Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2018 | 10(15):
12990–12994
Description of
life stages of dung beetle Scaptodera
rhadamistus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with notes on nesting and biology
Suvarna S. Khadakkar
1, Ashish D. Tiple
2 & Arun M. Khurad 3
1,3 Centre for Sericulture and Biological Pest
Management Research (CSBR), RTM Nagpur University, North Ambazari
Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440022, India
2 Department of Zoology, Vidyabharti
College, Seloo, Wardha,
Maharashtra 442104, India
1 suvarnask17@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 ashishdtiple@gmail.com, 3 akhurad@gmail.com
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3935.10.15.12990-12994 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3C6C9BAF-F36F-493E-A2F6-FC68979D5426
Editor: B.K. Agarwala, Tripura University, West
Tripura, India. Date of publication: 26 December
2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms
# 3935 | Received 02 December 2017 | Final received 29 October 2018 | Finally
accepted 05 December 2018
Citation: Khadakkar, S.S., A.D. Tiple & A.M. Khurad (2018).
Description
of life stages of dung beetle Scaptodera rhadamistus (Fabricius, 1775)
(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with notes on nesting and biology. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 10(15): 12990–12994; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3935.10.15.12990-12994
Copyright: © Khadakkar et al. 2018.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any
medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the
authors and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to Dr. M. M. Rai, Cordinator and Dr. M. K. Rathod, Scientist, Centre for Sericulture and Biological
Pest Management Research, Nagpur for providing necessary facilities to conduct
the following studies and encouragement. The authors are also thankful to State
Biodiversity Board, Maharashtra for providing permission to collect scarab
beetles. First author acknowledges the help of Dr Sandhya
Kranthi, Head of Plant Protection division, and Dr. Vishlesh Nagrare,
Principle Scientist, Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, MS for
permitting use of Binoculor for morphometric studies.
Abstract: Immature stages of Scaptodera
rhadamistus (Fabricius)
are described for the first time along with notes on nidification
and biology. The larvae differ from
other Scarabaeinae species in the structure of raster
on tenth sternum with two irregular bunches of serrations ventrally one on
either half. Pupae with pronotum transverse having rounded margins resemble adults,
and consist of four lateral, single caudal and single pteronotal
support projection. Adult males and
females differ in coloration, structure of pronotum, presence of spine like process on mesosternum
and, in the structure of male and female genitalia.
Keywords: Description, immatures,
nesting, scarab beetle, Scaptodera rhadamistus.
Beetles
belonging to family Scarabaeidae are commonly called as ‘Scarabs’ and their larvae are known as white
grubs. Arrow (1931) provided detailed
account of Indian Scarabaeidae. The monotypic Scaptodera
rhadamistus (Fabricius,
1775), was previously cited as Liatongus
(Paraliatongus) Reitter
under tribe Oniticellini of subfamily Scarabaeinae (Hanski & Cambefort 1991; Philips 2016). Larvae of different stages and adults forage
by clearing excrement
(Arrow 1931). Adult males of S. rhadamistus are attractive owing to the coloration and
structure of pronotum.
Much of
the literature available relating to scarab beetles are
on adult taxonomy. Information regarding
their immature forms and nest-building behaviour is deficient (Ritcher 1966; Veeresh 1980; Sreedevi & Tyagi 2014). Studies on natural history of dung beetles of
the subfamily Scarabaeinae lack the information on S.
rhadamistus (Halffter
& Matthews 1966). The objective of
this study is to present an account of larval morphology and nest-building behavior of S. rhadamistus,
a commonly found scarab in central Indian region, based on a study conducted in
and around Nagpur-Wardha forest areas.
Species
diagnosis: In life, adults are yellowish-orange with metallic green colored patches present on dorsal and lateral regions,
elongate, oval; 13–15 mm in length and 6–8 mm in width. Males have a prominent pronotum
with elevated margins forming deep cavity at middle, anteriorly forming a short
process that reflexes backwards distinguishing this species from other species
of the same genus. Males and females
differ in size and structure of pronotum, and in
structure of spine-like process on mesosternum. Females are smaller, with simple pronotum.
The species is native to Oriental region
(India, Laos, Sri Lanka, and Thailand) (Schoolmeesters
2017). In India, the species occurs in
the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Chandra
& Ahirwar 2005; Chandra et al. 2011;
Mittal & Jain 2015).
Materials and
Methods
Adults
and brood balls of S. rhadamistus from open
grazing fields of Kavdas Village and nearby areas of Wardha District, Maharashtra were collected. This region lies on the periphery of Bor Wildlife Sanctuary.
Field-collected brood balls were maintained in the laboratory at
temperature and relative humidity of 270C ± 20C and 65–75
%, respectively (Hayes 1929). Morphology
was described from five specimens, each of III Instar larvae, pupae, and adult
males and females. Larvae were kept in
boiling water for about three minutes, followed by cooling, and preservation in
70% alcohol or glycerol to prevent shrinking (Ritcher
1966). Leica S8APO stereoscopic
microscope was used to study the morphological characters, for photography, and
for morphometry.
Terminology of Edmonds & Haffler (1978)
was followed. Adult specimens were
washed in soap water to clear dirt, rinsed in clear water, air-dried to remove
the moisture, oven-dried for about two hours, labeled,
and studied. Arrow (1931) was
followed for morphological characterization.
Male
genitalia were dissected out from the adults under stereoscopic
microscope. Individual male genitalia
was further boiled in 10% KOH solution, washed in water, treated with glacial
acetic acid for two to three minutes, and rinsed in distilled water. The dissected genitalia were stored in 1ml eppendorf filled with glycerol for future reference.
Results
Brood Balls
A pair
of adults construct nest in cow dung pats with an average diameter of 25–30 cm,
and 5-10 cm thick. Each nest contains
3–7 brood balls per brood chamber with an average size of 4.7±1.41 cm and
usually guarded by females. Each brood
ball has a diameter of 18.9±0.74 mm (n = 20, range 18– 20 mm) (Images 1
& 2).
Eggs:
Lemon yellow when freshly laid, oblong, average length 4.5 ± 0.1 mm (n = 10,
range 4.4 to 4.6 mm); average maximum width in the middle 2.3 ± 0.11 mm (n
= 10, range 2.3–2.5 mm); one egg is laid per brood ball, the egg is held
vertically and attached to the substratum at the basal end with apical end
bearing a small hump (Image 3).
Larva
(III Instar): Larvae translucent in appearance; body covered with very fine
setae; humped in the middle giving a ‘V’ shaped appearance to the body; average
length 19 ± 0.20 mm (n = 5, range 18.8–19.3 mm), average width at
abdominal hump 7 ± 0.15 mm (n = 5, range 6.8– 7.2 mm) (Image
4). Clypeus wider than long,
rectangular, lateral margins straight, posterior margin bilobed;
irregular row of seven to nine setae in middle; cranium surface smooth; frons
with one seta each at anterior angle to the dorsal surface of head, three to
four anterior frontal setae on each side, posterior frontal setae absent;
remaining cranial surface with two para-ocellar
setae, and with a row of eight dorso-epicranial setae
(Image 5); antennae four segmented each; labrum
symmetrical, trilobed, broadly oval; maxillary stridulatory area with a row of 8–10 teeth; epipharynx chaetoparie each with
9–11 setae (Image 7); mandibles stout, with single median seta, incisor lobes
with three teeth on left mandible and two on right mandible (Image 8). Three pairs of thoracic legs, each two
segmented, with 10–12 fine setae, claws absent (Image 9). Raster on 10th
sternum with two irregular bunches of serrations ventrally one on either half
distinct.
Pupa:
Pupa exarate; pronotum
transverse with rounded margins resembling adults; four thumb like tergal support projections, one per segment present laterally
on abdominal segments three to six (Image 10).
Pronotal support projection absent.
One pteronotal support
projection present. Caudal projection callus-like (Image 11).
Adult:
Male - body yellowish-orange, with metallic green patches; elongate, oval;
length 14–15 mm with an average of 14.46 ± 0.4 mm, width 7 to 8 mm with an
average of 7.52 ± 0.3 mm (Image 12); head semicircular,
elevated area between eyes, clypeus metallic green, lateral margins blackish;
antenna eight segmented; pronotum with elevated
margins forming deep cavity at middle, anteriorly forming a short process that
reflexes backwards, laterally blunt and angular downward, with circular black
spots (Image 13); scutellum very small, finely
punctuated; a large spine-like process with broad base and rounded on sides
present on meso-sternum (Image 14); elytra striate
with a broad black central median suture and a central dark spot shared by both
sides of elytra, with one ventral spherical dark spot and two oval median dark
spots present transversally; femora of fore-, mid- and hind legs orange;
fore-tibia setose, tridentate, with elongate tooth; tibia, tarsi and claws of
fore-, mid- and hind legs brownish-black; abdominal sclerites
metallic greenish-black, pygidium dark, with fine,
evenly spread punctuations.
Male
genitalia: It consists of parameres and phallobase. Phallobase is broad and curved at the apical end, and about
2.5 times the length of parameres. Parameres bend at
the junction of phallobase and parameres
(Image 15).
Specimens
examined: Col/47/M, 04.iv.2017, 03 ex., Kavdas, Hingna, Nagpur,
Maharashtra, Suvarna Khadakkar
(location: 21.060N & 78.860E, elevation: 310m);
Col/47/M/(a), 17.iii.2017, 01 ex., Seloo, Wardha, Maharashtra, Suvarna Khadakkar (location: 20.830N & 78.700E,
elevation: 265m); Col/47/M/(b), 10.ii.2017, 01 ex., Zilpi,
Hingna, Nagpur, Suvarna Khadakkar (location: 21.060N & 78.860E,
elevation: 366m)
Female
- body yellowish-orange, oval; head: clypeus dark metallic green, black on
margins; length, 13–14 mm; width, 6–7 mm (Image 16); antenna eight segmented;
head semicircular; pronotum
(Image 17) yellowish-orange with irregular central metallic green patch, wider
than long, narrowed towards head and broader towards base, with single dark
metallic green spots laterally, without any process, bare, with lateral margins
rounded than angular; with a large spine-like process, slender compared with
males with broad base, present on meso-sternum (Image
18); elytra with a broad black central median suture and a dark spot shared by
both sides of elytra at the middle; each half of elytra with one ventral
spherical dark spot and two oval median dark spots present transversally;
abdominal sclerites metallic greenish-black; femora
of fore-, mid- and hind legs orange; tibia, tarsi and claws of fore-, mid- and
hind legs brownish-black; pygidium dark; otherwise
similar to males.
Specimens
examined: Col/47/F, 17.iii.2017, 03 ex., Kavdas, Hingna, Nagpur
Maharashtra, Suvarna Khadakkar
(location: 21.060N & 78.860E, elevation: 310m);
Col/47/F/(a), 17.iii.2017, 01 ex., Seloo, Wardha, Maharashtra, Suvarna Khadakkar (location: 20.830N & 78.700E,
elevation: 265m); Col/47/F/(b), 10.ii.2017, 01 ex., Zilpi,
Hingna, Nagpur, Suvarna Khadakkar (location: 21.060N & 78.860E,
elevation: 366m).
Behaviour of larvae
Brood
balls of smaller diameter and dried from outside contained malformed and/or
dead larvae whereas those moist from outside contained healthy larvae and
eggs. When a hole is made in moist brood
ball with the help of a needle, the larva present inside eat the dung present
in ball and seal the hole with the excrement.
Larvae were unable to fill the holes when the punctures were
bigger. Centipedes were found to occupy
the brood balls after the adult emergence.
Discussion
Fully
grown III instar larvae of S. rhadamistus can
be characterized by the presence of a prominent hump in the middle of body, two
segmented legs, and raster on 10th sternum with two irregular bunches of
serrations ventrally one on either half distinct from ovate fields of stout
setae. Pupal
support projections present in scarabaeinae pupae
play a major role in taxonomic studies.
Four thumb-like tergal support projections,
one per segment laterally on abdominal segments three to six, one pteronotal support projection, callus like caudal
projection, and absence of pronotal support
projection are other prominent characters of S. rhadamistus.
S. rhadamistus build nests in large undisturbed dung
pats. Brood count of 3–7 brood balls at
a time, per pair of adults of S. rhadamistus
is considered less in comparison to other scarabs. Investment of energy in parental care may be
a reason for smaller brood. Brood balls as well as females guarding the brood balls signifies
the importance of parental care in this species. Diameter of the brood balls as well as the
moisture content plays important role in the development of S. rhadamistus. These
aspects of life history are important for conservation of the species.
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