Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2018 | 10(10): 12368–12375

Checklist of the avifauna of Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra, India

Sharad Datt Apte ¹, Vijay Bhagwan Tuljapurkar ² & Girish Avinash Jathar ³

¹ “Ushahkal”, 1766, Ganesh Nagar, Sangli, Maharashtra 416416, India

² Shalmalee, Shivajinagar, Miraj, Maharashtra 416410, India

³ Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, S.B. Singh Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001, India

¹ sharad.apte@birdcalls.info, ² shailavee@hotmail.com, ³ g.jathar@bnhs.org (corresponding author)

doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3926.10.10.12368-12375 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F5CD173F-7354-4C59-884E-367CD84942CE

Editor: C. Srinivasulu, Osamania University, Hyderabad, India. Date of publication: 26 September 2018 (online & print)

Manuscript details: Ms # 3926 | Received 20 November 2017 | Final received 06 September 2018 | Finally accepted 12 September 2018

Citation: Apte, S.D., V.B. Tuljapurkar & G.A. Jathar (2018). Checklist of the avifauna of Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(10): 12368–12375; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3926.10.10.12368-12375

Copyright: © Apte et al. 2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

Funding: Self-funded.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: We would like to acknowledge Mr. Rohan Bhagat of Bombay Natural History Society for preparing maps. We would like to thank Wildlife Division of Forest Department of Sangli and staff of Sagareshwar Widlife Sanctuary for their help and cooperation.

Abstract: Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary in southern Maharashtra is one of the smallest sanctuaries in the state encompassing 10.87km². Our studies documenting avifauna of this wildlife sanctuary revealed the presence of 138 bird species including 71 residents, 21 local migrants, nine breeding migrants, 24 winter visitors and 13 species whose status could not be determined. The sanctuary harbours three Indian endemics, 23 South Asian endemics, and one Near Threatened bird species.

Keywords: Bird species, endemic, restored ecosystem, smallest sanctuary, Sangli District.

Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, which by any standard, is a small area of wilderness. It was created to restore the forest and to provide a home for flora and fauna. Since the area is protected and restoration work has been done several bird species have been noticed in the sanctuary. We have been visiting Sagareshwar since the early 1990s to document the biodiversity of the sanctuary. From 1990 to 2014 we have recorded the avifauna and analysed its status. This paper reports the results of the observations pertaining to the avifaunal diversity encountered in the area between 1990 and 2014.

Historical aspect

This was a densely wooded area during the British Raj. In the days before independence the hills near the temple were green and though there were no big carnivores in this jungle other variety of fauna were well represented. The animals that lived in this wilderness were hyena, jackal, wolf, hare, etc. There were no herbivores like Blackbuck, Sambar, Spotted Deer and Barking Deer which are now seen at Sagareshwar.

After independence the situation changed. Cutting down of trees, hunting and grazing became a norm and within a short span of 2–3 decades the hills turned barren and the sighting of animals became rare.

Mr. D.M. Mohite, a resident of a nearby village Mohityache Vadgaon, was disturbed to see this wanton destruction of the forest and its denizens. In the decade of 1970 he took up the task to restore this wilderness to some degree and make it a safe haven for animals to live and thrive. The word about his intentions spread and many volunteers joined in this noble task. His tenacity and sincerity attracted more people in this endeavour and eventually the Government of Maharashtra declared Sagareshwar as a wildlife sanctuary in 1985 (Mohite 1996).

There is hardly any literature published on the birds of Sagareshwar except by Tuljapurkar (1992) where he mentions the occurrence of 40 bird species. The current study is the first systematic effort to document avifauna of this sanctuary. The study period encompasses 17 years of information on avifauna of the region.

Methods

Study Area

This area was declared a wildlife sanctuary on 16 September 1985. It is called as “The Yashwantrao Chavan Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary” (Notification: WLP/1085/CR/588/VIIF-6/Dt – 16.9.1985. with coordinates - 74.321⁰E & 17.088⁰N).

The Wildlife Sanctuary is spread over an area of 10.87km² (Fig. 1). The average rainfall is 640mm and the temperature ranges between 14-42⁰C. The terrain is uneven, with elevations, slopes of hills, valleys and small stretches of plateaus. The sanctuary faces acute shortage of water during summer months as there are no perennial streams or ponds. The forest department has built artificial water holes and they are replenished regularly during the summer season.

The flora of Sagareshwar is quite interesting. Southern tropical dry type of vegetation occupies large parts of the sanctuary and the area covered by dense forest is merely 8.86% which is approximately 99 hectares or 248 acres. The trees include Butea monosperma, Acacia catechu, Semecarpus anacardium, Anogeissus latifolia, Morinda pubescens, Osyris quadripartita, Morinda tinctoria variety tomentosa, Ixora parviflora, Rhus sinuata, Buchanania lanzan, Bauhinia racemosa, etc., and these are seen scattered over the area. Delonix regia, Albizia lebbeck, Bauhinia purpurea, Tamarindus indica and Azadirachta indica were planted by volunteers and the forest department. The tree Dichrostachys cinerea, also known as Chinese Lantern, has established in barren and degraded slopes of the sanctuary. Carissa carandas has formed thickets at places which help different species of birds. The climbers growing in the upper part of the hills belong to the Asclepidiaceae family.

Several species of herbs emerge from the wet earth during the rainy season. Evolvulus alsinoides, Cyanotis fasciculata, Boerhavia diffusa and Leucas aspera are commonly found here and add colour to the green landscape. A variety of leguminous forage plant, Stylosanthes hamata, has been introduced in Sagareshwar by the forest department.

The sanctuary is home to various native as well as introduced animals. The most significant are ungulates including Sambar Rusa unicolor, Spotted Deer Axis axis (Cervidae), and Blackbuck Antelope cervicapra (Bovidae). Other mammals include, the Wild Boar Sus scrofa, Striped Hyena Hyena hyena, Indian Wolf Canis lupus, Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis, Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis, Jungle Cat Felis chaus, and Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi. There are at least three species of unidentified insectivorous bats found in some caves in the valley.

Amongst reptiles, six species of snakes, namely, Spectacled Cobra Naja naja, Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus, Striped Keelback Amphiesma stolata, Green Keelback Macropisthodon plumbicolor, Rat Snake Ptyas mucosa, and Common Wolf Snake Lycodon aulicus, are found here. Among lizards, three species, namely, Indian Monitor Lizard Varanus benghalensis, Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor, and Fan-throated Lizard Sarada sp. have been observed. About four species of amphibians, namely, Indian Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, Indian Burrowing Frog Sphaerotheca breviceps, Common Indian Tree Frog Polypedates maculatus, and Asian Common Toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus, have been recorded from the sanctuary. As many as 20 species of butterflies have been recorded from the sanctuary (Jathar unpublished data).

Survey

We followed BirdLife International (2014) version 7 for taxonomy and nomenclature of bird species recorded in the sanctuary. Along with this, we also categorized the birds according to their status, occurrence, threatened, and endemicity. A wetland named Kumbhargao Talav which is adjacent to the sanctuary and now added in it was also included in the survey.

The data was mainly collected by the authors as part of a systematic avifaunal study, and occasional visits between 1990 and 2014. We have visited the sanctuary independently and have maintained the record of avifauna. A total of 83 visits were carried out during the study period.

The occurrence of species was defined using following criteria. Common—species observed repeatedly in suitable habitat; Uncommon—species occurs on a regular basis, but not frequently in suitable habitat; Occasional—species that were recorded occasionally in suitable habitat; Single record—species reported only once. Similarly, status of the species was defined by field observations and followinng (Ali & Ripley 1987). Endemic status was followed using (Jathar & Rahmani 2006). The IUCN Red List status was followed using (Rahmani 2012).

Results

A total of 138 bird species (Appendix I) were observed during the period from 1990 to 2014. Among these, 71 species are resident, 24 are winter migrants, 21 are local migrant, and nine species are breeding migrants. The status of 13 species could not be determined. Of the total diversity, 87 species were common, 42 were recorded occasional (irregular), one was uncommon and seven were recorded only once. There are no globally threatened species found in Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary (WS). We, however, recorded Pallid Harrier Circus macroursus which is a Near Threatened species at the global scale. Sagareshwar WS also harbours three Indian endemic and 23 South Asian endemic bird species. All the details are given in Appendix I.

Most of the water birds are local migrants to the Sagareshwar WS. They visit the Sagareshwar WS when seasonal ponds and small check dams retain water in monsoon and post monsoon months. Kumbhargaon Lake which is now included in the Sagareshwar WS area, has added several new bird species to the checklist, especially the migrants.

Painted Francolin Francolinus pictus, Rain Quail Coturnix coromandelica, Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus migrate to the Sagareshwar WS to breed during the monsoon. The Indian Blackbird Turdus simillimus and Black-headed Cuckoo-shrike Coracina melanoptera are breeding migrants to the Sagareshwar WS. They spend about eight months in the sanctuary from April to November. Interestingly, cuckoos such as Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus, Common Hawk-cuckoo Hierococcyx varius, Grey-bellied Cuckoo Cacomantis passerines also come to the Sagareshwar WS during the same period (April to November). This may be due to the host-parasite relationship between these bird species.

The local migrants such as Thick-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile, Pale-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos, Indian Blackbird Turdus simillimus, Black-headed Cuckoo-shrike Coracina melanoptera arrive in Sagareshwar WS (probably) from the Western Ghats during the monsoon. Some of them breed here and spend a significant time of the monsoon in Sagareshwar WS. This phenomenon of monsoon migration needs further investigations to understand patterns of migration, purpose of migration and the significance of the same for the breeding success of the species.

The winter migrants such as Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach, Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus, Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Crag-Martin Ptyonoprogne rupestris, Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca, Blyth’s Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum, Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides and Rosy Starling Sternus roseus are seen in Sagareshwar WS for almost six months from early October to early April.

Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis visits the sanctuary during March to August. Though the territorial calls have been heard and recorded during this period, no active nest was observed. After August the birds leave Sagareshwar WS. During winter (November–January), Green Bee-eaters Merops orientalis gather in trees near the guest house for night roosting.

Some interesting migrants

Indian Black Bird Turdus simillimus

Indian Black Bird is a breeding migrant for Sagareshwar WS. It is generally seen and can be heard in the sanctuary from June onwards till November. Territorial calls were predominant in June and July. On one occasion, a nest with a clutch of three was observed in June. Juvenile birds have been observed in August. Interestingly the bird is not seen in the sanctuary after November. It would be very interesting to study its pre and post breeding habitats.

Grey-bellied Cuckoo Cacomantis passerinus

This is also a breeding migrant to the Sagareshwar WS. It arrives in late May (last week of May) and stays there till the last week of September. It starts calling upon arrival and can be heard till the end of September. We could not observe any juvenile birds during our study period. It would be very interesting to know which species it exploits as foster parents to take care of the brood.

Square-tailed Bulbul Hypsipetes ganeesa

This species was observed only thrice in the Sagareshwar WS between 2005 and 2006. Its sighting was confined to the months of July to October. These birds might have strayed and settled in the sanctuary for some time. However, further investigation is required to know whether they are regular visitors or stray birds visiting Sagareshwar WS.

Vernal Hanging Parrot Loriculus vernalis

This is another interesting species observed in the Sagareshwar WS. It was only seen in 2006, from July to September. A small flock and individuals were observed across the months. They were seen foraging on pods of Cassia siamia, Indian Copperpod Peltphorum pterocarpum and Ficus spp.

Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus

Pallid Harriers were observed from 1997 to 2000. They were sighted from the second week of October to the first week of April. They were not seen in large flocks hence we assume that they could be roosting somewhere outside the Sagareshwar WS. Post 2000 this species, however, has not been observed in the sanctuary. This could be an outcome of their global decline during 1990–2000 (BirdLife International 2015).

Discussion

Our observations indicate that the species composition changes with the season. The region has two peak seasons when influx of species is observed. The first influx is during the monsoon where some species probably arrive here from the Western Ghats. They breed in the Sagareshwar WS and spend significant time here after the monsoon. The second influx of the species is observed post monsoon and early winter. Most of the winter migrants arrive here by early to mid-October and live in Sagareshwar WS till the end of March or early April.

The phenomenon of monsoon migration and breeding migration of some species needs further investigation to understand patterns of migration, purpose of migration and the significance of the same for breeding success of the species. This landscape also provides an opportunity to study the host-parasite relationship as four species of cuckoos that reside here and some host species that specifically come here to breed.

The species assemblage in different seasons certainly has linkages with restoration of the ecosystem and least anthropogenic interference. Therefore, this sanctuary is very important in terms of understanding the restoration of the ecosystem and its impact on avifauna. Though there is no data available on the avifauna of the region prior to restoration; the assemblage of species is indicative of the restoration. Similar observations have been made by several workers with the assumptions that richness and abundances of bird species are often enhanced by restoration practices (Passell 2000; Twedt et al. 2006; Hamel 2003; Gaines et al. 2007; Aerts et al. 2008; Farwig et al. 2008).

This sanctuary gives an opportunity to further investigate the turnover of species in restored landscapes. It can serve as a model for studying indicator species and track changes in the restored habitat. Continuation of the current study will certainly be a major contribution to understand the response of avifauna to restored landscapes.

Conservation significance

Prior to the official notification of Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary in 1985, this area went through several transitions. In 1970s, people of nearby villages and volunteers from cities took up the task of revitalizing this ravaged land. Several trees were planted, and as they grew birds and animals began to settle in Sagareshwar. Their number gradually increased within a few years. Sagareshwar is an example which shows that an ecologically degraded area, can be restored to its full potential if protected and managed properly.

There are several small pockets of wilderness across the length and breadth of the country, which are degraded for one reason or another. Suitable protection and management will certainly improve such zones as can be seen from the development of Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary.

A further study is required to understand species turnover and assemblage with changes in the habitats. This could be an ideal ecosystem to study the avifauna with respect to changes in the habitat over the period of time.

Appendix 1. Checklist of the birds of Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Sangli District, Maharashtra, India

	Species name	Scientific name	Status	Occurrence	Habitat	Red List Status	Endemic status
1	Little Grebe	Tachybaptus ruficollis	Local migrant	Common	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
2	Little Cormorant	Phalacrocorax niger	Local migrant	Occasional	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
3	Indian Pond-Heron	Ardeola grayii	Local migrant	Occasional	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
4	Little Egret	Egretta garzetta	Local migrant	Occasional	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
5	Woolly-necked Stork	Ciconia episcopus	Not defined	Occasional	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
6	Indian Spot-billed Duck	Anas poecilorhyncha	Local migrant	Common	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
7	Black-shouldered Kite	Elanus caeruleus	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
8	Shikra	Accipiter badius	Resident	Occasional	Campus	Least Concern
9	White-eyed Buzzard	Butastur teesa	Not defined	Occasional	Not defined	Least Concern
10	Pallid Harrier	Circus macrourus	Winter Migrant	Occasional	Grassland	Near Threatened
11	Short-toed Eagle	Circaetus gallicus	Resident	Common	Grassland and hills	Least Concern
12	Peregrine Falcon	Falco peregrinus	Not defined	Single Record	Not defined	Least Concern
13	Eurasian Kestrel	Falco tinnunculus	Winter Migrant	Common	Rocky hills	Least Concern
14	Painted Francolin	Francolinus pictus	Breeding Migrant	Common	Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
15	Grey Francolin	Francolinus pondicerianus	Resident	Common	Grassland	Least Concern
16	Rain Quail	Coturnix coromandelica	Breeding Migrant	Common	Grassland	Least Concern
17	Jungle Bush-Quail	Perdicula asiatica	Resident	Common	Grassland	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
18	Indian Peafowl	Pavo cristatus	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
19	Barred Buttonquail	Turnix suscitator	Resident	Occasional	Not defined	Least Concern
20	White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus	Local migrant	Common	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
21	Eurasian Moorhen	Gallinula chloropus	Local migrant	Common	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
22	Eurasian Coot	Fulica atra	Winter Migrant	Occasional	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
23	Red-wattled Lapwing	Vanellus indicus	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
24	Yellow-wattled Lapwing	Vanellus malabaricus	Resident	Occasional	Grassland	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
25	Green Sandpiper	Tringa ochropus	Winter Migrant	Occasional	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
26	Common Sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos	Winter Migrant	Occasional	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
27	Black-winged Stilt	Himantopus himantopus	Winter Migrant	Occasional	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
28	Indian Thick-knee	Burhinus indicus	Not defined	Occasional	Grassland	Least Concern
29	River Tern	Sterna aurantia	Local migrant	Occasional	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
30	Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse	Pterocles exustus	Not defined	Single Record	Grassland	Least Concern
31	Rock Pigeon	Columba livia	Local migrant	Occasional	Campus	Least Concern
32	Eurasian Collared-Dove	Streptopelia decaocto	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
33	Red Collared-Dove	Streptopelia tranquebarica	Resident	Uncommon	Grassland and Scrub	Least Concern
34	Laughing Dove	Streptopelia senegalensis	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
35	Rose-ringed Parakeet	Psittacula krameri	Local migrant	Occasional	Not defined	Least Concern
36	Plum-headed Parakeet	Psittacula cyanocephala	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
37	Vernal Hanging-Parrot	Loriculus vernalis	Not defined	Occasional	Scrub	Least Concern
38	Pied Cuckoo	Clamator jacobinus	Breeding Migrant	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
39	Common Hawk-Cuckoo	Hierococcyx varius	Breeding Migrant	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
40	Grey-bellied Cuckoo	Cacomantis passerinus	Breeding Migrant	Common	All habitats	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
41	Asian Koel	Eudynamys scolopaceus	Local migrant	Occasional	Campus	Least Concern
42	Sirkeer Malkoha	Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii	Resident	Occasional	Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
43	Greater Coucal	Centropus sinensis	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
44	Rock Eagle-Owl	Bubo bengalensis	Resident	Common	Valleys	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
45	Spotted Owlet	Athene brama	Resident	Common	Campus, tempel and other old buildings	Least Concern
46	Mottled Wood-Owl	Strix ocellata	Resident	Occasional	Not defined	Least Concern	Indian Endemic
47	Jungle Nightjar	Caprimulgus indicus	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
48	Indian Nightjar	Caprimulgus asiaticus	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
49	Savanna Nightjar	Caprimulgus affinis	Breeding Migrant	Common	Grassland and Scrub	Least Concern
50	Little Swift	Apus affinis	Resident	Common	Campus, hills	Least Concern
51	Common Kingfisher	Alcedo atthis	Local migrant	Occasional	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
52	White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
53	Green Bee-eater	Merops orientalis	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
54	European Roller	Coracias garrulus	Not defined	Single Record	Not defined	Least Concern
55	Indain Roller	Coracias benghalensis	Local migrant	Common	Grassland and Scrub	Least Concern
56	Eurasian Hoopoe	Upupa epops	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
57	Indian Grey Hornbill	Ocyceros birostris	Resident	Common	Campus	Least Concern
58	Coppersmith Barbet	Psilopogon haemacephalus	Resident	Common	Campus	Least Concern
59	Eurasian Wryneck	Jynx torquilla	Winter Migrant	Occasional	Scrub	Least Concern
60	Yellow-crowned Woodpecker	Dendrocopos mahrattensis	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
61	Singing Bushlark	Mirafra cantillans	Resident	Common	Grassland	Least Concern
62	Indian Bushlark	Mirafra erythroptera	Resident	Common	Grassland	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
63	Ashy-crowned Sparrow-Lark	Eremopterix griseus	Resident	Occasional	Grassland	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
64	Rufous-tailed Lark	Ammomanes phoenicura	Resident	Common	Grassland	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
65	Sykes's Lark	Galerida deva	Resident	Occasional	Grassland	Least Concern	Indian Endemic
66	Eurasian Crag-Martin	Ptyonoprogne rupestris	Winter Migrant	Common	Rocky cliffs	Least Concern
67	Dusky Crag-Martin	Ptyonoprogne concolor	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
68	Wire-tailed Swallow	Hirundo smithii	Not defined	Occasional	Not defined	Least Concern
69	Red-rumped Swallow	Cecropis daurica	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
70	Tree Pipit	Anthus trivialis	Winter Migrant	Common	Grassland	Least Concern
71	Oriental Pipit	Anthus rufulus	Resident	Common	Grassland	Least Concern
72	Tawny Pipit	Anthus campestris	Winter Migrant	Common	Grassland	Least Concern
73	Grey Wagtail	Motacilla cinerea	Winter Migrant	Occasional	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
74	White-browed Wagtail	Motacilla madaraspatensis	Resident	Occasional	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
75	Common Woodshrike	Tephrodornis pondicerianus	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
76	Black-headed Cuckooshrike	Lalage melanoptera	Breeding Migrant	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
77	Small Minivet	Pericrocotus cinnamomeus	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
78	Red-vented Bulbul	Pycnonotus cafer	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
79	White-browed Bulbul	Pycnonotus luteolus	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
80	Square-tailed Bulbul	Hypsipetes ganeesa	Not defined	Occasional	Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
81	Common Iora	Aegithina tiphia	Resident	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern
82	Southern Grey Shrike	Lanius meridionalis	Not defined	Single Record	Scrub	Least Concern
83	Bay-backed Shrike	Lanius vittatus	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
84	Isabelline Shrike	Lanius isabellinus	Winter Migrant	Occasional	Grassland	Least Concern
85	Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
86	Oriental Magpie-Robin	Copsychus saularis	Resident	Common	Campus and Temple	Least Concern
87	Black Redstart	Phoenicurus ochruros	Winter Migrant	Common	Campus	Least Concern
88	Common Stonechat	Saxicola maurus	Winter Migrant	Common	Grassland	Least Concern
89	Pied Bushchat	Saxicola caprata	Resident	Common	Grassland	Least Concern
90	Indian Robin	Copsychus fulicatus	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
91	Blue Rock-Thrush	Monticola solitarius	Winter Migrant	Occasional	Rocky hills	Least Concern
92	Indian Blackbird	Turdus simillimus	Breeding Migrant	Common	Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
93	Yellow-eyed Babbler	Chrysomma sinense	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
94	Common Babbler	Turdoides caudata	Resident	Common	Grassland	Least Concern
95	Large Grey Babbler	Turdoides malcolmi	Resident	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
96	Jungle Babbler	Turdoides striata	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
97	Taiga Flycatcher	Ficedula albicilla	Winter Migrant	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern
98	Tickell's Blue-Flycatcher	Cyornis tickelliae	Resident	Common	Thickly wooded areas	Least Concern
99	Spot-breasted Fantail	Rhipidura albogularis	Resident	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern	Indian Endemic
100	Asian Paradise-Flycatcher	Terpsiphone paradise	Not defined	Occasional	Not defined	Least Concern
101	Zitting Cisticola	Cisticola juncidis	Resident	Common	Scrub and Grassland	Least Concern
102	Grey-breasted Prinia	Prinia hodgsonii	Resident	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern
103	Plain Prinia	Prinia inornata	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
104	Ashy Prinia	Prinia socialis	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
105	Jungle Prinia	Prinia sylvatica	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
106	Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius	Resident	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern
107	Clamorous Reed-Warbler	Acrocephalus stentoreus	Winter Migrant	Common	Seasonal wetlands & Kumbhargao Talav	Least Concern
108	Blyth's Reed-Warbler	Acrocephalus dumetorum	Winter Migrant	Occasional	scrub	Least Concern
109	Lesser Whitethroat	Sylvia curruca	Winter Migrant	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
110	Common Chiffchaff	Phylloscopus collybita	Winter Migrant	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
111	Greenish Warbler	Phylloscopus trochiloides	Winter Migrant	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern
112	Cinereous Tit	Parus cinereus	Resident	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern
113	Thick-billed Flowerpecker	Dicaeum agile	Local migrant	Occasional	Scrub	Least Concern
114	Pale-billed Flowerpecker	Dicaeum erythrorhynchos	Local migrant	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
115	Purple-rumped Sunbird	Leptocoma zeylonica	Resident	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
116	Purple Sunbird	Cinnyris asiaticus	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
117	Oriental White-eye	Zosterops palpebrosus	Resident	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern
118	Black-headed Bunting	Emberiza melanocephala	Winter Migrant	Occasional	Not defined	Least Concern
119	Grey-hooded Bunting	Emberiza buchanani	Winter Migrant	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
120	Striolated Bunting	Emberiza striolata	Not defined	Single Record	Not defined	Least Concern
121	Crested Bunting	Melophus lathami	Resident	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
122	Indian Silverbill	Euodice malabarica	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
123	Scaly-breasted Munia	Lonchura punctulata	Resident	Common	All habitats	Least Concern
124	House Sparrow	Passer domesticus	Resident	Common	Campus	Least Concern
125	Chestnut-shouldered Petronia	Petronia xanthocollis	Not defined	Occasional	Not defined	Least Concern
126	Baya Weaver	Ploceus philippinus	Breeding Migrant	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
127	Chestnut-tailed Starling	Sturnia malabarica	Local migrant	Occasional	Scrub	Least Concern
128	Malabar Starling	Sturnia blythii	Not defined	Single Record	Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
129	Brahminy Starling	Temenuchus pagodarum	Resident	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
130	Rosy Starling	Pastor roseus	Winter Migrant	Occasional	Scrub	Least Concern
131	Common Myna	Acridotheres tristis	Resident	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern
132	Jungle Myna	Acridotheres fuscus	Resident	Common	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern
133	Indian Golden Oriole	Oriolus kundoo	Local migrant	Occasional	Campus and Scrub	Least Concern
134	Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus	Local migrant	Common	Scrub	Least Concern
135	Ashy Drongo	Dicrurus leucophaeus	Winter Migrant	Occasional	Scrub	Least Concern
136	House Crow	Corvus splendens	Local migrant	Occasional	campus, temples	Least Concern
137	Indian Jungle Crow	Corvus macrorhynchos	Resident	Occasional	Campus, temples	Least Concern	South Asia Endemic
138	Rufous Treepie	Dendrocitta vagabunda	Not defined	Single Record	Not defined	Least Concern

Common: Species observed repeatedly in suitable habitat; Uncommon: Species occurs on a regular basis, but not frequently in suitable habitat; Occasional: Species that were recorded occasionally in suitable habitat; Single record: Species reported only once

References

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BirdLife International (2014). The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world: Version 7. Downloaded from https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/BirdLife_Checklist_Version_70.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB]

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Mohite D.M. (1996). Katha Sagareshwar Abhayaranyachi (Story of Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary). Indrayani Sahitya, Pune, 150pp.
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Rahmani, A.R. (2012). Threatened birds of India: Their Conservation Requirements. Oxford University Press, 864pp.

Tuljapurkar, V.B. (1992). Sagareshwar-A Success Story. Sanctuary Asia 12(1): 40–49.

Twedt, D.J., W.B. Uihlein & A.B. Elliott (2006). A spatially explicit decision support model for restoration of forest bird habitat. Conservation Biology 20: 100–110.