiaceae |
MP,UP |
|
303 |
Plectranthus mollis (Aiton) Spreng. |
Lamiaceae |
MP |
|
304 |
Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntze |
Lamiaceae |
BP |
|
305$ |
Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigrahi) Press |
Lamiaceae |
UP |
|
306 |
Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. |
Lamiaceae |
Slope UP |
|
307 |
Tectona grandis L.f. |
Lamiaceae |
BP |
|
308 |
Vitex negundo L. |
Lamiaceae |
MP |
|
309 |
Parasopubia delphiniifolia (L.) H.-P. Hofm. & Eb. Fisch. |
Orobanchaceae |
MP |
|
310* |
Rhamphicarpa longiflora Benth. |
Orobanchaceae |
MP |
|
311 |
Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke |
Orobanchaceae |
UP |
|
312$ |
Utricularia janarthanamii S.R.Yadav, Sardesai & S.P.Gaikwad |
Lentibulariaceae |
UP |
|
313 $ |
Utricularia praeterita P.Taylor |
Lentibulariaceae |
UP |
|
314 |
Utricularia striatula Sm. |
Lentibulariaceae |
MP and UP |
|
315 |
Asystasia dalzeliana Santapau |
Acanthaceae |
MP |
|
316$ |
Barleria lawii T.Anderson |
Acanthaceae |
Slope between BP and MP |
|
317* |
Cynarospermum asperrimum (Nees) Vollesen |
Acanthaceae |
Slope between UP and MP |
|
318 |
Dicliptera leonotis Dalzell ex
C.B.Clarke |
Acanthaceae |
MP |
|
319$ |
Eranthemum roseum (Vahl.) R.Br. |
Acanthaceae |
Slopes |
|
320$ |
Haplanthodes verticellata (Roxb.)
R.B.Majumdar |
Acanthaceae |
UP |
|
321$ |
Hemigraphis crenata (Benth.) Bremek. |
Acanthaceae |
Slope between MP and UP |
|
322$ |
Hemigraphis latebrosa (Roth) Nees |
Acanthaceae |
Slope between MP and UP |
|
323 |
Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine |
Acanthaceae |
MP |
|
324$ |
Hygrophila serpyllum (Nees) T.Anderson |
Acanthaceae |
MP |
|
325 |
Justicia betonica L. |
Acanthaceae |
Slope between MP and UP |
|
326 |
Justicia japonica Thunb. |
Acanthaceae |
Slope between MP and UP |
|
327 |
Justicia procumbens L. |
Acanthaceae |
Slope between MP and UP |
|
328$ |
Lepidagathis cuspidata Nees |
Acanthaceae |
MP and Slope between MP and UP |
|
329$ |
Lepidagathis trinervis Nees |
Acanthaceae |
UP |
|
330$ |
Neuracanthus sphaerostachys Dalzell |
Acanthaceae |
MP |
|
331 |
Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees |
Acanthaceae |
Slope between MP and UP |
|
332$ |
Rungia elegans Dalzell & A.Gibson |
Acanthaceae |
Slope between MP and UP |
|
333 |
Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees |
Acanthaceae |
Slope between MP and UP |
|
334$ |
Strobilanthes callosa Nees |
Acanthaceae |
Slope between MP and UP , UP |
|
335$ |
Strobilanthes reticulata Stapf |
Acanthaceae |
UP |
|
336$ |
Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.) K.Schum. |
Bignoniaceae |
BP |
|
337 |
Lantana camara L. |
Verbenaceae |
BP |
|
338 |
Martynia annua L. |
Martyniaceae |
MP |
|
339 |
Lobelia heyneana Schult. |
Campanulaceae |
Slope UP, UP |
|
340 |
Lobelia nicotianifolia Roth ex Schult. |
Campanulaceae |
Slope UP,UP |
|
341 |
Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R.K.Jansen |
Asteraceae |
MP |
|
342 |
Ageratum conyzoides L. |
Asteraceae |
MP |
|
343 |
Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff |
Asteraceae |
MP, BP |
|
344$ |
Blumea eriantha DC. |
Asteraceae |
Slope between BP & UP |
|
345$ |
Blumea malcolmii Hook.f. |
Asteraceae |
Slope between BP & UP |
|
346 |
Blumea mollis (D.Don) Merr. |
Asteraceae |
MP |
|
347$ |
Caesulia axillaris Roxb. |
Asteraceae |
Slope between BP & UP |
|
348 |
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. |
Asteraceae |
Slope between MP & UP |
|
349 |
Cosmos caudatus Kunth |
Asteraceae |
Slope between BP & UP |
|
350 |
Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. |
Asteraceae |
BP |
|
351$ |
Cyathocline lutea Law ex Wight |
Asteraceae |
UP |
|
352 |
Cyathocline purpurea (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kuntze |
Asteraceae |
MP |
|
353 |
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. |
Asteraceae |
BP |
|
354 |
Elephantopus scaber L. |
Asteraceae |
MP, UP |
|
355 |
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex
DC. |
Asteraceae |
Slope between MP & UP |
|
356 |
Erigeron trilobus (Decne.) Boiss. |
Asteraceae |
Slope between BP & UP |
|
357 |
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. |
Asteraceae |
Slope between MP & UP |
|
358 |
Gnaphalium pulvinatum Delile |
Asteraceae |
Slope between MP & UP |
|
359 |
Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. |
Asteraceae |
Slope between MP & UP |
|
360 |
Gynura bicolor (Roxb. Ex Willd.) DC. |
Asteraceae |
Slope between MP & UP |
|
361 |
Kleinia grandiflora (Wallich ex DC.) N.Rani |
Asteraceae |
Slope between MP & UP |
|
362 |
Lagascea mollis Cav. |
Asteraceae |
BP |
|
363 |
Laphangium luteoalbum (L.) Tzvelev |
Asteraceae |
Slope between MP & UP |
|
364 |
Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal |
Asteraceae |
BP |
|
365* |
Nanothamnus sericeus Thomson |
Asteraceae |
Slope between MP & UP |
|
366 |
Pentanema cernuum (Dalzell) Ling |
Asteraceae |
MP, UP |
|
367 |
Pentanema indicum (L.) Ling |
Asteraceae |
MP,UP |
|
368$ |
Phyllocephalum scabridum (DC.) K.Kirkman |
Asteraceae |
Slope between MP & UP |
|
369 |
Pluchea senecioides (DC.) W.Theob. |
Asteraceae |
UP |
|
370$ |
Senecio bombayensis N.P.Balakr. |
Asteraceae |
MP, UP |
|
371* |
Senecio dalzellii C.B.Clarke |
Asteraceae |
MP,UP |
|
372 |
Sigesbeckia orientalis L. |
Asteraceae |
UP |
|
373 |
Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. |
Asteraceae |
UP |
|
374 |
Sphaeranthus indicus L. |
Asteraceae |
BP |
|
375 |
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. |
Asteraceae |
MP |
|
376$ |
Tricholepis amplexicaulis C.B.Clarke |
Asteraceae |
MP |
|
377 |
Tridax procumbens L. |
Asteraceae |
BP |
|
378 |
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. |
Asteraceae |
BP |
|
379 |
Vernonia divergens (DC.) Edgew. |
Asteraceae |
BP |
|
380 |
Xanthium strumarium L. |
Asteraceae |
BP |
|
381* |
Heracleum grande (Dalzell & A. Gibson) Mukhop. |
Apiaceae |
UP |
|
382$ |
Pimpinella adscendens Dalzell |
Apiaceae |
UP |
|
383$ |
Pimpinella wallichiana (Miq.) Gandhi |
Apiaceae |
Slopes |
|
384* |
Pinda concanensis (Dalzell) P.K. Mukh. & Constance |
Apiaceae |
UP and Slopes |
|
385 |
Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) H.Wolff |
Apiaceae |
UP |
$—Endemic to India | *—Endemic to
Western Ghats | MP—Middle plateau | BP—Basal plateau | UP—Upper plateau.
For figure & images - - click here
References
Bhattarai U., P.
Tetali & S. Kelso (2012). Contributions of vulnerable hydrogeomorphic
habitats to endemic plant diversity on the Kas Plateau, Western Ghats.
SpringerPlus 1: 25. https://doi. org/10.1186/2193-1801-1-25
Biedinger,
N., S. Porembski & W. Barthlott (2000). Vascular plants on inselbergs:
Vegetative and reproductive strategies, pp. 117–142. In: Porembski, S. & W.
Barthlott (eds.). Inselbergs: Biotic diversity of isolated rock outcrops in
tropical and temperate regions. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York,
524pp.
Brown, R.J.,
S. Blake, N.R. Bondre, V.M. Phadnis & S. Self (2011). ´A´ ā lava flows in the Deccan
Volcanic Province, India, and their significance for the nature of continental
flood basalt eruptions. Bulletin Volcanology 73: 737–752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0450-7
Daniels,
R.J.R. & J. Vencatesan (2008). Western Ghats. Rupa and Company, New Delhi 180pp.
Dehbozorgi,
M., M. Pourkermani, M. Arian, A.A.
Matkan, H. Motamedi & A. Hosseiniasl (2010). Quantitative analysis of relative
tectonic activity in the Sarvestan area, central Zagros, Iran. Geomorphology
121: 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.05.002
Joshi, V.C.
& M.K. Janarthanam (2004). The diversity of life-form type, habitat preference
and phenology of the endemics in the Goa region of the Western Ghats, India. Journal
of Biogeography 31(8): 1227–1237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01067.x
Kale, V.S.
& N. Shejwalkar (2008). Uplift along the western /margin of the Deccan Basalt Province: Is there
any geomorphometric evidence? Journal of Earth System Science 117(6):
959–971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-008-0081-3
Kluge, M.
& J. Brulfert (2000). Ecophysiology of vascular plants on inselbergs, pp. 143–174. In:
Porembski, S. & W. Barthlott (eds.). Inselbergs: Biotic Diversity of
Isolated Rock Outcrops in Tropical and Temperate Regions. Ecological studies
146. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
Lakshminarasimhan,
P. & B.D. Sharma (1991). Flora of Nasik District. Fl. India ser. 3, Botanical Survey
of India, Calcutta. 644pp.
Lekhak, M.M.
& S.R. Yadav (2012). Herbaceous vegetation of threatened high altitude lateritic plateau
ecosystems of Western Ghats, southwestern Maharashtra, India. Rheedea
22: 39–61.
Malpure, N.V.
& S.R. Yadav (2009). Chlorophytum gothanense, a new species of Anthericaceae from the Western Ghats of India. Kew
Bulletin 64: 739–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-009-9165-8
Malpure, N.V., M.Y. Kamble & S.R. Yadav (2006). A new species of Ceropegia
L. (Asclepiadaceae) from the Western Ghats of India with a note on series
Attenuatae Huber. Current Science 91(9): 1140–1142.
Panigrahy, R.K.,
M.P. Kale & U. Dutta (2010). Forest cover
change detection of Western Ghats of Maharashtra using satellite remote sensing
based visual interpretation technique. Current Science 98: 657–664.
Porembski, S.
& W. Barthlott (2000). (eds.) Inselbergs - Biotic Diversity of Isolated Rock
Outcrops in Tropical and Temperate Regions. Ecological studies 146.
Springer, Heidelberg, 524pp.
Porembski,
S., U. Becker & R. Seine (2000). Islands on islands: habitats on
Inselbergs, pp49–67. In: Porembski, S. & W. Barthlott (eds.). Inselbergs
- Biotic Diversity of Isolated Rock Outcrops in Tropical and Temperate Regions.
Ecological studies 146. Springer, Heidelberg, 524pp.
Porembski,
S., W. Barthlott, S. Dörrstock & N. Biedinger (1994). Vegetation of rock outcrops in
Guinea: granite inselbergs, sandstone table
mountains, and ferricretes - remarks on species numbers and endemism. Flora
189: 315–326.
Rahangdale,
S.S. & S.R. Rahangdale (2014). Plant species composition on two rock outcrops from
the northern Western Ghats, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa
6: 5593–5612. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.o3616.5593-612
Rahangdale,
S.R. & S.S. Rahangdale (2018). Biodiversity of Durgawadi Plateaus.
Department of Forests, Government of Maharashtra. 114pp.
Sharma, B.D.,
S. Karthikeya & N.P. Singh (eds.) (1996). Flora of Maharashtra State,
Monocotyledons. Botanical
Survey of India, Calcatta, 794pp.
Shenai, D.D.,
M.U. Borkar & M.K. Pejaver (2013). Comparative study of flora of
three plateaus in Western Maharashtra, pp. 194–200. Proceeding National
Conference on Biodiversity: Status and Challenges in Conservation. FAVEO.
Singh, N.P.
& S. Karthikeyan (eds.). (2000). Flora of Maharashtra State, Dicotyledons - Volume 1. Botanical Survey of India,
Calcutta, 898pp
Singh, N.P.,
P. Lakshminarasimhan, S. Karthikeyan & P.V. Prasanna (2001). Flora of Maharashtra State:
Dicotyledones, Vol. 2. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 1080pp.
Singh, N.P.,
K. Karthikeyan, P. Lakshminarasimhan & S.S. Dash (2015). Endemic Vascular Plants of
India. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, xvi+339pp.
APG
(Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) (2016). An update of the Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants:
APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.
Watve, A.
(2007). Report of
the study Plant communities on rock outcrops in Northern Western Ghats. Report
submitted to Department of Science and Technology. Agharkar Research
Institute, Pune, 51pp.
Watve, A.
(2010). Rocky
Plateaus: Special focus on Northern Western Ghats and Konkan. Western Ghats
Ecology Experts Panel (WGEEP).
www.westernghatsindia.org/sites/default/files/Rocky%20Plateaus.pdf.
Downloaded on 25 September 2012.
Watve, A. (2013). Status review of rocky plateaus
in the northern Western Ghats and Konkan region of Maharashtra, India with
recommendations for conservation and management. Journal of Threatened Taxa
5(5): 3935–3962. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.
o3372.3935-62