Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2018 | 10(10):
12299–12316
Urban biodiversity: an insight into the terrestrial vertebrate diversity
of Guwahati, India
Jayaditya Purkayastha
Help Earth, H/N:16,
Raghunath Choudhury Path Lachitnagar, Lachit Nagar, Guwahati, Assam 781007,
India
mail.jayaditya@gmail.com
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3721.10.10.12299-12316 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8A2095BE-ECCE-4982-AFF6-BDCD151576FA
Editor: C.
Srinivasulu, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India Date of publication: 26 September 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms
# 3721 | Received 08 August 2017 | Final received 05 July 2018 | Finally
accepted 10 September 2018
Citation: Purkayastha, J. (2018). Urban biodiversity: an insight into the
terrestrial vertebrate diversity of Guwahati, India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 10(10): 12299–12316; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3721.10.10.12299-12316
Copyright: © Purkayastha 2018. Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of
this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate
credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: Rufford Small Grants.
Competing interests: The author declares no competing interests.
Author
Details: Dr. Jayaditya Purkayastha founder general
secretary of NGO Help Earth (www.helpearth.co.in). He is also a member of
IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. His main area of
research is taxonomy of herpetofauna of Indo-Burma region. His current
work includes conservation and research
pertaining to Urban Biodiversity of northeastern India.
Acknowledgments: I am thankful to Rufford Small Grants and Assam Science Technology
& Environment Council for funding during the project period. This work
would not have been possible without support for Kamrup Metropolitan District
Administration and Assam Forest Department.
Thanks you Sanath Bohra for assisting in the field survey.
Abstract: This study focuses on the assessment of the terrestrial vertebrate diversity of
Guwahati. Twenty-six species of
amphibians, 57 species of reptiles, 214 species of birds, and 36 species of
mammals were recorded during the study period.
Thirty-three species were found to be threatened
with extinction and another 62 species need evaluation. A single species of turtle was
found to be categorized as Extinct in the Wild under the IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species.
Keywords: Assam, Biodiversity, city,
Deepor Beel, Guwahati, urban, vertebrate.
Abbreviations: EW: Extinct in the Wild; CR: Critically
Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened, LC: Least
Concern; DD: Data Deficient; NE: Not Evaluated; NS: Non Scheduled, I: Schedule
I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972; II: Schedule II of Indian Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972; III: Schedule III of Indian Wildlife Protection Act,
1972; IV: Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972; V: Schedule V of
Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972; *: Introduced Species.
introduction
It has
been estimated that the urban population of developing countries is growing at the rate of five million people per month. Roughly 70% of global population is expected
to be urban by 2050, and the total urban area is expected to triple between
2000 and 2030 (U-Habitat 2013). Recent
studies have focussed on the biodiversity of urban areas. A study in Hyderabad documented 1,305
vascular plant species, 30 odonates, 42 spiders, 141 butterflies, 60 fish, 16
amphibians, 41 reptiles, 314 birds and 58 mammal species (Srinivasulu &
Srinivasulu 2012). A study at National
Environmental Engineering Research Institute campus at Nagpur, Maharashtra
recorded 135 vascular plants including 16 monocots and 119 dicots, belonging to
115 genera and 53 families (Gupta et al. 2008).
A rapid assessment survey at the campus of Indian Institute of Technology,
Madras recorded 298 plant species, 50 butterflies, eight amphibians, 13
reptiles, 51 birds and 12 mammal species (Care Earth 2006). Sudha & Ravindranath (2000) recorded 374
species of plants in Bangalore, where a study of street trees identified 108
species belonging to 33 families (Nagendra & Gopal 2010). A similar study in Delhi found 125 tree
species (Bhalla & Bhattacharya 2015).
A study in Chennai metropolitan city revealed the presence of 45 species
of plants representing 21 families (Muthulingam & Thangavel 2012).
During the past 50 years the
population of India has grown 2.5-fold and the urban population five-fold
(Taubenböck et al. 2009). Analyses
suggest that 8% of terrestrial vertebrate species on the IUCN Red List are imperiled
largely because of urban development (McDonald et al. 2008), and 13% of
endemics are in ecoregions that are under threat from urban expansion (McDonald
et al. 2018). Thus, it is important to
take research and conservation efforts regarding urban biodiversity more
seriously. In urban landscapes the
participation of inhabitants is a must for conservation, where effort must be
invested in sensitising the community about the benefits of conserving urban
biodiversity. Some of the services
provided by urban biodiversity are improvement of air quality and regulation of
microclimate by urban parks and vegetation.
Tree cover and vegetation also helps in proper percolation of rain water
to soil, adding to ground water and reducing floods while improving quality of
life by adding aesthetic and recreational value. It has been estimated that a ten percent
increase in canopy cover can reduce local temperature by 3-–4 0C
(Gill et al. 2007; Middel et al. 2015).
Guwahati (26.1440N &
91.7360E), the capital of Assam, is the biggest urbanized centre of
northeastern India. The city falls
within the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot, situated between the southern bank
of the Brahmaputra River and the foothills of the Shillong plateau. It is spread over 216.79km2 area,
and has a population of around a million with a density of 2695.43 humans per
sq.km. The city is situated on
undulating plain with varying altitude of 49.5–55.5 m. The city is surrounded by 18 hills. Guwahati has eight reserve forests (South
Kalapahar RF, Fatasil RF, Jalukbari RF, Gotanagar RF, Hengrabari RF, Sarnai
Hill RF, Garbhanga RF, Rani RF) and two wildlife sanctuaries (Deepor beel WLS
and Amchang WLS) along with an internationally acclaimed wetland and Ramsar
Site, the Deepor Beel, within the city limits.
Deepor Beel Wildlife Sanctuary (WS) is a part (4.01km2) of
the Ramsar site which is 40km2 in
area. The mighty Brahmaputra River flows
through the city for about 25km dividing it into northern and southern areas
(Devi & Bhattacharyya 2015).
Guwahati has a tropical monsoon
climate and receives about 1,600mm annual rainfall with an average annual
temperature of 230C. Certain
patches of forest still exist within the city (Fig. 1). The overall habitat type in the study area
mainly comprises of forest patches, scrublands, grasslands, plantations,
wetlands, agricultural lands, human settlements and commercial areas. The forest patches are of moist deciduous
type (Purkayastha 2012, 2015).
Due to urbanization and
anthropogenic pressure, the biodiversity of the city is under stress. Cutting of hills, illegal felling of trees
and degradation of wetlands is having an immense adverse effect on the
biodiversity of the city. The hills of
the city are used for illegal settlements most of which are reserve forest lands raising serious ecological concern. In the hills within Guwahati Municipal Area,
there are 65,894 households of which 10,208 are within reserve forests (Devi
& Bhattacharyya 2015). Importantly, a large part of Guwahati has been developed by filling of wetlands
and the process of filling and degradation of wetlands still continues. Owing to this, Guwahati is seeing a rise of
the artificial flood in the low lying city centers.
Due to factors cited above, an
assessment of biodiversity of Guwahati becomes important for the formulation of
long-term conservation policies. It is a
fact that Guwahati has lost a big chunk of its biodiversity, but quantification
of the same is not possible as we do not have data on
its biodiversity from the past to compare with the present status of
biodiversity. This paper provides an
inventory of terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity occurring in the city limits
of Guwahati.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted between the
year 2011 and 2016 spanning over a period of six years with survey emphasizing
on terrestrial vertebrates. The study
site was the Guwahati city (26.18590N, 91.74770E), the
biggest metropolis of northeastern India and the economic hub of the region
(Fig. 1). Since the main goal of the
study was to create a checklist, visual encounter survey (Crump & Scott
1994) employing randomized walk (Lambert 1984) was conducted. Active search (Rolfe & McKenzie 2000) was
employed specifically for herpetofaunal survey.
For herpetofaunal survey, six man hours were
invested per survey, with an approximate of six surveys per month from April to
October each year between 2011 and 2016.
Most of these surveys were undertaken in the evening and early night
which also covered observations on nocturnal birds and mammals. Bird surveys were conducted round the year,
with more survey efforts being invested during the winters (November–March). We used Olympus 10X50 DPS binocular for the
survey. Twelve man
hours were generally invested per survey with most conducted in early
morning or evening. Mammal survey was
conducted in association with bird survey.
Records of rescued animal with locality details by Assam State Zoo were
also taken into account while creating the checklist. In most cases animals were photographed and
identified using literature (Smith 1931, 1935, 1943; Ahmed et al. 2009;
Grimmett et al. 2011; Purkayastha 2012; Menon 2014).
Results
During this study a
total of 332 species of terrestrial vertebrates were recorded. Birds were found to be the most diverse group
accounting for 214 species, followed by reptiles (57 species), mammals (36
species) and amphibians (25 species).
Amphibia: A total of 26 species of amphibians representing seven families
were encountered. Among these, a single
species is Vulnerable, four species are Data Deficient and 21 species are Least
Concern (IUCN 2017). Of these, 11
species are included in Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
(IWPA) and rest were non-scheduled species (Table 1;
Images 1–16).
Reptilia: A total of 53 species of reptiles representing eleven families
were encountered from Guwahati City during the present study. Among these, a single species is Extinct in
the Wild (Black Softshell Turtle), two species are Endangered,
five are Vulnerable, 31 species are Not Evaluated and 14 species are Least
Concern as per the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2017). Of these, seven species are under Schedule I,
three are under Schedule II, 25 are under Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972 (IWPA) and the rest are non-scheduled animals (Table 2;
Images 17–43).
Aves: Birds are the most diverse group of animals found in the study
area, with 214 species representing 59 families. One species is Critically Endangered (Baer’s
Pochard), two species each are Endangered (Greater Adjutant Stork, Steppe
Eagle) and Vulnerable (Common Pochard, Lesser Adjutant), 14 species are Near
Threatened and the rest are Least Concern species (IUCN 2017). Three species are listed in Schedule I, one
species in Schedule V, and the rest were in the Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972 (IWPA, Table 3; Images 44–58).
Mammalia: Mammals were represented by 36 species in 21 families. One species is Critically Endangered (Chinese
Pangolin ), six species are Endangered (Gee’s
Golden Langur, Bengal Slow Loris, Asiatic Elephant, Hog Deer, Dhole, and Ganges
River Dolphin), six species are Vulnerable (Capped Langur, Smooth-coated Otter,
Sambar, Leopard, Gaur, and Western Hoolock Gibbon), and the remaining twenty
two species are Least Concern (IUCN 2017).
A total of 36 species are scheduled under Indian Wildlife Protection
Act, 1972 (Schedule I: ten species, Schedule II: 14 species, Schedule II: four
species, Schedule IV: a single species, Schedule V: five species and two
non-scheduled species (Images 59–63).
Conservation status
The conservation status of about 60%
of the reptilian fauna recorded from Guwahati is yet to be evaluated (IUCN
2017), creating conservation concerns.
Of all the turtles mentioned here, most of these are found in temple
ponds of Urgratara and Kamakhya. Though
protected by law, unorganized turtle trade for flesh and as pet still continues
within the city. There also exists
illegal trade for local bird species such parakeets which
are sometimes sold under the veil of exotic bird trade.
Threats
The major threats to the terrestrial
vertebrates of Guwahati perceived during the study are:
Habitat destruction and alteration: Many of the green patches are cleared
away for constructional activities. Even
the hills are used for settlement more than ever before with the city becoming
the economic hub of the region.
Again these hills are continuously exploited for resources. The city itself is fast losing its floral
diversity and many of the trees planted through afforestation program lack
suitability to provide nesting sites for birds.
Moreover, concrete structures are replacing the age
old Assam type houses which used to have nooks and corners providing
living space to birds. Stone quarries
and felling of trees in the hills is making the situation worse (All India
Disaster Mitigation Institute 2014). The
blasting of dynamite in stone quarries has made many species leave the area and
surroundings. The blasting activities adjacent to Deepor Beel poses a challenge to its
birdlife.
Degradation and filling up of
wetlands: Most of Guwahati is reclaimed from wetlands and
the process is a continuous one. As a
result of the loss of wetland, we are losing out on a wide range of biodiversity which in turn is disturbing the local
ecological balance. Due to filling up of
the wetland, the city is under artificial floods more than ever before (All
India Disaster Mitigation Institute 2014).
Deepor beel, the biggest wetland of the city, suffers from degradation
of water quality, encroachment, and development of industries around it. The wetland famous for its birdlife is fast
losing its glamor with fewer birds visiting the place.
Lack of interest: Urban biodiversity conservation gets the least priority in the
conservation arena in the region. In
fact, the term urban biodiversity is alien to many policy makers. Thus very few efforts are taken in the region
for research and conservation of urban biodiversity.
Discussion
Cities
form less than 3% of the terrestrial surface of the Earth,
but they are responsible for 78% of carbon emissions, 60% of residential water
use, and 76% of the wood used for various industrial purposes (Grimm et al.
2008). On the other hand, urban trees
absorb pollutants to improve air quality and reduce the effects of greenhouse
gases and, in some cases, they may do so three times more effectively than
adjacent exurban forests (Akbari 2002).
Since urban ecosystem is a human modified one, human induced habitat
alteration makes the ecosystem susceptible to invasion of non-native species
(Aggarwal & Butsch 2012). In this
study, we also found an invasive reptile, Hemidactylus flaviviridis Rüppell,
1835, which was initially restricted to the commercial area but now has started
spreading to residential areas and having a negative effect on native gecko
populations (Das et al. 2011). The gecko
made its way to the city through the interstate transportation system. Similarly, introduction of exotic trees is a
threat not only to native trees but also the biodiversity dependent on these
native trees. A decline in bird
diversity was seen with the increase in exotic plant species in Delhi (Khera et
al. 2009). It is a myth that cities
cannot be rich in biodiversity. Infact,
with proper management plan and peoples participation cities can serve as a hub
of biodiversity. A study of 61 gardens
in the city of Sheffield, UK, found 4,000 species of invertebrates, 80 species
of lichen, more than 1,000 species of plants (McDonald et al. 2008). One of the most developed cities in the
world, Singapore still has a wealth of biodiversity. Among the native species recorded are 2,145
vascular plants, 52 mammals, 364 birds, 301 butterflies, 127 dragonflies, 103
reptiles, 400 spiders, 66 freshwater fishes, and 255 hard corals. Between 2000 and 2010, intensive surveys
found more than 500 species of plants and animals new to Singapore, of which more
than 100 were new to science (Cities & Biodiversity Outlook 2012). All of this points to the potentially huge
scope of urban biodiversity research.
Since most of the studies in terms
of biodiversity are conducted within protected areas (Brandon & Wells 1992;
Scott et al. 2001; Rodrigues et al. 2004), human aspect in the framework of
biodiversity is not well studied.
India’s population is currently about 30% urban and is expected to
become 50% urban by about 2044 (Cities & Biodiversity Outlook 2012). All these point to the fact that our country
will have more urbanized space than ever before with more proportion of
biodiversity occupying these urbanized spaces.
Thus we are in need of better understanding of the multidimensional
aspect of urban biodiversity taking in consideration, the human aspect for
formulating long term research and conservation policies.
Recommendations
1. Afforestation effort is to be hastened,
but the selection of plant species is an important aspect. Often fast growing trees, usually exotic, are
selected for the purpose rather than suitable trees, such as fruiting trees and
trees which the birds generally prefer for building
nests.
2. Artificial
living space, more specifically for birds has to be created by installing
nesting boxes and bird feeders. Not only
shall it help birds but shall also help generate interest amongst masses
regarding conservation of urban biodiversity.
3. Children’s
urban biodiversity tour is another important aspect that would help create
awareness and conserve the biodiversity of Guwahati. These tours can be a part of schools
ecological club program; can also be conducted through district
administration. We can only save things
we love and can only love things that we have seen, thus these tours shall
serve the purpose of conservation in long run.
4. Deepor Beel is one of the most sensitive spots in terms of wetland
birds, with 104 species of wetland birds recorded by us in the year 2016
including the endangered Greater Adjutant Stork which
has a population of around 240 in the wetland.
Unfortunately, this wetland is facing dual problems. The wetland is degrading mainly due to
anthropogenic activity, and there is a tug of war between the community and an
administration unable to find common ground.
The current need to secure the future of the wetland is to adopt an
approach that includes water quality improvement of the wetland via bioremediation
(bacterial treatment) and a study of the socioeconomic structure of community
living around the wetland to provide alternative sources of livelihood to the
community who are primarily fishermen (this may include promotion of local
handicraft, skill development programme for handicraft using water hyacinth,
ecotourism, development of fisheries in government land, etc.). The selective incentive can be provided to
the fishermen to encourage “no-fishing” in breeding seasons to help increase
the productivity of the wetland.
5. Turtles are
one of the most vulnerable groups of vertebrates with about half of the species
threatened with extinction (Turtle Conservation Coalition 2011). Thus, through captive breeding programme with
the stock in the temple ponds, and subsequently through release of the hatched
turtles to the wild, we can boost the wild population of these threatened
animals. The temple ponds can thus serve
the role of a breeding, conservation and education
centers in terms of turtles.
Table 1. Checklist of amphibian
diversity of Guwahati
|
Family |
Common name |
Scientific name |
IUCN/RL |
IWPAS |
|
Bufonidae |
Common Asian Toad |
Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) |
LC |
NS |
|
|
Marbled Toad |
Duttaphrynus stomaticus (Lütken, 1864) |
LC |
NS |
|
Megophryidae |
Red-eyed Frog |
Leptobrachium smithi (Matsui et al. 1999) |
LC |
NS |
|
|
White-lipped Horned Toad |
Megophrys major Boulenger, 1908 |
LC |
NS |
|
|
Concave-crowned Horned Toad |
Megophrys parva (Boulenger, 1893) |
LC |
NS |
|
Microhylidae |
Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog |
Microhyla ornata (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) |
LC |
NS |
|
|
Berdmore's Narrow-mouthed Frog |
Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth, 1856) |
LC |
NS |
|
Rhacophoridae |
Garo Hills Bush Frog |
Philautus garo (Boulenger, 1919) |
VU |
NS |
|
|
Six-lined Tree Frog |
Polypedates teraiensis (Dubios, 1987) |
LC |
NS |
|
|
Double-spotted Tree Frog |
Rhacophorus bipunctatus Ahl, 1927 |
LC |
NS |
|
|
Annandale's Pigmy Tree Frog |
Chiromantis simus (Annandale, 1915) |
LC |
NS |
|
Dicroglossidae |
Nepal Cricket Frog |
Fejervarya nepalensis (Dubois, 1975) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Pierre’s Cricket Frog |
Fejervarya pierrei (Dubois, 1975) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Small Cricket Frog |
Fejervarya syhadrensis (Annandale, 1919) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Terai Cricket Frog |
Fejervarya teraiensis (Dubois, 1975) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Skittering Frog |
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Indian Bull frog |
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Khasi Wart Frog |
Limnonectes khasianus (Anderson, 1871) |
DD |
IV |
|
Ranidae |
Assam Hills Frog |
Clinotarsus alticola (Boulenger, 1882) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Theobald’s Ranid Frog |
Hylarana tytleri (Theobald, 1868) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Bhamo Frog |
Humerana humeralis (Boulenger, 1887) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Cope’s Assam Frog |
Hydrophylax leptoglossa (Cope, 1868) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Sengupta’s Cascade Frog |
Amolops assamensis (Sengupta, Hussain, Choudhury, Gogoi,
Ahmed & Choudhury, 2008) |
DD |
IV |
|
|
Gerbil Stream Frog |
Amolops gerbillus (Annandale, 1912) |
LC |
IV |
|
Ichthyophidae |
Garo Hills Caecilian |
Ichthyophis garoensis (Pillai & Ravichandran, 1999) |
DD |
NS |
|
|
Manipur Moustached Ichthyophis |
Ichthyophis moustakius Kamei et al. 2009 |
DD |
NS |
Table 2. Checklist of reptilian
diversity of Guwahati
|
Family |
Common name |
Scientific name |
IUCN/RL |
IWPAS |
|
Agamidae |
Common Garden Lizard |
Calotes versicolor (Daidin, 1802) |
NE |
NS |
|
|
Blue-throated Lizard |
Ptyctolaemus gularis (Peters, 1864) |
NE |
NS |
|
Gekkonidae |
Common House Gecko |
Hemidactylus frenatus (Duméril & Bibron, 1836) |
LC |
NS |
|
|
Brook’s House Gecko |
Hemidactylus brookii (Gray, 1845) |
NE |
NS |
|
|
Garnot’s House Gecko |
Hemidactylus garnotii (Duméril & Bibron, 1836) |
NE |
NS |
|
|
Flat-tailed House Gecko |
Hemidactylus platyurus (Scheider, 1792) |
NE |
NS |
|
|
*Yellow-bellied Gecko |
Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Rüppell, 1835) |
NE |
NS |
|
|
Northern House Gecko |
Hemidactylus aquilonius (McMahan & Zug, 2007) |
NE |
NS |
|
|
Tokay Gecko |
Gekko gecko (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Assamese Day Gecko |
Cnemaspis assamensis (Das & Sengupta, 2000) |
NE |
NS |
|
|
|
Cyrtodactylus sp 1 |
|
NS |
|
|
|
Cyrtodactylus sp 2 |
|
NS |
|
Scindae |
Many Lined Skink |
Eutropis multifasciata (Kuhl, 1820) |
NE |
NS |
|
|
Bronze Skink |
Eutropis macularia (Blyth, 1853) |
NE |
NS |
|
|
Spotted Forest Skink |
Sphenomorphus maculates (Blyth, 1853) |
NE |
NS |
|
|
White-spotted Supple Skink |
Lygosoma albopunctata (Gray, 1846) |
NE |
NS |
|
Varanidae |
Bengal Monitor Lizard |
Varanus bengalensis (Daudin, 1802) |
LC |
I |
|
|
Yellow Monitor lizard |
Varanus flavescens (Gray, 1827) |
LC |
I |
|
Typhlopidae |
Brahminy Blindsnake |
Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Diard’s Blindsnake |
Argyrophis diardii (Schlegal, 1839) |
LC |
IV |
|
Pythonidae |
Burmese Python |
Python bivittatus (Kuhl, 1820) |
VU |
I |
|
Colubridae |
Rainbow Water Snake |
Enhydris enhydris (Schneider, 1799) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Common Wolf Snake |
Lycodon aulicus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Zaw's Wolf Snake |
Lycodon zawiSlowinski, Pawar, Win, Thin, Gyi, Oo & Tun, 2001 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Rat Snake |
Ptyas mucosa (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
II |
|
|
Indo-Chinese Rat Snake |
Ptyas korros (Schlegal, 1837) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Red-necked Keelback |
Rhabdophis subminiatus (Schlegal, 1837) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Painted Bronzeback |
Dendrelaphis proarchos (Wall, 1909) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
White-barred Kukri Snake |
Oligodon albocinctus (Cantor, 1839) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Günther's Kukri Snake |
Oligodon cinereus (Günther, 1864) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Buff Striped Keelback |
Amphiessma stolatum (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Eastern Cat Snake |
Boiga gokool (Gray, 1835) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Green Cat Snake |
Boiga cyanea (Duméril, Bibron
& Duméril,1854) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Assamese Cat Snake |
Boiga quincunciata (Wall, 1908) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Checkered Keelback |
Xenochrohis piscator (Schneider, 1799) |
NE |
II |
|
|
Bar-necked Keelback |
Xenochrohis schnurrenbergeri (Kramer, 1977) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Painted Keelback |
Xenochrohis cerasogaster (Cantor, 1839) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Common Mock Viper |
Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie, 1827) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Copper-headed Trinket Snake |
Coelognathus radiatus (Schlegal, 1837) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Trinket Snake |
Coelognathus helena (Daudin, 1803) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Long-nosed Whip Snake |
Ahaetulla nasuta (Laćèpede, 1789) |
NE |
IV |
|
|
Ornate Flying Snake |
Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw, 1802) |
NE |
IV |
|
Elapidae |
Monocled Cobra |
Naja kaouthia (Lesson, 1831) |
LC |
II |
|
|
Banded Krait |
Bungarus fasciatus (Schneider, 1801) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Greater Black Krait |
Bungarus niger Wall, 1908 |
NE |
IV |
|
Viperidae |
|
Trimeresurus sp. |
|
IV |
|
|
Gumprecht’s Green Pit Viper |
Trimeresurus gumprechti David, Vogel, Pauwels & Vidal, 2002 |
|
IV |
|
Trionychidae |
Ganges Soft-shelled Turtle |
Nilssonia gangetica (Cuvier, 1825) |
VU |
I |
|
|
Black Soft-shelled Turtle |
Nilssonia nigricans (Anderson, 1875) |
EW |
IV |
|
|
Peacock Soft-shelled Turtle |
Nilssonia hurum (Gray, 1831) |
VU |
I |
|
|
Indian Flap-shelled Turtle |
Lissemys punctata (Bonnaterre, 1789) |
LC |
I |
|
|
Indian Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle |
Chitra indica (Gray, 1831) |
EN |
IV |
|
Geoemydidae |
Assam Roofed Turtle |
Pangshura sylhetenis (Jerdon, 1870) |
EN |
NS |
|
|
Indian Tent Turtle |
Pangshura tentoria (Gray, 1834) |
LC |
NS |
|
|
Indian Roofed Turtle |
Pangshura tecta (Gray, 1831) |
LC |
NS |
|
|
Indian Eyed Turtle |
Morenia petersi (Anderson, 1879) |
VU |
NS |
|
|
Spotted Pond Turtle |
Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray, 1831) |
VU |
I |
Table 3. Checklist of avian diversity of
Guwahati
|
Family |
Common name |
Scientific name |
IUCN/RL |
IWPAS |
|
Anatidae |
Fulvous Whistling Duck |
Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) |
LC |
I |
|
|
Lesser Whistling Duck |
Dendrocygna javanica (Horsfield, 1821) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Graylag Goose |
Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Bar-headed Goose |
Anser indicus (Latham, 1790) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Ruddy Shelduck |
Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Common Shelduck |
Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Cotton Pygmy Goose |
Nettapus coromandelianus (Gmelin, 1789) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Gadwall |
Mareca strepera (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Eurasian Wigeon |
Mareca penelope (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Mallard |
Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Northern Shoveler |
Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Northern Pintail |
Anas acuta Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Garganey |
Spatula querquedula (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Common Teal |
Anas crecca Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Red-Crested Pochard |
Netta rufina (Pallas, 1773) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Common Pochard |
Aythya ferina (Linnaeus, 1758) |
VU |
IV |
|
|
Baer's Pochard |
Aythya baeri (Radde, 1863) |
CR |
IV |
|
|
Ferruginous Duck |
Aythya nyroca (Güldenstädt, 1770) |
NT |
IV |
|
Podicipedidae |
Little Grebe |
Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Great Crested Grebe |
Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Black-necked Grebe |
Podiceps nigricollis Brehm, 1831 |
LC |
IV |
|
Ciconiidae |
Asian Openbill |
Anastomus oscitans (Boddaert, 1783) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Black-necked Stork |
Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (Latham, 1790) |
NT |
IV |
|
|
Lesser Adjutant |
Leptoptilos javanicus (Horsfield, 1821) |
VU |
IV |
|
|
Greater Adjutant |
Leptoptilos dubius (Gmelin, 1789) |
EN |
IV |
|
Phalacrocoracidae |
Indian Cormorant |
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephens, 1826 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Great Cormorant |
Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Little Cormorant |
Microcarbo niger (Vieillot, 1817) |
LC |
IV |
|
Anhingidae |
Orinetal Darter |
Anhinga melanogaster Pennant, 1769 |
NT |
IV |
|
|
Great White Pelican |
Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Spot-billed Pelican |
Pelecanus philippensis Gmelin, 1789 |
NT |
IV |
|
Ardeidae |
Gray Heron |
Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Purple Heron |
Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1766 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Great Egret |
Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Intermediate Egret |
Ardea intermedia Wagler, 1829 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Little Egret |
Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Cattle Egret |
Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Indian Pond Heron |
Ardeola grayii (Sykes, 1832) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Striated Heron |
Butorides striata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Black-crowned Night Heron |
Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
Ardeidae |
Black-headed Ibis |
Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790) |
NT |
IV |
|
|
Glossy Ibis |
Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
|
Pandionidae |
Osprey |
Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
I |
|
Accipitridae |
Black-shouldered Kite |
Elanus axillaris (Latham, 1801) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Cinereous Vulture |
Aegypius monachus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
NT |
IV |
|
|
Himalayan Griffon |
Gyps himalayensis Hume, 1869 |
NT |
IV |
|
|
Crested Serpent Eagle |
Spilornis cheela (Latham, 1790) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Changeable Hawk-eagle |
Nisaetus cirrhatus (Gmelin, 1788) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Lesser Spotted Eagle |
Clanga pomarina (Brehm, 1831) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Steppe Eagle |
Aquila nipalensis Hodgson, 1833 |
EN |
IV |
|
|
Grey-headed Fish Eagle |
Icthyophaga ichthyaetus (Horsfield, 1821) |
NT |
IV |
|
|
Pied Harrier |
Circus melanoleucos (Pennant, 1769) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Shikra |
Accipiter badius (Gmelin, 1788) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Black Kite |
Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Grey-headed Fish Eagle |
Icthyophaga ichthyaetus (Horsfield, 1821) |
NT |
IV |
|
|
Long-legged Buzzard |
Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1827) |
LC |
IV |
|
Rallidae |
White-breasted Waterhen |
Amaurornis phoenicurus (Pennant, 1769) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Purple Swamphen |
Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Eurasian Moorhen |
Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Eurasian Coot |
Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
Recurvirostridae |
Black-winged Stilt |
Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Pied Avocet |
Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
Charadriidae |
Northern Lapwing |
Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NT |
IV |
|
|
Gray-headed Lapwing |
Vanellus cinereus (Blyth, 1842) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Red-wattled Lapwing |
Vanellus indicus (Boddaert, 1783) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Little Ringed Lapwing |
Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786 |
LC |
IV |
|
Jacanidae |
Pheasant-tailed Jacana |
Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scopoli, 1786) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Bronze-winged Jacana |
Metopidius indicus (Latham, 1790) |
LC |
IV |
|
Scolopacidae |
Common Sandpiper |
Actitis hypoleucos Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Wood Sandpiper |
Tringa glareola Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Marsh Sandpiper |
Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Spotted Redshank |
Tringa erythropus (Pallas, 1764) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Black-tailed Godwit |
Limosa limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NT |
IV |
|
|
Temminck’s Stint |
Calidris temminckii (Leisler, 1812) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Common Snipe |
Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
Glareolidae |
Small Pratincole |
Glareola lactea Temminck, 1820 |
LC |
IV |
|
Laridae |
Brown-Headed Gull |
Larus brunnicephalus Jerdon, 1840 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Black-headed Gull |
Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Pallas’s Gull |
Larus ichthyaetus Pallas, 1773 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Whiskered Tern |
Chlidonias hybrid (Pallas, 1811) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
River Tern |
Sterna aurantia Gray, 1831 |
NT |
IV |
|
Columbidae |
Rock Pigeon |
Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Oriental Turtle Dove |
Streptopelia orientalis (Latham, 1790) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Eurasian Collared Dove |
Streptopelia decaocto Frivaldszky, 1838 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Red-collared Dove |
Streptopelia tranquebarica (Hermann, 1804) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Western Spotted Dove |
Spilopelia suratensis (Gmelin, 1789) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Grey-capped Emerald Dove |
Chalcophaps indica (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Yellow-footed Pigeon |
Treron phoenicopterus (Latham, 1790) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Green Imperial Pigeon |
Ducula aenea (Linnaeus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
|
Cuculidae |
Pied Cuckoo |
Clamator jacobinus (Boddaert, 1783) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Large Hawk Cuckoo |
Hierococcyx sparverioides (Vigors, 1831) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Common Hawk Cuckoo |
Hierococcyx varius (Vahl, 1797) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Plaintive Cuckoo |
Cacomantis merulinus (Scopoli, 1786) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Asian Koel |
Eudynamys scolopaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Green-Billed Malkoha |
Phaenicophaeus tristis (Lesson, 1830) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Greater Coucal |
Centropus sinensis (Stephens, 1815) |
LC |
IV |
|
Tytonidae |
Barn Owl |
Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) |
LC |
IV |
|
Strigidae |
Oriental Scops-owl |
Otus sunia (Hodgson, 1836) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Brown Hawk-owl |
Ninox scutulata (Raffles, 1822) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Brown Fish-owl |
Ketupa zeylonensis (Gmelin, 1788) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Tawny Fish-owl |
Ketupa flavipes (Hodgson, 1836) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Collared Owlet |
Glaucidium brodiei (Burton, 1836) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Asian Barred Owlet |
Glaucidium cuculoides (Vigors, 1831) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Jungle Owlet |
Glaucidium radiatum (Tickell, 1833) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Spotted Owlet |
Athene brama (Temminck, 1821) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Brown Hawk Owl |
Ninox scutulata (Raffles, 1822) |
LC |
IV |
|
Caprimulgidae |
Long-tailed Nightjar |
Caprimulgus climacurus Vieillot, 1825 |
LC |
IV |
|
Apodidae |
House Swift |
Apus nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Asian Palm Swift |
Cypsiurus balasiensis (Gray, 1829) |
LC |
IV |
|
Alcedinidae |
Common Kingfisher |
Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Stork-billed Kingfisher |
Pelargopsis capensis (Linnaeus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
White-throated Kingfisher |
Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Pied Kingfisher |
Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
Meropidae |
Blue-bearded Bee-eater |
Nyctyornis athertoni (Jardine & Selby, 1830) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Green Bee-eater |
Merops orientalis Latham, 1802 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Chestnut-headed Bee-eater |
Merops leschenaulti Vieillot, 1817 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Blue-tailed Bee-eater |
Merops philippinus Linnaeus, 1766 |
LC |
IV |
|
Coraciidae |
Indian Roller |
Coracias benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Dollarbird |
Eurystomus orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
|
Bucerotidae |
Oriental Pied Hornbill |
Anthracoceros albirostris (Shaw & Nodder, 1807) |
LC |
IV |
|
Megalaimidae |
Coppersmith Barbet |
Psilopogon haemacephalus (Müller, 1776) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Great Barbet |
Psilopogon virens (Boddaert, 1783) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Lineated barbet |
Psilopogon lineatus (Vieillot, 1816) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Blue-throated Barbet |
Psilopogon asiaticus (Latham, 1790) |
LC |
IV |
|
Picidae |
Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker |
Dendrocopos macei (Vieillot, 1818) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Stripe-breasted Woodpecker |
Dendrocopos atratus (Blyth, 1849) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Lesser Yellownape |
Picus chlorolophus Vieillot, 1818 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Greater Yellownape |
Chrysophlegma flavinucha (Gould, 1834) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Gray-headed Woodpecker |
Picus canus Gmelin, 1788 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Common Flameback |
Dinopium javanense (Ljungh, 1797) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Black-rumped Flameback |
Dinopium benghalense (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Greater Flameback |
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus (Tickell, 1833) |
LC |
IV |
|
Falconidae |
Common Kestrel |
Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Red-necked Kestrel |
Falco chicquera Daudin, 1800 |
NT |
IV |
|
|
Oriental Hobby |
Falco severus Horsfield, 1821 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Peregrine Falcon |
Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 |
LC |
IV |
|
Psittacidae |
Rose-ringed Parakeet |
Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Blossom-headed Parakeet |
Psittacula roseata Biswas, 1951 |
NT |
IV |
|
|
Red-breasted Parakeet |
Psittacula alexandri (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NT |
IV |
|
Vangidae |
Large Wood-shrike |
Tephrodornis virgatus (Temminck, 1824) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Common Woodshrike |
Tephrodornis pondicerianus (Gmelin,
1789) |
LC |
IV |
|
Artamidae |
Ashy Woodswallow |
Artamus fuscus Vieillot, 1817 |
LC |
IV |
|
Aegithinidae |
Common Iora |
Aegithina tiphia (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
Campephagidae |
Short-billed Minivet |
Pericrocotus brevirostris (Vigors, 1831) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Scarlet Minivet |
Pericrocotus flammeus (Forster, 1781) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Large Cuckooshrike |
Coracina macei (Lesson, 1831) |
LC |
IV |
|
Laniidae |
Brown Shrike |
Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Long-tailed Shrike |
Lanius schach Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Gray-backed Shrike |
Lanius tephronotus (Vigors, 1831) |
LC |
IV |
|
Oriolidae |
Balck-hooded Oriole |
Oriolus xanthornus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
Dieruridae |
Black Drongo |
Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, 1817 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Ashy Drongo |
Dicrurus leucophaeus Vieillot, 1817 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Bronzed Drongo |
Dicrurus aeneus Vieillot, 1817 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Hair-crested Drongo |
Dicrurus hottentottus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Greater Racket-tailed Drongo |
Dicrurus paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
|
Monarchidae |
Black-naped Monarch |
Hypothymis azurea (Boddaert, 1783) |
LC |
IV |
|
Corvidae |
Common Green Magpie |
Cissa chinensis (Boddaert, 1783) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Rufous Treepie |
Dendrocitta vagabunda (Latham, 1790) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
House Crow |
Corvus splendens Vieillot, 1817 |
LC |
V |
|
|
Large-billed Crow |
Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827 |
LC |
IV |
|
Hirundinidae |
Barn Swallow |
Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Asian Plain Martin |
Riparia chinensis (Gray, 1830) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Collared Sand Martin |
Riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
Stenostiridae |
Gray-headed Canary Flycatcher |
Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swainson, 1820) |
LC |
IV |
|
Paridae |
Great Tit |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
Pycnonotidae |
Black-crested Bulbul |
Pycnonotus flaviventris (Tickell, 1833) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Red-vented Bulbul |
Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Red-Whiskered Bulbul |
Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
Phylloscopidae |
Tickell’s Leaf Warbler |
Phylloscopus affinis (Tickell, 1833) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Greenish Warbler |
Phylloscopus trochiloides (Sundevall, 1837) |
LC |
IV |
|
Locustellidae |
Straited Grassbird |
Megalurus palustris Horsfield, 1821 |
LC |
IV |
|
Cisticolidae |
Zitting Cisticola |
Cisticola juncidis (Rafinesque, 1810) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Common Tailorbird |
Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant, 1769) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Dark-necked Tailorbird |
Orthotomus atrogularisTemminck, 1836 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Jungle Prinia |
Prinia sylvatica Jerdon, 1840 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Plain Prinia |
Prinia inornata Sykes, 1832 |
LC |
IV |
|
Zosteropidae |
White-bellied Yuhina |
Erpornis zantholeuca (Blyth, 1844) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Orinetal White-eye |
Zosterops palpebrosus (Temminck, 1824) |
LC |
IV |
|
Leiothrichidae |
Striated Babbler |
Argya earlei (Blyth, 1844) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Jungle Babbler |
Turdoides striata (Dumont, 1823) |
LC |
IV |
|
Irenidae |
Asian Fairy Bluebird |
Irena puella (Latham, 1790) |
LC |
IV |
|
Muscicapidae |
Oriental Magpie Robin |
Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
White-rumped Shama |
Kittacincla malabarica (Scopoli, 1788) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Blue Whistling Thrush |
Myophonus caeruleus (Scopoli, 1786) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Black-backed Forktail |
Enicurus immaculatus (Hodgson, 1836) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Taiga Flycatcher |
Ficedula albicilla (Pallas, 1811) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Black Redstart |
Phoenicurus ochruros (Gmelin, 1774) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Blue rock Thrush |
Monticola solitarius (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Common Stonechat |
Saxicola torquatus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
|
Turdidae |
Black-throated thrush |
Turdus atrogularis Jarocki, 1819 |
LC |
IV |
|
Sturnidae |
Common Hill Myna |
Gracula religiosa Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
I |
|
|
Jungle Myna |
Acridotheres fuscus (Wagler, 1827) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Bank Myna |
Acridotheres ginginianus (Latham, 1790) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Common Myna |
Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Asian Pied Starling |
Gracupica contra (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Chestnut-Tailed Starling |
Sturnia malabarica (Gmelin, 1789) |
LC |
IV |
|
Chloropseidae |
Golden-Fronted Leafbird |
Chloropsis aurifrons (Temminck, 1829) |
LC |
IV |
|
Dicaeidae |
Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker |
Dicaeum cruentatum (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
Nectariniidae |
Purple Sunbird |
Cinnyris asiaticus (Latham, 1790) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Crimson Sunbird |
Aethopyga siparaja (Raffles, 1822) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Little spiderhunter |
Arachnothera longirostra (Latham, 1790) |
LC |
IV |
|
Motacillidae |
Citrine Wagtail |
Motacilla citreola Pallas, 1776 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
GrayWagtail |
Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
White Wagtail |
Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Paddyfield Pipit |
Anthus rufulus Vieillot, 1818 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Rosy Pipit |
Anthus roseatus Blyth, 1847 |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Olive-Backed Pipit |
Anthus hodgsoni Richmond, 1907 |
LC |
IV |
|
Passeridae |
House Sparrow |
Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Eurasian Tree Sparrow |
Passer montanus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
Estrildidae |
White-rumped Munia |
Lonchura striata (Linnaus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Scaly-breasted Munia |
Lonchura punctulata(Linnaeus,
1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Tricolored Munia |
Lonchura malacca (Linnaeus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
|
Ploceidae |
Black-breasted weaver |
Ploceus benghalensis(Linnaeus,
1758) |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Baya weaver |
Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
LC |
IV |
Table 4. Checklist of mammalian
diversity of Guwahati
|
Family |
Common name |
Scienific name |
IUCN/RL |
IWPAS |
|
Cercopithecidae |
Capped Langur |
Trachypithecus pileatus (Blyth, 1843) |
VU |
I |
|
|
*Gee's Golden Langur |
Trachypithecus geei Khajuria, 1956 |
EN |
I |
|
|
Assamese Macaque |
Macaca assamensis M'Clelland, 1840 |
NT |
II |
|
|
Rhesus Macaque |
Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) |
LC |
II |
|
Hylobatidae |
Western Hoolock Gibbon |
Hoolock hoolock (Harlan, 1834) |
VU |
I |
|
Lorisidae |
Bengal Slow Loris |
Nycticebus bengalensis (Lacépède, 1800) |
EN |
I |
|
Elephantidae |
Asiatic Elephant |
Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758 |
EN |
I |
|
Bovidae |
Gaur |
Bos gaurus Smith, 1827 |
VU |
I |
|
Suidae |
Wild Boar |
Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
III |
|
Cervidae |
Barking Deer |
Muntiacus muntjak (Zimmermann, 1780) |
LC |
III |
|
|
Sambar |
Rusa unicolor (Kerr, 1792) |
VU |
III |
|
|
Hog Deer |
Axis porcinus (Zimmermann, 1780) |
EN |
III |
|
Felidae |
Leopard |
Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
VU |
I |
|
|
Jungle Cat |
Felis chaus Schreber, 1777 |
LC |
II |
|
|
Leopard Cat |
Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr, 1792) |
LC |
I |
|
Canidae |
Golden Jackal |
Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
II |
|
|
Bengal Fox |
Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw, 1800) |
LC |
II |
|
|
Dhole |
Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811) |
EN |
II |
|
Herpestidae |
Indian Mongoose |
Herpestes javanicus (Hilaire, 1818) |
LC |
II |
|
Viverridae |
Large Indian Civet |
Viverra zibetha Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
II |
|
|
Small Indian Civet |
Viverricula indica (Hilaire, 1803) |
LC |
II |
|
|
Common Palm Civet |
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Pallas, 1777) |
LC |
II |
|
Mustelidae |
Smooth-coated Otter |
Lutrogale perspicillata (Hilaire, 1826) |
VU |
II |
|
Leporidae |
Indian Hare |
Lepus nigricollis Cuvier, 1823 |
LC |
IV |
|
Manidae |
Chinese Pangolin |
Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758 |
CR |
I |
|
Soricidae |
Asian House Shrew |
Suncus murinus Linnaeus, 1766 |
LC |
NS |
|
Hystricidae |
Himalayan Crestless Porcupine |
Hystrix brachyura Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
II |
|
Sciuridae |
Himalayan Hoarybellied Squirrel |
Callosciurus pygerythrus (Hilaire, 1832) |
LC |
II |
|
|
Particolored Flying Squirrel |
Hylopetes alboniger (Hodgson, 1836) |
LC |
II |
|
Muridae |
Black Rat |
Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
LC |
V |
|
|
House Mouse |
Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 |
LC |
V |
|
|
Lesser Bandicoot Rat |
Bandicota bengalensis (Gray, 1835) |
LC |
V |
|
Pteropodidae |
Indian Flying Fox |
Pteropus giganteus (Brünnich, 1782) |
LC |
V |
|
|
Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat |
Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl, 1797) |
LC |
V |
|
Vespertilionidae |
Indian Pipistrelle |
Pipistrellus coromandra (Gray, 1838) |
LC |
NS |
|
Platanistidae |
Ganges River Dolphin |
Platanista gangetica (Roxburgh, 1801) |
EN |
I |
References
Aggarwal, S. & C. Butsch (2012). Environmental and ecological threats in Indian
mega cities, pp. 66–80. In: Richter, M. M. &U. Weiland (eds.). Applied
Urban Ecology: A Global Framework. Blackwell Publishing
Ltd. UK, 240pp.
Ahmed, M.F., A. Das
& S.K. Dutta (2009). Amphibians and Reptiles of Northeast India, A Photographic Guide. Aranyak, Guwahati, xiv+170pp.
Akbari, H. (2002). Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2
emissions from power plants. Environmental Pollution
116: 119–126.
All India Disaster
Mitigation Institute (2014). Review of Studies on Urban Floods in Guwahati from Flood Knowledge
to Urban Action. Assam State Disaster Management Authority,
Assam, India, 71pp.
Bhalla, P. & P. Bhattacharya (2015). Urban Biodiversity and Green Spaces in Delhi: a case study of new
settlement and Lutyens’ Delhi. Journal of Human Ecology 52(1–2):
83–96.
Brandon, K.E. & M. Wells (1992). Planning for people and parks design dilemmas. World
Development 20: 557–570.
Care Earth (2006). Rapid Assessment of Biodiversity on the Campus
of Indian Institute of Technology. Madras, India,
64pp.
Crump, M.L. & N.J. Scott Jr. (1994). Visual encounter surveys, pp. 84–92.
In: Heyer, W.R., M.A. Donnelly, R.W. McDiarmid, L.C. Hayek & M.S. Foster
(eds.). Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for
Amphibians. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington,
D.C, 364pp.
Das, M., J. Purkayastha, A.M. Bauer & S. Sengupta (2011). Hemidactylus
flaviviridis an invasive gecko in Assam. Northwestern Journal of Zoology 7(1):
98–104.
Devi, U. & K.G.
Bhattacharyya (2015). Transport of trace metals by
the rainwater runoff in the urban catchment of Guwahati, India, pp. 225–240.
In: Raju, J.N., W. Gossel & M. Sudhakar (eds.). Management
of Natural Resources in a Changing Environment. Springer
International Publishing, 297pp.
Gill, S.E., J.F. Handley, A.R. Ennos & S. Pauleit (2007). Adapting cities for climate change: the role of the green
infrastructure. Built Environment 33: 115–133
Grimm, N.B., S.H.
Faeth, N.E. Golubiewski, C.L. Redman, J. Wu, X. Bai & J.M. Briggs (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319(5864): 756–760.
Grimmett, R., C.
Inskipp & T. Inskipp (2011). Birds of the India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka
and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 528pp.
Gupta R.B., P.R.
Chaudhari & S.R. Wate (2008). Floristic
diversity in urban forest area of NEERI Campus, Nagpur,Maharashtra
(India). Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
50(1): 55–62.
IUCN (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-3. <http://www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on
05 December 2017.
Khera, N., V. Mehta
& B.C. Sabata (2009). Interrelationships
of birds and habitat features in urban green spaces in Delhi, India. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 8: 187–196.
Lambert, M.R.K. (1984). Amphibians
and Reptiles, pp. 205–227. In: Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L. (eds.). Sahara
Desert. Key Environments, Pergamon Press, London, 348pp.
McDonald, R.I., B.
Güneralpb, C. Huangc, K.C. Setoc & M. You (2018). Conservation priorities to protect vertebrate
endemics from global urban expansion. Biological
Conservation 224: 290–299.
McDonald, R.I., P.
Kareiva & R.T.T. Forman ( 2008). The implications of current and future urbanizationfor global
protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biological
Conservation 141: 1695–7103.
Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals - A Field Guide. Hachette Book Publishing Indian Pvt. Ltd.,
528pp.
Middel, A., N.
Chhetri & R. Quay (2015). Urban forestry and
cool roofs: assessment of heat mitigation strategies in Phoenix residential
neighborhoods. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14:
178–186.
Muthulingam, U. & S. Thangavel (2012). Density, diversity and richness of woody plants in urban green
spaces: A case study in Chennai metropolitan city. Urban Forestry and Urban
Greening 11(4): 450-459.
Nagendra, H. & D. Gopal (2010). Street trees in Bangalore: Density, diversity, composition and
distribution. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 9(2):
129–137.
Purkayastha, J.
(2012). Urban Herpetofauna, Amphibian and
Reptiles of Guwahati - A Pictorial Guide. Students’ store,
Guwahati, 64pp
Purkayastha, J.
(2015). An Amateur’s Guide
to Birds of Assam. EBH Publisher, Guwahati, 144pp.
Rodrigues, A.S.L.,
S.J. Andelman, M.I. Bakarr, L. Boitani, T.M. Brooks, R.M. Cowling, L.D.C.
Fishpool, G.A.B. da Fonseca, K.J. Gaston, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Long, P.A. Marquet,
J.D. Pilgrim, R.L. Pressey, J. Schipper, W. Sechrest, S.N. Stuart, L.G.
Underhill, R.W. Waller, M.E.J. Watts & X. Yan (2004). Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing
species diversity. Nature 428: 640–643.
Rolfe, J.K. &
N.L. Mckenzie (2000). Comparison of methods used to
capture herpetofauna: an example from the Carnarvon Basin. Records
of the Western Australian Museum 61: 361–370.
Scott, J.M., F.W.
Davis, R.G. McGhie, R.G. Wright, C. Groves & J. Estes (2001). Nature reserves: do they capture the full range of America’s
biological diversity? Ecological Applications 11:
999–1007.
Smith, M.A. (1931).
The Fauna of British India,
Including Ceylon and Burma Vol. I. Loricata, Testudines. Taylor and Francis, London,
xxviii+185pp+2pls
Smith, M.A. (1935).
The Fauna of British India,
Including Ceylon and Burma Vol. II. Sauria. Taylor and Francis, London, xiii+440pp+1pl.
Smith, M.A. (1943).
The Fauna of British India, Ceylon
and Burma, Including the whole of the Indo-Chinese region. Vol. III. Serpentes. Taylor and
Francis, London, xii +583pp+1map.
Srinivasulu, C. & B. Srinivasulu (2012). Glimpse of
Biodiversity of Greater Hyderabad. Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation,
Hyderabad; Osmania University, Hyderabad & Zoo Outreach Organisation,
Coimbatore, 86pp.
Sudha, P. & N.H. Ravindranath (2000). A study of Bangalore urban forest.
Landscape and Urban Planning 47(1–2): 47–63.
Taubenböck H., M.
Wegmann, A. Roth, H. Mehl & S. Dech (2009). Urbanization in India: Spatiotemporal analysis using remote
sensing data. Computers, Environment & Urban Systems
33(3): 179–188.
Turtle Conservation
Coalition (2011). Turtles in Trouble: The World’s
25+ Most Endangered Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles. Lunenburg, MA:
IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Turtle Conservation
Fund, Turtle Survival Alliance, Turtle Conservancy, Chelonian Research Foundation,
Conservation International, Wildlife Conservation Society, and San Diego Zoo
Global, 54pp.
U-Habitat (2013). State of the World’s Cities, Prosperity of Cities State of the
World’s Cities (iSeries title), 207pp. Downloaded
on 22 June 2017.