Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2018 | 10(11):
12489–12498
The herpetofauna of Jigme Singye
Wangchuck National Park in central Bhutan: status,
distribution and new records
Sangay Tshewang 1 & Letro Letro 2
1,2 Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Department of Forests and Park
Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, P.O. Box 1345, Tshangkha, Bhutan
2 Landscape Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of
Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
1 sanggaaytshewaang@gmail.com, 2 fr.lethro81@gmail.com
(corresponding author)
Abstract: A checklist of herpetofauna
in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park in central Bhutan based on field
surveys and photographic records is presented.
Twelve families, 30 genera, and 42 species of herpetofauna
were recorded; 33 species from 24 genera and eight families were reptiles and
nine species belonging to six genera and four families were amphibians. Two ophidians, Bungarus
caerulus and B. lividus,
and one anuran, Amolops formosus,
are new records for Bhutan. The compiled
record also includes three threatened species.
We recommend enhanced monitoring and herpetofauna-oriented
conservation and research for Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park.
Keywords: Amphibians, Bhutan, herpetofauna,
lizards, protected area, reptiles, snakes, turtles.
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3849.10.11.12489-12498 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2513C23F-BDD6-4E7F-AE4B-3D5846B38AB7
Editor: Gernot Vogel, Heidelberg,
Germany. Date of publication: 26
October 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # 3849 |
Received 14 October 2017 | Final received 06 September 2018 | Finally accepted
10 September 2018
Citation: Tshewang, S. & L. Letro (2018). The herpetofauna of Jigme Singye Wangchuck
National Park in central Bhutan: status, distribution and new records. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 10(11): 12489–12498; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3849.10.11.12489-12498
Copyright: © Tshewang & Letro
2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution
by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) and WWF UK.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author Details: Sangay Tshewang serves as Park Ranger of Adha Deputy Park Park Range Office under Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park
and is also the park focal for SMART patrolling. He is an active field biologists with deep taxonomical knowledge in flora and
fauna. Limited experts in the herpetological field in Bhutan made Tshewang put special interests in herpetofauna. Letro Letro serves as a Forestry Officer at Jigme Singye Wangchuck
National Park and coordinates various conservation research
works in the park. Currently he is a graduate student at the University of
Greifswald, studying Landscape Ecology and Nature Conservation. His research
focuses on landscape approach conservation of wildlife.
Author Contribution: ST organized the field survey works, collected the data, identified the
species, and drafted the paper. LL
conceptualized the research work, analysed the data,
and wrote the paper.
Acknowledgements:
The study was executed as a part of WWF UK funded
project “Intensive priority Conservation through Community participation for
maintaining viable Biodiversity and Ecological Connectivity in B2C2 landscape”,
therefore we would like to thank WWF UK for funding the work and WWF Bhutan for
their continued financial and technical support. We thank Mr. Pankey Dukpa, Chief of Jigme Singye Wangchuck
National Park for entrusting in us with the opportunity to carry out this
research. We appreciate the valuable field assistance rendered by Mr. Pema Thinley, Mr. Wangchuk Dorji, Mr. Phuntshok, Mr. Namgay Dorji, Mr. Cheku, Mr, Ratan Giri,
Mr. Yeshi Wagndi, Mr. Kado Rinchen, and other field
staffs of Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park. We are also grateful to Mr. Jigme T. Wangyal of JKSNR and Dr.
Dhan Bdr. Gurung of CNR for helping us in identifying the unknown
species. We are also thankful to the anonymous reviewers and the editor of the
manuscript for providing valuable comments, because of which we could produce
this final version. Lastly, we also like to extend our appreciation to
villagers under Jigme Singye
Wangchuck National Park, who have rendered necessary
support during the study.
Introduction
Humans frequently depend on diverse sources for essentials such as food,
refuge, medicine, combustibles, and industrial products (Dirzo
& Raven 2003). Amphibians and
reptiles are an essential component of the earth’s biodiversity (Urbina-Cardona 2008) and play a key role in most
ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic, as prey and predators (Schneider et
al. 2001). Herpetofauna
are excellent ecological indicators owing to their high sensitivity to
environmental change (Roy 2002), and are also among the most threatened taxa (Böhm et al. 2013) with more than 30% of amphibians and 19%
of reptile species listed under threatened categories in the IUCN Red List
(Stuart 2004; Böhm et al. 2013). While many taxa are still data deficient,
known amphibian and reptile species are reported to be declining on a global
scale due to factors such as deforestation, draining of wetlands, and pollution
from agricultural runoff (Alford & Richards 1999;
Gibbon et al. 2000; Kiesecker et al. 2001; Becker et al. 2007).
Bhutan’s biodiversity database is strong for vertebrates like mammals
and birds, but herpetofauna is less well studied (Wangyal 2013). A
recent review by Wangyal (2014) recorded 183 species
of reptiles and amphibians; 84 species of snakes, 23
species of lizards, 20 species of tortoises and turtles, and 56 species of
frogs. Currently, none of these are
listed under Schedule I of the Forests and Nature Conservation Act (FNCA) 1995
(RGoB 1995), and without any specific conservation
plan, these diverse species are likely to face considerable threats from
habitat destruction and degradation (Wangyal
2014). Most existing records are based
on opportunistic encounters by enthusiasts (Wangyal
2012), and for protected areas the limited reports describe the herpetofauna of Royal Manas
National Park (RMNP) (Das et al. 2016), the diversity and distribution of
snakes in Jigme Dorji
National Park (JDNP) (Koirala et al.
2016), and snakes and lizards from Bumdeling Wildlife
Sanctuary (BWS) (Wangyal & Tenzin 2009). Two decades after its gazettement
in 1995 (JSWNP 2014), Jigme Singye
Wangchuck National Park (JSWNP) still does not have a
checklist of its herpetofauna. In this paper, we provide the first checklist
of reptiles and amphibians from the biologically diverse JSWNP, thereby filling
the information gap and establishing baseline information for future
conservation measures.
Material & methods
Study Area
The study was conducted in JSWNP, located in the central part of Bhutan
(27.022–27.488 0N & 90.069– 90.693 0E; Figs. 1 &
2). With an area of 1,730km2,
JSWNP is the third largest protected area in Bhutan, spread across 10 ‘gewogs’ (sub-district administrative blocks) in five
districts (JSWNP 2014). For effective
conservation and sustainable management of resources, the park is divided into
four park ranges: Langthel park range, Nabji park range, Taksha park
range, and Tingtibi park range. JSWNP connects with JDNP and Wangchuck Centennial National Park (WCNP) in the north and
with RMNP and Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary (PWS) in the
south through biological corridors.
Thus, JSWNP forms a vital link between the northern and southern
protected areas network of Bhutan. JSWNP
has a diverse habitat representation from sub-tropical forests at 464m to
alpine scrubs with the centrally located Black Moutain
(Jowo Durshing) going up as
high as 4925m. This wide altitudinal
variation has bestowed the park with six major forest types: (i) subtropical forests, (ii) chirpine
forests, (iii) warm temperate broadleaf forest, (iv) cool
temperate broadleaf forests, (v) subalpine conifer forests, and (vi) alpine
meadows (JSWNP 2014). The national park
has a good biodiversity database (Letro 2015) with a
recording of 39 mammal species including the endangered tiger and Red Panda,
218 birds including the critically endangered White-bellied Heron, and 139 butterflies. These diverse ecological habitats, together
with well-drained catchments and wetlands, prominent geophysical features, and
agricultural farmlands, provide varied habitats for diverse herpetofauna.
Methods
The survey was conducted in all park range
jurisdictions from May 2016 to June 2017.
Searches were intensified in spring and summer months when reptiles and
amphibians are most active. Data for
reptiles were collected by randomly walking along opportunistic footpaths and
trails between 9:00am and 3.30pm employing visual encounter surveys (Campbell
& Christman 1982). For amphibians, the potential wetland habitats
like marshes, ponds, streams, and riversides (Becker et al.
2007) were scanned by employing visual encounter searches between 7:00pm and
8:00pm. These areas were searched
for all morphological stages of herpetofauna. Additional survey techniques to optimize
detection success included night spot-light search,
aural identification of species calls, recording road kills, and species killed
by villagers. No voucher samples were
collected during the survey, but all the species encountered were identified
either in the field or were photographed for identification and released back
to their natural habitat. For every
individual encountered, details such as species name, number of individuals,
sex, and habitat inhabited were recorded along with the GPS coordinates. Garmin eTrex 30 was
used to record geographic coordinates of the sites. The field guides on reptiles and amphibians
by authors Purkayastha (2013) ,
Ahmed et al. (2009), and Daniel (2002)
were referred for species identification in the field.
Results
A total of 42 species were recorded from the national park, belonging to
30 genera and 12 families. Of these, 32
species belonging to 24 genera and eight families were reptiles and nine
species from six genera and four families were amphibians.
Snakes
We observed 24 species of snakes from 18 genera belonging to four
families (Table 1;
Images 1–23). The family Colubridae was the most diverse with 16 species belonging
to 12 genera, whereas Pythonidae appeared to be the
least diverse with only one species. In
terms of relative abundance based on individuals sighted, Colubridae
was the most abundant, accounting for 75% (n=56) of all snakes, followed by Elapidae with 18%.
Individual counts were least for Pythonidae
and Viperidae, at 3% each (Fig. 3). Among species, the Green Rat Snake Ptyas nigromarginata
has the highest observation record with 10 sightings. Two ophidians, Bungarus
caerulus and Bungarus
lividus, are new records for Bhutan, and Python
bivittatus was recorded at an elevation of 1350m,
a new highest elevation record for the species.
Lizards
We recorded eight species of lizards belonging to three families (Table
2; Images 24–31). The family Scincidae was the most diverse with three species and two
genera. In the families Gekkonidae and Agamidae, we
recorded two species each. Based on the
individual numbers, the family Scincidae was the most
abundant accounting for 52% (n=59) of the total individual lizards sighted,
followed by Agamidae with 32% and Gekkonidae
with 15% (Fig. 2).
Himalayan Litter Skink Sphenomorphus
indicus and Common Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor were the
most sighted species with 23 and 15 sightings, respectively. We also recorded a lone turtle species, Cuora mouhotii belonging
to Geometridae family (Image 32), which is listed as
endangered in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Anurans
We recorded a total of nine frog species belonging to six genera and
four families (Table 3; Images 33–40).
Of these, Rhacophoridae was the most diverse
with three species, followed by Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, and Ranidae with
two species each. Maximum count of
individuals was recorded for the family Dicroglosidae
accounting for 60% (n=336), followed by Rhacophoridae
with 18%, Bufonidae with 14%, and least for family Ranidae with only 7% (Fig. 3). One species of anuran, Amolops
formosus, is a new record for Bhutan.
Table 1. Checklist of snake species
found in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park
|
Family |
Species |
Locality |
IUCN status |
1 |
Colubridae |
Ahaetulla prasina (Boie, 1827) |
Tingtibi |
LC |
2 |
Herpetoreas platyceps (Blyth, 1854) |
Taksha, Tingtibi |
DD |
|
3 |
Boiga multifaciata (Blyth, 1861) |
Langthel, Taksha |
DD |
|
4 |
Boiga ochracea (Günther, 1868) |
Langthel, Taksha |
LC |
|
5 |
Coelognathus radiatus (Boie, 1827) |
Langthel, Taksha |
LC |
|
6 |
Dendrelaphis cyanochloris (Wall, 1921) |
Nabji |
LC |
|
7 |
Lycodon aulicus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Langthel, Taksha |
LC |
|
8 |
Lycodon septentrionalis (Günther, 1875) |
Langthel |
NE |
|
9 |
Oligodon taeniolatus (Jerdon, 1853) |
Langthel, Taksha
|
LC |
|
10 |
Orthriophis cantoris (Cantor, 1839) |
Nabji, Taksha |
NE |
|
11 |
Orthriophis taeniurus (Anderson, 1879) |
Nabji, Tingtibi |
NE |
|
12 |
Pseudoxenodon macrops (Blyth, 1855) |
Nabji |
LC |
|
13 |
Ptyas korros (Schlegel, 1837) |
Taksha |
NE |
|
14 |
Ptyas nigromarginata (Blyth, 1854) |
Langthel, Nabji,
Taksha, Tingtibi |
NE |
|
15 |
Rhabdophis himalayanus (Günther, 1864) |
Nabji, Tingtibi
|
NE |
|
16 |
Sibynophis collaris (Gray, 1853) |
Langthel, Taksha |
LC |
|
17 |
Elapidae |
Naja kaouthia (Lesson, 1831) |
Langthel, Nabji,
Taksha, Tingtibi |
LC |
18 |
Bungarus caeruleus (Schneider, 1801) |
Tingtibi |
NE |
|
19 |
Bungarus lividus (Cantor, 1839) |
Langthel |
NE |
|
20 |
Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) |
Tingtibi |
VU |
|
21 |
Sinomicrurus macclellandi (Reinhardt, 1844) |
Tingtibi |
NE |
|
22 |
Pythonidae |
Python bivittatus (Kuhl, 1820) |
Taksha |
VU |
23 |
Viperidae |
Ovophis monticola (Günther, 1864) |
Tingtibi |
LC |
24 |
Protobothrops himalayanus Pan et al. 2013 |
Langthel |
NE |
|
NA: Not Available, NE: Not Evaluated, DD: Data Deficit, LC:
Least Concern, VU: Vulnerable, EN: Endangered |
Table 2. Checklist of lizards and tortoises found in Jigme Singye Wangchuck
National Park
|
Family |
Species |
Locality |
IUCN status |
|
1 |
Agamidae |
Calotes versicolor (Daudin,
1802) |
Langthel, Taksha, Tingtibi |
NE |
|
2 |
Calotes jerdoni (Guenther, 1870) |
Langthel |
NE |
|
|
3 |
Japalura variegata (Gray, 1853) |
Langthel, Nabji, Taksha |
NA |
|
|
4 |
Gekkonidae |
Hemidactylus brookii (Gray, 1845) |
Langthel, Taksha |
NE |
|
5 |
Hemidactylus platyurus (Schneider, 1792) |
Langthel, Taksha, Tingtibi |
NE |
|
|
6 |
Scincidae |
Asymblepharus sikimmensis (Blyth, 1854) |
Langthel |
NE |
|
7 |
Sphenomorphus indicus (Gray, 1853) |
Langthel, Nabji, Taksha, Tingtibi |
NE |
|
|
8 |
Sphenomorphus maculatus (Blyth, 1853) |
Langthel, Taksha, |
NE |
|
|
9 |
Geoemydidae |
Cuora mouhotii (Gray, 1862) |
Tingtibi |
EN |
|
NA - Not Available, NE - Not Evaluated,
DD - Data Deficient, LC - Least Concern, VU - Vulnerable, EN - Endangered |
Table 3. The diversity of anurans in Jigme Singye Wangchuck
National Park
|
Family |
Species |
Locality |
IUCN status |
|
1 |
Ranidae |
Amolops marmoratus (Blyth, 1855) |
Langthel, Nabji, Taksha, Tingtibi |
LC |
|
2 |
Amolops formosus (Günther,
1876) |
Langthel |
LC |
|
|
3 |
Bufonidae |
Duttaphrynus himalayanus (Günther,
1864) |
Taksha |
LC |
|
4 |
Duttaphrynus melanostictus
(Schneider,
1799) |
Taksha |
LC |
|
|
5 |
Dicroglossidae |
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
(Schneider,
1799) |
Nabji, Taksha |
LC |
|
6 |
Nanorana liebigii (Günther,
1860) |
Taksha |
NA |
|
|
7 |
Rhacophoridae |
Polypedates himalayanus (Annandale, 1912) |
Nabji, Taksha |
NE |
|
8 |
Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois, 1987)
|
Langthel, Nabji |
LC |
|
|
9 |
Rhacophorus maximus (Günther,
1858) |
Taksha, Tingtibi |
LC |
|
|
NA - Not Available, NE - Not Evaluated,
DD - Data Deficient, LC - Least Concern, VU - Vulnerable, EN - Endangered |
Discussion
Our results show JSWNP as a rich repository of reptiles and
amphibians. With 42 species recorded,
this diversity in JSWNP accounts for 23% (n=183) of the total species recorded
from Bhutan. This can be attributed to
the great elevation gradient and various habitat types of the park. The species were observed in diverse habitats
such as along footpaths and agricultural fields, by streams and rivers, near
villages, and in various forests types, indicating that holistic habitat
management is vital for the conservation of herpetofauna.
Of the 42 species of herpetofauna recorded in
JSWNP, at least three species are new records for Bhutan, namely Bungarus caeruleus,
Bungarus lividus, and
the anuran Amolops formosus. Bungarus caeruleus, which was earlier
listed as an expected species in the country (Wangyal
2014), is now in the confirmed list with our first record from Tingtibi Park Range.
Bungarus lividus
was recorded during our survey at Adha under Taksha Range in May 2016, and later also observed in Langthel Range in 2017.
Bungarus lividus
differs from all other kraits like Bungarus
niger and Bungarus caeruleus
in having normal-sized or only slightly enlarged mid-dorsal scales (arrows mark
scales of the mid-dorsal row) (Kuch et al.
2011). Amolops
formosus was also listed by Wangyal
(2014) as an expected species, which we have recorded for the first time from Peka Chhu at an elevation of
1,350m, in the Taksha Park Range.
Two species of snakes and the lone turtle species are also found to be
in the threatened category of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Burmese Python Python
bivittatus, categorized as Vulnerable was reported from the tropical regions
of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, China, and southeast China (Stuart et al.
2012). In Bhutan, it
was first reported by Ahmed, Das & Dutta (2009)
from an unspecified location but later its presence was reconfirmed when
it was observed at Gortey and Kanamakura
(245m) in Royal Manas National Park (Wangyal 2012), which has tropical climatic conditions. Unexpectedly, we recorded this threatened
giant reptile at an altitude of 1,350m at Adha under Taksha Range during the recent survey, thus setting a new
elevation record. The highest elevation
at which the species was recorded was 1200m by Orlov,
Murphy & Papenfuss (2000) in a bamboo forest of
the Tam-Dao Mountain Range of Vietnam.
Other higher records were without proper validation (Cota
2010). The King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah
is another threatened snake species recorded in JSWNP. Listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List, it
is widely distributed in southern Asia (Stuart et al. 2012) with few sightings
from Bhutan. Its presence was reported
from Royal Manas National Park, Sarpang
Dzongkhag, and Tashi Yangtse Dzongkhag (Wangyal & Tenzin 2009).
In JSWNP, we observed one individual (SVL 120cm, TL 20cm) by the side of
Berti Chhu in the Tingtibi Park Range, adding a new distribution record for
the species in Bhutan. The Keeled
Box Turtle Cuora mouhotii
is the lone turtle species that we recorded in JSWNP and it too falls under
the threatened category of the IUCN Red List.
Found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats, the Keeled Box Turtle is
native to China, India, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, and Vietnam,
and is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Asian
Turtle Trade Working Group 2000). In
Bhutan, its presence was first reported by Wangyal et
al. (2012) at
an elevation of 370m in Zhemgang District.
Some species could not be identified while some were identified at the
genus level, and these will be added to the checklist after proper identification. While the national park has many intact
habitats, the coming up of numerous developmental activities like hydropower
construction, road construction, installation of high tension electric lines,
and the use of fertilizers and pesticides by the park residents are likely to
threaten the habitats of herpetofauna. Cross-sectoral
consultation is necessary to safeguard prime habitats of herpetofauna
and further studies with sample collection are vital to confirm the species
that could not be identified from the photographs and field notes. The areas that were not covered during the
present study should be explored as well.
Besides that, it is also vital to educate the communities within the
park regarding the implications of herpetofauna
conservation, so that members of herpetofauna do not
fall victim to killing by humans out of fear.
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