Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2018 | 10(11):
12589–12597
A checklist of vascular epiphytes of El Cometa
Lagoon, Pantanos de Centla
Biosphere Reserve, Mexico
Derio Antonio Jiménez-López 1,
Candelario Peralta-Carreta 2, Jonathan V. Solórzano 3, Gerardo
Luis Cervantes-Jiménez 4 & Marco Antonio Domínguez-Vázquez 5
1,5 Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias
y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento
Norte Poniente 1150, Col. Lajas Maciel, C.P. 29039, Tuxtla
Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
1,2,3 Centro del Cambio Global y la
Sustentabilidad A.C. (CCGS), Calle Centenario del Instituto Juárez s/n, Col.
Reforma, C.P. 86080, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
4 Departamento de Ecología y Recursos
Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col.
Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, México
1 derio.jimenezlopez@gmail.com, 2
peralta.crrt@gmail.com, 3 jonathanvsv@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 4 gerarcervantes@yahoo.com.mx, 5
marcodomva@yahoo.com.mx
Abstract: This study presents an updated checklist of vascular epiphytes
found in the highly-conserved mangrove forest
surrounding El Cometa Lagoon inside Pantanos de Centla Biosphere
Reserve, Mexico. In order to perform
this task, 25 sampling units were established at the study site and were
visited at two stages, once in 2014 and next in 2016. Inside each sampling unit, all the epiphyte
species found on host trees with a diameter at breast height 10cm were
recorded. The complete epiphyte species
list included 25 species belonging to 18 different genera. The richest family
was Orchidaceae with nine species and the richest
genus was Tillandsia with seven species. Additionally, the total epiphyte richness
found in this study was among the highest reported for mangrove forests in
Mexico. Epiphyte studies in mangrove
forests are uncommon; therefore, this list is the first step to identify
vascular epiphytes in the region and contribute to its proper conservation.
Keywords: Floristics,
mangrove forest, Orchidaceae, Tabasco, Tillandsia.
Abbreviations: Pantanos de Centla
Biosphere Reserve - PCBR, diameter at breast height - DBH.
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3794.10.11.12589-12597
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date
of publication: 26 September 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # 3794 |
Received 12 September 2017 | Final received 11 September 2018 | Finally
accepted 23 September 2018
Citation: Jiménez-López,
D.A., C. Peralta-Carreta, J.V. Solórzano, D.L. Cervantes-Jiménez & A. Domínguez-Vázquez
(2018). A checklist of vascular epiphytes of El Cometa Lagoon, Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 10(11): 12589–12597; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3794.10.11.12589-12597
Copyright: © Jiménez-López et al. 2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution
by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: LANRESC (Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera) grant number 271544, 2016.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: This article is dedicated to the memory of Adán Enrique Gómez González†, an excellent fellow
ichthyologist. We wish to thank all the
specialists that helped in proper species identification: Miguel Ángel Pérez-Farrera (Araceae), Salvador Arias (Cactaceae),
Adolfo Espejo, Ana Rosa López-Ferrari,
and Ivon Ramírez-Morillo (Bromeliaceae), Carlos Beutelspacher-Baigts,
Gerardo Salazar, and Germán Carnevali
(Orchidaceae), and Alan Smith and Daniel Tejero-Díez (Polypodiaceae). We are thankful for the review and to the
valuable comments offered by Ivón Ramírez-Morillo
and Adolfo Espejo-Serna. Finally, we appreciate all the extended
courtesies offered by the curators of MEXU, HEM, CSAT, and UJAT during the
study.
Vascular
epiphytes are represented by 27,614 species worldwide, which constitute 9% of
the total vascular plant diversity (Benzing 1990; Zotz 2013).
Some of the most important angiosperm epiphyte families are Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Araceae, and Piperaceae, while
the most important fern-allies families are Polypodiaceae,
Aspleniaceae, and Dryopteridaceae
(Zotz 2013).
Mexico harbours approximately 1,650 vascular epiphyte species (Espejo-Serna 2014) and about 8.8% of them (146 species) are
found in mangrove ecosystems (Carmona & Hernández 2015). It has been suggested that epiphytes are
uncommon in mangrove forests due to: 1) the characteristics of the dominant
host trees (e.g., type of bark, architecture, and presence of alkaloids and
tannins), 2) the high temperatures frequent in these ecosystems, and 3) the
exposure to brackish conditions (Benzing 1990;
Zimmerman & Olmsted 1992; Zotz & Reuter
2009). Several studies, however, have
reported exactly the opposite, i.e., a high epiphytic diversity in certain
mangrove forests (Carmona-Díaz et al. 2004). In Mexico, from the six mangrove species that
can be found (i.e., host trees), the most common are Rhizophora mangle L.,
Laguncularia racemosa (L.)
C.F. Gaertn., Avicennia germinans (L.)
L. and Conocarpus erectus L.
(Tomlinson 2016).
Mangrove
forests are ecosystems of great economic and ecological importance in the
tropical and subtropical coasts of the world (Tomlinson 2016). These ecosystems also harbour high functional
diversity and productivity (Zaldívar-Jiménez et al. 2004; Rog et al. 2017). Mangrove forests are also very important
ecosystems for carbon cycling dynamics because they are among the highest
carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems (an average of 937tC ha-1) (Donato et al. 2011; Alongi 2012).
Mangroves
are one of the most studied coastal ecosystems in the world (Rioja-Nieto et al.
2017). Nevertheless, few studies have
evaluated the epiphyte ecology and diversity in mangrove forests (Gómez &
Winkler 1991; Robertson & Platt 2001; Zotz &
Reuter 2009; Cach-Pérez et al. 2013; Jiménez-López et al. 2017; Sousa & Colpo
2017). According to these studies,
higher epiphyte diversity has been related to: (1) host trees with larger sizes
(Jiménez-López. et al 2017; Sousa & Colpo 2017), (2) the lower canopy stratum (Cach-Pérez et al. 2013; Jiménez-López.
et al 2017), (3) higher host tree densities (Cach-Pérez
et al. 2013; Sousa & Colpo 2017) and (4) areas
with higher precipitation (Cach-Pérez et al. 2013;
Sousa & Colpo 2017).
The
main objective of this study was to enlist the epiphyte species found in one of
the most conserved subtropical mangrove forests in southern Mexico. The study was performed in a mangrove forest
(Rzedowski 1978) located around El Cometa Lagoon inside Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve (PCBR), Tabasco State, Mexico
(Fig. 1). The dominant host trees were Rhizophora mangle L. and Bucida buceras L.
(Jiménez-López et al. 2017; Solórzano et al.
2018). Two different time periods were
required to obtain an adequate sampling of the forest, 10 days in July 2014 and
23 days in November 2016. The sampling
units were concentrated on the southeast area of the lagoon where one of the
most conserved parts of the forest can be found. Twenty 50×25 field plots (1,250m2
each) and five transects of 50×5m (250m2) were used to sample the
vegetation. The 20 plots were arranged
following two gradients, a distance-to-the-lagoon and distance-to-the-biggest-channel,
while using a minimal distance of 100m between plots (modified from Sousa &
Colpo 2017; Fig. 1).
The remaining five transects were located in the vicinity of some of the
previous plots in rich epiphyte areas, in order to increase the probability of
registering most of the epiphyte richness of the site. Due to the reported correlation between host
tree size and epiphyte richness in mangrove forests (Cach-Pérez
et al. 2013), the biggest host tree individuals were expected to harbor most of the epiphyte richness. Therefore, epiphyte individuals were
collected only from the host trees that had a diameter at breast height (DBH,
breast height=1.30m) ≥ 10cm (modified from Flores-Palacios & García-Franco 2006, 2008).
In
order to identify the species, one to three epiphyte individuals that had a
visible reproductive structure (i.e., either flower or fruit) were
collected. When the individuals did not
show any reproductive structure, they were collected and then grown ex situ in
controlled conditions until they developed reproductive structures. Only afterwards the species was
identified. Unfortunately,
one species, Myrmecophila aff. tibicinis,
did not show any type of reproductive structure during the study period; thus,
its identity was not confirmed.
Every
collected individual was pressed following conventional techniques (Lot &
Chiang 1986) and was deposited in the HEM Herbarium of the Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. The species identity of every plant was
determined using the specialized literature of Araceae
(Croat 1983; Díaz-Jiménez et al. 2015),
Cactaceae (Korotkova et al.
2017), Bromeliaceae (Ramírez-Morillo
et al. 2004), Orchidaceae (Hágsater
et al. 2005), and Polypodiaceae (Christenhusz
et al. 2011; PPG I 2016) families and consulted with specialists (see
Acknowledgements). Additionally, in
order to obtain information about the vegetation types where each species can
be found and their geographic distribution, the epiphyte collections at MEXU,
HEM, CSAT, and UJAT herbaria were consulted.
The scientific names of each recorded species followed Soto et al.
(2007), while all species authors followed tropicos.org
(https://www.tropicos.org)
criteria.
In
total, 25 epiphyte species (Appendix 1, Images 1 & 2) were reported. In terms of plant families, Orchidaceae was the richest family with nine species,
followed by Bromeliaceae with eight species, and Polypodiaceae with four species (Appendix). The richest genus was Tillandsia
L. with seven species, followed by Trichocentrum
Poepp. & Endl. with two species. The
number of species found in El Cometa Lagoon is
equivalent to 17.13% of all the species reported in mangroves in Mexico
(Carmona-Díaz & Hernández 2015). This means that in terms of vascular epiphyte
richness, El Cometa Lagoon is currently ranked as the
second richest mangrove forest in Mexico, after Sontecomapan
(Magaña 1999; Valdez-Hernández 2000; Carmona-Díaz et al. 2004; Díaz-Jiménez
2007).
Currently,
our checklist is the most complete epiphyte richness list of a mangrove forest
inside Pantanos de Centla
Biosphere Reserve (PCBR) and Tabasco. In
previous efforts, a maximum of 23 species were reported inside PCBR (Gómez-Domínguez et al. 2014; Guadarrama-Olivera
& Ortiz-Gil 2000; INE 2000); however, our checklist added nine more species
to this list (Guadarrama-Olivera & Ortiz-Gil
2000; Gómez-Domínguez et al. 2014; Jiménez-López & Domínguez-Vázquez
2017; Jiménez-López et al. 2017). Additionally, our checklist added eight more
species to the mangrove epiphyte richness of Tabasco State (Magaña
1999; Díaz-Jiménez 2007; Noguera-Savelli
& Cetzal-Ix 2014).
We
suggest that Laelia anceps
L., a previously reported species (INE 2000), should be eliminated from the
epiphyte checklist of the mangroves found in the region. We think this species was misidentified,
because it is typically found in oak-forests between 1500–2200 m (Hágsater et al.
2005) and it is not registered in the present orchid list of Tabasco
(González-Aguilar & Burelo-Ramos 2017). Additionally, the present checklist updated:
1) three species names of the Orchidaceae family, a) Epidendrum flexuosum
G. Mey., previously Epidendrum imatophyllum
Lindl., b) Specklinia
brighamii (S. Watson) Pridgeon
& M.W. Chase, previously Pleurothallis brighamii S. Watson, c) Specklinia
grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.)
F. Barros, previously Pleurothallis grobyi Bateman ex Lindl., 2) one species in the Polypodiaceae
family, Microgramma lycopodioides
(L.) Copel, previously Polypodium
lycopodioides L., and 3) one species in the Cactaceae family, Hylocereus
undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose and Selenicereus undatus
(Haw.) D.R. Hunt, reported as two different species
(INE 2000) has been unified as one species: Selenicereus
undatus (Haw.) D.R. Hunt (Korotkova
et al. 2017). It is worth mentioning
that Bromelia pinguin
L. (Bromeliaceae) and Trigonidium egertonianum
Bateman ex Lindl. (Orchidaceae)
were not reported in our study, but were listed in the previous checklists (INE
2000). Finally, the current checklist
corrects some misidentifications made in previous studies (Jiménez-López & Domínguez-Vázquez
2017; Jiménez-López et al. 2017).
On one
hand, it has been suggested that a higher host
diversity results in a higher diversity of substrates, microclimates, and
conditions available for the establishment of epiphytes (Cach-Pérez
et al. 2013; Stein et al. 2014; Wagner et al. 2015). Therefore, this heterogeneity of conditions
result in a higher niche variability that can host a higher
epiphyte diversity. On the other hand,
communities with highly variable host tree architecture and size have been
associated with higher epiphyte richness (García-Franco
1996; Flores-Palacios & García-Franco
2006). Structurally homogeneous communities,
however, have also been found to harbor high epiphyte
richness (Sousa & Colpo 2017). In our study, host diversity was low, as two
species, Rhizophora mangle L. and Bucida buceras L.,
were highly dominant (Solórzano et al. 2018).
Thus, we consider this study as an example of a relatively homogeneous
community in terms of diversity that harbors high
epiphyte diversity.
Tillandsia was the genus with the highest species number; however, this was not
surprising, as this species has been reported as tolerant to dry in high
radiation conditions (Cach-Pérez et al. 2013; Chilpa-Galván et al. 2013).
Physical conditions in mangrove forests (such as radiation, nutrients,
and temperature) can be relatively extreme (Mikolaev
et al. 2016). Mangroves usually eliminate salt through their leaves, which
provokes a saline environment on the parts that epiphytes usually colonize
(Tomlinson 2016). This salt condition
can affect some epiphyte survival and growth rates (Zotz
& Reuter 2009). Nevertheless, some
epiphytes have adapted to survive under the saline conditions found in mangrove
forests (Gómez & Winkler 1991).
No
species was found to have a protected status under the Mexican legislation
NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 (SEMARNAT 2010). Tillandsia brachycaulos,
a frequently found species in this study, however, is included under the Least
Concern category in the Red List (UICN 2017).
This species was found preferably at low heights (1–2 m over ground
height), where lower radiation and temperatures can be found (Mondragón et al. 1999; Cach-Pérez
et al. 2013; Jiménez-López et al. 2017).
The
present checklist represents an additional effort to register all the epiphyte
diversity in the region. Furthermore,
this information highlights the need to consider epiphytes among the plant
diversity of mangrove forests and include them in the conservation strategies
inside PCBR and Tabasco, Mexico.
This
work was supported by LANRESC (Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera) (grant number 271544, 2016).
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Appendix 1. Checklist of the epiphyte
species found in El Cometa Lagoon, Tabasco, Mexico.
POLYPODIOPSIDA
Polypodiaceae
Microgramma nitida (J. Sm.) A.R. Sm.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Campeche, Chiapas, and
Tabasco), Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Panama, Nicaragua, and the Honduras.
Distribution: Mangrove forest, freshwater swamp forest,
dry deciduous forest, and lowland evergreen rain forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 43 (HEM); Campeche: Calakmul,
Demetrio Álvarez M. and C. Jiménez J. 4334 (MEXU);
Chiapas: San Fernando, Jorge Martínez-Meléndez 2185
(HEM);. Ocosingo:
E. Martínez S. 7961 (MEXU) and D.E. Breedlove 33976
(MEXU); Tabasco: Frontera, A. Novelo
R. 4419 and 4405 (MEXU), A. Novelo R. and L. Ramos
2501, 2794, & 3078 (MEXU);. Huimanguillo: C.
Cowan 3257 (CSAT).
Phlebodium decumanum (Willd.) J. Sm.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Campeche, Chiapas,
Quintana Roo, and Tabasco), Honduras, and Guatemala.
Distribution: Mangrove forest and lowland evergreen rain
forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 49 (HEM); Campeche: Calakmul,
E. Martínez R. et al. 30257 (MEXU); Chiapas: Ocosingo, E. Martínez S. 8002
(MEXU); Quintana Roo: Othón
P. Blanco, Silvia Torres 43 & 68 (MEXU).
Pleopeltis polypodioides
(L.) E.G. Andrews & Windham
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Chiapas and Tabasco),
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama.
Distribution: Mangrove forest and montane
forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 58bis (HEM); Chiapas: La Trinitaria,
D. E. Breedlove 22348 (MEXU). Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán,
A. Reyes-García 1638 (MEXU).;
Tabasco: Tenosique, Eizi Matuda 3572 (MEXU).
Vittaria lineata (L.) Sm.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Chiapas and Tabasco),
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.
Distribution: Mangrove forest, lowland evergreen rain
forest, and montane forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 50 (HEM); Chiapas: Acacoyagua,
María Evangelina López-Molina 411 (HEM); Cacahoatan:
Manuel Martínez-Meléndez et al. 5462bis, 5602 and
5539 (HEM); Ocosingo: E. Martínez
S. 10121 (MEXU); Tabasco: Teapa, C. Cowan 3079
(CSAT).
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Araceae
Anthurium schlechtendalii
Kunth
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Chiapas, Tabasco,
Quintana Roo, Yucatán), Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua,
Honduras, and Costa Rica.
Distribution: Mangrove forest, dry deciduous forest,
lowland evergreen rain forest, and montane forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 40 (HEM); Campeche: Calakmul,
J. Calónico Soto and D. Álvarez
23750 (MEXU); Hopelchén, Pascual
Alvaro M. and Diego Pérez L. 201 (MEXU); Chiapas: Chicoasén,
Angelita López Cruz 866
(HEM); Ocosingo, Gabriel Aguilar and D. Álvarez M. 3679 (MEXU), Gabriel Aguilar and Miguel Méndez
M. 10143 (MEXU), Gabriel Aguilar et al. 6937 (MEXU) and G.A. Salazar et al.
8841 (MEXU); Ocozocuautla, I. March and R. Martínez C. 16 (MEXU); San Fernando, R.A. Palestina 1622 (MEXU) and Angelita
López Cruz 820 (HEM); Villa Corzo,
Emerit Meléndez López 62 (HEM); Tabasco: Frontera,
A. Novelo R. and M. A. Ordoñez
L. 4406 (MEXU); Tacotalpa, C. Cowan et al. 3421
(CSAT); Quintana Roo: José María
Morelos, Demetrio Álvarez et al. 10458 (MEXU);
Yucatan: Muna, C. Chan 2375 (MEXU).
Cactaceae
Deamia testudo (Karw. ex Zucc.) Britton & Rose
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Chiapas, Tabasco),
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua.
Distribution: Mangrove forest, freshwater swamp forest,
and grassland.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 41 (HEM); Chiapas: Ocosingo,
J.P. Abascal A. et al. 350 (MEXU); Tabasco: Frontera, A. Novelo R. and Ramos
V.L. 3011, 2772 and 2453 (MEXU); Tenosique, C. Cowan
3292 (MEXU).
Epiphyllum hookeri subsp. guatemalense
(Britton & Rose) Ralf Bauer
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (Tabasco state), Guatemala, and El
Salvador.
Distribution: Mangrove forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 36 (HEM); Chiapas: Acacoyagua,
Angelita López-Cruz 296
(HEM).
Selenicereus grandiflorus (L.) Britton & Rose
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Chiapas and Tabasco),
Honduras, and Nicaragua.
Distribution: Mangrove forest, freshwater swamp forest,
and dry deciduous forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 114 (HEM); Chiapas: Ocosingo,
E. Martínez S. 21327 (MEXU). Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Héctor Hernández Macías 1684
(MEXU). Tabasco: Frontera, A. Novelo
R. y M.A. Ordoñez L. 4400 (MEXU), A. Novelo R. et al. 4212 (MEXU).
Bromeliaceae
Aechmea bracteata (Sw.) Griseb.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Campeche, Chiapas,
Quintana Roo, Tabasco and Yucatán), Guatemala,
Belize, Honduras, and Nicaragua.
Distribution: Mangrove forest, freshwater swamp forest,
semi-evergreen rain forest, dry deciduous forest, and lowland evergreen rain
forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 33 (HEM); Campeche: Calakmul,
E. Martínez S. et al. 27671 (MEXU); Hopelchén, Demetrio Álvarez et
al. 8912 (MEXU); Chiapas: Ocosingo, Gabriel Aguilar
and Raúl Arcos M. 11399 (MEXU) and E. Martínez S. 21026 (MEXU); Reforma,
Pedro Tenorio et al. 19363 (MEXU); Quintana Roo: Felipe Carrillo Puerto, J. Calónico
Soto and E. Martínez S. 22497 (MEXU); José María Morelos, Demetrio Álvarez
and A. Ramírez A. 10888 (MEXU); Tabasco: Frontera, M.A. Guadarrama O. and
N. Muñiz Ch. 6553 (UJAT) and A. Novelo
R. and Ramos V.L. 2510 (MEXU); Jonuta, M.A. Guadarrama O. et al. 6888 (UJAT); Yucatan: Tekax, Guillermo Ibarra Manríquez
et al. 4120 (MEXU).
Tillandsia balbisiana Schult. f.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Yucatan), Guatemala, Honduras, and
Panama.
Distribution: Mangrove forest, dry deciduous forest,
semi-evergreen rain forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 48 (HEM); Chiapas: Ocosingo,
E. Martínez S. 18588 (MEXU); Quintana Roo: Puerto Morelos, Edgar Cabrera 22 (MEXU); Tabasco: Frontera, A. Novelo R. et al.
4240 y 4420 (MEXU); Yucatan: Valladolid, Edgar Cabrera 11555 (MEXU).
Tillandsia brachycaulos Schltdl.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Campeche, Chiapas,
Tabasco, and Yucatan), Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras.
Distribution: Mangrove forest, semi-evergreen rain
forest, and dry deciduous forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 44 (HEM); Campeche: Calakmul,
Celso Gutiérrez Báez 5216
(MEXU); Chiapas: Chicoasén, E. Martínez
S. 24179A (MEXU); Tabasco: Frontera, A. Novelo R. and L. Ramos 2337 (MEXU) and G. Ortíz 5053 (MEXU); Yucatan: Valladolid, Edgar Cabrera 11556
(MEXU).
Tillandsia bulbosa Hook.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Campeche, Chiapas,
Quintana Roo, and Tabasco), Guatemala, and Honduras.
Distribution: Mangrove forest and dry deciduous forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 45 (HEM); Campeche: Calakmul,
E. Martínez S. 35007 (MEXU); Chiapas: Ocosingo, E. Martínez S. 18162
(MEXU); Quitana Roo:
Cozumel, Edgar Cabrera 3453 (MEXU); Tabasco: Frontera,
A. Novelo R. and L. Ramos 2972 (MEXU).
Tillandsia fasciculata Sw.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Campeche, Chiapas, and
Tabasco), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras.
Distribution: Mangrove forest, pine forest, and montane forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 118 (HEM); Campeche: Calakmul,
E. Martínez S. 27211 (MEXU), Erika M. Lira C. 160
(MEXU) and Estela Madrid N. 37 (MEXU); Chiapas: Cintalapa,
Nayely Martínez-Meléndez
2221 (HEM); La Concordia, Nayely Martínez-Meléndez
121 (HEM); La Trinitaria, Eizi
Matuda 38651 (MEXU); Pantepec,
J.M. Lázaro Zermeño 678
(MEXU); Siltepec, Nayely Martínez-Meléndez 1151 (HEM); Tabasco: Balancán,
Fernando Menendez 295 (MEXU).
Tillandsia streptophylla Scheidw. ex C. Morren
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Campeche, Chiapas,
Quintana Roo, and Tabasco), Guatemala, and Honduras.
Distribution: Mangrove forest, freshwater swamp forest,
and lowland evergreen rain forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 38 (HEM); Campeche: Hopelchén,
Demetrio Álvarez M. 8916 (MEXU); Chiapas: Ocosingo, Demetrio Álvarez M. and
A. Chambor 4854 (MEXU) and E. Martínez
S. 7058 (MEXU); Quintana Roo: Puerto Morelos, G. Davidse 20062 (MEXU); Tabasco: Balancan,
Eizi Matuda 3305 (MEXU); Comalcalco, G. Ortíz 2030 (MEXU).
Frontera, A. Novelo R. 4426
(MEXU); Huimanguillo, F. David Barlow 30 (MEXU).
Tillandsia dasyliriifolia Baker
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Tabasco and Yucatan)
Belize, and Guatemala.
Distribution: Mangrove forest and dry deciduous forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 32 (HEM); Campeche: José María
Morelos, Demetrio Álvarez M. 11314 (MEXU); Tabasco: Frontera, M. A. Guadarrama et al.
6683 (UJAT); Yucatan: Progreso, C.L. Lundell and A. Lundell 7391
(MEXU).
Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Campeche, Chiapas, Quitana Roo, and Tabasco),
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.
Distribution: Mangrove forest, dry deciduous forest,
oak-pine forest, and dry deciduous forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 115 (HEM); Campeche: Palizada,
Eizi Matuda 3828 (MEXU);
Chiapas: La Trinitaria,
D.E. Breedlove 14496 (MEXU); Mapastepec, Eizi Matuda 2044 (MEXU); Motozintla, Eizi Matuda 5532 (MEXU). Quintana Roo:
Othón P. Blanco, G. Carnevali
5151 (MEXU). Tabasco: Cardenas, S. Zamudio 382
(CSAT). Frontera, A. Novelo
R. 3253 (MEXU). Jonuta, M.A. Guadarrama
O. 6832 (UJAT).
Orchidaceae
Campylocentrum micranthum (Lindl.) Rolfe
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Campeche, Chiapas, and
Tabasco), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and Nicaragua.
Distribution: Mangrove forest and dry deciduous forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 116 (HEM); Zona Arqueológica de Becan, Campeche,
Edgar Cabrera 8409bis (MEXU); Chiapas: Ocosingo,
Gabriel Aguilar M. and Miguel Méndez M. 10139 (MEXU); Tabasco: Tacotalpa, C. Cowan et al. 3485 (CSAT).
Catasetum integerrimum Hook.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (Tabasco State), Honduras, and
Nicaragua.
Distribution: Mangrove forest and lowland evergreen rain
forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 35 (HEM); Chiapas: Ocosingo,
Gabriel Aguilar 11403 (MEXU); Tabasco: Frontera, Novelo R. and L. Ramos 3127 (MEXU).
Brassavola grandiflora Lindl.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (Tabasco State), Guatemala, and El
Salvador.
Distribution: Mangrove forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 46 (HEM).
Encyclia alata (Bateman) Schltr.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, and Tabasco)
and Honduras
Distribution: Mangrove forest, dry deciduous forest, and
lowland evergreen rain forest, grassland, and freshwater swamp forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 37 (HEM); Campeche: Calakmul,
D. Álvarez M. 652 (MEXU) and E. Martínez
S. 30081 (MEXU); Chiapas: Ocosingo, E. Martínez S. 6380 (MEXU); Tabasco: Cárdenas, M.A. Magaña and R. Curiel 974 (CSAT); Huimanguillo, M.A. Magaña and R. Curiel 970 (CSAT); Tacotalpa, C.
Cowan et al. 3420 (CSAT); Teapa, A. Sol et al. 1094
(UJAT) and S. Zamudio 55 (CSAT).
Myrmecophila aff. tibinicis (Bateman)
Rolfe
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (Tabasco State).
Distribution: Mangrove forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 47 (HEM).
Myrmecophila tibinicis is,
however, distributed in Mexico (states of Campeche, Chiapas, Tabasco, and
Yucatan), Belize, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
Notylia barkeri Lindl.
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Chiapas and Tabasco).
Distribution: Mangrove forest, lowland evergreen rain
forest, and tropical rain forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 39 (HEM); Chiapas: Ocosingo,
Samuel Levi et al. 418 (MEXU).
Prosthechea boothiana (Lindl.) W.E.
Higgins
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (Tabasco State).
Distribution: Mangrove forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López117 (HEM);
Tabasco: Frontera, Novelo
R. and L. Ramos 3126 (MEXU).
Trichocentrum oerstedii (Rchb. f.) R.
Jiménez & Carnevali
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (Tabasco State).
Distribution: Mangrove forest and freshwater swamp
forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 34 (HEM); Tabasco: Frontera,
Novelo R. and L. Ramos 2802 (MEXU).
Trichocentrum ascendens (Lindl.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams
Distribution in northern & central America: Mexico (states of Campeche, Chiapas,
Tabasco, and Yucatan), Honduras, Nicaragua, and Belize.
Distribution: Mangrove forest and lowland evergreen rain
forest.
Material examined: This study, D.A. Jiménez-López 42 (HEM); Chiapas: Ocosingo,
Gabriel Aguilar 9783 (MEXU); Tabasco: Huimanguillo,
M.A. Magaña and S. Zamudio
139 (CSAT); Teapa: J. Calólico
et al. 34913 (MEXU).