Social relationships of wild juvenile Asian Elephants Elephas
maximus in the Udawalawa National Park, Sri Lanka
Deepani
Jayantha 1, P.N. Dayawansa 2, U.K.G.K. Padmalal 3 & W.D. Ratnasooriya 2
1,2 Department of
Zoology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
3 Department of
Zoology, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Email: 1 deepanij@yahoo.com
Date of online publication 26 April 2009
ISSN 0974-7907
(online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: L.A.K. Singh
Manuscript
details:
Ms
# o1831
Received
31 July 2007
Final
received 13 February 2008
Finally
accepted 16 June 2008
Citation: Jayantha, D.,
P.N. Dayawansa, U.K.G.K. Padmalal & W.D. Ratnasooriya (2009). Social
Relationships of Wild Juvenile Asian Elephants Elephas maximus in the
Udawalawa National Park, Sri Lanka. Journal of Threatened Taxa 1(4):
211-214.
Copyright: © Deepani
Jayantha, P.N. Dayawansa, U.K.G.K. Padmalal & W.D. Ratnasooriya 2009.
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use
of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and
distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of
publication.
Author
Details: Deepani Jayantha is completing
her PhD on ‘Behavioural ecology of the rehabilitated juvenile elephants at the
Udawalawa National Park, Sri Lanka’ attached to the University of Colombo while
serving as the Country Representative of the Born Free Foundation, UK, a
wildlife conservation and welfare charity. Her field conservation activies was
appreciated by the SAARC Youth Award 2008, on the theme - protecting the
environment in South Asia.
P.N. Dayawansa is a Senior Lecturer in Zoology at the
University of Colombo. His lectures cover animal behaviour, ornithology and
wildlife conservation. He has been conducting several field surveys on
biodiversity of Sri Lanka attached to the university.
U.K.G.K. Padmalal is a Senior Lecturer in Zoology at the
Open University of Sri Lanka. Many graduate and undergraduate stdents are into
research on environmental studies under his guidance attached to the Open
University. He’s a well known elephant biologist and a research advisor at the
Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka.
W.D. Ratnasooriya is the Senior Professor in Zoology at
the University of Colombo. He was awarded his D.Sc. in Physiology from the
University of Peradeniya. His other research areas include mammalian biology
(particularly elephants), pharmacology and toxicology. He’s been a recepient of
several research awards for many years.
Author
Contribution:The first author designed and conducted the current study while the other
authors supervised her research work and scientific writing.
Acknowledgements: The authors
extend their sincere gratitude to the Department of Wildlife Conservation,
specially to the staff, Udawalawa National Park. The Born Free Foundation, UK
is acknowledged for the financial support.
Abstract: Social relationships of juvenile wild
elephants (3-6 years old) in the Udawalawa National Park were studied. Focal
animal sampling was employed to quantify behaviour of juveniles encountered on
450 different occasions. Nearest
neighbour (NN) and nearest neighbour distance (NND) were considered for
proximity analysis and the social relationships of focal animals. Adult females
and juveniles were the NN of the study group during 50.8% and 37.6% of the
total observed time respectively. The
mean NND was 1.62m (SD±2.8), and it was less than 5m 98% of the time while 33%
of the time the study group was touching (NND<1m) the NN. There was a significant difference between
NND categories (p<0.05). Eighty
percent of the NN infants stayed at a touching distance and were cared or
allo-mothered by the juveniles under discussion. Time allocated for different behaviour
patterns by the study group varied with the NN. When the study animals were accompanied by age-mates, they spent 17% of
time in social playing and another 3% in non-play social contacts, but only 1%
in each behaviour pattern when the adult females were in close proximity. Maximum social contacts were observed between
study animals and infants. The findings
suggest that juvenile elephants associate more frequently with adult females
and near-age mates while they show social relationships in a varying degree
with different associates. Play and
social contacts of juveniles with conspecifics, especially with peers,
provides opportunity to develop skills
and social confidence necessary in adulthood.
Keywords: Juvenile elephants, social relationships, Sri Lanka, Udawalawa
National Park.
For
Figures & Table – Click here
Introduction
Social
interactions and relationships among elephants are maintained by communication,
interactive behaviour and proximity (Garai 1997; Sukumar 2003). Young elephants spend several years in
physical and behavioural development, and the diverse behaviours exhibited by
adult elephants reflect this long history of social interaction and learning
(Sukumar 2003). Interactions of
juveniles with their associates provide opportunities for learning and
improving cognitive and motor skills (Sukumar 1994). Social play allows juvenile
elephants to understand coping strategies, practice their abilities and learn
their position in the hierarchy (especially males), which all contribute to a
long-term learning process (Garai & Kurt 2006). Continual contacts between mother and calf reassure
the psychological well being of the growing animal (Sukumar 1994; 2003). Female juveniles are interested in younger
siblings and demonstrate allo-mothering behaviour frequently (Moss 1988). This behaviour is necessary for the growing
female to acquire mothering skills that contribute to adult life (Morris 1990),
as experienced females tend to have high offspring survival rates (Garai &
Kurt 2006).
Quantified
data on relationships formed by a focal animal can help to determine its
well-being with respect to the way the individual gets along with others and
how others react to him (Russell 1973). In this context, the present study was conducted in the Udawalawa
National Park, Sri Lanka with the objective of describing social relationships
of juvenile wild elephants. It is
expected that the baseline information could be used in assessing adaptability
and level of acceptance of rehabilitated juveniles which are integrated with
the wild population in the same park.
Methods
Study area
The
Udawalawa National Park (UNP) is in the intermediate zones of southern Sri
Lanka (06025’-06035’N & 80045’-81000’E) and currently has 30,821ha (308km2)
of scrublands, grasslands and dry-mixed evergreen forests as dominating
vegetations. Extensive areas of Panicum
maximum dominated grasslands, which have resulted from shifting cultivation practiced before constitution of
the national park in 1972 (EML consultant 2006), are heavily utilized by the
elephants along with seasonal grasslands adjoining the Udawalawa Reservoir. The authors believe that UNP harbors a
healthy breeding population of elephants exceeding 500 individuals (Jayantha
& Dayawansa 2006).
Study group
Juvenile
animals of estimated age 3-6 years old were observed in the study. This age group is partially parallel to
‘young juveniles’ as explained by Santiapillai in 2004. Based on Sukumar (1994) the elephant
population in the UNP was categorized into eight different groups in the field
level (Fig. 1).
1.INF: Infants - animals of shoulder height up to the level of ventral
abdomen of an average adult female; approximately day 1-1½ years old.
2.JV I: Juveniles (Class I) - shoulder height varying between ventral
abdomen and neck level of the adult female; approximately 1½ -3 years old.
3.JV II: Juveniles (Class II) - shoulder height varying between neck and
eye level of the adult female; approximately 3-6 years old. This is the study group and referred to the
focal animals in the text.
4.JV III: Juveniles (Class III) - shoulder height varying between eye and
dorsal canthus of ear opening of the adult female; approximately 6-10 years
old. (Juvenile males would be slightly
taller than juvenile females of the same age.)
5.SAF: Sub adult females - shoulder height varying between dorsal canthus
of ear opening and shoulder level of the adult female; approximately 10-12
years old.
6.SAM: Sub adult males - shoulder height is just below or as the same that
of the adult female; approximately 10-15 years old.
7.AF: Adult females - grown females pregnant, lactating or weaned;
appearance of mammae (whether suckled or not) is considered.
8.AM : Adult males - grown males of shoulder height more than that of an
average adult female; approximate age more than 15-20 years.
Study protocol
The
selected animal group was observed in UNP from April 2004 to March 2005. Focal animal sampling and continuous
recording (Martin & Bateson 1993) was conducted for 14 days per month to
quantify behaviour of the juveniles encountered on 450 different
occasions. Total sampling time was 4500
minutes. Hides and distant observation
(using 8x40 binoculars) were employed to minimize observer effect on the
subjects. The nearest neighbour (NN) of the focal animal and distance to the
nearest neighbour (DNN) (Garai 1997) were recorded together with the different
behaviours expressed. Data analyzed
irrespective of the sex and descriptive statistics were used to describe the
findings.
Results
1.
Nearest Neighbour (NN) frequency: Juveniles of age 3-6 years old were
observed approximately half of the time (50.7%) with adult females, possibly
their mothers. They spent 37.6% of the
time collectively with juveniles showing a preference towards age-mates. Sub adult females and sub adult males were
the NNs of the focal group nearly at the same frequencies, 4.2% and 4.0%
respectively. Infants were seen near to
the study group 3.1% of the total occasions and it was the adult males that
made least NN frequency (0.4%) (Fig. 2).
2.
Nearest Neighbour Distance (NND): Mean NND was 1.62m (SD±2.8, range
0-40m). Mean NND for different NN
categories varied significantly (ANOVA, one-way, p<0.05). A clear pattern of mean NND was evident when
young animals (<10 years old) considered as the NN collectively; with
increasing age (and body size) NND increased (Fig. 3).
Overall,
the NN was within 5m away from the focal animals 98% of the time, and during
33% of the encounters they were touching the NN (NND<1m). Eighty percent of the total juvenile-infant
associations was close proximity (NND<1m). The study group stayed between 5-10m away from the NN in less than 2% of
observations, and were very rarely at a distance >10m (Fig. 4).
3.
Social behaviours in relation to the Nearest Neighbour: The juveniles
under discussion expressed different behaviour patterns; only three patterns
were directly related to the current social context. They are social play, non-play social
contacts and agonistic interactions. Since only four agonistic behaviours were recorded (hit by adult females
twice, hit a sub adult female and a Class II juvenile) for the total of 450
encounters, agonistic behavior is not considered in the discussion.
Elements
which were recorded under social play and non-play social contacts are
presented in Table 1. Time allocated for
each pattern was calculated as a proportion of the total time the focal animals
spent in association of different NN categories (Fig. 5).
Social
play was generally high when the study group had juveniles as the NN; the most
time was spent with age mates (17%). Non-play social contacts were highest between infants and the study
animals. Focal animals spent relatively
little time in association with sub adult and adult females for social play and
non-play social contacts. They had no play or social contacts with adult
males. The interactions with sub adult
males probably have brought about by the juvenile males. The findings are summarized in the Table 2.
Discussion
Juvenile
elephants spend the highest proportion of time with the adult females,
particularly with their mothers and other adult females of the group (Kurt
2002; Lee 1986; McKay 1973; Sukumar 2003). This fact is further supported by the current study. The association must have significance in the
social context beyond the mere biological need for suckling as only six
observations were made of suckling focal animals, which were near their weaning
age during the study period. The high associations between juveniles (2-10
years old) can be described as ‘peer socialization’, during which most of the
juvenile contacts are made with members of the group other than the mother
(Moss 1998; Sukumar 2003). It was
observed during the study that juveniles of 2-10 years old formed social groups
within the cow-calf groups. The study
group also accompanied infants, parallel to Lee’s (1987) and Moss’s (1988)
observations of how juvenile females accompany younger siblings. The term ‘allo-mothering’ (Santiapillai 2004)
describes this association as the juvenile or adolescent females comforting,
assisting and protecting their younger siblings in the family. Nursing infants stay with their mothers 100%
of the time according to Gunawardene et al. (2004) in Sri Lanka; it is
worthwhile to note the possible overlapping of age and size categories of the
two studies.
The
focal animals stayed in close proximity with their nearest neighbours. However, the mean nearest neighbour distance
for different age and size categories varied showing a particular trend among
growing animals. From infant to sub
adult age or size, the distance increased gradually, probably because young
elephants move away from their nearest neighbours with increasing age to
explore their environment (Gunawardene et al. 2004; Sukumar 2003). According to Garai (1997), close proximity of
juvenile elephants is a sign of less social confidence (i.e. the juveniles are
not comfortable being solitary).
Playing
is an important aspect of learning in juvenile elephants. Playing in mammals
can be acrobatic (primates), exploratory (felids) or social (Morris 1990). Social play in juvenile elephants allows them
to recognize kin and to form of social bonds useful in the future (Sukumar
2003). Juveniles of 3-6 years old spent
most of their play time with near-age animals. The same observations have been made on Amboseli elephants (Lee
1987). With infants, they allocated more
time for non-play social contacts which indicates possible allo-mothering.
Focal animals had less social interactions with sub adults and adult females
compared to young animals.
The
focal juveniles associated least with adult male elephants. In cow-calf groups, adult males are seen
occasionally. However, the interactions between growing animals and adult males
become important during their adulthood. For example, juvenile male African elephants that grew up without the
presence of adult bulls, became delinquent and showed aberrant behaviour such
as intra and inter specific aggression in South Africa (Slotow et al. 2000;
Slotow & van Dyk 2001), suggesting that normal behaviours are learnt
through modeling.
Conclusions
Close
proximity of juvenile elephants of 3-6 years old with the adult females and
near-age juveniles coincides with social interactions. The majority of the time they stayed within
5m distance from their nearest neighbours, showing less social confidence to do
so. Social play and non-play social
contacts were the primary behaviour patterns of interest regarding social
relationships. The first pattern was
frequent among near-age juveniles and the second was predominant between
infants and juveniles. Young animals
form juvenile groups of near-age members and young juveniles sometime play
allo-mothering role for infants. Play and other social interactions experience
by juvenile elephants would help in acquiring social skills expressed in later
life.
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