Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6):
11800–11805
Inventory of teloganodid mayflies (Ephemeroptera:
Teloganodidae) from southern India with records of
endemic taxa
C. Selvakumar
1, K.G. Sivaramakrishnan 2, T. Kubendran 3 & Kailash Chandra
4
1 Department of Zoology, The Madura College
(Autonomous), Vidhya Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625011,
India
2 Flat 3, Gokulam
Apartments, No. 7, Gokulam Colony, West Mambalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600033, India
3 High Altitude Regional Centre, Zoological
Survey of India, Saproon, Solan,
Himachal Pradesh 173211, India
4 Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan,
M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700053,
India
1 selvaaa06@gmail.com, 2 kgskrishnan@gmail.com, 3 tkbaetis@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 4 kailash611@rediffmail.com
Abstract: The present study deals with diagnostic
characters, diversity, distribution and status of seven species belonging to
four genera of Teloganodidae from southern
India. Six of them are endemic to
the Western Ghats as is the genus Indoganodes
Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan
& Jacobus, 2014 and one is endemic to the Eastern
Ghats. Due to this high percentage
of endemism, conservation of habitats and microhabitats harbouring this ancient
gondwanan lineage gains priority. A larval key to the known genera and
species of Teloganodidae of southern India is also
provided. The present pattern of
distribution of the family Teloganodidae is confined
to southern Africa, Madagascar, southern India and Southeast Asia.
Keywords: Eastern Ghats, endemic taxa,
identification, larval key, Western Ghats.
doi: http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3834.10.6.11800-11805 | ZooBank:
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A10E3A58-12FB-4ABE-90E8-5C1965EF974B
Editor: Anonymity
requested. Date of publication: 26
May 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms
# 3834 | Received 06 October 2017 | Final received 27 April 2018 | Finally
accepted 02 May 2018
Citation: Selvakumar, C., K.G. Sivaramakrishnan, T. Kubendran
& K. Chandra (2018). Inventory of
teloganodid mayflies (Ephemeroptera:
Teloganodidae) from southern India with records of
endemic taxa. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(6): 11800–11805; http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3834.10.6.11800-11805
Copyright: © Selvakumar et al. 2018.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any
medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the
authors and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: Authors are grateful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata for the facilities and encouragement. First author thanks the Head, Department
of Zoology, and Principal, The Madura College (Autonomous), Madurai for the
facilities and support. Third author thanks Dr. Avtar Kaur Sidhu,
Officer-in-Charge, High Altitude Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Solan, Himachal Pradesh for the
support and encouragement.
Mayfly
fauna of India, a country endowed with two mega diversity hotspots, appears to
be an assemblage of ancient Gondwanan derivatives,
with a high percentage of endemism, a few Laurasian spillovers, along with some younger faunal elements that
might have diversified in several spells at different periods in geological
history by vicariant and dispersal events, through
Òout of India and towards IndiaÓ exchanges between the Indian subcontinent on
the one hand and Afrotropics including Madagascar,
Oriental Southeast Asia and Palearctic North on the other (Sivaramakrishnan
2016). Teloganodidae
is an ancient group of mayflies of Gondwanan origin
that currently are known from throughout the Oriental region and from the
southern tip of Africa (McCafferty & Wang 2000; Jacobus & McCafferty 2006) as
well as from Madagascar (Oliarinony et al. 2016).
Allen
(1965) established the subfamily Teloganodinae within
the Ephemerellidae. Teloganodinae was raised to family status by McCafferty
& Wang (1997), and the composition of the family was refined by McCafferty & Wang (2000). Significant phylogenetic and
biogeographic studies of teloganodid, and ephemerelloid mayflies in general, that have contributed to
our current understanding of teloganodid systematics
include works by McCafferty & Wang (1997, 2000), McCafferty & Benstead (2002),
Jacobus & McCafferty
(2006); these works have incorporated various cladistic
analyses of both Afrotropical and Oriental Teloganodidae.
The
recent landmark monograph on Oriental Teloganodidae
by Sartori et al. (2008) distinguishes the Oriental
lineages of Teloganodidae known at the time from the Afrotropical lineages and contributes to understanding
patterns of distribution of the Oriental genera and species. The family currently includes the Afrotropical genera Ephemerellina
Lestage, 1924, Lestagella
Demoulin, 1970, Lithoglea
Barnard, 1932, Manohyphella Allen, 1973 and Nadinetella McCafferty
& Wang, 1998, and the Oriental genera Derlethina
Sartori, 2008, Dudgeodes
Sartori, 2008 and Teloganodes
Eaton, 1882 (Sartori et al. 2008). Recently, two new genera, viz., Indoganodes Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus,
2014 and Janohyphella Selvakumar,
Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus,
2014, were established from southern India by Selvakumar
et al. (2014), one of these genera, Janohyphella
was later on synonymised with Teloganella
Ulmer, 1939 by Kluge et al. (2015).
Presently, seven species belonging to four genera are reported from
southern India and none from northern India (Sivaramakrishnan
2016). The present study deals with
documentation, diversity and status of Teloganodidae
of southern India.
Material and
Methods
All
materials were collected from the streams and rivers of the Western and Eastern
Ghats region of India. Collecting
was conducted with an aquatic D-net.
In streams, the substrate was kick-sampled, allowing the current to
carry organic debris, including insects, into the net. Waterfalls were sampled by scouring the
rock surfaces by hand, allowing the current to carry insects into the net. Along stream margins and in ponds,
vegetation was swept with the D-net.
Collected specimens were preserved in 85% ethyl alcohol. Temporary mounts of some specimens were
made on slides to enable detailed microscopic observations. Photographs were taken using a Leica
M205A microscope. Materials were identified using published taxonomic
literature and type specimens in the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Southern
Regional Centre, Chennai.
Results
Systematic account
All
genera and species are presented alphabetically for convenience. This order should in no way be regarded
indicating phylogeny.
Order:
Ephemeroptera
Superfamily:
Ephemerelloidea
Family:
Teloganodidae Allen, 1965
Genus: Derlethina Sartori,
2008
Derlethina tamiraparaniae
Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan
& Jacobus, 2014
Genus: Dudgeodes Sartori,
2008
Dudgeodes bharathidasani Anbalagan, 2015
Dudgeodes palnius Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan
& Jacobus, 2014
Genus: Indoganodes Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus,
2014
Indoganodes jobini
Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan
& Jacobus, 2014
Genus: Teloganodes Eaton, 1882
Teloganodes dentatus Nav‡s, 1931
Teloganodes kodai Sartori, 2008
Teloganodes sartorii
Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan
& Jacobus, 2014
I. Derlethina
Sartori, 2008
Type
species: Derlethina eloisae
Sartori, 2008
Diagnosis:
Derlethina can be easily distinguished from Teloganodes
and Dudgeodes by following
combination of characters: in the imaginal stages (i) shape of the hindwing; (ii)
absence of crossvein in the pterostigmatic
area of the forewing; and (iii) shape of the hind femur; in the larval stage (i) absence of gill V.
Distribution:
India
(Western Ghats) and Borneo (eastern Malaysia - Sabah and Indonesia - eastern
Kalimantan).
1. Derlethina
tamiraparaniae Selvakumar,
Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus,
2014 (Image 1)
Materials
examined: [ZSI-I/E 15], 15.v.2013, 3 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli,
Tamiraparani River, Papanasam,
8.710305560N & 77.367500000E, 108m, coll. C. Selvakumar & K.G. Sivaramakrishnan;
[UM-I/E 1] 02.v.2013, 1 larva, Karnataka, Agumbe, Jogi Gundi Falls, 13.498875000N
& 75.102777780E, 514m, coll. C. Selvakumar,
T. Kubendran & K. G. Sivaramakrishnan.
Diagnosis:
Derlethina tamiraparaniae
can be distinguished from D. eloisae by the
following combination of characters: in the larval stage (i)
gill 4 incised; (ii) outer margin of hind femora not concave; and (iii) prostheca of left mandible reduced, but with several
well-developed seta-like projections.
Distribution:
Known only from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka part of the Western Ghats.
Status:
Endemic to the Western Ghats.
Remarks:
Imaginal stage is unknown.
II. Dudgeodes
Sartori, 2008
Type
species: Dudgeodes pescadori
Sartori, 2008
Diagnosis:
The genus Dudgeodes can be easily
distinguished from Teloganodes by the
following combination of characters: in the imaginal
stage (i) outer margin of forewing regularly convex;
(ii) hindwing smaller with acute costal process;
(iii) tarsi of male foreleg shorter than Teloganodes;
(iv) styliger plate not strongly convex; in the
larval stage (i) absence of gill VI and last gill
always incised (entire in Teloganodes); (ii)
shape of the incisor of the right mandible; and (iii) single seta on the
ventral face of the galea-lacinia (except multiple in
D. ulmeri).
Distribution: From southern China, India, throughout Southeast Asia up
to Sulawesi (Australasian Realm).
2. Dudgeodes
bharathidasani Anbalagan,
2015 (Image 2)
Diagnosis:
Dudgeodes bharathidasani
can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following
combination of characters: in the larval stage (i)
transverse row of long and pointed setae across dorsal face; and (ii) labial
palp segment 3 ca. 2.7 times as long as wide.
Distribution:
Known only from Kallar stream, Kerala.
Status:
Endemic to the Western Ghats.
Remarks:
Imaginal stage is unknown.
3. Dudgeodes
palnius Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus,
2014 (Image 3)
Materials
examined: ZSI-I/E 13, 28.ix.2013, 3 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Dindigul,
Kodaikanal, Palni Hills, Perumal Malai stream, 10.270941670N
& 77.554166670E, 1,484m; coll. C. Selvakumar
& K.G. Sivaramakrishnan; ZSI-I/E 14, 06.ix.2010,
4 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli, Upper Kodaiyar, 8.530611110N & 77.359166670E,
1,299m; coll. C. Selvakumar & K. G. Sivaramakrishnan; [UM-I/E 2], 20.vii.2013, 1 larva, Tamil Nadu,
Tirunelveli, Gadana River, Kallar, 8.801250000N & 77.301388890E,
144m; coll. C. Selvakumar & K. G. Sivaramakrishnan; [UM-I/E 3], 17.vii.2013, 3 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli, Puliyarai, Kannupulimedu, 8.938986110N & 77.206944440E,
164m; coll. C. Selvakumar & K. G. Sivaramakrishnan; [UM-I/E 4], 21.vii.2013, 1 larva, Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli, Ramanathi River,
8.848166670N & 77.314166670E, 237m; coll. C. Selvakumar & K. G. Sivaramakrishnan.
Diagnosis: Dudgeodes
palnius can be distinguished from other species
of this genus by the following combination of characters: in the larval stage (i) transverse row of both long and stout pointed setae
across dorsal face; and (ii) labial palp segment 3 ca. 2.5 times as long as
wide.
Distribution:
Known only from Tamil Nadu part of the Western Ghats.
Status:
Endemic to the Western Ghats.
Remarks:
Imaginal stage is unknown.
III. Indoganodes
Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan
& Jacobus, 2014
Type
species: Indoganodes jobini
Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan
& Jacobus, 2014
Diagnosis:
The larvae of Indoganodes can be
distinguished from other genera of Teloganodidae, and
from the apparently similar genus Ephemerellina
(see McCafferty & Wang 1997), by the following
combination of characters: (i) prosternum
without bi-lobular, spinous process medially; (ii)
abdominal posterolateral processes poorly developed
on segments 1–5 and well developed on segments 6–9; (iii) tarsal
claw hooked, bearing four small denticles medially;
(iv) labrum subquadrate,
approximately twice as broad as long, with short, scattered setae over entire
dorsal surface; (v) superlinguae of hypopharynx moderately developed; and (vi) left mandible
without medioapical setal
patch.
Distribution:
India (restricted to the Western Ghats).
4. Indoganodes
jobini Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus,
2014 (Image 4)
Materials
examined: ZSI-I/E 10, 18.iv.2013, 3 larvae, Kerala, Silent Valley, Poochipara, 11.113750000N & 76.431111110E,
935m, coll. Jobin C. Tharian.
Diagnosis:
Indoganodes jobini
can be distinguished from all other species of Teloganodidae
by the following combination of characters: in the larval stage (i) abdominal gills present on segments II–VI; (ii)
gill 1 absent; (iii) tarsal claw hooked, bearing 4 small denticles
medially; and (iv) terminal filament subequal to
cerci.
Distribution:
Known only from Kerala part of the Western Ghats.
Status:
Endemic to the Western Ghats.
Remarks:
Imaginal stage is unknown.
IV. Teloganodes
Eaton, 1882
Type
species: Teloganodes tristis
(Hagen, 1858)
Diagnosis:
The genus Teloganodes is easily
distinguished from Dudgeodes by the following
characters: in the imaginal stage, (i) forewing long and slender and pterostigmatic
area with numerous crossveins reaching subcostal
vein; (ii) hindwing broad with costal process
rounded; (iii) tarsi of male foreleg longer than Dudgeodes;
(iv) styliger plate distinctly convex; in the larval
stage, (i) gills on abdominal segments II–V or
II–VI; gill II with dorsal lamella entire and last gill always entire;
(ii) shape of the incisor of the right mandible; and (iii) multiple seta on the
ventral face of the galea-lacinia.
Distribution:
Borneo, India, Philippines and Sri Lanka.
5. Teloganodes
dentatus Nav‡s, 1931
Diagnosis:
Teloganodes dentatus
can be distinguished from closely related species T. tristis
by the following combination of characters: in the imaginal
stage (i) darker colour of the abdomen and shape of
the costal process of the hind wing; (ii) penis lobes fused for entire length
except the apex ÒUÓ shaped; (iii) ventrally a groove visible that ends at the
middle of the penes; and (iv) styliger
plate markedly convex.
Distribution:
Known only from Khandala, Maharashtra (India).
Status:
Endemic to the Western Ghats.
Remarks:
Larval stage is unknown.
6. Teloganodes
kodai Sartori, 2008
(Image 5)
Materials
examined: [UM-I/E 5], 28.ix.2013, 4 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Dindigul, Kodaikanal, Palni Hills, Perumal Malai stream, 10.270941670N & 77.554166670E,
1,484m; coll. C. Selvakumar & K. G. Sivaramakrishnan; [UM-I/E 6], 06.ix.20103 larvae, Tamil
Nadu, Tirunelveli, Upper Kodaiyar,
8.530611110N & 77.359166670E, 1,299m;, coll. C. Selvakumar & K. G. Sivaramakrishnan;
[UM-I/E 7], 20.vii.2013, 4 larvae,
Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli, Gadana
River, Kallar, 8.667916670N &
77.301388890E, 144m; coll. C. Selvakumar
& K. G. Sivaramakrishnan; [UM-I/E 8], 23.ii.2012,
2 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli, Nambiyar River, Nambikovil,
8.433672220N & 77.498611110E, 412m, coll. C. Selvakumar & K. G. Sivaramakrishnan.
Diagnosis:
Teloganodes kodai
can be easily distinguished from other species of this genus by following
combination of characters: in the larval stage (i)
shape of the labrum; (ii) proportions of the femora,
as well as the relative sizes of the median tubercle on abdominal terga 3 and 10; (iii) length of the antennae; (iv)
ornamentation of the femora; and (v) posterolateral
projections of the abdomen.
Distribution:
Tamil Nadu part of the Western Ghats.
Status:
Endemic to the Western Ghats.
Remarks:
Imaginal stage is unknown.
7. Teloganodes
sartorii Selvakumar,
Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus,
2014 (Image 6)
Materials
examined: ZSI-I/E 11, 20.viii.2010, 6 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Salem, Yercaud, Killiyur Falls,
11.794458330N & 78.199722220E, 1,226m; coll. C. Selvakumar
& K.G. Sivaramakrishnan.
Diagnosis:
Teloganodes sartorii
can be distinguished from the apparently similar species T. kodai by the following combination of characters: in
the larval stage (i) legs not similar in shape and
without ornamentation; (ii) outer margin of the forefemora
having a row of thick setae and two clusters of thin setae on apex; (iii)
antennae long, 1.2 times head width, flagellum with 19–20 segments; and
(iv) cerci with whorl of spines on every segment, spines shorter than length of
corresponding segment.
Distribution:
Tamil Nadu part of the Eastern Ghats.
Status:
Endemic to the Eastern Ghats.
Remarks:
Imaginal stage is unknown.
Discussion
Teloganodidae is Old World Gondwanan in origin. Tectonic events leading to the
post-split Gondwana and subsequent northward migration
of the Deccan plateau of peninsular India some 150 million years ago apparently
led to this region being a cradle of evolution for the Oriental lineage of Teloganodidae, with further and subsequent diversification
in Southeast Asia (Selvakumar et al. 2014). The present pattern of distribution of
the family Teloganodidae, being confined to southern
Africa, Madagascar, southern India and Southeast Asia, suggests that the family
might have been present in Gondwana prior to any
breakup of Madagascar, the Indian subcontinent and Africa (McCafferty
& Benstead 2002). Totally, of the seven species reported
from southern India, six of them are endemic to the Western Ghats as is the
genus Indoganodes Selvakumar,
Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus,
2014 and one is endemic to the Eastern Ghats. Due to this high percentage of endemism,
conservation of habitats and microhabitats harbouring this ancient Gondwanan lineage gains priority.
Larval
key to the known genera and species of Teloganodidae (except T. dentatus
Nav‡s, 1931, larva unknown)
1. Terminal filament length subequal to length of cerciÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.......ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..................ÉÉ...
Indoganodes jobini
- Terminal filament
reduced to a short stub or apparently
absentÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..............ÉÉ.ÉÉÉÉ..2
2. Abdominal gills present on segments
II–IV; prostheca of left mandible reduced, but with
several well-developed seta-like projections ÉÉÉÉ É.........Derlethina
tamiraparaniae
- Abdominal gills present
on segments II–V or II–VI; prostheca of
left mandible not reduced, without seta-like projections ...............3
3. Abdominal gills present on segments
II–VI; forefemur without a row of transverse
setae on dorsal face; teeth of inner incisor of left mandible similar in size ÉÉÉÉÉÉ..ÉÉÉÉ.4
- Abdominal gills present
on segments II–V; forefemur with a row of
transverse setae on dorsal face; teeth of inner incisor of left mandible
dissimilarÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ 5
4. Outer margin of the forefemora with a row of thick setae; two clusters of thin
setae on apexÉÉÉÉÉÉ.ÉÉÉTeloganodes sartorii
- Outer margin of the forefemora without a row of thick setae; without two cluster of thin setae on apex ÉÉÉÉ Teloganodes
kodai
5. Transverse row of both long and stout
pointed setae across dorsal face; labial palp segments 3 ca. 2.5 times as long
as wide ÉÉÉÉÉ.......... Dudgeodes palnius
-
Transverse row of long and pointed setae across dorsal face; labial palp
segment 3 ca. 2.7 times as long as wide ÉÉ....ÉÉÉDudgeodes
bharathidasani
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